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The JNF was founded at the Fifth [[Zionist Congress]] in [[Basel]] in 1901 with Theodore Herzl's support based on the proposal of a German Jewish mathematician, [[Zvi Hermann Schapira]].<ref>http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Orgs/jnf.html</ref> Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee. In 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv. The establishment of the “Olive Tree Fund” marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts. The Blue Box (known in Yiddish as a ''pushke'') has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two world wars, about one million of these tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world. <ref>http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/judaism/projects/jewish_national.html</ref> From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise monies. For a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were [[Postage stamps and postal history of Israel and Palestine|used as postage stamps]] during the transition from [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]] to Israel.<ref>Kimmerly, Ian. “Jewish National Fund issues postal substitutes” in ‘’ The Globe and Mail (Canada)’’ July 22, 1989</ref>
The JNF was founded at the Fifth [[Zionist Congress]] in [[Basel]] in 1901 with Theodore Herzl's support based on the proposal of a German Jewish mathematician, [[Zvi Hermann Schapira]].<ref>http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Orgs/jnf.html</ref> Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee. In 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv. The establishment of the “Olive Tree Fund” marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts. The Blue Box (known in Yiddish as a ''pushke'') has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two world wars, about one million of these tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world. <ref>http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/judaism/projects/jewish_national.html</ref> From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise monies. For a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were [[Postage stamps and postal history of Israel and Palestine|used as postage stamps]] during the transition from [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]] to Israel.<ref>Kimmerly, Ian. “Jewish National Fund issues postal substitutes” in ‘’ The Globe and Mail (Canada)’’ July 22, 1989</ref>


The JNF received its first parcel of land, 200 Turkish [[dunam]]s (18 hectares) east of [[Hadera]], as a 1903 gift from the Russian Zionist leader Issac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius. It became an olive grove.<ref>Zvi Shilony, ''Ideology and Settlement; The Jewish National Fund, 1897-1914'', Magnes Press (1998), 119-121.</ref> In 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the [[Sea of Galilee]] and at [[Ben Shemen]]. In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres (100 km²), rising to 50,000 acres (200 km²) by 1927. At the end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres (362 km²) of land housing 108 Jewish communities. In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land. JNF holdings by the end of the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]] period amounted to 936 km².<ref>Walter Lehn, The Jewish National Fund, ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 4. (Summer, 1974), pp. 74-96.</ref> From the beginning, JNF's policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it.
The first parcel of land, 200 [[dunam]]s (18 hectares) east of [[Hadera]], was received as a gift from the Russian Zionist leader Issac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius, in 1903. It became an olive grove.<ref>Zvi Shilony, ''Ideology and Settlement; The Jewish National Fund, 1897-1914'', Magnes Press (1998), 119-121.</ref> In 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the [[Sea of Galilee]] and at [[Ben Shemen]]. In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres (100 km²), rising to 50,000 acres (200 km²) by 1927. At the end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres (362 km²) of land housing 108 Jewish communities. In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land. JNF holdings by the end of the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]] period amounted to 936 km².<ref>Walter Lehn, The Jewish National Fund, ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 4. (Summer, 1974), pp. 74-96.</ref> From the beginning, JNF's policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it.


===After statehood===
===After statehood===
Line 15: Line 15:
[[Image:KKL.jpg|thumb|150px|JNF collection box]]
[[Image:KKL.jpg|thumb|150px|JNF collection box]]


In 1996, the American JNF was accused of mismanaging funds; only 21% of US donations reached Israel and a great portion was diverted to Latin American JNF offices. <ref>Alon Tal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AAuy4ItfBVoC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=JNF++pine&source=web&ots=drItO5ze58&sig=G4AMY7JJmAhzVEokAbHukRlI424&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA88,M1 "Pollution in a Promised Land"]; University of California, 2002</ref>
In 1996, the American JNF was accused of mismanaging funds. According to the charges, only 21% of US donations reached Israel and a great portion was diverted to Latin American JNF offices. <ref>Alon Tal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AAuy4ItfBVoC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=JNF++pine&source=web&ots=drItO5ze58&sig=G4AMY7JJmAhzVEokAbHukRlI424&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA88,M1 "Pollution in a Promised Land"]; University of California, 2002</ref>


===Recent changes===
===Recent changes===
Line 43: Line 43:


