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'{{Refimprove|date=August 2011}} [[Image:President Kennedy signs Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 07 October 1963.jpg|thumb|300px|right|7 October 1963 President Kennedy signs the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the [[Treaty Room]] at the [[White House]]. L-R: William Hopkins, Sen. Mike Mansfield, John J. McCloy, Adrian S. Fisher, Sen. John Pastore, W. Averell Harriman, Sen. George Smathers, Sen. J.W. Fulbright, Sec. of State Dean Rusk, Sen. George Aiken, President Kennedy, Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey, Sen. Everett Dirksen, William C. Foster, Sen. Howard W. Cannon, Sen. Leverett Saltonstall, Sen. Thomas H. Kuchel, Vice President Johnson. White House, Treaty Room. Photograph by Robert Knudsen, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.]] [[Image:Radiocarbon bomb spike.svg|thumb|300px|right|Atmospheric ¹⁴C, [[New Zealand]][http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/welling.html] and [[Austria]].[http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/cent-verm.html] The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of [[Carbon-14]] in the Northern Hemisphere.[http://www1.phys.uu.nl/ams/Radiocarbon.htm] The delay of some years after the test ban of the peak on the Southern Hemisphere can be explained by the time for the propagation of C-14 from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere.]] The '''Limited Test Ban Treaty''' ('''LTBT''') is a treaty prohibiting all [[nuclear testing|test detonations]] of nuclear weapons except [[Underground nuclear testing|underground]]. It was developed both to slow the [[arms race]] (nuclear testing was, at the time, necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of [[nuclear fallout]] into the planet's atmosphere. It was signed and ratified by the governments of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] in 1963. It is officially known as the '''treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water''', but is often abbreviated as the '''Partial Test Ban Treaty''' ('''PTBT'''), '''Limited Test Ban Treaty''' ('''LTBT'''), or '''Nuclear Test Ban Treaty''' ('''NTBT''') - although the latter also refers to the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]]. It was signed by the governments of the [[Soviet Union]] (represented by [[Andrei Gromyko]]), the [[United Kingdom]] (represented by [[Alec Douglas-Home|Lord Home]]) and the [[United States]] (represented by [[Dean Rusk]]), named the "Original Parties", at [[Moscow]] on August 5, 1963 before being opened for signature by other countries. It was ratified by the [[U.S. Senate]] on September 24, 1963 by a vote of 80 to 19. The treaty went into effect on October 10, 1963.<ref name="Limited Test Ban Treaty">[http://www.state.gov/t/isn/4797.htm Limited Test Ban Treaty] at the [[U.S. Department of State]]</ref> <ref>[http://disarmament.un.org/TreatyStatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/35ea6a019d9e058a852568770079dd94?OpenDocument Partial TestBan] at the [[United Nations Disarmament Agency|UNODA]]</ref> ==Background== Much of the initiative for the treaty had its focus in what was the rising concern about radioactive fallout as a result of nuclear weapons testing underwater, in the atmosphere, and on the ground's surface, on the part of the nuclear powers. These concerns became more pronounced after the United States successfully tested a hydrogen bomb and a thermonuclear device with the power of eight megatons of TNT in the early 1950s and when the USSR detonated a [[Tsar Bomba|50-megaton nuclear warhead]] in 1961. Study for the test tomorrow! ==Negotiations== Initially, the Soviet Union proposed a testing ban along with a disarmament agreement dealing with both conventional and nuclear weapon systems. The Western nuclear powers and the Soviet Union traded positions on this issue over the course of negotiations in the 1950s through offers and counteroffers proposed under the aegis of the UN Disarmament Commission. It was only later during 1959 and into the early 1960s that the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union agreed to detach a general agreement on nuclear disarmament from a ban on nuclear weapons testing. Mr.... Atkinson!!!! The Soviet Union, however, only agreed in principle to a testing ban with no verification regime or protocols. It was over what measures and the method by which they could be effectively carried out that caused much of the deadlock in the latter half of 1961 over a test ban agreement. The problem of detecting underground tests—that is, distinguishing it from an earthquake—proved to be particularly troublesome. Therefore the United States and United Kingdom insisted on intrusive, inspection-based control systems as a means to verify compliance. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, maintained the position that surveillance and seismic detection equipment operated from outside the boundaries of any signatory was adequate to verify compliance. The Western powers felt that any agreement not subject to a control system rigorous enough to verify compliance would set a bad precedent in nuclear arms control for future agreements. Deadlock ensued until July 1963 when Premier Khrushchev signaled his willingness to give up on a ban that would include underground testing. In effect, this meant the Soviet Union would agree to a test ban in the atmosphere, outer space, and under water environments; a position the Western powers had long favored as an alternative to a more comprehensive (underground environment) ban. This opened an opportunity for a three-power meeting among the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on July 15, 1963 in Moscow. The Moscow negotiations, in reflecting the long deliberations that had gone on for nearly a decade, took relatively little time as the treaty was signed by representatives of the three governments only 21 days later. ==Signatories== [[Image:PTBT Participation.svg|right|300px|thumb| Participation in the Partial Test Ban Treaty {{legend|#00aa00|Signed and ratified}} {{legend|#008000|Acceding or succeeding}} {{legend|#eeee00|Only signed}} {{legend|#ff1111|Non-signatory}} ]] {{main|List of Partial Test Ban Treaty signatories}} Most countries have signed and ratified the treaty. Countries known to have tested nuclear weapons but which have not signed the treaty are China, France and North Korea. ===Leaks of Nuclear Fallout=== The most noteworthy violation of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty took place at the [[Chagan (nuclear test)|Chagan nuclear test]] in the [[Soviet Union]], carried out on January 15, 1965. This was intended to be an underground nuclear test, but some [[nuclear fallout]] escaped from the underground tunnel. This [[radioactivity]] was detected in [[Japan]] and some other countries. The [[Japanese Government]] and the [[U.S. Government]] complained to the [[Soviet Government]], but the complaints were eventually dropped, and the problem was ignored by the foreign governments. The other accidental releases of fallout during nuclear testing have included the [[Yucca_Flat#Baneberry|Baneberry nuclear test]] in 1970, carried out by the United States in [[Nevada]]. The dangerous effects of its radioactive fallout were soon described as one of the "World's worst nuclear disasters" by [[TIME magazine|''TIME'' magazine]].<ref name=bane>[http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705_1862274,00.html The Worst Nuclear Disasters]</ref> ==See also== * [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] * [[Boeing NC-135]] * [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] * [[High altitude nuclear explosion]] * [[List of parties to the Partial Test Ban Treaty]] * [[Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone]] * [[Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)|Project Orion]] * [[Space law]] * [[Threshold Test Ban Treaty]] * [[Underground nuclear testing]] ==References== {{CIA World Factbook|year=2003}} {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.lamberspublications.com/testban_treaty.html Audio clips from President Eisenhower and President Kennedy on the nuclear test ban treaty negotiations] *[http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/partial-test-ban/trty_partial-test-ban_1963-10-10.htm Nuclear Files.org] Partial Test Ban Treaty as entered into force on October 10, 1963 *[http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552706 Soviet Violations] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] {{Nuclear weapons limitation treaty}} {{Wikisource}} [[Category:1963 in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Cold War treaties]] [[Category:Non-proliferation treaties]] [[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]] [[Category:Arms control treaties]] [[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Treaties of the United States]] [[Category:History of the United States (1945–1964)]] [[Category:Presidency of John F. 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