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I have restored the deleted information that was confirmed by reputable sources, as this was vandalism. Additionally, I removed the information from a source leading to the work of historian D. M. Iskhakov, which does not contain any references to the Siberian (Tyumen) Khanate being a Tatar state (I have reviewed the full version of this book). Furthermore, I had to remove edits made by the same user without authoritative sources.
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{{Short description|1468–1598 Siberian Tatar Khanate in southwestern Siberia}}
{{Short description|1468–1598 Bashkir Khanate in southwestern Siberia}}
{{Expand Russian|date=May 2021|topic=hist}}{{Infobox country
{{Expand Russian|date=May 2021|topic=hist}}{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{lang-ba|Себер ханлығы, Себер йорто}}; {{lang-ba|Тора ханлығы}}; {{lang-chg|سبر خانلغی}}
| native_name = Сыбыр Ҡанныҡ,<ref>[https://ia902707.us.archive.org/21/items/20230807_20230807_1239/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5.pdf Khanate of Sibir and other]</ref> سبر خانلغی
| conventional_long_name = Khanate of Sibir
| conventional_long_name = Khanate of Sibir
| common_name = Sibir
| common_name = Sibir
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| image_map_caption = Approximate extent of the Khanate of Sibir during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
| image_map_caption = Approximate extent of the Khanate of Sibir during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
| capital = [[Chimgi-Tura|Tyumen]], [[Qashliq|Sibir]]
| capital = [[Chimgi-Tura|Tyumen]], [[Qashliq|Sibir]]
| common_languages = [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]], [[Selkup language|Selkup]], [[Khanty language|Khanty]], [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
| common_languages = [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]], [[Selkup language|Selkup]], [[Khanty language|Khanty]], [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
| official_languages = [[Chagatai language]], [[Turki]]
| official_languages = [[Turki]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]], [[Shamanism]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]], [[Shamanism]]
| government_type = [[Khanate]]
| government_type = [[Khanate]]
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}}
}}


The '''Khanate of Sibir''' ({{lang-sty|Сыбыр ҡанныҡ, Искәр йорт|Sıbır qannıq, Iskär yort}};<ref>Файзрахманов Г. Л. История татар Западной Сибири: с древнейших времен до начала XX века. Казань: Татар, кн. изд-во, 2007. — 431 с. ISBN 978-5-298-01536-3</ref> {{lang-ru|Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт|Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=СИБИРСКОЕ ХАНСТВО • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3660421 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=old.bigenc.ru}}</ref> was a [[Siberian Tatars|Tatar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tataroved.ru/publication/tthan/7/ |title=''Исхаков Д. М.'' Тюркско-татарские государства XV—XVI вв. — Казань: Институт истории им. Ш. Марджани АН РТ, 2004.— Глава 2 — C. 32. |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821070736/http://www.tataroved.ru/publication/tthan/7/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanate in [[western Siberia]], founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref name=":0">Сибирское ханство&nbsp;// [[Большая советская энциклопедия#Третье издание|Большая советская энциклопедия]]&nbsp;: <span class="nowrap">[в 30 т.]</span>&nbsp;/ гл. ред. <span class="nowrap"> [[Прохоров, Александр Михайлович|А. М. Прохоров]]</span>.&nbsp;— 3-е изд.&nbsp;— <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>&nbsp;: Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.</ref> Throughout its history, members of the [[Shiban|Shaybanid]] and [[Taibuga|Taibugid]] dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of [[Genghis Khan]] through his eldest son [[Jochi]] and Jochi's fifth son [[Shiban|Shayban (Shiban)]] (died 1266).{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the [[Mongol Empire]], and later came under the control of the [[White Horde]] and the Golden Horde of 1242–1502.
The '''Khanate of Sibir''' ({{lang-ba|Себер ханлығы, Себер йорто}}<ref>[https://ia902707.us.archive.org/21/items/20230807_20230807_1239/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5.pdf Khanate of Sibir and other]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=СЕБЕР ХАНЛЫҒЫ |url=https://bashenc.online/ba/articles/92297/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=bashenc.online}}</ref>; {{lang-ba|Тора ханлығы}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003) |url=https://www.avetruthbooks.com/zeki-velidi-togan-baskurtlarin-tarihi-2003 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.avetruthbooks.com}}</ref>, {{lang-chg|سبر خانلغی}}; {{lang-sty|Сыбыр ҡанныҡ, Искәр йорт|Sıbır qannıq, Iskär yort}}<ref>Файзрахманов Г. Л. История татар Западной Сибири: с древнейших времен до начала XX века. Казань: Татар, кн. изд-во, 2007. — 431 с. ISBN 978-5-298-01536-3</ref>; {{lang-ru|Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт|Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=СИБИРСКОЕ ХАНСТВО • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3660421 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=old.bigenc.ru}}</ref> was a [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003) |url=https://www.avetruthbooks.com/zeki-velidi-togan-baskurtlarin-tarihi-2003 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.avetruthbooks.com}}</ref> Khanate in [[western Siberia]], founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref name=":0">Сибирское ханство&nbsp;// [[Большая советская энциклопедия#Третье издание|Большая советская энциклопедия]]&nbsp;: <span class="nowrap">[в 30 т.]</span>&nbsp;/ гл. ред. <span class="nowrap"> [[Прохоров, Александр Михайлович|А. М. Прохоров]]</span>.&nbsp;— 3-е изд.&nbsp;— <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>&nbsp;: Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.</ref> Throughout its history, members of the [[Shiban|Shaybanid]] and [[Taibuga|Taibugid]] dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of [[Genghis Khan]] through his eldest son [[Jochi]] and Jochi's fifth son [[Shiban|Shayban (Shiban)]] (died 1266).{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the [[Mongol Empire]], and later came under the control of the [[White Horde]] and the Golden Horde of 1242–1502.