====Controversy====
====Controversy====
The JNF has been criticized for planting non-native pine trees which are unsustainable and unsuitable to the climate, rather than local species such as olive trees.<ref>Rabbi David Seidenberg.[http://www.neohasid.org/negev/the_giving_tree2/ "The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel"]; Neohasid, 2006</ref> As of 2000, six of every 10 trees planted at one of the JNF's hilly, arid, unirrigated sites, die. The Israeli daily ''Maariv'' claimed that workers remove saplings daily to allow tourists to plant again the following day.<ref>Deborah Sontag. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DB1239F930A35754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted"];New York Times, July 3, 2000,</ref> The Union for Environmental Defense has criticized the fund's forestry practices for "overreliance on highly flammable pine trees" and overuse of toxic herbicides, in the context of minimal government and public scrutiny.<ref>Deborah Sontag. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DB1239F930A35754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted"];New York Times, July 3, 2000,</ref>
The JNF has been criticized for planting non-native pine trees which are unsustainable and unsuitable to the climate, rather than local species such as olive trees.<ref>Rabbi David Seidenberg.[http://www.neohasid.org/negev/the_giving_tree2/ "The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel"]; Neohasid, 2006</ref> According to JNF statistics, six out of every 10 trees planted at a JNF site in Jerusalem do not survive, although the survival rate for trees at planting sites outside of Jerusalem is much higher, and is close to 95 percent. The Israeli newspaper ''Maariv'' claimed that workers remove saplings daily to allow tourists to plant again the following day, but the JNF denied this and said it would sue the paper for libel.<ref>Deborah Sontag. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DB1239F930A35754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted"];New York Times, July 3, 2000,</ref> The Union for Environmental Defense has criticized the fund's forestry practices for "overreliance on highly flammable pine trees" and overuse of toxic herbicides, in the context of minimal government and public scrutiny.<ref>Deborah Sontag. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DB1239F930A35754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted"];New York Times, July 3, 2000,</ref>


Some forests have been planted for security reasons<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1214726157819&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull "From classic forestry to ecological forestry KKL-JNF at 36th Israeli Ecological Society Conference"]; Jerusalem Post, June 30, 2008</ref> and as a means of demarcating Israeli space.<ref>Alon Tal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AAuy4ItfBVoC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=JNF++pine&source=web&ots=drItO5ze58&sig=G4AMY7JJmAhzVEokAbHukRlI424&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA88,M1 "Pollution in a Promised Land"]; University of California, 2002</ref> In the Negev, forests have been planted to restrict Bedouin herding.<ref>Shaul Ephraim Cohen.[http://books.google.com/books?id=FR4r1sylzXMC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=bedouin+grazing+JNF+pine&source=web&ots=7jeCA2o44z&sig=UDLzu6x8MioUd7y-dT66XlW3wxA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result "The Politics of Planting"]; University of Chicago 1993 p.121</ref>
Some forests have been planted for security reasons<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1214726157819&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull "From classic forestry to ecological forestry KKL-JNF at 36th Israeli Ecological Society Conference"]; Jerusalem Post, June 30, 2008</ref> and as a means of demarcating Israeli space.<ref>Alon Tal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AAuy4ItfBVoC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=JNF++pine&source=web&ots=drItO5ze58&sig=G4AMY7JJmAhzVEokAbHukRlI424&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA88,M1 "Pollution in a Promised Land"]; University of California, 2002</ref> In the Negev, forests have been planted to restrict Bedouin herding.<ref>Shaul Ephraim Cohen.[http://books.google.com/books?id=FR4r1sylzXMC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=bedouin+grazing+JNF+pine&source=web&ots=7jeCA2o44z&sig=UDLzu6x8MioUd7y-dT66XlW3wxA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result "The Politics of Planting"]; University of Chicago 1993 p.121</ref>

Revision as of 06:03, 7 August 2008

Eshtaol Forest planted by JNF

The Jewish National Fund (Hebrew: קרן קימת לישראל, Keren Kayemet LeYisrael) (abbreviated as JNF, and sometimes KKL) was founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Land of Israel (later Israel) for Jewish settlement. The JNF is a non-profit corporation owned by the World Zionist Organization,[1] and possesses quasi-government powers.[2] By 2007, it owned 13% of the total land in Israel.[3]Since its inception, the JNF has planted over 240 million trees in Israel. It has also built 180 dams and reservoirs, developed 250,000 acres of land and established more than 1,000 parks. [4]

