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{{also|Appendix:Variations of "ar"}}
==English==
==English==


===Etymology===
===Etymology 1===
Extracted from the word ''[[aromatic]]''.
Extracted from the word {{m|en|aromatic}}.


===Prefix===
====Prefix====
{{en-prefix}}
{{en-prefix|head=''ar''-}}


# {{lb|en|organic chemistry}} {{non-gloss definition|Forming [[classification]] names for [[classes]] of [[organic compounds]] that contain a carbon skeleton and one or more [[aromatic]] rings.}}
# {{lb|en|organic chemistry}} {{non-gloss definition|Forming [[classification]] names for [[classes]] of [[organic compounds]] that contain a carbon skeleton and one or more [[aromatic]] rings.}}
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#* '''1919''' January 10, C. J. West, abstract of G. Schroeter and K. Thomas, “Transformation of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) in the animal body”; in American Chemical Society, ''Chemical Abstracts'', Volume 13, Number 1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=a8W2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA43&dq=ar page 43]:
#* '''1919''' January 10, C. J. West, abstract of G. Schroeter and K. Thomas, “Transformation of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) in the animal body”; in American Chemical Society, ''Chemical Abstracts'', Volume 13, Number 1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=a8W2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA43&dq=ar page 43]:
#*: '''''ar-'''Tetrahydro-α-carbamidonaphthalene'', C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ON<sub>2</sub>, crystallized in square plates from alc., soften at 198° and melts at about 206° (quickly heated, at 212°).
#*: '''''ar-'''Tetrahydro-α-carbamidonaphthalene'', C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ON<sub>2</sub>, crystallized in square plates from alc., soften at 198° and melts at about 206° (quickly heated, at 212°).
#* '''2006''', Amit Arora, ''Aromatic Organic Chemistry'', Discovery Publishing House (2007), ISBN 978-81-8356-202-7, [http://books.google.com/books?id=m_Lx4neEdT0C&pg=RA1-PA173&dq=ar page 173]:
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2006|author=Amit Arora|title=Aromatic Organic Chemistry|pageurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=m_Lx4neEdT0C&pg=RA1-PA173&dq=ar|page=173|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year_published=2007|isbn=978-81-8356-202-7
#*: 1-Naphthylamine is reduced by sodium and isopentanol to '''''ar''-'''tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine; the prefix '''''ar-''''' is the abbreviation of ''aromatic'' and indicates that the four hydrogen atoms are ''not'' in the ring containing the amino-group: {{...}}
|passage=1-Naphthylamine is reduced by sodium and isopentanol to '''''ar''-'''tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine; the prefix '''''ar-''''' is the abbreviation of ''aromatic'' and indicates that the four hydrogen atoms are ''not'' in the ring containing the amino-group: {{...}}}}

===Etymology 2===
Shortened from {{m|en|area}} (because the function describes the area under a hyperbola), by analogy with {{m|en|arc-}}, the corresponding prefix for the circular trigonometric functions.

====Prefix====
{{en-prefix}}

# {{lb|en|mathematics|trigonometry}} {{n-g|Used to form the names of [[inverse]] [[hyperbolic]] [[trigonometric]] [[function]]s, and the symbols for these functions.}}
#: {{syn|en|arc-|q1=sometimes proscribed|a-|-1|alt3=<sup>−1</sup>}}


===References===
===References===
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===Anagrams===
===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|RA|Ra}}
* {{anagrams|en|a=ar|'RA|'Ra|ra|RA|Ra}}


{{C|en|Chemical notation|Functions|Hyperbolic functions|Trigonometric functions}}
[[Category:en:Chemistry]]

----


==Aka-Bea==
==Aka-Bea==
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# {{non-gloss definition|prefix for limbs or upright things}}
# {{non-gloss definition|prefix for limbs or upright things}}

----


==Old Irish==
==Old Irish==
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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{inh|sga|cel-pro|*ɸare-}}. Prefix form of {{m|sga|ar||in front of}}.
From {{inh|sga|cel-pro|*ɸare-}}. Prefix form of {{m|sga|ar||in front of}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{i|pretonically}} {{IPA|sga|/ar/}}
* {{i|in stressed syllables}} {{IPA|sga|/œr/}}


===Prefix===
===Prefix===
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# [[for-]], [[fore-]]
# [[for-]], [[fore-]]

====Derived terms====
{{prefixsee|sga}}

==Tocharian A==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|xto|ine-toc-pro|*er-}} (whence also {{cog|txb|er-}}), from {{inh|xto|ine-pro|*h₃er-||to move, stir}}.

