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'{{Short description|British ship sunk by U-boat in 1940}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image= Arandora Star 1940.jpg |Ship caption=''Arandora Star'' as a troop ship in 1940}} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship name= ''Arandora'' (1927–29) ''Arandora Star'' (1929–40) |Ship flag= {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}} |Ship owner= [[Blue Star Line]] |Ship operator= |Ship registry= London |Ship route=[[Port of London|London]] − South America As a cruise liner, she made voyages to Norway, northern capitals, the Mediterranean and the West Indies among other destinations |Ship ordered= 1925 |Ship builder= [[Cammell Laird]] & Co, [[Birkenhead]] |Ship original cost= |Ship yard number= 921 |Ship way number= |Ship laid down= |Ship launched= 4 January 1927 |Ship refit=1929 as cruise liner by [[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited|Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering]], Glasgow 1936 Main mast removed and accommodation extended to [[poop deck]] |Ship completed= May 1927 |Ship christened= |Ship acquired= |Ship maiden voyage= |Ship in service=1927 |Ship out of service=1940 |Ship identification= |Ship nickname="The Wedding Cake" or the "Chocolate Box", due to her paint scheme. |Ship fate=Sunk, 2 July 1940 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type=[[Ocean liner]] and [[Reefer ship|refrigerated cargo ship]] (1927–29); [[cruise liner]] (1929–39); [[Troopship|troop ship]] (1940) |Ship tonnage=*'''as built:''' * {{GRT|12847}} * {{NRT|7815}} *'''after refit:''' * {{GRT|14694}} * {{NRT|8578}} |Ship displacement= |Ship length= {{convert|512.2|ft}} |Ship beam= {{convert|68.3|ft}} |Ship height=*'''as built:''' * {{convert|34.0|ft}} *'''after refit:''' * {{convert|42.5|ft}} |Ship draught= |Ship depth= |Ship decks= 7 decks |Ship deck clearance= |Ship power= 2,078 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] |Ship propulsion= four [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|steam turbine]]s, single [[Transmission (mechanics)#Simple|reduction geared]] onto two propeller shafts |Ship speed= {{convert|16|kn|km/h}} |Ship capacity=*'''Passengers:''' *'''as built:''' 164 − 1st Class *'''as a cruise liner:''' 354 − 1st Class |Ship notes=[[Sister ship]]s: {{SS|Almeda Star||2}}, {{SS|Andalucia Star||2}}, {{SS|Avalona Star||2}}, {{SS|Avila Star||2}}, }} |} '''SS ''Arandora Star''''', originally '''SS ''Arandora''''', was a British passenger ship of the [[Blue Star Line]]. She was built in 1927 as an [[ocean liner]] and refrigerated cargo ship, converted in 1929 into a [[cruise ship]] and requisitioned as a [[troopship]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. At the end of June 1940 she was assigned the task of transporting interned Anglo-Italian and Anglo-German civilians as well as a small number of legitimate prisoners of war to Canada. On 2 July 1940 she was sunk by a German [[U-boat]] off the coast of Ireland with a large loss of life, 805 people. ==Construction== In 1925 Blue Star ordered a set of new liners for its new [[Port of London|London]] – [[Rio de Janeiro]] – [[Port of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] route. [[Cammell Laird]] of [[Birkenhead]] built three [[sister ship]]s: ''[[SS Almeda Star|Almeda]]'', ''[[SS Andalucia Star|Andalucia]]'' and ''Arandora''. [[John Brown & Company]] of [[Clydebank]] built two: ''[[SS Avelona Star|Avelona]]'' and ''[[SS Avila Star|Avila]]''. Together the quintet came to be called the "luxury five".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluestarline.org/almeda1.html|title=Blue Star's S.S. "Almeda Star" 1|work=One of The Luxury Five|publisher=Blue Star on the Web|date=29 September 2013|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Cammell Laird launched ''Arandora'' on 4 January 1927 and completed her in May.<ref name=ArandoraBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluestarline.org/arandora.html|title=Blue Star's S.S. "Arandora Star"|work=One of The Luxury Five|publisher=Blue Star on the Web |date=23 June 2013|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> As originally built she measured {{GRT|12847|disp=long}}, was {{convert|512.2|ft}} long, had a beam of {{convert|68.3|ft}} and accommodated 164 first class passengers. She had a service speed of {{convert|16|kn|km/h}}. A major refit in 1929 reduced her cargo space and increased her passenger accommodation to turn her into a [[cruise ship]]. ==Peacetime service== As ''Arandora'' she sailed from London to the east coast of South America from 1927 to 1928. In 1929 she was sent to [[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited]] of Glasgow for refitting. In the refit, her gross tonnage was increased to 14,694 and first class accommodation was increased to 354 passengers. A tennis court was also placed aft of the funnels on the boat deck and a swimming pool was installed in the after [[well deck]]. Upon completion, she returned to service as a full-time luxury cruise ship. At the time of this refit, she was also renamed ''Arandora Star''. As a cruise ship ''Arandora Star'' was based mainly in [[Southampton]], and voyaged to many different destinations, calling in some instances at home ports such as [[Immingham (Eastern Jetty) railway station|Immingham]].