1996 United States presidential election in Iowa
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Elections in Iowa |
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The 1996 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 5, 1996, as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Iowa was easily won by Democratic incumbent President Bill Clinton over Republican Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, with Clinton winning 50.26% of the vote to Dole's 39.92%, a margin of 10.34%. The Reform Party candidate, billionaire businessman Ross Perot, finished in third, with 8.52% of the popular vote.[1] Although Clinton barely exceeded Michael Dukakis’ 1988 margin in Iowa, he was the first Democrat to carry Allamakee County and Butler County – the only Iowa counties outside the arch-conservative western fringe to back Barry Goldwater in 1964 – since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936.[2] He was indeed only the second Democratic presidential nominee to ever carry Butler County since the Civil War. Clinton was the second of three Democrats (after Roosevelt in 1936 and Barack Obama in 2012) to carry the state twice.
Iowa was one of thirteen states where on the election ballot, James Campbell of California, Perot's former boss at IBM, was listed as a stand-in vice-presidential candidate.[1][3]
As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last time Iowa was decided by a double-digit margin. It is also the last time that the counties of Adair, Appanoose, Butler, Calhoun, Cherokee, Clay, Dallas, Davis, Decatur, Dickinson, Guthrie, Hancock, Henry, Keokuk, Lucas, Madison, Monona, Monroe, Pocahontas, Ringgold, Taylor, Van Buren, Washington, Wayne, and Wright voted for the Democratic Party presidential nominee.
Results
[edit]1996 United States presidential election in Iowa[4] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | Bill Clinton (incumbent) | Al Gore (incumbent) | 620,258 | 50.26% | 7 | |
Republican | Robert Dole | Jack Kemp | 492,644 | 39.92% | 0 | |
Reform | Ross Perot | James Campbell | 105,159 | 8.52% | 0 | |
Green | Ralph Nader | Anne Goeke[1][a] | 6,550 | 0.53% | 0 | |
Natural Law | Dr. John Hagelin | Dr. V. Tompkins | 3,349 | 0.27% | 0 | |
Libertarian IA | Harry Browne | Jo Jorgensen | 2,315 | 0.19% | 0 | |
Taxpayer | Howard Phillips | Albion W. Knight Jr.[1][5] | 2,229 | 0.18% | 0 | |
No party | Write-in | 1,240 | 0.10% | 0 | ||
Socialist Workers | James Harris | Laura Garza | 331[b] | 0.03% | 0 | |
Totals | 1,234,075 | 100.0% | 7 | |||
Voter Turnout (Voting age/Registered) | 58%/69% |
Results by county