History

Early history

File:KKL.PNG
JNF logo

The JNF was founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in 1901 with Theodore Herzl's support based on the proposal of a German Jewish mathematician, Zvi Hermann Schapira.[5] Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee. In 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv. The establishment of the “Olive Tree Fund” marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts. The Blue Box (known in Yiddish as a pushke) has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two world wars, about one million of these tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world. [6] From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise monies. For a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were used as postage stamps during the transition from Palestine to Israel.[7]

The first parcel of land, 200 dunams (18 hectares) east of Hadera, was received as a gift from the Russian Zionist leader Issac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius, in 1903. It became an olive grove.[8] In 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the Sea of Galilee and at Ben Shemen. In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres (100 km²), rising to 50,000 acres (200 km²) by 1927. At the end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres (362 km²) of land housing 108 Jewish communities. In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land. JNF holdings by the end of the British Mandate period amounted to 936 km².[9] From the beginning, JNF's policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it.

After statehood

After Israel's establishment in 1948, there was a debate concerning the future of the JNF. Initially the government wanted to dismantle it, but after the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 194 calling for Arab refugees to be allowed back into their homes, the JNF was seen as mechanism by which land which was previously owned by Arabs could be legally purchased by Jews. Accordingly, the government began to sell absentee lands to the JNF, left behind by former Arab owners. On January 27, 1949, 1,000 km² of this land (from a total of about 3,500 km²) was sold to the JNF for the price of 11 million pounds. Another 1,000 km² of seized land was sold to the JNF in October, 1950. Over the years questions about the legitimacy of these transactions have been raised repeatedly; Israeli legislation has generally supported the JNF's land claims.[10][11][12] In 1953, the JNF was dissolved and re-organized as an Israeli company without much essential change. A far greater change occurred in 1960, when administration of the land held by the JNF, apart from forested areas, was transferred to a newly formed government agency, the Israel Land Administration, the government agency responsible for managing 93% of the land of Israel [1]. The JNF received the right to nominate 10 of the 22 directors of the ILA, lending it significant leverage within that state body.

File:KKL.jpg
JNF collection box

In 1996, the American JNF was accused of mismanaging funds. According to the charges, only 21% of US donations reached Israel and a great portion was diverted to Latin American JNF offices. [13]

Recent changes

The JNF's charter specifies that the purpose of the JNF is to purchase land for the settlement of Jews. In the past, this was interpreted to mean that JNF should not lease land to non-Jews, but the restriction was frequently circumvented in practice, for example, by granting one-year lease to Bedouins for pastures.

In 2004, the Minister of Industry, Trade and Labor established the Gadish Committee to investigate reform in the Israel Land Administration; the committee proposed an exchange of state-held land in the Galilee and the Negev for land of equal value held by the JNF in the center of the state. In this land exchange, much of the land the JNF was to receive was in areas with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority, particularly the Negev Desert; the Jewish National Fund requires access to ILA lands in the Negev in order to forward its Blueprint Negev. Arab citizens of Israel live predominantly in the Negev and Galilee, two areas in which State versus Arab citizens' land claim disputes linger to this day; Arab advocacy groups such as Adalah argue that the land exchange arrangement targets Arabs disproportionately, and will lead to the final confiscation of lands Arab owners are still seeking to reclaim decades after their expropriation by the State.[14]

In January 2005, Israel's Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ruled in response to a Supreme Court petition that lease restrictions violated Israeli anti-discrimination laws.

In June 2005, the government accepted the Gadish Committee’s recommendations; no formal agreement was signed.[15]

In July 2007, the Israeli Knesset approved the Jewish National Fund Bill, submitted by MK Uri Ariel (National Unity/National Religious Party), in its preliminary reading; the bill sought to authorize the JNF to resume the practice of refusing to lease land to Arab citizens.[16] The bill called for a new provision to the 1960 Israel Land Administration Law, entitled "Management of the Jewish National Fund's Lands"; the provision stated that regardless of other conflicting rulings (such as Mazuz' 2005 decision), leasing JNF lands for Jewish settlement would not be seen as improper discrimination, and: "For the purpose of every law, the association documents of the Jewish National Fund will be interpreted according to the judgment of the Jewish National Fund's founders and from a nationalist-Zionist standpoint."[17] However, several months later, the High Court heard an Adalah petition seeking cancellation of Article 27 of the Regulations of the Obligations of Tenders, and an ILA policy, which together prevent Arab citizens from participating in bids for JNF-controlled land.[18] The High Court of Justice agreed to delay a ruling by at least four months; and a temporary settlement was reached wherein although the JNF would be prevented from discriminating on grounds of ethnicity, nevertheless every time land is sold to a non-Jew, the ILA would compensate it with an equivalent amount of land, thus ensuring the total amount of land owned by Jewish Israelis remains the same.[19]