The Khanate of Sibir had an ethnically diverse population of [[Turkic peoples]] – [[Siberian Tatars]] and various [[Uralic peoples]] – including the [[Khanty people|Khanty]], the [[Mansi people|Mansi]], and the [[Selkup people|Selkup]]. The Sibir Khanate was the northernmost [[Muslim]] state in [[recorded history]].
The Khanate of Sibir had an ethnically diverse population of [[Turkic peoples]] – [[Bashkirs]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=СЕБЕР ХАНЛЫҒЫ |url=https://bashenc.online/ba/articles/92297/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=bashenc.online}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003) |url=https://www.avetruthbooks.com/zeki-velidi-togan-baskurtlarin-tarihi-2003 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.avetruthbooks.com}}</ref>, [[Siberian Tatars]] and various [[Uralic peoples]] – including the [[Khanty people|Khanty]], the [[Mansi people|Mansi]], and the [[Selkup people|Selkup]]. The Sibir Khanate was the northernmost [[Muslim]] state in [[recorded history]].
Its defeat by [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] in 1582 marked the beginning of the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]].
Its defeat by [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] in 1582 marked the beginning of the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]].


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The Khanate of Sibir had extensive trading connections with Central Asia and the [[Khanate of Kazan]].<ref name=":0" />
The Khanate of Sibir had extensive trading connections with Central Asia and the [[Khanate of Kazan]].<ref name=":0" />

The Tura-Khan Mausoleum, also known as the «Khan's Horde», is located in the [[Chishminsky District|Chishminsky District of Bashkortostan]]. This mausoleum likely belongs to the father of [[Ibak Khan]], Makhmudek Khan, who, according to Utemish Haji, «was the powerful khan of the whole Tura and [[Badzhgard|Bashkir]] countries». [[Turataw]] Mountain, which was the site of the [[List of Sibir khans|Siberian khans]] headquarters, is near the city of [[Sterlitamak]]. There is also the «Khan Tubesi», associated with the [[List of Sibir khans|Siberian Khans]], located next to the Hajji Mosque<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003) |url=https://www.avetruthbooks.com/zeki-velidi-togan-baskurtlarin-tarihi-2003 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.avetruthbooks.com}}</ref>.