===Verb===
{{head|xto|verb}}

# to [[evoke]], [[call up]]
# to [[produce]], [[yield]], [[bring forth]]

==Welsh==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|cy|er-}} (with {{w|Affection (linguistics)|i-affection}})

===Etymology===
From {{inh|cy|cel-bry-pro|*ar-}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*ɸare}}.<ref>{{R:cy:Morris Jones|section=156 i (6)}}</ref>

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|cy|/ar/}}

===Prefix===
{{head|cy|prefix}}

# [[on]], [[above]], [[sur-]], [[super-]], [[epi-]]
#: {{prefixusex|cy|nofio|t1=to swim|arnofio|t2=to float}}
#: {{prefixusex|cy|ysgrif|t1=writing|arysgrif|t2=inscription, epigraph}}
# [[near]]
#: {{prefixusex|cy|lliw|t1=colour|arlliw|t2=shade}}
#: {{prefixusex|cy|môr|t1=sea|arfor|t2=coast}}

====Derived terms====
{{prefixsee|cy}}

===Mutation===
{{cy-mut}}

===References===
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{R:cy:GPC}}

Latest revision as of 06:34, 30 June 2024

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

English

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

Extracted from the word aromatic.

Prefix

[edit]

ar-

  1. (organic chemistry) Forming classification names for classes of organic compounds that contain a carbon skeleton and one or more aromatic rings.
    • 1900, Edgar Fahs Smith (English translator), R. Anschütz (German editor), Victor von Richter's Organic Chemistry: or, Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds, Third American Edition, Volume II, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., page 393:
      Potassium permanganate oxidizes ac-tetrahydronaphtylamine to o-hydrocinnam-carboxylic acid (p. 245); ar-tetrahydronaphthylamine, however, because of the oxidation of its amided benzene nucleus, is changed to adipic acid together with oxalic acid (B. 22, 767): […]
    • 1919 January 10, C. J. West, abstract of G. Schroeter and K. Thomas, “Transformation of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) in the animal body”; in American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstracts, Volume 13, Number 1, page 43:
      ar-Tetrahydro-α-carbamidonaphthalene, C11H14ON2, crystallized in square plates from alc., soften at 198° and melts at about 206° (quickly heated, at 212°).
    • 2006, Amit Arora, Aromatic Organic Chemistry, Discovery Publishing House, published 2007, →ISBN, page 173:
      1-Naphthylamine is reduced by sodium and isopentanol to ar-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine; the prefix ar- is the abbreviation of aromatic and indicates that the four hydrogen atoms are not in the ring containing the amino-group: […]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Shortened from area (because the function describes the area under a hyperbola), by analogy with arc-, the corresponding prefix for the circular trigonometric functions.

Prefix

[edit]

ar-

  1. (mathematics, trigonometry) Used to form the names of inverse hyperbolic trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions.
    Synonyms: (sometimes proscribed) arc-, a-, −1

References

[edit]

Anagrams

[edit]

Aka-Bea

[edit]

Prefix

[edit]

ar-

  1. prefix for limbs or upright things

Old Irish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare-. Prefix form of ar (“in front of”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (pretonically) IPA(key): /ar/
  • (in stressed syllables) IPA(key): /œr/

Prefix

[edit]

ar-

  1. for-, fore-

Derived terms

[edit]
Old Irish terms prefixed with ar-

Tocharian A

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian B er-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).

Verb

[edit]

ar-

  1. to evoke, call up
  2. to produce, yield, bring forth

Welsh

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Brythonic *ar-, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Prefix

[edit]

ar-

  1. on, above, sur-, super-, epi-
    ‎ar- + ‎nofio (“to swim”) → ‎arnofio (“to float”)
    ‎ar- + ‎ysgrif (“writing”) → ‎arysgrif (“inscription, epigraph”)
  2. near
    ‎ar- + ‎lliw (“colour”) → ‎arlliw (“shade”)
    ‎ar- + ‎môr (“sea”) → ‎arfor (“coast”)

Derived terms

[edit]
Welsh terms prefixed with ar-

Mutation

[edit]
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
ar- unchanged unchanged har-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 156 i (6)

Further reading

[edit]
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ar-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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