User:Sarah fides/Kingdom of Greece
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History of Greece |
Kingdom of Greece (1832-1862)
[edit]Kingdom of Greece Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος | |||||||||
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Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Hymn to Freedom" | |||||||||
![]() The Kingdom of Greece in 1862 | |||||||||
Capital | |||||||||
Common languages | Greek (Katharevousa had official status, while Demotic was popular)b | ||||||||
Religion | Eastern Orthodox Church | ||||||||
Demonym(s) | Greek | ||||||||
Government | |||||||||
King | |||||||||
• 1832–1862 | Otto | ||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1833 (first) | Spyridon Trikoupis | ||||||||
• 1862 (last) | Gennaios Kolokotronis | ||||||||
Legislature | None (1832–1843) Hellenic Parliament | ||||||||
Historical era | Late modern | ||||||||
30 August 1832 | |||||||||
3 September 1843 | |||||||||
• Disestablished | 23 October 1862 | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
1862[1] | 47,516 km2 (18,346 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1862 | 1,110,703[1] | ||||||||
• Density | 23.38/km2 (60.6/sq mi) | ||||||||
Currency | Greek drachma | ||||||||
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The Kingdom of Greece was a country in southern Europe which, following the Greek War of Independence, was created by the France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, as a successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. In so doing, the Great Powers created the first independent nation-state in Europe to be carved out of an empire, and Otto, son of Ludwig I, of the King of Bavaria, became Greece's first King.
Otto's rule was despotic. His reign, beginning at the age of just 17, was characterised by a misalignment between his court's beliefs in the divine right of kings, versus the egalitarian principles which were the bedrock of the Greek War of Independence. Greece, having declared its independence as a revolutionary republic in 1822, was forced into an era of absolute monarchy; the Constitution of 1832 was ignored by Otto and his court. In its first 11 years of independence, Greece was ruled by a Bavarian oligarchy lead by Joseph Ludwig von Armansperg as Prime Minister and, later, by Otto himself, who held the title of both King and Premier.[4] Throughout his reign Greece remained under the influence of its three protecting Great Powers, as well as Bavaria.[5]
Despite the absolutism of Otto's reign, the early years proved instrumental in creating institutions which are still the bedrock of Greek administration and education.[6] Important steps were taken in the creation of the education system, maritime and postal communications, effective civil administration and, most importantly, the legal code.[7] Historical revisionism took the form of de-Byzantinification and de-Ottomanisation, in favour of promoting the country's Ancient Greek heritage.[8] Religious reform also took place, and the Church of Greece was established as Greece's national church, although Otto remained a Catholic. 25 March, the day of Annunciation, was arbitrarily chosen as the anniversary of the Greek War of Independence in order to reinforce the link between Greek identity and Orthodoxy.[8] Pavlos Karolidis calls the Bavarian efforts to create a modern state in Greece as "not only appropriate for the peoples' needs, but also based on excellent administrative principles of the era".[7]
Multiple causes lead to the 1862 revolution that deposed Otto, including the Bavarian-dominated government, heavy taxation, and a failed attempt to annex Crete from the Ottoman Empire.[4] The catalyst for the revolt was Otto's dismissal of Konstantinos Kanaris from the Premiership.[6]
Demographics
[edit]In 1861 the largest cities in Greece were Athens (41,298), Ermoupolis (18,511), Patras (18,342), Argos (10,643), and Piraeus (6,452).[9]
References
- ^ a b "Yearly Statistics of Greece" (PDF). National Printing House. 1931. pp. 26–31. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ "Ελλάς (Σημαίαι-Εμβλήματα-Εθιμοτυπία)" [Greece (Flags-Emblems-Etiquette)]. www.anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Publishing. 1934. p. 244. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
Since the arrival of Otto to Greece, the German national anthem was formalised in Greece, which is an imitation of the British one. On the melody of "God Save the King" the following Greek lyrics were adjusted: God Save our King, Otto the First / Lengthen, Strengthen his Reign / God Save our King.
- ^ Papaioannou, Angelos C. (1998). The Development of Communications in Greece (1821-1998): The Telegram. OTE. p. 16. ISBN 9789608634510.
- ^ a b "Otto". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ Jong, M. de; Lalenis, K.; Mamadouh, V. D. (2002-12-31). The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transplantation: Experiences with the Transfer of Policy Institutions. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 71. ISBN 9781402011085.
- ^ a b Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2008). "Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914". Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 291. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
- ^ a b History of the Greek Nation, p. 50-51.