==History==
==History==
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The Khanate of Sibir was founded in the fifteenth century, at a time when the [[Mongols]] of the house of [[Jochi]] were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the Khans was [[Chimgi-Tura]]. The first Khan was [[Taibuga]], who was a member of the [[Borjigin]]. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.
The Khanate of Sibir was founded in the fifteenth century, at a time when the [[Mongols]] of the house of [[Jochi]] were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the Khans was [[Chimgi-Tura]]. The first Khan was [[Taibuga]], who was a member of the [[Borjigin]]. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.

[[Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari]]'s assertion that «Siberian cities are subordinate to [[Badzhgard|Bashkiria]]» merits attention<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003) |url=https://www.avetruthbooks.com/zeki-velidi-togan-baskurtlarin-tarihi-2003 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.avetruthbooks.com}}</ref>.



The Taibugids' control of the region between the [[Tobol]] and middle [[Irtysh]] was not uncontested. The [[Shaybanids]], descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. [[Ibak Khan]], a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named [[Qashliq|Iskar]] (or Sibir) located on the Irtysh.
The Taibugids' control of the region between the [[Tobol]] and middle [[Irtysh]] was not uncontested. The [[Shaybanids]], descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. [[Ibak Khan]], a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named [[Qashliq|Iskar]] (or Sibir) located on the Irtysh.
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Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly [[Shamanism|shamanists]], to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bukharaev|first=Ravil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFK4AwAAQBAJ|title=Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-80800-5|pages=256}}</ref> His decision to conduct a raid on the [[Stroganov]] trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the [[Cossack]] [[Yermak Timofeyevich|Yermak]] against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the [[Battle of Chuvash Cape]] in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir.[[File:Бегство Кучума из города Кашлык.jpg|thumb|The fall of Qishlaq to Yermak, and the flight of Kuchum. A miniature from the [[Kungur Chronicle]]]]
Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly [[Shamanism|shamanists]], to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bukharaev|first=Ravil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFK4AwAAQBAJ|title=Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-80800-5|pages=256}}</ref> His decision to conduct a raid on the [[Stroganov]] trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the [[Cossack]] [[Yermak Timofeyevich|Yermak]] against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the [[Battle of Chuvash Cape]] in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir.[[File:Бегство Кучума из города Кашлык.jpg|thumb|The fall of Qishlaq to Yermak, and the flight of Kuchum. A miniature from the [[Kungur Chronicle]]]]
Over the next fourteen years, however, the [[Russians]] slowly conquered the Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the [[Ob River|Ob]] and was forced to flee to the territories of the [[Nogai Horde|Nogai]], bringing an end to his rule.
Over the next fourteen years, however, the [[Russians]] slowly conquered the Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the [[Ob River|Ob]] and was forced to flee to the territories of the [[Nogai Horde|Nogai]], bringing an end to his rule.

The descendants of [[Kuchum Khan]], along with the [[Bashkirs]], repeatedly attempted to restore the Siberian Khanate. For instance, Kuchuk Sultan strived for complete independence. Under his leadership, the [[Bashkirs]] said to the [[Russians]]: «We were an independent state under [[Kuchum Khan]] and we will fight for such independence now.» («To be a [[khanate]] for ourselves, as it was under [[Kuchum Khan]]»)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003) |url=https://www.avetruthbooks.com/zeki-velidi-togan-baskurtlarin-tarihi-2003 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.avetruthbooks.com}}</ref>.


==Taibugids and Shaybanids==
==Taibugids and Shaybanids==

Revision as of 20:50, 23 August 2024

Khanate of Sibir
Bashkir: Себер ханлығы, Себер йорто; Bashkir: Тора ханлығы; Chagatay: سبر خانلغی
1468–1598
Approximate extent of the Khanate of Sibir during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Approximate extent of the Khanate of Sibir during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
CapitalTyumen, Sibir
Official languagesTurki
Common languagesBashkir, Siberian Tatar, Selkup, Khanty, Mansi
Religion
Sunni Islam, Shamanism
GovernmentKhanate
Khan 
• 1420–1428
Hajji Muhammad
• 1428–1468
Abu'l-Khayr Khan (as Uzbek Khan)
• 1468–1495
Ibak Khan
• 1563–1598
Kuchum
History 
• Established
1468
• Abu'l-Khayr Khan becomes Khan of Sibir
1428
• Ibak Khan is Khan of Sibir
1468
• Conquered by the Tsardom of Russia
1598
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Golden Horde
Tsardom of Russia
Today part ofRussia

