Poloonya

Ndenndaandi Poloonya
Rzeczpospolita Polska


(Flag)	(Coat of Arms)

Poloonya, e innde mum ko Ndenndaandi Poloonya , ko leydi jeyaandi e Yuroopu hakkundeejo. Poloonya ina feccii e voivodeships sappo e jeegom, ko leydi joyaɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Dental Yuroopu (UE), ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 38 miliyoŋ neɗɗo, e leydi jeeɗiɗaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e nder UE, tawi ko 312 696 km2 (120 733 mi2). Nde ummii ko e maayo Baltik to fuɗnaange haa e Sudetes e koɗli Karpat to fuɗnaange, nde jokkondiri e leyɗeele jeeɗiɗi. Leydi ndii ina waɗi nokkuuji ceertuɗi, ekosistemaaji ceertuɗi, e weeyo ɓuuɓngo. Laamorde e wuro ɓurngo mawnude ko Warsaw ; birniiji mawɗi goɗɗi ina njeyaa heen : Krakow, Wroklaw, Lodź, Poznan, e Gdańsk.

Neɗɗaŋke ina tawee e leydi Poloonya gila e Paleolitik les, ina jokki e hoɗde gila e joofnirde yonta glacial cakkitiiɗo ko ina ɓura duuɓi 12 000 jooni. Aadaaji ceertuɗi e nder yontaaji ɓooyɗi, e nder fuɗɗoode yontaaji hakkundeeji, diiwaan oo wonti hoɗɓe e leƴƴi Poloonya en rokkuɓe Poloonya innde mum. Laawol sosde dowla hawri ko e waylude laamɗo heeferɗo Poloonya e diine kerecee en, e les njiimaandi Eklesiya Katolik Room e hitaande 966. Yaajde leydi caggal ɗuum addani Laamu Poloonya sosde e hitaande 1025. E cakkital hitaande 14th teeminannde, Poloonya wonti leydi Yuroopu mawndi, fuɗɗii seeɗa-seeɗa jokkondirde e Lituwaani, ɗum addani ɗum sosde Dental Poloonya–Lituwaani e hitaande 1569. E nder teeminanɗe ɗiɗi garooje ɗee, Dental ngal ina jeyaa e leyɗeele mawɗe Yuroopu, laamiiɗo ɗum ko liberal keeriiɗo laawol siyaas ngol jaɓi doosɗe leydi Yuroopu gadane hannde ɗee e hitaande 1791.

E yawtugol Renaissance e jamaanu kaŋŋe Poloonya e darorɗe teeminannde 16th, Poloonya-Lituwaani ina leefnii sabu jiiɓru renndo e politik, ɗum addani leyɗeele koɗdiiɗe ɗee feccude ɗum e darorɗe teeminannde 18th. Poloonya heɓti jeytaare mum ko e joofnirde wolde adunaare adannde nde sosnoo Republique Pologne ɗiɗmere. E lewru suwee 1939, nde Almaañ e Dental Sowiyet njani e leydi Poloonya, ɗum fuɗɗii wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, nde waɗi warngooji baɗnooɗi e miliyoŋaaji Poloonya. Doole naatde e Blok Fuɗnaange e nder wolde winndereere, Republique Populaire ko leydi sosndi nanondiral Warsaw. E nder feeñde e darnde dille Solidarite, laamu kominist fusi, Poloonya artiri hoore mum e dowla demokaraasi e hitaande 1989.

Poloonya ko leydi parlemaa ngootiri, tawi ko suudu sarɗiiji ɗiɗi, tawi ko Sejm e Senaa. Leydi ndii ina hiisee wonde leydi hakkundeeri, jogiindi luural ƴellitiingal e faggudu toowndu, ndi woni go’o e nder UE to bannge PIB nominaal, joyaɓal to bannge PIB (PPP). Poloonya ina jogii nguurndam toowɗam no feewi, kisal, e ndimaagu faggudu, kam e jaŋde toownde e cellal winnderewal. Leydi ndii ina jogii nokkuuji 17 gonɗi e nder winndere ndee, tawi heen 15 ko nokkuuji pinal. Poloonya ko leydi tergal sosngal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, jeyaa kadi e Fedde Adunaare Njulaagu, OCDE, OTAN, e Dental Yuroopu (ina heen nokku Schengen).