{{sfn|Mummery|Butler|1999|pp=88–98}} Cruises included Norway, the Northern capitals, the Mediterranean,<ref>The [[Cinema Museum (London)|Cinema Museum]] in London holds film of a Mediterranean cruise made by her in October 1930, ref. HM0256: {{Cite web|title=Cinema Museum Home Movie Database.xlsx|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OJqSWnOFAn6RJ24jtwb21Z4Hv5svJjbp/edit?usp=embed_facebook|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Google Docs|language=en-US}}</ref> the West Indies, Panama, Cuba, and Florida. The ship's colour scheme of a white hull with scarlet ribbon gave rise to her nicknames of "The Wedding Cake" or "The Chocolate Box".{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=40}} ==Second World War service== When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, ''Arandora Star'' was ''en route'' from [[Cherbourg]] to [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]]. She returned to Britain ''via'' [[Halifax (former city)|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], where she joined the very first HX series convoy, [[List of Allied convoy codes during World War II#H|Convoy HX 1.]]<ref name=Hague>{{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=ARANDORA%20STAR~armain|last=Hague|first=Arnold|title=Empire Strength|work=Ship Movements|publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb|access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> At the end of September, the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] assessed the ship at [[Dartmouth, Devon]] and decided she was unsuitable for conversion to an [[Armed merchantman#Armed merchant cruisers|armed merchant cruiser]].{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=40}} In December, she was ordered to [[Avonmouth]] where she was fitted with the [[Torpedo net#Second World War|Admiralty Net Defence]] anti-torpedo system, consisting of underwater wire mesh suspended from booms either side of the ship.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|pp=40–41}} She was fitted out at Avonmouth and then spent three months based at [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth]] testing nets of various gauges in the [[English Channel]]. On tests the system was successful at catching torpedoes and reduced ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s speed by only {{convert|1|kn|km/h|2}}. In March 1940, the ship was sent to [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]] where the equipment was removed. She was then sent to [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]] for orders.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=41}} On 30 May, the ship left Liverpool for [[Norway]] to help [[Norway campaign#Campaign in Northern Norway|evacuate Allied troops]]. She sailed unescorted to [[Harstad]], where she embarked 1,600 personnel; most of them members of the [[Royal Air Force]] in addition to some [[French army|French]] and [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Polish troops]].{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=42}} She left Harstad on 7 June<ref name=Hague/> and took her evacuees to [[Glasgow]]. On 14 June, the ship left Glasgow en route for [[Brest, France|Brest]], in [[Brittany]], to rescue troops and refugees, a part of [[Operation Aerial]]. Continuous ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' attacks on the port and town prevented her from entering, and only 12 refugees managed to get out by boat to the ship. ''Arandora Star'' escaped with the aid of a destroyer, which provided anti-aircraft cover and came under heavy air attack. The liner took her handful of evacuees to Falmouth, where she bunkered. She then went to [[Quiberon Bay]], on the [[Bay of Biscay]], where she evacuated about 300 people from [[Saint-Nazaire]] on 17 June. Sources disagree whether she took these to Falmouth{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=42}} or [[Plymouth]].<ref name=Hague/> ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s trip to Saint-Nazaire was fairly uneventful; on the same day, ''Luftwaffe'' aircraft sank {{RMS|Lancastria}} at the port killing several thousand people. ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s next trip to France was to the southwest, near the border with Spain. There she found [[Bayonne]] under ''Luftwaffe'' attack, but assisted by a destroyer, she picked up about 500 people who were in an overloaded small craft adrift off the beach. These she took to Falmouth, before returning to the same area. She entered [[Saint-Jean-de-Luz]], where some Polish troops were trapped. She embarked roughly 1,700 troops and refugees, including the Polish staff, and left just in time as ''Luftwaffe'' aircraft approached to bomb the town. She took her evacuees to Liverpool.