The Khanate of Sibir (Bashkir: Себер ханлығы, Себер йорто[1][2]; Bashkir: Тора ханлығы[3], Chagatay: سبر خانلغی; Siberian Tatar: Сыбыр ҡанныҡ, Искәр йорт, romanized: Sıbır qannıq, Iskär yort[4]; Russian: Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт, romanized: Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt)[5] was a Bashkir[3] Khanate in western Siberia, founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde.[6] Throughout its history, members of the Shaybanid and Taibugid dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of Genghis Khan through his eldest son Jochi and Jochi's fifth son Shayban (Shiban) (died 1266).[citation needed] The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the Mongol Empire, and later came under the control of the White Horde and the Golden Horde of 1242–1502.

The Khanate of Sibir had an ethnically diverse population of Turkic peoples – Bashkirs[2][3], Siberian Tatars and various Uralic peoples – including the Khanty, the Mansi, and the Selkup. The Sibir Khanate was the northernmost Muslim state in recorded history. Its defeat by Yermak Timofeyevich in 1582 marked the beginning of the Russian conquest of Siberia.

Aristocracy

The Sibir Khanate was administered by Mirzas (which is a noble title) who originated from various indigenous Siberian tribes. These Mirzas organized loosely knit dominions, which were all under the nominal authority of the Khan of Tyumen and Sibir. Mirzas also led the warriors of the Khanate of Sibir into battle and owed nominal allegiance to the Khan of Tyumen and Sibir.

Culture

Islam was the professed religion of the Sibir Khanate; it was the religion of the ruling Khan of Tyumen and Sibir. Grand mosques, palaces and fortified walls were constructed by the ruling class in both Tyumen and Sibir.[citation needed]

Islam was professed by not only the Khan but also the Mirzas, who were often educated in famous Islamic centers in Central Asia like Bukhara and Samarkand. However, shamanism and other traditional beliefs were practiced by much of the masses. Some groups practiced a form of Islam that incorporated elements of shamanism.[7]

The leading Imams and Muftis of the Sibir Khanate are known[by whom?] to have had some influence in Kazan and Samarkand. The Khanate of Sibir was the northernmost Muslim state in recorded history.[citation needed]

The Khanate of Sibir had extensive trading connections with Central Asia and the Khanate of Kazan.[6]

The Tura-Khan Mausoleum, also known as the «Khan's Horde», is located in the Chishminsky District of Bashkortostan. This mausoleum likely belongs to the father of Ibak Khan, Makhmudek Khan, who, according to Utemish Haji, «was the powerful khan of the whole Tura and Bashkir countries». Turataw Mountain, which was the site of the Siberian khans headquarters, is near the city of Sterlitamak. There is also the «Khan Tubesi», associated with the Siberian Khans, located next to the Hajji Mosque[3].

History

Tumen on Sigismund von Herberstein's map, published in 1549

The area was originally inhabited by mainly Samoyedic and Ugric peoples.[2] In the 11th century, Kipchaks began inhabiting the region which led to the Turkification of the population.[2] In the 13th century, the Mongols conquered the region and it was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde. Some of the Tatars who arrived with Batu Khan during the conquests settled in the area.[2]

The Khanate of Sibir was founded in the fifteenth century, at a time when the Mongols of the house of Jochi were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the Khans was Chimgi-Tura. The first Khan was Taibuga, who was a member of the Borjigin. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.

Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari's assertion that «Siberian cities are subordinate to Bashkiria» merits attention[3].


The Taibugids' control of the region between the Tobol and middle Irtysh was not uncontested. The Shaybanids, descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. Ibak Khan, a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named Iskar (or Sibir) located on the Irtysh. The Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 prompted the Taibugid Khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with Moscow. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson Kuchum. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming Khan.