An alternative proposal under informal consideration, submitted by Amnon Rubinstein, recommends that a distinction be made between JNF lands and state lands, such that all JNF lands directly acquired via donations from abroad some 900,000 dunams (or 13% of the country) will pass to the direct control of the JNF, while two million dunams of "'lands of missing persons' - property belonging to Palestinian refugees and purchased by the JNF from the state in the 1950s" would revert to state control.[20]

Reclamation projects

The JNF charter specifies reclamation of land for the Jewish people as its primary purpose. During the 1980s, almost 60,000 acres (240 km2) were planted. Over 50,000 acres (200 km2) of crop-land were reclaimed and hundreds of miles of roads built. Research into soil and water conservation and the construction of dams and reservoirs took on added importance in the face of water shortages and drought. Massive land infrastructure development projects, known collectively as "Operation Promised Land," were implemented during the late 1980s to meet the challenge of the massive upsurge of Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia.

The JNF’s collaborative work involves participation in the International Arid Land Consortium, which explores the problems and solutions unique to arid and semiarid regions, working to develop sustainable ecological practices as a means to improve the quality of life among people in arid regions.[21]

Afforestation

The early JNF was active in afforestation and reclamation of land. By 1935, JNF had planted 1.7 million trees over a total area of 1,750 acres (7.08 km²) and drained swamps, like those in the Hulah Valley.[22]

Since 1961, all afforestation and forest management work in Israel has been carried out by the JNF. Over fifty years, the JNF planted over 260 million trees largely in semi-arid, rocky, hilly terrain in which cultivation is not cost-effective and the risk of land degradation is high.[23]

In 2006, the JNF signed a 49-year lease agreement with the State of Israel which gives it control over 30,000 hectares of Negev land for the development of forests.[24]

Controversy

The JNF has been criticized for planting non-native pine trees which are unsustainable and unsuitable to the climate, rather than local species such as olive trees.[25] According to JNF statistics, six out of every 10 trees planted at a JNF site in Jerusalem do not survive, although the survival rate for trees at planting sites outside of Jerusalem is much higher, and is close to 95 percent. The Israeli newspaper Maariv claimed that workers remove saplings daily to allow tourists to plant again the following day, but the JNF denied this and said it would sue the paper for libel.[26] The Union for Environmental Defense has criticized the fund's forestry practices for "overreliance on highly flammable pine trees" and overuse of toxic herbicides, in the context of minimal government and public scrutiny.[27]

Some forests have been planted for security reasons[28] and as a means of demarcating Israeli space.[29] In the Negev, forests have been planted to restrict Bedouin herding.[30]

Some forests have been planted on the site of abandoned Arab villages whose inhabitants left or were expelled from their homes in the 1948 war.[31] Olive trees, formerly harvested by Arabs, have also been cut down and replaced by pine and cypress trees.[32] This has caused a belief among some Arabs in Israel that the JNF afforestation policy has the aim of covering up the evidence of an Arab presence prior to 1948 and the demolition of Arab communities under Israeli rule.[33] Responding to pressure from the Nakba commemoration organization Zochrot, in 2008 the JNF announced that historical information plaques erected in JNF parks and forests will cite the names of the Arab villages formerly located there.[34]

Water reclamation

Major water issues face Israel today. The fresh water supply is wholly dependent on 50 days a year of seasonal rainfall, while Israel’s water consumption has doubled since 1960. The JNF has built 200 reservoirs around the country, and plans to build 30 more reservoirs and water treatment plants over next five years. Over the past decade, JNF has invested over $114.99 million in reservoir construction, increasing the country’s total storage capacity by 7%, to over 35 billion gallons of water.

JNF is also involved in numerous river rehabilitation projects all over Israel, including the Nahal Alexander Restoration Project in 2003.