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|pp=42–43}} ==Sinking== What became ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s final voyage, was the transport of Italian and German internees, who had been detained under [[Defence Regulation 18B]], as well as German [[prisoners of war]] to [[Canada]].<ref name=ArandoraBS/> In Liverpool on 27–30 June, she embarked with 734 interned Italian men, 479 interned German men (including a number of [[Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom|Jewish refugees]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kershaw |first=Roger |date=2 July 2015 |title=Collar the lot! Britain's policy of internment during the Second World War |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/collar-lot-britains-policy-internment-second-world-war/ |website=The National Archives Blog}}</ref>), 86 German prisoners of war, and 200 military guards, in addition to her crew of 174 officers and men.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=43}} Her [[Sea captain|Master]] was Captain Edgar Wallace Moulton. The ship was bound for [[St John's, Newfoundland]], and her internees for Canadian [[internment camp]]s. Sources disagree as to whether the ship left Liverpool on 30 June, or at 4am on 2 July 1940. She sailed unescorted, and early on the morning of 2 July she was about 75 miles west of [[Gweedore|Bloody Foreland]], Ireland, when she was torpedoed. {{GS|U-47|1938|2}}, commanded by [[Günther Prien]], struck ''Arandora Star'' with a single torpedo. Prien believed the torpedo to be faulty,<ref>{{cite book |last= Dunmore |first=Spenser |title=In Great Waters |year=1999 |location= Toronto |publisher= McClelland & Stewart |isbn= 978-0-7710-2929-5 |page=55 |quote= just one torpedo left, which he believed to be faulty, an everyday problem at the time. Prien had already attempted to fire it}}</ref> but it detonated against ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s starboard side, flooding her aft engine room. All engine room personnel, including two engineer officers, were killed. Her turbines, main generators and emergency generators were all immediately put out of action and therefore knocked out all lights and communications aboard.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=43}} [[Chief mate|Chief officer]] Frederick Brown gave the ship's position to the radio officer, who transmitted a [[distress signal]].{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=44}} At 7:05 hours [[Malin Head]] radio acknowledged the message and retransmitted to [[Land's End]] and to [[Portpatrick]]. ===Lifeboats=== [[File:Capt-burfeind.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Otto Burfeind]] The cruise ship carried 14 [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]]s and 90 liferafts. The torpedo destroyed one starboard lifeboat and disabled the [[davit]]s and falls of another.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=43}} Two lifeboats were damaged during their launch and thus useless.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} The crew successfully launched the remaining 10 lifeboats and more than half the liferafts. Some lifeboats were overloaded by prisoners descending the falls and side ladders, but many of the Italians were afraid to leave the ship.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=44}} At least four of the remaining lifeboats were launched with a very small number of survivors.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} One other lifeboat was swamped and sank shortly after being launched.{{citation needed |date=August 2014}} One of the internees was Captain Otto Burfeind, who had been interned after [[scuttling]] his ship, the {{SS|Adolph Woermann||2}}. Burfeind stayed aboard ''Arandora Star'' organizing her evacuation until she sank and he was lost. The ship listed further to starboard. At 7:15, Captain Moulton and his senior officers walked over the side into the rising water, leaving behind many Italians who were still afraid to leave the ship. At 7:20, the ship rolled over, raised her bow in the air and sank.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=44}} 805 people were killed, including Captain Moulton, 12 of his officers, 42 of his crew and 37 of the military guards.