View source for miser

{{also|Miser|misër}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|misser}}, from {{der|en|LL.|miser||wretched, unfortunate, unhappy, miserable, sick, ill, bad, worthless, etc.}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈmaɪzə(ɹ)/}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-miser.wav|a=Southern England}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-miser.wav|a=US}}
* :{{rhymes|en|aɪzə(ɹ)|s=2}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|pejorative}} A person who [[hoard]]s [[money]] rather than [[spend]]ing it; one who is cheap or extremely [[parsimonious]]. {{defdate|late 16th c.}}
#: {{syn|en|''see'' [[Thesaurus:miser]]}}
#: {{ux|en|[[w:Ebenezer Scrooge|Scrooge]] was a typical '''miser''': spending nothing he could save, nor enjoying his wealth.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Antonio de Guevara|tlr=Edward Hellowes|title=A Chronicle, Conteyning the Liues of Tenne Emperours of Rome{{...}}|year=1577|publisher=w:Ralph Newbery|location=London|pageurl=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Chronicle_Conteyning_the_Liues_of_Tenn/BkQsAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=miser&pg=PA257&printsec=frontcover|page=257|text={{...}} foꝛ it was many times notoꝛious vnto al mẽ, [[yͭ]] he did eate in his houſe no other fleſh by the ſpace of iii. dayes, but on Hare, whiche was ſent him. He was ſuch a '''miſer''' to ſpend, ⁊ ſo deſirous to hooꝛd and lay vp money, yͭ had it not béene foꝛ ſome dayes of ſacrifices, oꝛ his bidden gueſts, not a moꝛsel of fleſh was eaten in his houſe: but only fed of his pꝛouiſion from his garden.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} A person who is [[wretched]] or [[despicable]]; a [[wretch]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare As You Like It|V|iv|206|1|{{...}} a poore virgin ſir, an il-fauor’d thing ſir, but mine owne, a poore humour of mine ſir, to take that that no man elſe will: rich honeſtie dwels like a '''miſer''' ſir, in a poore houſe, as your Pearle in your foule oyſter.}}
# A kind of earth [[auger]], typically large-[[bore]]d and often hand-operated.