Etimoloji

Innde leydi Poloonya ko Polska.[13] Innde nde ummii ko e Polan en, leñol Slavic en hirnaange hoɗɓe e maayo Warta e nder diiwaan Poloonya mawɗo hannde oo (teeminannde 6th–8th caggal iisa).[14] Innde leñol ngol ummorii ko e innde Proto-Slavic maanaa ladde, nde e hoore mum ummorii ko e helmere Proto-Indo-Yuroopu *pleh2- hollirnde leydi ɓuuɓndi.[15] Etimoloji ɗii ina kollita topografi diiwaan oo e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Poloonya mawɗo oo.[16][17] E nder duuɓi hakkundeeji, sifaa Latin Polonia ina huutoree no feewi e nder Yuroopu fof.[18]

Innde archaic leydi ndi'i woni Lechia nden alkulal maako ɗon heddi nder kuugal laamiiɗo nder ɗemɗe ɗuuɗɗe, teeŋti noon e ɗemɗe Hong Kong, Lituwaani, e Perse.[19] Ekzonim oo ina waawi ummoraade e Lech, laamɗo Lechite en, walla e Lendians, leñol Slavic hirnaange jooɗiiɗo e daande maayo ɓurngo fuɗnaange-rewo Poloonya tokooso.[20][21] Iwdi innde leñol ngol woni ko e helmere Poloonya ɓooynde lęda (plain).[22] E fuɗɗoode, inɗe ɗiɗi ɗee fof, Lechia e Polonia, ina kuutoree e mbayliigu so ina mbiya Poloonya, tawi ko winndooɓe taariindi e nder yontaaji hakkundeeji.[23]

Tariya

Ko adii daartol e ko adii daartol

Neɗɗaŋke arandeeɓe archaic e jamaanu kaaƴe e leƴƴi Homo erectus koɗi ko wonnoo Poloonya ko ina wona duuɓi 500,000 jooni, hay so tawii noon ngonka weeyo ngo haɗii yimɓe adanɓe sosde nokkuuji ɓurɗi duumaade.[24] Gargol Homo sapiens e aadee en to bannge anatomiiji hawri ko e taƴondiral weeyo e joofnirde yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi (glaciation Poloonya worgo 10 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa), nde Poloonya wonti hoɗorde.[25] Waɗde, ƴeewndorɗe neolitik kollitii ƴellitaare yaajnde e oon sahaa ; seedeeji gadani ɗi Yuroopunaaɓe mbaɗata e peewnugol ñamri (5500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa) njiytaama to Kuyavia Poloonya,[26] e pot Bronocice ina taƴaa e natal gadanal anndaangal ko waawi wonde oto mo taƴe (3400 ko adii jibineede Iisaa).[27]

Wakkati gonɗo hakkunde jamaanu njamndi e fuɗɗoode jamaanu njamndi (1300 ko adii jibineede Iisaa–500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa) ina maantiniri ɓeydagol keewal yimɓe, sosde koɗkiiji (gords) e yaajde pinal Lusatian.[28][29] Ko arkewolosi mawɗo yiytaa e daartol Poloonya ko koɗki cemmbinki to Biskupin, sibu ko pinal Lusatian en e yontaaji njamndi cakkitiiɗi (cakkital teeminannde 8th ko adii jibineede Iisaa).[30]

E nder jamaanu ɓooyngu (400 ko adii jibineede Iisaa–500 caggal Iisaa), yimɓe ɓooyɓe heewɓe ina njooɗinoo e leydi Poloonya hannde ndii, teeŋti noon e leƴƴi Celtic en, Scythian en, German en, Sarmatian en, Baltic en e Slavic en.[31] Yanti heen, ko yiytaa e arkewolosi ina hollita wonde ina woodi Legions Roman en neldaaɗi ngam reende njulaagu amber.[32] Leƴƴi Poloonya ummorii ko caggal mbaydi ɗiɗmiri e nder yontaaji eggugol hedde teeminannde 6th caggal iisa;[18] ɓe ngoni ko e Slavic en, ina gasa tawa ɓe ngoni ko e heddiiɓe e leƴƴi gonɗi e nokku hee ko adii.[33][34] Puɗɗagol e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 10th, Poloonya en ina ngarta jiimde leƴƴi Lechitik goɗɗi e nder diiwaan hee, e fuɗɗoode ina mbaɗa fedde leƴƴi, caggal ɗuum ina mbaɗa dowla laamɗo hakkundeejo.[35]

