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Revision as of 06:28, 3 July 2023
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Translingual
Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
北 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中一心 (LMP), four-corner 11110, composition ⿲⿱一㇀丨匕(GJKV) or ⿰⿱⿰一丨㇀匕(HT))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2574
- Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 262, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5317
Further reading
Chinese
trad. | 北 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 北 | |
alternative forms | 业 𧉥 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 北 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).
The sense of “north” is derived from “back (of body)”: “back” → “to turn the back to; to retreat” → “north”.
The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south.
Compare the graphical origin of 南 (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).
Pronunciation 1
Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 195: Incorrect tone notation "4" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.
Definitions
Coordinate terms
- (compass points) 方位;
西北 (xīběi) | 北 | 東北 / 东北 (dōngběi) |
西 (xī) | 東 / 东 (dōng) | |
西南 (xīnán) | 南 | 東南 / 东南 (dōngnán) |
Compounds
- 三北 (sānběi)
- 三戰三北 / 三战三北
- 乘勝逐北 / 乘胜逐北
- 冀北
- 分北
- 北七真
- 北上 (běishàng)
- 北上宣言
- 北九州 (Běijiǔzhōu)
- 北二高 (Běi'èrgāo)
- 北京 (Běijīng)
- 北京之春
- 北京人 (Běijīngrén)
- 北京大學 / 北京大学
- 北京時間 / 北京时间 (Běijīng Shíjiān)
- 北京條約 / 北京条约
- 北京狗 (běijīnggǒu)
- 北京猿人 (Běijīng yuánrén)
- 北京鴨 / 北京鸭 (běijīngyā)
- 北人 (běirén)
- 北伐 (běifá)
- 北伐戰爭 / 北伐战争 (Běifá Zhànzhēng)
- 北俱盧洲 / 北俱卢洲
- 北冕座 (Běimiǎnzuò)
- 北冥
- 北冰洋 (Běibīngyáng)
- 北劇 / 北剧
- 北區 / 北区 (běiqū)
- 北十 (Běishí)
- 北半球 (běibànqiú)
- 北厝 (Běicuò)
- 北叟失馬 / 北叟失马
- 北口 (Běikǒu)
- 北口馬 / 北口马
- 北史 (Běishǐ)
- 北周 (Běizhōu)
- 北回歸線 / 北回归线 (Běi Huíguīxiàn)
- 北固山
- 北固樓 / 北固楼
- 北國 / 北国 (běiguó)
- 北土
- 北圻 (Běiqí)
- 北垂 (běichuí)
- 北坳 (Běi'ào)
- 北城 (Běichéng)
- 北埔 (Běipǔ)
- 北埔鄉 / 北埔乡
- 北基 (Běijī)
- 北堂
- 北堂書鈔 / 北堂书钞
- 北塔山 (Běitǎshān)
- 北夢瑣言 / 北梦琐言
- 北大 (Běidà)
- 北大荒 (Běidàhuāng)
- 北天極 / 北天极
- 北學 / 北学
- 北安市
- 北宋 (Běi Sòng)
- 北宗
- 北宜公路
- 北宗畫法 / 北宗画法
- 北宮 / 北宫 (Běigōng)
- 北宮黝 / 北宫黝
- 北宿 (Běisù)
- 北寒帶 / 北寒带 (Běihándài)
- 北寧鐵路 / 北宁铁路
- 北屯 (Běitún)
- 北山 (Běishān)
- 北山移文
- 北山羊 (běishānyáng)
- 北島 / 北岛 (Běidǎo)
- 北嶺 / 北岭 (Běilǐng)
- 北嶽 / 北岳 (Běiyuè)
- 北平市
- 北平故宮 / 北平故宫
- 北府
- 北庭 (Běitíng)
- 北征
- 北愛爾蘭 / 北爱尔兰 (Běi-Ài'ěrlán)
- 北戴河 (Běidàihé)
- 北所羅門 / 北所罗门
- 北投 (Běitóu)
- 北拳 (běiquán)
- 北斗 (Běidǒu)