[edit]County | Bill Clinton[4] Democratic |
Bob Dole[4] Republican |
Ross Perot[4] Reform |
Ralph Nader[4] Green |
John Hagelin[4] Natural Law |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Adair | 1,802 | 45.79% | 1,655 | 42.06% | 458 | 11.64% | 5 | 0.13% | 2 | 0.05% | 13 | 0.33% | 147 | 3.73% | 3,935 |
Adams | 1,070 | 46.00% | 920 | 39.55% | 320 | 13.76% | 4 | 0.17% | 2 | 0.09% | 10 | 0.43% | 150 | 6.45% | 2,326 |
Allamakee | 2,551 | 44.13% | 2,457 | 42.50% | 680 | 11.76% | 28 | 0.48% | 10 | 0.17% | 55 | 0.95% | 94 | 1.63% | 5,781 |
Appanoose | 2,747 | 49.12% | 2,233 | 39.93% | 554 | 9.91% | 12 | 0.21% | 6 | 0.11% | 40 | 0.72% | 514 | 9.19% | 5,592 |
Audubon | 1,827 | 52.38% | 1,314 | 37.67% | 314 | 9.00% | 8 | 0.23% | 6 | 0.17% | 19 | 0.54% | 513 | 14.71% | 3,488 |
Benton | 5,546 | 53.95% | 3,835 | 37.31% | 846 | 8.23% | 13 | 0.13% | 11 | 0.11% | 28 | 0.27% | 1,711 | 16.64% | 10,279 |
Black Hawk | 29,651 | 55.83% | 19,322 | 36.38% | 3,623 | 6.82% | 253 | 0.48% | 36 | 0.07% | 224 | 0.42% | 10,329 | 19.45% | 53,109 |
Boone | 6,446 | 54.47% | 4,293 | 36.27% | 987 | 8.34% | 58 | 0.49% | 13 | 0.11% | 38 | 0.32% | 2,153 | 18.20% | 11,835 |
Bremer | 5,023 | 49.38% | 4,213 | 41.42% | 862 | 8.47% | 33 | 0.32% | 14 | 0.14% | 27 | 0.27% | 810 | 7.96% | 10,172 |
Buchanan | 4,997 | 55.83% | 3,043 | 34.00% | 836 | 9.34% | 20 | 0.22% | 19 | 0.21% | 36 | 0.40% | 1,954 | 21.83% | 8,951 |
Buena Vista | 3,420 | 42.94% | 3,636 | 45.65% | 831 | 10.43% | 19 | 0.24% | 12 | 0.15% | 47 | 0.59% | -216 | -2.71% | 7,965 |
Butler | 3,061 | 46.16% | 3,036 | 45.78% | 489 | 7.37% | 12 | 0.18% | 8 | 0.12% | 25 | 0.38% | 25 | 0.38% | 6,631 |
Calhoun | 2,193 | 45.89% | 2,077 | 43.46% | 462 | 9.67% | 16 | 0.33% | 7 | 0.15% | 24 | 0.50% | 116 | 2.43% | 4,779 |
Carroll | 4,333 | 49.29% | 3,392 | 38.59% | 998 | 11.35% | 20 | 0.23% | 11 | 0.13% | 36 | 0.41% | 941 | 10.70% | 8,790 |
Cass | 2,616 | 38.11% | 3,384 | 49.29% | 809 | 11.78% | 15 | 0.22% | 8 | 0.12% | 33 | 0.48% | -768 | -11.18% | 6,865 |
Cedar | 3,856 | 50.23% | 2,966 | 38.64% | 756 | 9.85% | 42 | 0.55% | 22 | 0.29% | 34 | 0.44% | 890 | 11.59% | 7,676 |
Cerro Gordo | 11,943 | 56.26% | 7,427 | 34.99% | 1,689 | 7.96% | 60 | 0.28% | 14 | 0.07% | 94 | 0.44% | 4,516 | 21.27% | 21,227 |
Cherokee | 2,853 | 44.79% | 2,629 | 41.27% | 834 | 13.09% | 15 | 0.24% | 6 | 0.09% | 33 | 0.52% | 224 | 3.52% | 6,370 |
Chickasaw | 3,355 | 52.75% | 2,191 | 34.45% | 759 | 11.93% | 14 | 0.22% | 11 | 0.17% | 30 | 0.47% | 1,164 | 18.30% | 6,360 |
Clarke | 2,053 | 52.33% | 1,401 | 35.71% | 440 | 11.22% | 11 | 0.28% | 3 | 0.08% | 15 | 0.38% | 652 | 16.62% | 3,923 |