Laamu leydi Poloonya

Poloonya fuɗɗii wonde leydi ngootiri e leydi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko hedde cakkital teeminannde 10ɓiire e les laamu Piast.[36] E hitaande 966, laamɗo Poloonya Mieszko I jaɓi diine kerecee en e les njiimaandi Egliis Room e lootgol Poloonya.[37] E hitaande 968, bismaango misiyoŋaaji sosaa to Poznań. Incipit ina wiyee Dagome iudex adii siftinde keeri leydi Poloonya e laamorgo mum to Gniezno, ina seedtoo wonde laamu mum ina woni e les njiimaandi See Apostolic.[38] Asli leydi ndii ko Gallus Anonymus siforii ɗum e nder Gesta principum Polonorum, deftere Poloonya ɓurnde ɓooyde.[39] Kewu ngenndiijo teeŋtuɗo e oon sahaa ko warngo Saint Adalbert, mo heeferɓe Prusse mbari e hitaande 997, mo heddiiɓe ɓee mbiyi ko lomto Mieszko, hono Bolesław I the Brave, soodi ɗum ngam teddungal mum en e kaŋŋe.[38]

E hitaande 1000, e nder batu Gniezno, Bolesław heɓi hakke jeyeede e juuɗe Otto III, laamɗo Room ceniiɗo, mo jaɓi sosde bismaangooji goɗɗi e arsidiyooseeji to Gniezno.[38] Caggal ɗuum, diiwaanuuji tati kesi sosaa to Kraków, Kołobrzeg e Wrocław.[40] Kadi, Otto hokki Bolesław regalia laamiiɗo e nate Lance Ceniiɗo, ɗe o huutorii ɓaawo wakkati laamu maako bana laamiiɗo Poloonya gadano nder hitaande c.1025, nde Bolesław heɓi yamiroore ngam waɗde laamu mum e juuɗe Pape John XIX.[41][42] Bolesław kadi yaajtinii laamu nguu no feewi nde o nanngi geɗe Lusatia Almaañ, Moravia Cekoslowaki, Hong Kong toowɗo e nokkuuji fuɗnaange-rewo Kievan Rus’.[43]

Jaltugol e pagan e nder leydi Poloonya wonaano ɗoon e ɗoon, ɗum addani pagan en waɗde e kitaale 1030.[44] E hitaande 1031, Mieszko II Lambert dañii tiitoonde laamɗo, o dogi e nder fitinaaji ɗii.[45] Jibinannde ndee addani Casimir I gardinooɗo laamorgo ngoo nawde Kraków e hitaande 1038.[46] E hitaande 1076, Bolesław II artiri golle laamɗo, kono o riiwaa e hitaande 1079 sabu warde gaño makko, hono Bishop Stanislaus.[47] E hitaande 1138, leydi ndi feccii e laamuuji joy nde Bolesław III Wrymouth fecci leyɗeele mum hakkunde ɓiɓɓe mum.[20] Ɗeen ngoni Poloonya tokooso, Poloonya mawɗo, Silesi, Masowi e Sandomierz, tawi ina njogii jokkondire hakkunde-leyɗe e dow Pomerania.[48] E hitaande 1226, Konrad I mo Masovia noddi konu Tewonik ngam wallitde haɓde e Prusse en Baltik ; kuulal ngal caggal mum addani hare e Knights duuɓi teemedde.[49]

E feccere adannde e teeminannde 13ɓiire, Henri I Bearded e Henri II Pious njiɗnoo ko hawrude e laamuuji peccitaaɗi ɗii, kono njiimaandi Mongol en e maayde Henri II e nder wolde haɗi hawrude.[50][51] Ngam bonnugol ngol rewi heen, ustaare yimɓe e ɗaɓɓaande golle karallaagal addani koɗdiiɗo Almaañ e Flamand en yahde Poloonya, ko ɗum woni ko laamɓe Poloonya cemmbini.[52] E hitaande 1264, Statut Kalisz naatni ndimaagu ngu meeɗaa yiyeede wonande yahuud en Poloonya, ɓe ngari Poloonya ngam dogde e tooñanngeeji nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder Yuroopu.[53]

E hitaande 1320, Władysław I juutɗo wonti laamɗo gadano Poloonya denndinaaɗo gila Przemysł II e hitaande 1296,[54] e gadano laamɗo e nder galle laamorɗo Wawel to Kraków.[55] Puɗɗagol hitaande 1333, laamu Casimir III mawɗo ina maantiniri ƴellitaare e nder njuɓɓudi laamu, konu, ñaawoore e dipolomasi.[56][57] E les njiimaandi makko, Poloonya wayliima wonti leydi Yuroopu mawndi ; o sosi laamu Poloonya e dow Rutheni e hitaande 1340, o waɗti kadi karantine haɗnooɗo maayde ɓaleere.[58][59] E hitaande 1364, Casimir udditi duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kraków, gooto e duɗe toowɗe ɓurɗe ɓooyde e nder Yuroopu.[60] Nde o maayi e hitaande 1370, laamu Piast joofi.[61] Lomtii mo ko banndiiko gorko ɓurɗo ɓadaade mo, hono Louis de Anjou, laamiiɗo Poloonya, Hong Kong e Korowasi e nder dental keeriiɗo.[62] Ɓiɗɗo debbo Louis tokooso biyeteeɗo Jadwiga wonti laamɗo debbo gadano leydi Poloonya e hitaande 1384.[62]