- ^ a b Roudometof, Victor (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 101–113. ISBN 9780313319495.
- ^ Great Greek Encyclopedia, p. 227.
Bibliography
[edit]- Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από την τελευταία περίοδο του Αγώνα του 1821 μέχρι το 1881" [From the last period of the Struggle of 1821 until 1881], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 18, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, pp. 43–158, ISBN 978-960-382-816-7
Kingdom of Greece (1862-1924)
[edit]Kingdom of Greece Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος | |
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Motto:
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Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Hymn to Freedom" | |
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Capital | Athens |
Common languages | Greek (Katharevousa had official status, while Demotic was popular) |
Religion | Eastern Orthodox Church |
Demonym(s) | Greek |
Government | Parliamentary crowned republic |
King | |
• 1863–1913 | George I |
• 1913–1917 | Constantine I |
• 1917–1920 | Alexander |
• 1920–1922 | Constantine I |
• 1920–1924 | George II |
Prime Minister | |
• 1863 (first) | Dimitrios Voulgaris |
• 1924 (last) | Georgios Kafantaris |
Legislature | Hellenic Parliament |
Historical era | Late modern |
• Regency | 11 October 1862 |
• Established | 25 October 1863 |
10 August 1920 | |
24 July 1923 | |
• Disestablished | 12 March 1924 |
Area | |
1862[1] | 47,516 km2 (18,346 sq mi) |
1920[1]a | 150,833 km2 (58,237 sq mi) |
1924[1] | 130,199 km2 (50,270 sq mi) |
Population | |
• 1862 | 1,110,703[1] |
• 1924 | 5,923,000[1] |
• Density | 45.49/km2 (117.8/sq mi) |
Currency | Greek drachma |
Today part of | |
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The history of the Kingdom of Greece between 1862 and 1924 is characterised by war, rapid territorial expansion (tripling in size between 1910 and 1920), a big population increase (rising five-fold between 1862 and 1924), and by major changes in the economy and civil administration. The start of this era begins with the accession of George I to the throne of Greece and ends with the abolition of the monarchy in 1924 and the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic.
Bibliography
[edit]- Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από την τελευταία περίοδο του Αγώνα του 1821 μέχρι το 1881" [From the last period of the Struggle of 1821 until 1881], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 18, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, pp. 158–216, ISBN 978-960-382-816-7
- Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από την ένωση της Θεσσαλίας και της Ηπείρου μέχρι τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο" [From the Enosis of Thessaly and Epirus until World War 1], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 19, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, ISBN 978-960-382-817-4
- Karolidis, Pavlos (1930), Moschopoulos, Th.Th. (ed.), "Από τον Α' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο μέχρι το 1930" [From World War 1 to 1930], Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους στη Σημερινή Γλώσσα (in Greek), vol. 20, translated by Moschopoulos, P. (1993 ed.), Athens: Cactus Editions, pp. 17–294, ISBN 978-960-382-818-1
Kingdom of Greece (1935-1973)
[edit]Kingdom of Greece Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος | |||||||||||||
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Motto:
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Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν "Hymn to Freedom" | |||||||||||||
![]() The Kingdom of Greece in 1973 | |||||||||||||
Capital | Athens | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Greek (Katharevousa had official status, while Demotic was popular) | ||||||||||||
Religion | Eastern Orthodox Church | ||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Greek | ||||||||||||
Government |
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King | |||||||||||||
• 1935–1947 | George II | ||||||||||||
• 1947–1964 | Paul | ||||||||||||
• 1964–1973 | Constantine II | ||||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1935 (first) | Georgios Kondylis | ||||||||||||
• 1973 (last) | Georgios Papadopoulos | ||||||||||||
Legislature | Hellenic Parliament | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Late modern | ||||||||||||
• Established | 10 October 1935 | ||||||||||||
4 August 1936 | |||||||||||||
April 1941 | |||||||||||||
October 1944 | |||||||||||||
21 April 1967 | |||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1 June 1973 | ||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
1935[2] | 130,199 km2 (50,270 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
1973 | 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 1935 | 6,839,450[2] | ||||||||||||
• 1973 | 8,929,086[3] | ||||||||||||
Currency | Greek drachma | ||||||||||||
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- ^ a b c d e "Yearly Statistics of Greece" (PDF). National Printing House. 1931. pp. 26–31. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Yearly Statistics of Greece" (PDF). National Printing House. 1936. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- ^ "Population Statistics of Greece in 1973" (PDF). National Printing House. 1976. pp. 26–31. Retrieved 30 August 2018.