- 北斗七星 (Běidǒu Qīxīng)
- 北斗星 (Běidǒuxīng)
- 北斗鎮
- 北新 (Běixīn)
- 北方 (běifāng)
- 北方之強 / 北方之强
- 北方人 (běifāngrén)
- 北方佛教
- 北方大港
- 北方戰爭 / 北方战争
- 北方話 / 北方话 (běifānghuà)
- 北曲 (běiqǔ)
- 北望
- 北朝 (Běicháo)
- 北林 (Běilín)
- 北極 / 北极 (Běijí)
- 北極光 / 北极光 (běijíguāng)
- 北極凍原 / 北极冻原
- 北極圈 / 北极圈 (Běijíquān)
- 北極地區 / 北极地区
- 北極星 / 北极星 (Běijíxīng)
- 北極海 / 北极海 (Běijíhǎi)
- 北極熊 / 北极熊 (běijíxióng)
- 北極犬 / 北极犬
- 北極狐 / 北极狐 (Běijíhú)
- 北極鋒 / 北极锋
- 北極鯨 / 北极鲸
- 北歌
- 北歐 / 北欧 (Běi-Ōu)
- 北河 (Běihé)
- 北洋 (Běiyáng)
- 北洋大臣
- 北洋海軍 / 北洋海军
- 北洋航線 / 北洋航线
- 北洋軍閥 / 北洋军阀 (Běiyáng Jūnfá)
- 北海 (Běihǎi)
- 北海公園 / 北海公园
- 北海岸
- 北海油礦 / 北海油矿
- 北海道 (Běihǎidào)
- 北涼 / 北凉 (Běiliáng)
- 北湖 (Běihú)
- 北港 (Běigǎng)
- 北港鎮 / 北港镇
- 北溫帶 / 北温带 (běiwēndài)
- 北漢 / 北汉 (Běihàn)
- 北漸 / 北渐
- 北滿洲 / 北满洲
- 北灣 / 北湾 (Běiwān)
- 北燕 (Běiyān)
- 北狄 (Běidí)
- 北獅 / 北狮 (běishī)
- 北瓜 (běiguā)
- 北直隸 / 北直隶
- 北省
- 北碚 (Běibèi)
- 北碑
- 北礵 (Běishuāng)
- 北票 (Běipiào)
- 北窗高臥 / 北窗高卧
- 北竿 (Běigān)
- 北管 (běiguǎn)
- 北管戲 / 北管戏
- 北緯 / 北纬 (běiwěi)
- 北美洲 (Běiměizhōu)
- 北美狼
- 北聲 / 北声
- 北舊縣 / 北旧县 (Běijiùxiàn)
- 北芒 (Běimáng)
- 北苑 (běiyuàn)
- 北苑茶
- 北茭 (Běijiāo)
- 北葉門 / 北叶门 (Běi-Yèmén)
- 北角 (Běijiǎo)
- 北討 / 北讨
- 北豆腐
- 北貨 / 北货 (běihuò)
- 北路梆子
- 北轅適楚 / 北辕适楚
- 北轍南轅 / 北辙南辕
- 北辰 (Běichén)
- 北迴歸線 / 北回归线 (Běi Huíguīxiàn)
- 北迴鐵路 / 北回铁路
- 北道
- 北道主人
- 北運河 / 北运河
- 北邊 / 北边 (běibiān)
- 北邙 (Běimáng)
- 北邙山 (Běimángshān)
- 北邙鄉女 / 北邙乡女
- 北郊 (Běijiāo)
- 北部 (běibù)
- 北部地方
- 北鄙
- 北里
- 北鎮 / 北镇 (Běizhèn)
- 北門 / 北门 (běimén)
- 北門之歎 / 北门之叹
- 北門學士 / 北门学士
- 北門鎖鑰 / 北门锁钥
- 北闕 / 北阙
- 北非 (Běifēi)
- 北非諜影 / 北非谍影
- 北面 (běimiàn)
- 北面稱臣 / 北面称臣
- 北韓 / 北韩 (Běihán)
- 北音
- 北風 / 北风 (běifēng)
- 北食
- 北首
- 北魏 (Běiwèi)
- 北齊 / 北齐 (Běiqí)
- 北齊書 / 北齐书
- 南來北往 / 南来北往
- 南北 (nánběi)
- 南北和議 / 南北和议
- 南北學 / 南北学
- 南北宗
- 南北戰爭 / 南北战争 (Nánběi Zhànzhēng)
- 南北書派 / 南北书派
- 南北朝 (Nán-Běi Cháo)
- 南北極 / 南北极
- 南北洋
- 南北睽違 / 南北睽违
- 南北貨 / 南北货
- 南天北地
- 南征北伐
- 南征北戰 (nánzhēngběizhàn)
- 南征北討
- 南枝北枝
- 南橘北枳 (nánjúběizhǐ)
- 南箕北斗
- 南能北秀
- 南腔北調 / 南腔北调 (nánqiāngběidiào)
- 南船北馬 / 南船北马
- 南轅北轍 / 南辕北辙 (nányuánběizhé)
- 南阮北阮
- 南鷂北鷹 / 南鹞北鹰
- 口北 (kǒuběi)
- 同北廟 / 同北庙 (Tóngběimiào)
- 喝西北風 / 喝西北风 (hē xīběifēng)
- 嗑西北風 / 嗑西北风
- 城北 (Chéngběi)
- 城北徐公
- 塞北 (Sàiběi)
- 大北
- 大江南北 (dàjiāngnánběi)
- 大西北 (Dàxīběi)
- 天南地北 (tiānnándìběi)
- 奔北 (bēnběi)
- 山南海北
- 拱北 (Gǒngběi)
- 指北針 / 指北针 (zhǐběizhēn)
- 指南打北
- 撓北 / 挠北
- 敗北 / 败北 (bàiběi)
- 新北市
- 易北河 (Yìběi Hé)
- 有北
- 有南北
- 東北 / 东北 (dōngběi)
- 松北 (Sōngběi)
- 東北三寶 / 东北三宝
- 東北九省 / 东北九省
- 東北亞 / 东北亚 (Dōngběiyà)
- 東北大鼓 / 东北大鼓
- 東北平原 / 东北平原 (Dōngběi Píngyuán)
- 東北方 / 东北方
- 東北風 / 东北风 (dōngběifēng)
- 東西南北 / 东西南北 (dōngxīnánběi)
- 每戰皆北 / 每战皆北
- 江北 (Jiāngběi)
- 江北縣 / 江北县
- 江北老