Conquest of Sibir

Main article: Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir

Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly shamanists, to Islam.[8] His decision to conduct a raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir.

The fall of Qishlaq to Yermak, and the flight of Kuchum. A miniature from the Kungur Chronicle

Over the next fourteen years, however, the Russians slowly conquered the Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the Ob and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai, bringing an end to his rule.

The descendants of Kuchum Khan, along with the Bashkirs, repeatedly attempted to restore the Siberian Khanate. For instance, Kuchuk Sultan strived for complete independence. Under his leadership, the Bashkirs said to the Russians: «We were an independent state under Kuchum Khan and we will fight for such independence now.» («To be a khanate for ourselves, as it was under Kuchum Khan»)[3].

Taibugids and Shaybanids

The Khanate of Sibir and the town of Tyumen were founded by Taibuga probably some time between 1405 and 1428. The latter was probably of Keraite origin.[9] However, some scholars also attempt to link the Taibugids to the Kipchak elites and others. Control alternated between the descendants of Taibuga and the Shaybanids who had descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east.

Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (bek) was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great-grandson of Shayban, and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingi who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight the Ostyaks and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingi-tura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On a Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of the Ishim River about 160 kilometres (100 mi) east of Tobolsk. Another source says that when Tokhtamysh was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed by Edigu about 1405.

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The Sibir Khanate and main polities in Asia c. 1500

There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove the Novgoroders from his lands. In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid called Abu'l-Khayr Khan was chosen Khan on the Tura River (possibly at Tyumen). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things the remaining Shaybanids gathered around Ibak Khan, who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed the Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet (about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen to Sibir and was briefly Khan of Kazan (1496). In 1552 the Taibugids Yediger and Bekbulat congratulated Ivan the Terrible on his conquest of Kazan. Later they paid limited tribute to Russia. In 1563 Ibak Khan's grandson Kuchum seized the throne from Yediger and Bekbulat. In 1573, following the Russo-Crimean War (1571) he stopped paying tribute and raided the Perm lands. In 1582, he was driven out by Yermak and died some time after 1600.

List of khans

List of Taibugids:

  1. On
  2. Taibugha
  3. Khoja
  4. Mar (killed by Ibak)
  5. Obder (perhaps died as Ibak's captive)
  6. Makhmet/Mamuq (killed Ibak)
  7. Abalak (son of Obder)
  8. Aguish
  9. Kasim (son of Makhmet)
  10. Yadiger (killed by Kuchum)
  11. Bekbulat (brother of Yadiger and possibly a co-regent)
  12. Seid Akhmat (reoccupied Sibir after Yermak's death, captured by the Tsardom of Russia in 1588).

List of Shaybanids:

  1. Ibak Khan
  2. Murtaza Khan
  3. Kuchum Khan
    • Ali son of Kuchum (tried to reoccupy Sibir after Yermak's death),
    • Ishim (Asim?) son of Kuchum (married a Kalmyk & settled in their territory in 1620)

See also

References

  1. ^ Khanate of Sibir and other
  2. ^ a b c d e "СЕБЕР ХАНЛЫҒЫ". bashenc.online. Retrieved 2024-08-23. Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Zeki Velidi Togan. Başkurtların tarihi (2003)". www.avetruthbooks.com. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  4. ^ Файзрахманов Г. Л. История татар Западной Сибири: с древнейших времен до начала XX века. Казань: Татар, кн. изд-во, 2007. — 431 с. ISBN 978-5-298-01536-3
  5. ^ "СИБИРСКОЕ ХАНСТВО • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". old.bigenc.ru. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  6. ^ a b Сибирское ханство // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.
  7. ^ Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-0-521-47771-0.
  8. ^ Bukharaev, Ravil (2014). Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Routledge. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-136-80800-5.
  9. ^ Миллер Г. Ф. Глава первая. События древнейших времён до русского владычества // История Сибири — М.-Л.: АН СССР, 1937. — Т. 1. — С. 189–194.

Additional sources

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