Clay | 3,659 | 47.80% | 3,129 | 40.88% | 802 | 10.48% | 20 | 0.26% | 8 | 0.10% | 37 | 0.48% | 530 | 6.92% | 7,655 |
Clayton | 4,284 | 52.28% | 2,944 | 35.93% | 912 | 11.13% | 32 | 0.39% | 3 | 0.04% | 19 | 0.23% | 1,340 | 16.35% | 8,194 |
Clinton | 11,481 | 53.17% | 7,624 | 35.30% | 2,300 | 10.65% | 77 | 0.36% | 32 | 0.15% | 81 | 0.38% | 3,857 | 17.87% | 21,595 |
Crawford | 3,140 | 46.76% | 2,686 | 40.00% | 847 | 12.61% | 10 | 0.15% | 8 | 0.12% | 24 | 0.36% | 454 | 6.76% | 6,715 |
Dallas | 8,017 | 50.07% | 6,647 | 41.52% | 1,198 | 7.48% | 55 | 0.34% | 24 | 0.15% | 69 | 0.43% | 1,370 | 8.55% | 16,010 |
Davis | 1,894 | 50.39% | 1,445 | 38.44% | 382 | 10.16% | 10 | 0.27% | 8 | 0.21% | 20 | 0.53% | 449 | 11.95% | 3,759 |
Decatur | 1,846 | 50.95% | 1,287 | 35.52% | 452 | 12.48% | 17 | 0.47% | 4 | 0.11% | 17 | 0.47% | 559 | 15.43% | 3,623 |
Delaware | 3,704 | 49.41% | 3,065 | 40.88% | 679 | 9.06% | 20 | 0.27% | 4 | 0.05% | 25 | 0.33% | 639 | 8.53% | 7,497 |
Des Moines | 10,761 | 57.94% | 5,778 | 31.11% | 1,792 | 9.65% | 83 | 0.45% | 31 | 0.17% | 129 | 0.69% | 4,983 | 26.83% | 18,574 |
Dickinson | 3,562 | 46.59% | 3,129 | 40.92% | 901 | 11.78% | 23 | 0.30% | 10 | 0.13% | 21 | 0.27% | 433 | 5.67% | 7,646 |
Dubuque | 20,839 | 54.77% | 13,391 | 35.19% | 3,304 | 8.68% | 254 | 0.67% | 66 | 0.17% | 197 | 0.52% | 7,448 | 19.58% | 38,051 |
Emmet | 2,270 | 51.46% | 1,641 | 37.20% | 470 | 10.66% | 11 | 0.25% | 8 | 0.18% | 11 | 0.25% | 629 | 14.26% | 4,411 |
Fayette | 4,832 | 50.21% | 3,848 | 39.98% | 890 | 9.25% | 17 | 0.18% | 9 | 0.09% | 28 | 0.29% | 984 | 10.23% | 9,624 |
Floyd | 3,769 | 54.73% | 2,379 | 34.54% | 689 | 10.00% | 15 | 0.22% | 15 | 0.22% | 20 | 0.29% | 1,390 | 20.19% | 6,887 |
Franklin | 2,232 | 47.16% | 2,054 | 43.40% | 417 | 8.81% | 14 | 0.30% | 5 | 0.11% | 11 | 0.23% | 178 | 3.76% | 4,733 |
Fremont | 1,481 | 41.58% | 1,576 | 44.24% | 480 | 13.48% | 3 | 0.08% | 6 | 0.17% | 16 | 0.45% | -95 | -2.66% | 3,562 |
Greene | 2,519 | 52.49% | 1,861 | 38.78% | 396 | 8.25% | 9 | 0.19% | 1 | 0.02% | 13 | 0.27% | 658 | 13.71% | 4,799 |
Grundy | 2,322 | 40.83% | 2,928 | 51.49% | 401 | 7.05% | 11 | 0.19% | 3 | 0.05% | 22 | 0.39% | -606 | -10.66% | 5,687 |
Guthrie | 2,552 | 49.65% | 2,034 | 39.57% | 515 | 10.02% | 11 | 0.21% | 4 | 0.08% | 24 | 0.47% | 518 | 10.08% | 5,140 |
Hamilton | 3,455 | 47.48% | 3,109 | 42.72% | 661 | 9.08% | 23 | 0.32% | 7 | 0.10% | 22 | 0.30% | 346 | 4.76% | 7,277 |
Hancock | 2,399 | 45.19% | 2,353 | 44.32% | 529 | 9.96% | 11 | 0.21% | 6 | 0.11% | 11 | 0.21% | 46 | 0.87% | 5,309 |