- 河北 (Héběi)
- 河北梆子 (Héběi bāngzi)
- 泰山北斗 (tàishānběidǒu)
- 洛河北 (Luòhéběi)
- 海北天南
- 淮北 (Huáiběi)
- 港北 (Gǎngběi)
- 湖北 (Húběi)
- 湖北口 (Húběikǒu)
- 湖北口回族鄉 / 湖北口回族乡 (Húběikǒu Huízú Xiāng)
- 漠北 (Mòběi)
- 漢北 / 汉北 (Hànběi)
- 白首北面
- 皖北平原
- 眉南面北
- 眾星拱北 / 众星拱北
- 磁北極 / 磁北极
- 竹北 (Zhúběi)
- 肅北 / 肃北 (Sùběi)
- 肅北蒙古族自治縣 / 肃北蒙古族自治县
- 臺北 / 台北 (Táiběi)
- 臺北大學 / 台北大学
- 臺北盆地 / 台北盆地
- 華北 / 华北 (Huáběi)
- 華北平原 / 华北平原 (Huáběi Píngyuán)
- 萊綵北堂 / 莱彩北堂
- 萱萎北堂
- 藏北高原
- 西北 (xīběi)
- 西北季風 / 西北季风
- 西北雨 (xīběiyǔ)
- 西北風 / 西北风 (xīběifēng)
- 西北颱 / 西北台
- 走南闖北 / 走南闯北 (zǒunánchuǎngběi)
- 追亡逐北 (zhuīwángzhúběi)
- 逃北
- 追奔逐北
- 逐北
- 遁北
- 遼北 / 辽北 (Liáoběi)
- 錢過北斗 / 钱过北斗
- 閘北 / 闸北
- 閩北話 / 闽北话
- 陝北高原 / 陕北高原
- 面北眉南
- 魁北克 (Kuíběikè)
Descendants
Others:
- → Japanese: 北 (pē, “north wind (mahjong tile)”)
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bèi
- Wade–Giles: pei4
- Yale: bèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bey
- Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /peɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: bui3
- Yale: bui
- Cantonese Pinyin: bui3
- Guangdong Romanization: bui3
- Sinological IPA (key): /puːi̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
- † Original form of 背 (bèi, “back; to betray”).
References
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00416
- “Entry #1395”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: ほく (hoku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ほく (hoku, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: ぺ (pe)
- Kan’yō-on: ぺい (pei)
- Kun: きた (kita, 北, Jōyō)、にげる (nigeru, 北げる)
Compounds
- 新北 (Shinhoku, “New Taipei”)
- 西北 (seihoku)
- 台北 (Taipei, “Taipei”)
- 東北 (tōhoku, “northeast”), 東北 (Tōhoku)
- 南北 (nanboku, “north and south; north to south”)
- 敗北 (haiboku, “defeat”)
- 北京 (Pekin, “Beijing”)
- 北平 (Pēpin, “Peiping, former name of Beijing”)
- 北条 (Hōjō)
- 北緯 (hokui, “north latitude”)
- 北進 (hokushin)
- 北上 (hokujō, “going north, moving north”)
- 北西 (hokusei, “northwest”)
- 北叟笑む (hokusoemu)
- 北端 (hokutan, “northern extremity”)
- 北天 (hokuten)
- 北斗七星 (Hokuto Shichisei, “the Big Dipper”, literally “northern ladel of seven stars”)
- 北東 (hokutō, “northeast”)
- 北風 (hokufū)
- 北部 (hokubu, “northern part”)
- 北面 (hokumen)
- 北洋 (hokuyō)
- 北陸 (Hokuriku)
- 北海 (hokkai, “northern sea, the North Sea”)
- 北海道 (Hokkaidō)
- 北極 (Hokkyoku, “the North Pole”)
- 北方 (hoppō)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
きた Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Attributed to Old Japanese,[1] although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.
