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==Polish== |
==Polish== |
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===Etymology=== |
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{{univ|pl|na|prawda|alt2=prawdę}}.<ref>{{R:pl:WSEHJP|prawy}}</ref> {{etydate|end of the 19th century}}.{{ref|{{R:pl:Bańkowski}}}}{{ref|{{R:pl:SJP1900||132|3}}}} Largely {{displaced|pl|sl=1|zaprawdę|nocap=1}}. Compare {{cog|szl|naprŏwdy}} and {{cog|uk|напра́вду}}. |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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{{pl-p|na'praw.dę|a=Pl-naprawdę.ogg|a2=LL-Q809 (pol)-Matlin-naprawdę.wav|ac=Audio 1|ac2=Audio 2}} |
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* {{IPA|[n̪aˈpravd̪ɛ]|lang=pl}} |
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* {{audio|Pl-naprawdę.ogg|Audio|lang=pl}} |
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===Particle=== |
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{{head|pl|particle}} |
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# [[really]], [[truly]], [[actually]] {{gl|in fact; in reality}} |
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#: {{syn|pl|autentycznie|doprawdy}} |
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===Trivia=== |
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{{pl-freq 1990|7|2|13|38|64|124|481|271|1}} |
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{{pl-adv|-}} |
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===References=== |
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{{reflist}} |
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===Further reading=== |
===Further reading=== |
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* {{R: |
* {{R:pl:WSJP}} |
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* {{R:pl:PWN}} |
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Revision as of 09:40, 15 July 2024
Polish
Etymology
Univerbation of na + prawdę.[1] First attested in the end of the 19th century.[2][3] Largely displaced zaprawdę. Compare Silesian naprŏwdy and Ukrainian напра́вду (naprávdu).
Pronunciation
Particle
naprawdę
Trivia
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), naprawdę is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 7 times in scientific texts, 2 times in news, 13 times in essays, 38 times in fiction, and 64 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 124 times, making it the 481st most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[4]
References
- ^ Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa (2021) “prawy”, in Wielki słownik etymologiczno-historyczny języka polskiego, →ISBN
- ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “naprawdę”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- ^ J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “naprawdę”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 132
- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “naprawdę”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 271