Overview of the Almadow Mountains in Sanaag

Somaliland (Somali: Somaliland, Arabic: صوماللاند‎ Ṣūmāliland) is a self-declared republic on the Horn of Africa recognised internationally to be part of Somalia. Local authorities declared the region's independence from Somalia in May 1991, but neither the Somali federal government nor any other country or international organisation has recognised its sovereignty, instead claiming it as an autonomous region of Somalia. The local government is very anxious to show its stability and, as a result, foreigners are generally treated with respect and interest. However, high unemployment and increasing discontent at being an unrecognised island of stability in a grim region does cause occasional resentment towards outsiders, particularly NGO workers. For visitors exercising caution and respect, Somaliland is a fascinating place to visit.

Regions

Awdal

Sanaag

Sool

Togdheer

Maroodi Jeex (Woqooyi Galbeed) Includes the Sahil region.

Cities

Camels on the Berbera beachside

• 1 Hargeisa — the capital city of Somaliland, and perhaps the safest city in the entire region. It's rather cosmopolitan and with a rich history and culture.
• 2 Berbera — nicknamed beach city, is a major port and, apart from expatriate remittances, the economic lifeline of the Somaliland economy.
• 3 Borama
• 4 Burao
• 5 Erigavo - High altitude, with mild temperatures in evening
• 6 Las Anod
• 7 Zeila — a historic city near Djibouti and the stunningly beautiful Zeila Coast.

Understand

Capital	Hargeisa
Currency	Somaliland shilling ZAAD
Population	4.1 million (2020)
Country code	+252
Time zone	UTC+03:00
Driving side	right
edit on Wikidata

After being a British protectorate, Somaliland gained its independence in 1960 and, just 5 days later, voluntarily entered into a union with the also newly independent former Italian colony of Somalia. Before long, struggles erupted, but Somalia remained lashed together under the dictator Mohammad Siad Barre until a vicious civil war broke out in 1988. By its conclusion in 1991, Somaliland was bombed heavily. It is still recovering today: you will see shells of tanks along major roads, blast marks from artillery along hillsides; however, only a few bombed-out buildings or ruins remaining in cities.

After 1991, Somaliland began the painstaking process of establishing an independent state. In 2010 it held free and fair parliamentary and presidential elections. The incumbent president was unseated in a very close race. A remarkably peaceful transition of power followed.

Somaliland is a fairly peaceful region. Violence is rare, and there is an active police force to ensure that laws are respected.

As with the remainder of the former Somalia, law comes from three sources: the government, Islam (Sharia law), and clan (Xeer law). Extended family is of paramount importance in Somaliland, and indeed, the country now largely survives on remittances from relatives working abroad. It is customary in Somali culture, to ask another Somali upon meeting him/her, who his/her ancestors were several generations back, to establish which (sub-)clan he/she belongs to. Because no other country recognises Somaliland as independent, there are few employment opportunities and joblessness is estimated to be at a staggering 80%.

December-March is probably the best time to visit, as then you will avoid both the two rainy seasons and the sweltering, heat of the July-September dry season (over 44 °C).

• Somaliland Government website

Get in

Entrance fees Fees used to be charged upon entry at the airport in Hargeisa. For travellers with a valid visa, or at least a valid visa from the Addis Ababa liaison office, there should be no more fees upon entry. A letter indicating this is issued along with the visa. There should also be no hidden fees in the form of a mandatory currency conversion at a bad exchange rate as has been reported by travellers in the past. The staff at the airport might try to pester travellers for money, hold your ground, be firm and tell them that you will not pay anything as the Addis Ababa liaison office has told you not to.

You must have a Somaliland visa to enter. Visas from Somalia are not accepted. Most travellers get a visa in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia or the Somaliland Mission in London. You can get details from the Somaliland government website or contact the Somaliland liaison office in Addis Ababa. To get to the office, which moves often (this information is current as of January 2016), walk about 100 metres north of the Edna Mall along Namibia Avenue until you see Sheger Building on your left. Turn right here at a small road that should have a sign for the embassy. Walk along the dirt road for 300-400 metres until you see another sign on your right. Turn right there and you will see the embassy. The embassy officially opens at 08:30 but the best time to turn up is between 09:30 and 10:00 as the ambassador often turns up around 09:30. The embassy is open on Fridays but not Saturday, Sunday or Ethiopian holidays. Visas cost US$70 and are issued on the spot. You will also need a passport photo, a copy of your passport (available for 1 birr at the mall before the turn or at the Sheger Building). You are issued a visa and a letter indicating that you should not pay anything at the border when entering the country. A Somaliland visa is also allegedly available from the Somaliland representation in Djibouti. The Somaliland mission in London will also issue a visa. The whole process is refreshingly unbureaucratic and can be handled by post, which makes London the most convenient place to get a visa for those living in Europe and/or want to obtain a visa before travelling to the region.

Visas on arrival are available for some nationalities.