====Antonyms====
* {{l|en|spendthrift}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|en|miserly}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|en|miserable}}
* {{l|en|misery}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|skinflint or scrooge}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|بَخِيل|m}}, {{t|ar|بَخِيلَة|f}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|ժլատ}}, {{t+|hy|կծծի}}, {{t+|hy|գծուծ}}, {{t|hy|քցիպ}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|скъперник|m}}, {{t+|bg|стипца|f}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|avar|m}}, {{t+|ca|agarrat}}, {{t+|ca|gasiu}}
* Chinese:
*: Cantonese: {{t|yue|孤寒鬼|tr=gu1 hon4 gwai2}}
*: Hokkien: {{t|nan-hbl|凍霜鬼|tr=tàng-sng-kúi}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|吝嗇鬼|tr=lìnsèguǐ}}, {{t+|cmn|守財奴|tr=shǒucáinú}}, {{t+|cmn|小气鬼|tr=xiǎoqìguǐ}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|držgrešle|m}}, {{t+|cs|skrblík|m}}, {{t+|cs|lakomec|m}}
* Danish: {{t|da|gnier|c}}, {{t|da|fedtsyl|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|gierigaard|m}}, {{t+|nl|vrek|m}},, {{t+|nl|krentenkakker|m}}, {{t+|nl|krent|m|f}}, {{t+|nl|schraper|m}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|avarulo}}, {{t|eo|avarulino}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|kargapisa|f}}, {{t|fo|nábalsklógv|f}}
* Fijian: {{t|fj|mamaqi}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|saituri}}, {{t+|fi|kitupiikki}}, {{t|fi|penninvenyttäjä}}, {{t+|fi|jutku}} {{q|offensive}}
* French: {{t+|fr|avare|m}}, {{t+|fr|crevard|m}}, {{t+|fr|grigou|m}}, {{t+|fr|grippe-sou|m}}, {{t+|fr|harpagon|m}}, {{t+|fr|picsou|m}}, {{t+|fr|pingre|m}}, {{t+|fr|radin|m}}, {{t+|fr|radine|f}}, {{t+|fr|rat|m}}, {{t+|fr|séraphin|m}} {{qualifier|Quebec}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|ძუნწი}}
* German: {{t+|de|Geizhals|m}}, {{t+|de|Geizkragen|m}}, {{t|de|Geiziger|m}}, {{t|de|Geizige|f}}, {{t+|de|Pfennigfuchser|m}}, {{t+|de|Pfennigfuchserin|f}}, {{t|de|Pfennigklauber|m}}, {{t|de|Pfennigklauberin|f}}, {{t|de|Rappenspalter|m}} {{qualifier|Swiss German}}, {{t|de|Rappenspalterin|f}}, {{t|de|Knauser|m}}, {{t|de|Knauserin|f}}, {{t|de|Knicker|m}}, {{t|de|Knickerin|f}}
* Greek: {{t|el|τσιγγούνης, φιλάργυρος}}, {{t|el|φραγκοφονιάς|m}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|θρῑ́ψ|m}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|קמצן|m|tr=qamtsan|sc=Hebr}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|कंजूस}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|fösvény}}, {{t+|hu|sóher}}, {{t+|hu|smucig}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|nirfill|m}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|cníopaire|m}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|avaro|m}}, {{t+|it|avara|f}}, {{t+|it|pitocco|m}}, {{t+|it|pitocca|f}}, {{t+|it|spilorcio|m}}, {{t+|it|spilorcia|f}}, {{t+|it|taccagno|m}}, {{t+|it|taccagna|f}}, {{t+|it|tirchio|m}}, {{t+|it|tirchia|f}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|守銭奴|tr=しゅせんど, shusendo|sc=Jpan}}, {{t+|ja|ケチ|tr=kechi|sc=Jpan}}, {{t+|ja|けちんぼう|tr=kechinbō|sc=Jpan}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|수전노}}
* Latin: {{t|la|avarus|m}}, {{t|la|avara|f}}, {{t|la|parcēprōmus|m}}
* Low German:
*: German Low German: {{t|nds-de|Pennschieter|m}}, {{t|nds-de|Pennschieterin|f}}, {{t|nds-de|Pennschietersch|f}}, {{t|nds-de|Pennschietersche|f}}, {{t|nds-de|Giezknuppen|m}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|циција}}, {{t|mk|скржавец|m}}
* Malayalam: {{t+|ml|പിശുക്കൻ|m}}, {{t|ml|അറുപിശുക്കൻ|m}}, {{t+|ml|ലുബ്ധൻ|m}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|atuapo}}, {{t|mi|porokaihākere}}, {{t|mi|kaihākere}}, {{t|mi|kaikoropeke}}, {{t|mi|ringapoto}}, {{t|mi|tōhē}}
* Mon: {{t|mnw|အိက်ခအေတ်}}
* Norman: {{t|nrf|agravé|m}}, {{t|nrf|avare|m}}, {{t|nrf|rapinneux|m}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|gjerrigknark|m}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|sarrat|m}}, {{t+|oc|cusson|m}}, {{t+|oc|avar|m}}
* Ottoman Turkish: {{t|ota|جام گوز|tr=cam göz}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|خسیس|tr=xasis}}, {{t|fa|اسکروج|tr=eskoruj}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|kutwa|f}}, {{t+|pl|sknera|m}}, {{t+|pl|sknera|f}}, {{t+|pl|sknerus|m}}, {{t+|pl|skąpiec|m}}, {{t+|pl|dusigrosz|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|avarento|m}}, {{t+|pt|avarenta|f}}, {{t+|pt|mão-de-vaca}}, {{t+|pt|sovina|m|f}}, {{t+|pt|muquirana|m|f}} {{qualifier|Brazil|slang}}, {{t+|pt|pão-duro|m|f}} {{qualifier|Brazil|slang}}, {{t+|pt|forreta|m|f}} {{qualifier|Portugal|slang}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|zgârcit}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|скря́га|m|f}}, {{t+|ru|жа́дина|m|f}}, {{t+|ru|скупе́ц|m}}, {{t+|ru|скупердя́й|m}}, {{t+|ru|крохобо́р|m}}, {{t+|ru|курку́ль|m}}, {{t+|ru|жмот|m}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|шкртац|m}}, {{t|sh|шкртица|f}}, {{t|sh|тврдица|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|škrtac|m}}, {{t+|sh|škrtica|f}}, {{t+|sh|tvrdica|f}}
* Spanish: , {{t+|es|avaro|m}}, {{t+|es|tacaño|f}}, {{t+|es|rata|m|f}}, {{t+|es|pesetero|m}}, {{t+|es|agarrado|m}} {{qualifier|colloquial}}, {{t+|es|roñoso|m}} {{qualifier|colloquial}}, {{t+|es|codo|m}} {{qualifier|colloquial, Mexico}}, {{t+|es|cicatero|m}}, {{t+|es|mano de guagua|f}} {{qualifier|Chile}}, {{t+|es|mezquino|m}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|mbahili}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|gnidare|c}}, {{t+|sv|girigbuk|c}}, {{t+|sv|snåljåp|c}}, {{t|sv|snållänning}} {{qualifier|slang}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|kuripot}}, {{t|tl|singgi}}
* Telugu: {{t+|te|లోభి|sc=Telu}}, {{t+|te|పిసినారి}}, {{t+|te|పీనాసి}}, {{t|te|పీనాశి}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|cimri}}, {{t+|tr|pinti}}, {{t+|tr|hasis}}
* Urdu: {{t|ur|چنڈال|m}}
* Vilamovian: {{t|wym|gȧjcwonst|m}}, {{t|wym|gȧjcwenst|p}}
* Volapük: {{qualifier|♂♀}} {{t+|vo|lavaran}}, {{qualifier|♂}} {{t|vo|hilavaran}}, {{qualifier|♀}} {{t|vo|jilavaran}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|קמצן|tr=kamtsn}}, {{t|yi|סקנער|m}}, {{t|yi|סקנערוק|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|žid}} {{q|offensive}}
* Danish: {{t|da|nærigrøv|c}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===See also===
* {{l|en|misère}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:Webster 1913}}
* {{R:Century 1911}}
* {{R:OneLook}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=eimrs|IMers|rimes|mires|remis|Miers|Rimes|reism|Mires|Reims|Meirs|riems|Simer|emirs|reims}}