E hitaande 1386, Jadwiga mo Poloñ naati e dewgal belngal e Władysław II Jagiełło, laamɗo mawɗo Lituwaani, ɗum noon o sosi laamu Jagiellonian e dental Poloñ-Lituwaani ngal yahri ko e yontaaji cakkitiiɗi ɗii e fuɗɗoode jamaanu hannde oo.[63] Gollondiral hakkunde Poloñnaaɓe e Lituaniyankooɓe addani leyɗeele Lituaniyankooje keewɗe ɗe leƴƴi keewɗi mbaɗi e nder leydi Poloñ, ɗum noon ina waɗi nafoore wonande hoɗɓe e mum, ɓe ngondi ko e gootal e leyɗeele politik Orop ɓurɗe mawnude e oon sahaa.[64]

E nder diiwaan maayo Baltik, hare Poloñ e Lituwaani e konu Teutonic jokki, haa timmi e wolde Grunwald e hitaande 1410, ɗo konu Poloñ e Lituwaani hawri, heɓi nafoore mawnde e dow maɓɓe.[65] E hitaande 1466, caggal wolde duuɓi sappo e tati, laamɗo Casimir IV Jagiellon rokki yamiroore laamɗo ngam Jam Thorn, ko ɗum sosi Duchy Prusse garoowo e les njiimaandi Poloñ, o dogi laamɓe Prusse yoɓde njoɓdi.[20] Laamu Jagiellonian kadi sosi laamu laamuuji dow laamuuji Bohemia (1471 haa yeeso) e Hongiri.[66] To bannge worgo, Poloñ haɓi e Laamaandi Ottomaan (e wolde Varna) e Tataar en Kirime, to bannge fuɗnaange walliti Lituwaani haɓde e Riisi.[20]

Poloñ ina ƴellitoo no leydi fedde ndema nii, faggudu mum ɓuri heewde ko ndema e nobiliteeji leydi ɓeydotooɗi doole, ɗi ndartini yimɓe ɓee e nder gese keewɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko folwarks.[67] E hitaande 1493, John I Albert jaɓi sosde parlemaa mo cuuɗi ɗiɗi, tawa ina waɗi suudu leslesru, hono Sejm, e suudu toowndu, hono Senaa.[68] Sariya Nihil novi mo Seneraal Poloñ Sejm ƴetti e hitaande 1505, rokki ko ɓuri heewde e mbaawkaaji sariyaaji ummoraade e laamɗo feewde e parlemaa, ko huunde nde fuɗɗii yonta ganndiraaɗo Ndimaagu kaŋŋe, nde dowla oo laaminoo ko nanndi e ndimaagu e... fotde tedduɓe Poloñ.[69]

Teeminannde 16ɓiire yi’i dille Reformaasiyoŋ Protestan en ina mbaɗa naatgol luggiɗngol e nder diine kerecee en Poloñ, ɗum addani ɓe sosde politikaaji baɗɗiiɗi e muñal diine, ko huunde nde alaa ko nanndi e Orop e oon sahaa.[70] Ndee muñal addani leydi ndi daɗde e jiiɓru diine e hareeji diine gonɗi e Orop.[70] To leydi Poloñ, diine kerecee en ɓe ngonaa trinitarian en ngonti jaŋde ko wiyetee banndiraaɓe Poloñ, ɓe ceerti e diine maɓɓe Calvinist, ɓe ngonti sosɓe diine Unitarian adunaaru.[71]

Renaissance Oropnaaɓe umminii e les njiimaandi Sigismund I ɓooyɗo e Sigismund II Augustus, jikkuuji jaawɗi e nder haajuuji ƴellitgol ummital pinal.[20] E nder jamaanu kaŋŋe Poloñ, faggudu e pinal ngenndi ndii ina ƴellitoo.[20] Bona Sforza, jibinaaɗo to Itaali, ɓiy laamɗo Milan, laamɗo debbo Sigismund I, waɗii darnde mawnde e nder mahdi, e ñaamdu, e ɗemngal e aadaaji laamɗo to galle laamorɗo Wawel.[20]