Hardin | 4,053 | 48.69% | 3,505 | 42.11% | 713 | 8.57% | 25 | 0.30% | 5 | 0.06% | 23 | 0.28% | 548 | 6.58% | 8,324 |
Harrison | 2,576 | 39.47% | 3,070 | 47.04% | 820 | 12.56% | 10 | 0.15% | 14 | 0.21% | 37 | 0.57% | -494 | -7.57% | 6,527 |
Henry | 3,798 | 45.90% | 3,478 | 42.03% | 914 | 11.05% | 23 | 0.28% | 24 | 0.29% | 38 | 0.46% | 320 | 3.87% | 8,275 |
Howard | 2,303 | 52.28% | 1,528 | 34.69% | 555 | 12.60% | 3 | 0.07% | 2 | 0.05% | 14 | 0.32% | 775 | 17.59% | 4,405 |
Humboldt | 2,080 | 42.17% | 2,236 | 45.33% | 590 | 11.96% | 9 | 0.18% | 4 | 0.08% | 14 | 0.28% | -156 | -3.16% | 4,933 |
Ida | 1,589 | 42.58% | 1,684 | 45.12% | 436 | 11.68% | 6 | 0.16% | 3 | 0.08% | 14 | 0.38% | -95 | -2.54% | 3,732 |
Iowa | 3,354 | 47.68% | 3,042 | 43.24% | 575 | 8.17% | 24 | 0.34% | 11 | 0.16% | 29 | 0.41% | 312 | 4.44% | 7,035 |
Jackson | 4,609 | 54.47% | 2,827 | 33.41% | 936 | 11.06% | 37 | 0.44% | 18 | 0.21% | 34 | 0.40% | 1,782 | 21.06% | 8,461 |
Jasper | 8,776 | 52.92% | 6,414 | 38.67% | 1,263 | 7.62% | 63 | 0.38% | 18 | 0.11% | 51 | 0.31% | 2,362 | 14.25% | 16,585 |
Jefferson | 2,597 | 35.11% | 2,541 | 34.35% | 571 | 7.72% | 47 | 0.64% | 1,574 | 21.28% | 67 | 0.91% | 56 | 0.76% | 7,397 |
Johnson | 27,888 | 60.98% | 13,402 | 29.31% | 2,313 | 5.06% | 1,491 | 3.26% | 199 | 0.44% | 439 | 0.96% | 14,486 | 31.67% | 45,732 |
Jones | 4,668 | 54.40% | 3,083 | 35.93% | 765 | 8.92% | 27 | 0.31% | 6 | 0.07% | 32 | 0.37% | 1,585 | 18.47% | 8,581 |
Keokuk | 2,545 | 49.89% | 2,080 | 40.78% | 432 | 8.47% | 10 | 0.20% | 10 | 0.20% | 24 | 0.47% | 465 | 9.11% | 5,101 |
Kossuth | 4,031 | 47.40% | 3,477 | 40.88% | 932 | 10.96% | 23 | 0.27% | 16 | 0.19% | 26 | 0.31% | 554 | 6.52% | 8,505 |
Lee | 8,831 | 56.38% | 4,932 | 31.49% | 1,734 | 11.07% | 64 | 0.41% | 27 | 0.17% | 74 | 0.47% | 3,899 | 24.89% | 15,662 |
Linn | 45,497 | 54.79% | 30,958 | 37.28% | 5,607 | 6.75% | 453 | 0.55% | 91 | 0.11% | 429 | 0.52% | 14,539 | 17.51% | 83,035 |
Louisa | 2,081 | 48.68% | 1,565 | 36.61% | 590 | 13.80% | 7 | 0.16% | 6 | 0.14% | 26 | 0.61% | 516 | 12.07% | 4,275 |
Lucas | 2,168 | 51.51% | 1,586 | 37.68% | 433 | 10.29% | 6 | 0.14% | 3 | 0.07% | 13 | 0.31% | 582 | 13.83% | 4,209 |
Lyon | 1,489 | 27.82% | 3,396 | 63.45% | 422 | 7.88% | 12 | 0.22% | 7 | 0.13% | 26 | 0.49% | -1,907 | -35.63% | 5,352 |
Madison | 3,070 | 48.52% | 2,550 | 40.30% | 654 | 10.34% | 18 | 0.28% | 6 | 0.09% | 29 | 0.46% | 520 | 8.22% | 6,327 |
Mahaska | 3,737 | 41.80% | 4,473 | 50.03% | 656 | 7.34% | 24 | 0.27% | 17 | 0.19% | 34 | 0.38% | -736 | -8.23% | 8,941 |
Marion | 5,978 | 45.80% | 6,100 | 46.74% | 871 | 6.67% | 52 | 0.40% | 14 | 0.11% | 37 | 0.28% | -122 | -0.94% | 13,052 |