Development

In recent years, the JNF has moved towards the development of towns to accommodate new Jewish immigrants. JNF development plans focus on the Galilee and Negev regions, the two areas of Israel with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority. In particular, the 600 million dollar Blueprint Negev aims to attract and build infrastructure for 250,000 new settlers in the Negev Desert. The plan has come under scrutiny as groups such as Bustan, Save the Negev, and Ohalah have expressed concern over the lack of transparency to the project in light of the potential strain on ecological resources and the possible impacts on Bedouin communities nearby.

References

  1. ^ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev."NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"; State of Israel, July 2006
  2. ^ Rebecca Spence."Reform Slams Knesset Plan for JNF Land"; Jewish Daily Forward, July 25, 2007
  3. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (2007-09-24). "High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-12-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ http://www.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=history
  5. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Orgs/jnf.html
  6. ^ http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/judaism/projects/jewish_national.html
  7. ^ Kimmerly, Ian. “Jewish National Fund issues postal substitutes” in ‘’ The Globe and Mail (Canada)’’ July 22, 1989
  8. ^ Zvi Shilony, Ideology and Settlement; The Jewish National Fund, 1897-1914, Magnes Press (1998), 119-121.
  9. ^ Walter Lehn, The Jewish National Fund, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 3, No. 4. (Summer, 1974), pp. 74-96.
  10. ^ A. Golan. The Transfer of Abandoned Rural Arab Lands to Jews During Israel's War of Independence, Cathedra, 63, pp. 122-154, 1992 Template:He icon. English translation: “The Transfer to Jewish Control of Abandoned Arab Land during the War of Independence,” in S.I. Troen and N. Lucas (eds), Israel, The First Decade of Independence (Albany, NY, 1995)
  11. ^ A. Barkat (February 10, 2005). "Buying the State of Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  12. ^ M. Benvenisti (May 29, 2007). "With all due respect for the 'blue box'". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  13. ^ Alon Tal. "Pollution in a Promised Land"; University of California, 2002
  14. ^ "SPECIAL REPORT on The Jewish National Fund: Challenging the discriminatory land policies of the Jewish National Fund (JNF)" Adalah, 2008]
  15. ^ "SPECIAL REPORT on The Jewish National Fund: Challenging the discriminatory land policies of the Jewish National Fund (JNF)" Adalah, 2008]
  16. ^ Yoav Stern and Shahar Ilan (July 19, 2007). "Bill allocating JNF land to Jews only passes preliminary reading". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
  17. ^ NEWS UPDATE 27 September 2007: Supreme Court Adopts Jewish National Fund's Request to Delay Full Hearing of Adalah's Petition for Three Months to Allow JNF and State to Reach Agreement Regarding Marketing of JNF-Controlled Land"; Adalah, 2008]
  18. ^ "SPECIAL REPORT on The Jewish National Fund: Challenging the discriminatory land policies of the Jewish National Fund (JNF)" Adalah, 2008]
  19. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (2007-09-24). "High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-12-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Amiram Barkat. "Ex-minister Rubinstein: State should reclaim land given to JNF"; Haaretz, 24/07/2007
  21. ^ http://www.kkl.org.il/kkl/english/main_subject/curb%20global%20warming/the%20international%20arid%20lands%20consortium.x
  22. ^ http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/judaism/projects/jewish_national.html
  23. ^ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev."NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"; State of Israel, July 2006
  24. ^ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev."NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"; State of Israel, July 2006
  25. ^ Rabbi David Seidenberg."The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel"; Neohasid, 2006
  26. ^ Deborah Sontag. "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted";New York Times, July 3, 2000,
  27. ^ Deborah Sontag. "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted";New York Times, July 3, 2000,
  28. ^ "From classic forestry to ecological forestry KKL-JNF at 36th Israeli Ecological Society Conference"; Jerusalem Post, June 30, 2008
  29. ^ Alon Tal. "Pollution in a Promised Land"; University of California, 2002
  30. ^ Shaul Ephraim Cohen."The Politics of Planting"; University of Chicago 1993 p.121
  31. ^ Nathan, Susan (2005). The Other Side of Israel: My Journey Across the Jewish/Arab Divide. New York: Nan A. Talese. p. 130–131. ISBN 978-0385514569.
  32. ^ Nathan, Susan (2005) op cit pages 129–130
  33. ^ Nathan, Susan (2005) op cit pages 151–152
  34. ^ JNF to erect signs in parks, citing destroyed Palestinian villages - Haaretz - Israel News

See also

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