By plane

Hargeisa Airport

There is an international airport in Hargeisa with flights to and from Dubai, Djibouti City, and many other cities and towns across the Horn of Africa and the Somaliland region. There is also an international airport at Berbera with many international flights, most notably to Dubai. Some 'flights' from Hargeisa start with a bus ride to Berbera. If you are not Somali you may have difficulty getting through the police checkpoints unless you have written permission from the commander of police or take an armed guard (the Jubba flight from Hargeisa to Dubai is like this).

Daallo Airlines is wildly inconsistent, so Jubba Airways or African Express from either Dubai or Djibouti is your best bet. They have several flights a week and connect Hargeisa to Djibouti, Dubai, Nairobi and Entebbe. Djibouti to Hargeisa is about an hour-long flight. Dubai to Berbera takes three hours.

All flights to and from Somaliland are expensive by most standards, and there are no budget airlines. The cheapest flights will be to and from Djibouti, usually around US$125 one-way when taxes and fees are figured in (but not including the entry/exit visa and exchange fees, which will tack on about another US$100 to any trip).

The most reliable way to get in seems to be with African Express, which has connections in Dubai, Nairobi, and other smaller Middle Eastern and East African ports of call. Tickets can be reserved in advance, but not purchased unless you are at their ticketing office - check back in to ensure you have a seat reserved if you will not be in the city you fly out of before your flight!

• African Express is a Kenyan airline that flies to/from Berbera, primarily from Mogadishu, Nairobi and Dubai, but also less frequently from smaller locations such as Sharjah, Entebbe or Jeddah. Major routes use MD-82 jets, shorter hops may be on a DC-9 or 120-ER.
• Jubba Airways is a Somali airline. Their flights go from Hargeisa and Berbera. They use a Soviet-made Ilyushin-18 aircraft. They are one of the two airline to/from Somaliland that accepts online booking reservations, but confirm with them seven days in advance before flying. Jubba Airways usually waits until enough people have purchased tickets before departing. You may be waiting a week or more for a flight, regardless of whether you have a ticket or not.
• Daallo Airlines used to be the only international carrier to fly to Somaliland or the former Somalia. They are famed for inconsistent service. They operate 2-3 services per week from Djibouti also using an Ilyushin-18 aircraft.
• FlyDubai flies two to three flights per week from Somaliland. As of June 2016, they were operating in Hargeisa and are the second airlines operating in Somaliland to accept online reservations.
• Ethiopian Air has regular flights to the border city of Jijiga. From Jijiga, Hargeisa is a few hours away by taxi.

Again, remember to re-confirm all flights 7 days in advance. All of the airlines above will not hesitate to sell your ticket to someone else if you don't take the warning seriously, Jubba in particular.

Ticket offices are closed on Friday (the beginning of the weekend in the Islamic world). Plan accordingly.

By car

It is possible to enter Somaliland from Ethiopia by road. You can avoid paying many of the fees charged at the airport. However, if you plan to leave Somaliland by road it is advisable to make Ethiopian visa arrangements (multiple entry) before travelling to Somaliland as the process of getting an Ethiopian visa in Hargeisa can be quite cumbersome and time-consuming. As of January 2012, the Ethiopian visa in Hargeisa was easy to get, required no paperwork and was available in one morning - cost US$20.

It is not possible to enter from Somalia, so don't even try.

Another option is the open border to the north to Djibouti. In 2009, public transport 4x4s left Djibouti every day in the late afternoon and travelled across the desert throughout the night to arrive in Hargeisa the next morning. They left from Avenue 26 in Djibouti City, at a price of DJF 5500.

Despite efforts, there are still mines on some roads. Look out for coloured rocks next to the road; if you see painted rocks, do not leave the tarmac.

Get around

Laas Geel rock paintings

By bus

There is a bus service in Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera and Borama. There are also services between the major towns and adjacent villages operated by different types of vehicles such as 4-wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV).

By thumb

Hitchhiking is possible near and within cities. Locals are friendly and will go out of their way to ensure that you make it to your destination. You will be offered telephone numbers to call for help, free food, and asked lots of questions about your home country. Hitchhiking between cities is less advisable. To travel outside of major cities, the central government requires foreigners to take an armed guard with them (see "Stay Safe" below).

See

A fisherman's camp in Somaliland

The capital, Hargeisa, has a provincial museum. There is also a menagerie that includes lions, leopards, antelopes, birds, and reptiles.

Laas Geel, which is about 60 km from Hargeisa, is one of best examples, if not the best example, of prehistoric cave art on the African continent. It's some of the earliest known art in Africa, dating back to 9,000 BCE. Government limits access to caves so it's best to get tickets in advance.

Naasa Hablood' are twin hills outside of Hargeisa that Somalis consider as a natural landmark.}

Eat

For breakfast, Somalis eat a flat bread called laxoox and cereal or porridge made of millet or cornmeal. They also eat rice or noodles with sauce or meat for lunch. Pasta became very popular under Italian rule. Bananas are common in the south of the region. A traditional soup called maraq (also part of Yemen cuisine) is made of vegetables, meat and beans and is usually eaten with flat bread or pita bread. Oat or corn patties and salad can be eaten too.

Somalis occasionally eat xalwo, a jelly-like sweet made with water, sugar, corn syrup and honey, though peanuts are sometimes added. Somalis who have spent some time in the Middle East eat baklava. Dates are also popular in Somaliland.