Ultimate derivation unknown.
Pronunciation
Noun
- north (cardinal point)
- 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
- 北へ行く雁ぞ鳴くなるつれてこし数はたらでぞかへるべらなる
- kita e yuku kari zo nakunaru tsurete koshi kazu wa tarade zo kaeruberanaru
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- 北へ行く雁ぞ鳴くなるつれてこし数はたらでぞかへるべらなる
- Antonym: 南 (minami)
- 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
- the North (northern part of a region)
- a northerly, north wind
- Short for 北の方 (kita no kata): northward
- a developed country
- from the many countries in the Northern Hemisphere are considered developed
Coordinate terms
- (compass points) 方角 (hōgaku);
北西 (hokusei) 西北 (seihoku) |
北 (kita) | 北東 (hokutō) 東北 (tōhoku) |
西 (nishi) | 東 (higashi) | |
西南 (seinan) 南西 (nansei) |
南 (minami) | 東南 (tōnan) 南東 (nantō) |
Derived terms
Proper noun
- Kita (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)
- (historical) the red-light district north of Edo Castle
- a surname
- a female given name
Verb
北する • (kita suru) suru (stem 北し (kita shi), past 北した (kita shita))
- to go northwards
- Synonym: 北進する (hokushin suru)
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 北し | きたし | kita shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 北し | きたし | kita shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 北する | きたする | kita suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 北する | きたする | kita suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 北すれ | きたすれ | kita sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 北せよ¹ 北しろ² |
きたせよ¹ きたしろ² |
kita seyo¹ kita shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 北される | きたされる | kita sareru | |
Causative | 北させる 北さす |
きたさせる きたさす |
kita saseru kita sasu | |
Potential | 北できる | きたできる | kita dekiru | |
Volitional | 北しよう | きたしよう | kita shiyō | |
Negative | 北しない | きたしない | kita shinai | |
Negative continuative | 北せず | きたせず | kita sezu | |
Formal | 北します | きたします | kita shimasu | |
Perfective | 北した | きたした | kita shita | |
Conjunctive | 北して | きたして | kita shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 北すれば | きたすれば | kita sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
ペー Grade: 2 |
irregular |
Pronunciation
Noun
- (mahjong) north wind (mahjong tile)
- Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
- (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of north wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
- Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Coordinate terms
- 風牌 (kazehai, “wind tiles”): 東 (ton, “east wind”), 南 (nan, “south wind”), 西 (shā, “west wind”), 北 (pē, “north wind”)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
はい Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 北 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 北, is a variant kanji form of the above term.) |
References
- ^ “北”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 北 (MC pok).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 븍〮 (Yale: púk) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 뒤〮 (Yale: twúy) | 븍〮 (Yale: púk) |
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 븍녁 (Yale: puknyek) 뒤 (Yale: twuy) |
븍 (Yale: puk) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [puk̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [북]
Hanja
北 (eumhun 북녘 북 (bungnyeok buk))
Compounds
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 北 (MC buʌiH).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄈᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: ppóy) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pɛ] ~ [pe̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [배/베]
Hanja
北 (eumhun 달아날 배 (daranal bae))
Compounds
- 패배 (敗北, paebae)
- 좌배 (挫北, jwabae)(deprecated template usage)
Proper noun
Hanja in this term |
---|
北 |
- (in headlines) Short for 北韓 (Bukhan, “(South Korea) North Korea”).
Usage notes
A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.
See also
- 한 (韓, Han, “(South Korea) South Korea”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Okinawan
Kanji
Readings
Etymology
Kanji in this term |
---|
北 |
にし Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, “west”).
Noun
北 (nishi)
Derived terms
- 北風 (nishikaji, “north wind”)
References
- “ニシ” in Haisai Okinawan Dialect.
- “にし【北】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
- “ニシ(にし)” in Okinawan Dialect Dictionary - Ajima.
- “にし” in Okinawan Dictionary - KozaWeb.
Southern Amami-Oshima
Kanji
北
Readings
Etymology
Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, “west”).
Pronunciation
Noun
References
- “にし【北】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Vietnamese
Han character
北: Hán Nôm readings: bắc, bác, bấc, bậc, bước
Zhuang
Noun
北
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