Marshall | 8,669 | 50.04% | 7,017 | 40.50% | 1,455 | 8.40% | 80 | 0.46% | 26 | 0.15% | 77 | 0.44% | 1,652 | 9.54% | 17,324 |
Mills | 2,068 | 35.83% | 2,958 | 51.25% | 683 | 11.83% | 17 | 0.29% | 10 | 0.17% | 36 | 0.62% | -890 | -15.42% | 5,772 |
Mitchell | 2,596 | 51.19% | 1,877 | 37.01% | 563 | 11.10% | 16 | 0.32% | 7 | 0.14% | 12 | 0.24% | 719 | 14.18% | 5,071 |
Monona | 1,952 | 46.06% | 1,674 | 39.50% | 580 | 13.69% | 11 | 0.26% | 8 | 0.19% | 13 | 0.31% | 278 | 6.56% | 4,238 |
Monroe | 1,884 | 53.63% | 1,272 | 36.21% | 329 | 9.37% | 9 | 0.26% | 7 | 0.20% | 12 | 0.34% | 612 | 17.42% | 3,513 |
Montgomery | 1,912 | 36.79% | 2,583 | 49.70% | 663 | 12.76% | 5 | 0.10% | 13 | 0.25% | 21 | 0.40% | -671 | -12.91% | 5,197 |
Muscatine | 7,674 | 49.88% | 5,858 | 38.07% | 1,705 | 11.08% | 68 | 0.44% | 21 | 0.14% | 60 | 0.39% | 1,816 | 11.81% | 15,386 |
O'Brien | 2,236 | 33.20% | 3,877 | 57.56% | 578 | 8.58% | 13 | 0.19% | 8 | 0.12% | 23 | 0.34% | -1,641 | -24.36% | 6,735 |
Osceola | 1,010 | 33.10% | 1,736 | 56.90% | 274 | 8.98% | 6 | 0.20% | 2 | 0.07% | 23 | 0.75% | -726 | -23.80% | 3,051 |
Page | 2,220 | 31.52% | 4,032 | 57.25% | 753 | 10.69% | 16 | 0.23% | 11 | 0.16% | 11 | 0.16% | -1,812 | -25.73% | 7,043 |
Palo Alto | 2,371 | 50.41% | 1,817 | 38.63% | 477 | 10.14% | 11 | 0.23% | 4 | 0.09% | 23 | 0.49% | 554 | 11.78% | 4,703 |
Plymouth | 3,745 | 37.62% | 5,117 | 51.40% | 997 | 10.01% | 16 | 0.16% | 12 | 0.12% | 69 | 0.69% | -1,372 | -13.78% | 9,956 |
Pocahontas | 1,981 | 47.00% | 1,707 | 40.50% | 478 | 11.34% | 9 | 0.21% | 8 | 0.19% | 32 | 0.76% | 274 | 6.50% | 4,215 |
Polk | 83,877 | 53.73% | 60,884 | 39.00% | 9,516 | 6.10% | 786 | 0.50% | 197 | 0.13% | 846 | 0.54% | 22,993 | 14.73% | 156,106 |
Pottawattamie | 13,276 | 40.45% | 15,648 | 47.68% | 3,534 | 10.77% | 96 | 0.29% | 66 | 0.20% | 201 | 0.61% | -2,372 | -7.23% | 32,821 |
Poweshiek | 4,183 | 50.93% | 3,221 | 39.21% | 681 | 8.29% | 73 | 0.89% | 12 | 0.15% | 44 | 0.54% | 962 | 11.72% | 8,214 |
Ringgold | 1,439 | 52.52% | 967 | 35.29% | 310 | 11.31% | 8 | 0.29% | 5 | 0.18% | 11 | 0.40% | 472 | 17.23% | 2,740 |
Sac | 2,170 | 43.43% | 2,209 | 44.21% | 579 | 11.59% | 15 | 0.30% | 3 | 0.06% | 21 | 0.42% | -39 | -0.78% | 4,997 |
Scott | 32,694 | 50.14% | 26,751 | 41.03% | 4,991 | 7.65% | 295 | 0.45% | 86 | 0.13% | 385 | 0.59% | 5,943 | 9.11% | 65,202 |
Shelby | 2,176 | 36.63% | 3,056 | 51.44% | 652 | 10.97% | 16 | 0.27% | 8 | 0.13% | 33 | 0.56% | -880 | -14.81% | 5,941 |
Sioux | 2,392 | 16.95% | 10,864 | 77.00% | 718 | 5.09% | 42 | 0.30% | 9 | 0.06% | 85 | 0.60% | -8,472 | -60.05% | 14,110 |
