Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
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The Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra (The inquiry of Ugra) is an early Indian sutra which is particularly important for understanding the beginnings of Mahayana Buddhism. It contains positive references to both the path of the bodhisattva and the path of the arhat, the latter of which was denigrated as a lesser spiritual path in later Mahayana sutras. It also emphasises solitary spiritual practices instead of community-based ones much like the very early Rhinoceros Sutra.
History of the sutra
[edit]While no version in an Indo-Aryan language survives, extant versions of the Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra include three Chinese translations (Taishō Tripiṭaka 322, 12.15a-23a; T 323 12.23a-30c; T 310[10], 11.472b-480b), a Tibetan translation, and a Mongolian translation based on the Tibetan version.[1]
The Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra was one of the first Buddhist texts to be brought to China and it was apparently very popular as it was translated into Chinese six times between the second and fifth centuries, appearing first as Dharma Mirror sutra (Chinese: 法鏡經; pinyin: Fǎjìng jīng) translated by An Xuan and Yan Fotiao during the Later Han[2][3] and then by Dharmarakṣa during the Jin Dynasty.[4] In the Chinese canon it is part of the Ratnakuta collection. It was also widely known in India, being one of the most quoted texts in both the Daśabhūmikā Vibhāṣā (The Great Commentary on the "Ten Stages Sutra" attributed to Nagarjuna) and Shantideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya (8th century).[2]
Jan Nattier has suggested that it is likely the text circulated in Dharmaguptaka circles early in its history.[5]
Content of the sutra
[edit]The central themes of the Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra are the practices of the householder (gṛhin) and those of the bhikṣu (pravrajita) and bhikṣuṇī (pravrajitā),[6] stressing the importance and superiority of the latter group. The sutra promotes the bodhisattva ideal as a difficult, strictly monastic path, taking thousands of lifetimes to complete and suited only for the few. It also does not mention any other central Mahayana doctrines or place its teachings in opposition to what would later be classified as "Śrāvakayāna" teachings. Because of this, scholars such as Jan Nattier believe it dates to an early period in the development of Mahayana Buddhism.[7]
The position of householder is seen as highly disadvantageous to religious practice in comparison to the life of a pravrajita and householders are urged to ordain as soon as they are able. In the Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra, the practice of living as a forest (āraṇyaka) bodhisattva is seen as preferable to being a village monk:
The Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra, for example, tells us that the life of forest renunciation represents the normative Buddhist way of life for bodhisattvas: "The bodhisattva who has left the world must reflect that dwelling in the forest [araṇyavāsa] was ordained by the Buddha, and therefore he must live in the forest; for thus there is fulfillment of the dharma."[8]
Even when the bodhisattva enters the towns and cities to preach he must "keep a cave-and-forest mind, as when he dwells in his hermitage."[9]
Contents
[edit]Practices of the Lay Bodhisattva
- Opening Salutation
- The Setting
- Ugra's Inquiry
- Going for Refuge
- The Refuges, Repeated
- Good Deeds
- The Bodhisattva's Perspective
- The Eleven Precepts
- The Bodhisattva in Society
- The Faults of the Household Life
- The Benefits of Giving
- Thoughts When Encountering Beggars
- Detachment from People and Things
- Cultivating Aversion for One's Wife
- Cultivating Detachment from One's Son
- How to Interact with Beggars
- The Triskandhaka Ritual
- When Monks Violate the Precepts
- When Visiting a Monastery
- Contrasts between Household and Renunciant Life
- When Visiting a Monastery, Cont'd
- The Ordination of Ugra and His Friends (version 1)
Practices of the Monastic Bodhisattva
- The Renunciant Bodhisattva's Practices
- The Four Noble Traditions
- The Noble Traditions and Other Ascetic Practices
- The Virtues of Wilderness-Dwelling
- Interacting with Other Monks and Teachers
- The Pure Morality of the Renunciant Bodhisattva
- The Pure Meditation of the Renunciant Bodhisattva
- The Pure Insight of the Renunciant Bodhisattva
- The Ordination of Ugra and His Friends (version 2)
- How the Householder Can Live as a Renunciant
- Dialogue with Ananda
- The Title of the Text
- The Final Reaction of the Audience
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Nattier 2003, pp. 16–21.
- ^ a b Nattier 2003, p. 3.
- ^ Nattier 2002, p. 33.
- ^ Nattier 2003, p. 17.
- ^ Nattier 2003, p. 47.
- ^ Nattier 2002, p. 34.
- ^ Nattier 2003, p. 192.
- ^ Ray 1999, p. 252.
- ^ Ray 1999, p. 254.
Bibliography
[edit]- Nattier, Jan (January 2003). A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā): a Study and Translation. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2607-9.
- Nattier, Jan (2002). "The 'Eleven Precepts' for Laity in the Ugraparipṛcchā-sūtra". 櫻部建博士喜寿記念論集 初期仏教からアビダルマへ (Early Buddhism and Abhidharma Thought in Honor of Doctor Hajime Sakurabe on his Seventy-Seventh Birthday). Heirakuji shoten 平楽寺書店.
- Ray, Reginald A. (1999). Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations. Ebsco Publishing. ISBN 978-0-19-535061-6.
External links
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