In coastal areas, roasted camel meat, camel milk, fried sheep liver and all kinds of fresh seafood are popular.

It is considered polite for guests to leave a little bit of food on their plate after finishing a meal provided by their host. This shows that the guests were given enough food and thus treated hospitably.

Drink

Many Somalis adore spiced tea. Milk is also common in rural areas of Somaliland. Alcohol is prohibited and you will not find it publicly served anywhere in Somaliland.

Buy

Money

Exchange rates for Somaliland shilling As of January 2024: US$1 ≈ Sl.Sh.571 €1 ≈ Sl.Sh.625 Exchange rates fluctuate. Current rates for these and other currencies are available from fxrate.org: USD–SOS and fxrate.org: EUR–SOS

The Somaliland shilling (شلن صوماليلاندي in Arabic, Soomaaliland shilin in Somali), denoted by the symbol Sl.Sh., is issued in banknote denominations of 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 shillings. You may see old notes in denominations of 5-, 10-, 20-, 50- shillings, and old coins in denominations of 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-shillings.

Somaliland has suffered from hyperinflation, so prices change quickly, and exchange rates are unstable. US dollars are the easiest foreign currency to use.

Because of the inconvenience of carrying bundles of shilling notes, over half of Somaliland's commerce is handled through mobile phone payment apps, Zaad and e-Dahab. In marketplaces, keep an eye out for money changers sitting behind walls made of bundles of currency.

Sleep

There are hotels being constructed in all of Somaliland's major cities. Hargeisa has had most development, with regards to its infrastructural capacity, the airport has been expanded to cater for an increase in foreign and domestic tourists.

Stay healthy

A klipspringer's head

Locals in Hargeisa drink tap water from a system provided by the Chinese government. Its cleanliness, while not perfect, is adequate for locals. To play it safe, you can boil the tap water (especially if you are a short-term visitor) to ensure its safety.

In places other than Hargeisa, you should stick to bottled water.

As with many developing countries, animals roam the streets and sanitation is poor. Be very aware of the risk of rabies. Bats may inhabit the countryside, and their bites can be nearly invisible, leaving a person unaware until it's too late.

There is a low risk of malaria in Somaliland, but the threat is still present. Many foreigners choose not to take anti-malarials.

Yellow fever is considered endemic in Somaliland. If you plan to travel to other countries that require proof of yellow fever vaccination, ensure you are vaccinated and have a certificate.

Vaccination against other endemic diseases common in developing countries (typhoid, polio, hepatitis A & B, etc.) is strongly recommended.

If you have health problems or have concerns about getting treatment in an emergency, you will be putting yourself at great risk as the medical services in most areas are rudimentary by modern standards.

The most modernised and prominent hospital is the Edna Adan University Hospital in Hargeisa. However, it's mostly a maternity hospital and medical treatment there is limited. Serious conditions will require medical evacuation to Ethiopia or possibly the Middle East. Come prepared or do not come at all.

Stay safe

Berbera's beach

Somaliland is the safest area or region of the current 5 member states that make together the federal republic of Somalia in which Somaliland is part. Knowing a little of the local language or having an interpreter can go a long way in gaining information from the local population, which is a valuable tool if you wish to learn about the surrounding area.

Imprisonment and/or execution is the punishment for homosexuality. So if you are gay and decide to visit, keep your sexual orientation secret.

The Somaliland government requires that all foreigners take armed guards when travelling outside of the major cities. These guards are known as SPUs (Special Protection Units) and are available from the local police department or the office of tourism in Hargeisa. The UN typically pays US$5 a day per SPU, but as a tourist it will be difficult to negotiate this price. SPUs will try to charge you anywhere from US$30 to US$40 a day, but US$15 a day is reasonable for both parties.

Under some circumstances it is possible to travel around Somaliland without an SPU. To do this you will need a letter from the commander of police. This can be obtained from the police HQ in Hargeysa (not the police station). Take the minibus to 'pepsi' (pronounced with a strong ‘b’ as the Somali language doesn’t use the letter p) from the centre of town and get off just after you cross the dry river bed; the police station is on the right hand side of the road. The commander leaves at 11:00 each day so you will need to turn up in the morning and you may have to argue with the guard at the gate to be allowed in; they may try to send you to the SPU building round the corner. Stand firm and insist on seeing the Commander's secretary. The commander's secretary is very helpful and used to sorting this out. Give him the names of everywhere you wish to go and he will type up the letter and get the commander to sign it. It's easy to get permission to travel to Berbera and Djibouti, other destinations may be harder and the situation may change.

If you run into legal problems you may be on your own, as many countries have no consulates for their citizens to turn to for help. However, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Turkey have consulates in Somaliland and Taiwan has a representative office which offers consular services. Learning local customs and laws is very important if you wish to minimise the chances of conflict with local authorities.

Go next

African Express, Jubba and Daallo airlines fly to Djibouti, Kenya, Mogadishu and Uganda. Be prepared to pay a USD32 exit fee in the airport. Berbera has an international airport that has flights to Dubai.