Story | 17,234 | 52.71% | 12,468 | 38.13% | 2,091 | 6.40% | 601 | 1.84% | 59 | 0.18% | 242 | 0.74% | 4,766 | 14.58% | 32,695 |
Tama | 3,994 | 51.52% | 2,986 | 38.52% | 713 | 9.20% | 18 | 0.23% | 13 | 0.17% | 28 | 0.36% | 1,008 | 13.00% | 7,752 |
Taylor | 1,458 | 44.51% | 1,419 | 43.32% | 379 | 11.57% | 7 | 0.21% | 1 | 0.03% | 12 | 0.37% | 39 | 1.19% | 3,276 |
Union | 2,787 | 49.27% | 2,156 | 38.11% | 660 | 11.67% | 18 | 0.32% | 2 | 0.04% | 34 | 0.60% | 631 | 11.16% | 5,657 |
Van Buren | 1,536 | 45.51% | 1,460 | 43.26% | 347 | 10.28% | 6 | 0.18% | 8 | 0.24% | 18 | 0.53% | 76 | 2.25% | 3,375 |
Wapello | 8,437 | 57.12% | 4,828 | 32.69% | 1,376 | 9.32% | 54 | 0.37% | 29 | 0.20% | 46 | 0.31% | 3,609 | 24.43% | 14,770 |
Warren | 9,120 | 52.20% | 6,905 | 39.52% | 1,267 | 7.25% | 61 | 0.35% | 20 | 0.11% | 99 | 0.57% | 2,215 | 12.68% | 17,472 |
Washington | 3,828 | 46.84% | 3,600 | 44.05% | 636 | 7.78% | 38 | 0.46% | 27 | 0.33% | 44 | 0.54% | 228 | 2.79% | 8,173 |
Wayne | 1,650 | 50.51% | 1,295 | 39.64% | 310 | 9.49% | 3 | 0.09% | 4 | 0.12% | 5 | 0.15% | 355 | 10.87% | 3,267 |
Webster | 8,380 | 51.32% | 6,275 | 38.43% | 1,580 | 9.68% | 40 | 0.24% | 9 | 0.06% | 44 | 0.27% | 2,105 | 12.89% | 16,328 |
Winnebago | 2,679 | 48.52% | 2,211 | 40.05% | 590 | 10.69% | 10 | 0.18% | 8 | 0.14% | 23 | 0.42% | 468 | 8.47% | 5,521 |
Winneshiek | 4,122 | 47.00% | 3,532 | 40.27% | 973 | 11.09% | 102 | 1.16% | 14 | 0.16% | 27 | 0.31% | 590 | 6.73% | 8,770 |
Woodbury | 17,224 | 45.97% | 16,368 | 43.69% | 3,436 | 9.17% | 142 | 0.38% | 72 | 0.19% | 222 | 0.59% | 856 | 2.28% | 37,464 |
Worth | 2,293 | 57.15% | 1,284 | 32.00% | 403 | 10.04% | 14 | 0.35% | 5 | 0.12% | 13 | 0.32% | 1,009 | 25.15% | 4,012 |
Wright | 2,912 | 48.87% | 2,473 | 41.50% | 536 | 8.99% | 9 | 0.15% | 4 | 0.07% | 25 | 0.42% | 439 | 7.37% | 5,959 |
Totals | 620,258 | 50.26% | 492,644 | 39.92% | 105,159 | 8.52% | 6,550 | 0.53% | 3,349 | 0.27% | 6,115 | 0.50% | 127,614 | 10.34% | 1,234,075[b] |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
[edit]- Adair
- Allamakee
- Butler
- Calhoun
- Cherokee
- Delaware
- Dickinson
- Franklin
- Hancock
- Iowa
- Washington
- Winnebago
- Woodbury
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "1996 Presidential General Election Results – Iowa". Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas.
- ^ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 193-197 ISBN 0786422173
- ^ "Perot Names Stand-in Veep Candidate". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g "IA US President Race, November 05, 1996". Our Campaigns.
- ^ "President Elect - 1996". Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.