{{C|en|People}}

==French==

===Etymology===
From {{af|fr|mise|-er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï-miser.wav}}

===Verb===
{{fr-verb}}

# {{lb|fr|gambling}} to [[bet]] (place a bet)

====Conjugation====
{{fr-conj-auto}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|fr|miser sur le mauvais cheval}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|ro|miza|bor=1}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:fr:TLFi}}

===Anagrams===
* {{l|fr|émirs}}, {{l|fr|mires}}, {{l|fr|mirés}}, {{l|fr|Reims}}, {{l|fr|remis}}, {{l|fr|rimes}}, {{l|fr|rîmes}}

==Latin==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*misseros}}, of unknown origin. Possibly from {{der|la|ine-pro|*mēwdʰ-||to complain, be emotional about}}, the same root of Latin {{m|la|maereō}}<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|page=383|head=miser}}</ref> and Ancient Greek {{m|grc|μῖσος||hatred}}<!-- so L&S and Century 1911-->.

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA}}

===Adjective===
{{la-adj|miser|comp=miserior|sup=miserrimus|adv=[[miserē]] or [[miseriter]]}}

# [[poor]], [[wretched]], [[pitiful]]
#* '''ca. 54 BC''', [[w:Catullus|Catullus]]. ''[[wikisource:Translation:Catullus 8|Catullus 8]]''
#*: '''Miser''' Catulle, dēsinās ineptīre
#*:: ''Poor Catullus, stop with the nonsense''
#* '''29 {{smallcaps|bc}}'''. [[w:Vergil|Vergil]]. ''[[w:Aeneid|Aeneid]]'', Book I
#*: nōn ignāra malī '''miserīs''' succurrere discō
#*:: ''being not unacquainted with woe, I learn to help '''the unfortunate'''''
#* {{Q|la|Ovid|Fasti|6|517|quote=‘dīque virīque locī, '''miserae''' succurrite mātrī!’|trans=''“Gods and men of this place, hasten [your] aid '''to a wretched''' mother!”''<br/>(The poetic voice is that of {{w|Ino (Greek mythology)}}.)}}
# [[miserable]], [[unhappy]]
#: {{syn|la|maestus|trīstis|infēlīx|aeger}}
#: {{ant|la|laetus|alacer|fēlīx}}
# [[worthless]], [[null]]
#: {{syn|la|vīlis|inānis}}
# [[tragic]], [[unfortunate]]
# [[sick]]
#: {{syn|la|aeger|languidus|fessus}}
#: {{ant|la|sānus|salvus|validus|integer|intāctus|salūber}}
# [[tormenting]]

====Declension====
{{la-adecl|miser}}

====Derived terms====
{{top2}}
* {{l|la|misellus}}
* {{l|la|misereō}}
* {{l|la|miseria}}
* {{l|la|misericors}}
* {{l|la|miserulus}}
* {{l|la|miseror}}
{{bottom}}

====Related terms====
{{top2}}
* {{l|la|miserābilis}}
* {{l|la|miserandus}}
* {{l|la|miserātiō}}
* {{l|la|miserātor}} / {{l|la|misertor}}
* {{l|la|misericordia}}
{{bottom}}

====Descendants====
* Eastern Romance:
** {{desc|ro|meser|alts=1}}
* {{desc|it|misero}}
* {{desc|fro|mezre}}
* {{desc|ca|míser|bor=1}}
* {{desc|pt|mísero|bor=1}}
* {{desc|es|mísero|bor=1}}
* {{desc|bor=1|sq|mjerë}}<ref>{{R:sq:Orel|head=mjerë|page=270}}</ref> {{q|disputed}}
* {{desc|bor=1|en|miser}}
* {{desc|bor=1|ro|mizer}}

===References===
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:Gaffiot}}
* {{R:M&A}}
* {{R:Mallinckrodt}}
<references/>