{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=45}} {{blockquote|I could see hundreds of men clinging to the ship. They were like ants and then the ship went up at one end and slid rapidly down, taking the men with her… Many men had broken their necks jumping or diving into the water. Others injured themselves by landing on drifting wreckage and floating debris near the sinking ship. |sign= Sergeant Norman Price<ref>{{cite book|title= Destroyer: An Anthology of First-hand Accounts of the War at Sea 1939–1945 |editor-first= Ian |editor-last=Hawkins|location= London |publisher=[[Anova Books]] |year=2008|isbn= 978-1-84486-008-1 |page= 137}}</ref>}} ===Rescue=== [[File:HMCS St Laurent 20 August 1941 IKMD-04199.jpg|thumb|[[HMS Cygnet (H83)|HMCS ''St. Laurent'']] rescued 868 survivors from ''Arandora Star'']] [[File:Ferdnenizi.jpg|thumb|upright|Grave of a ''Arandora Star'' victim who was washed up in County Donegal]] At 9:30, an [[RAF Coastal Command]] [[Short Sunderland]] [[flying boat]] flew over and dropped watertight bags containing first aid kits, food, cigarettes, and a message that help was coming. The aircraft circled until 13:00,{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=44}} when the Canadian [[C and D-class destroyer|C-class destroyer]] [[HMS Cygnet (H83)|HMCS ''St. Laurent'']] arrived and rescued 868 survivors,{{sfn|Dorling|1973|p=45}} of whom 586 were detainees. The injured were taken to [[Mearnskirk Hospital]] in [[Newton Mearns]], Glasgow. One of the survivors was the athletics coach [[Franz Stampfl]]. On 3 July, the UK [[War Cabinet]] received a report on the disaster.<ref>{{cite book|last= Gilbert|first= Martin|author-link= Martin Gilbert|year= 1983|title= The Biography of Winston S. Churchill|volume= 6: ''Finest Hour, 1939–41''|location= London|publisher= [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]]|isbn= 0-43429187-0|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/finesthourwinsto0000gilb}}</ref> Its impact was overshadowed by the [[Royal Navy]] [[attack on Mers-el-Kébir]], [[French Algeria]], that sank elements of the French battle fleet. Throughout July and August, bodies were washed up on the Irish shore. On 30 July, the first body was found; 71-year-old Ernesto Moruzzi, who was found at Cloughglass, [[Burtonport]]. Four others were found on the same day. During August 1940, 213 bodies washed up on the Irish coast, of which 35 were from ''Arandora Star'' and a further 92 unidentified, potentially from the ship.<ref>{{cite book|last= Kennedy |first=Michael |year= 2008 |title=Guarding Neutral Ireland |location=Dublin|publisher= [[Four Courts Press]] |isbn= 978-1-84682-097-7}}</ref> ===Citations=== Captain Moulton was posthumously awarded [[Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea]]. Captain Burfeind was posthumously cited for his heroism in the evacuation, and the Canadian commander [[Harry DeWolf]] was cited for his heroism in the rescue. ==Wreck and remains== {{location map|British Isles Oceans |lat= 56.6 |long= -10.63 |caption=Approximate position of ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s wreck |relief= yes }} The wreck's position is {{coord|56|30|N|10|38|W}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} In the weeks following the ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s sinking many bodies of those who died were carried by the sea to various points in [[Ireland]] and the [[Hebrides]]. In the small graveyard of Termoncarragh, [[Belmullet|Belmullet, County Mayo]], Luigi Tapparo, an internee from [[Edinburgh]], and John Connelly, a [[Lovat Scouts|Lovat Scout]], lie buried side by side. Belmullet gardaí received a call from Annagh Head that another body had been found. From a service book on the body, Garda Sergeant Burns identified 27-year-old Frank Carter from [[Kilburn, London]], a trooper in the [[1st The Royal Dragoons|Royal Dragoons]]. The body of Cesare Camozzi (1891–1940) from [[Iseo, Lombardy|Iseo]], Italy was washed ashore on the [[Inishowen]] peninsula, County Donegal and is buried at Sacred Heart graveyard, [[Carndonagh]]. 46 German civilian detainees, who were being shipped from England to Canada for internment when the ship sank, are buried in the German war cemetery in [[Glencree|Glencree, County Wicklow]]. One of them was [[Karl Olbrysch]] a former [[KPD]] member of the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. The body of EG Lane from Kingsteignton, Newton Abbot, Devon, England, a private in the [[Devonshire Regiment]], was washed onto the beach near [[Ballycastle, County Mayo]] and is buried in the local cemetery. His grave was re-dedicated in 2009 by the Mayo Peace Park Committee. An unidentified sailor, unrecognisable other than for a tattoo bearing the name "Chrissie", was washed ashore near Newhouse, on the Atlantic coast of [[Kintyre]], [[Argyll]] and, after official investigation, buried at the local churchyard of Killean, Kintyre, Argyll.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2047723/kilvickeon-(cragaig)-cemetery,-kilninian-and-kilmore,-isle-of-ulva/ |title=Kilvickeon (Cragaig) cemetery, Kilninian and Kilmore, Isle of Ulva |publisher=CWGC |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> The wreck of one of the lifeboats remains visible at Knockvologan beach on the [[Ross of Mull]], largely buried but with its iron suspension hooks still above the sand. Photographs of the lifeboat remains in 1969, as well as an eyewitness account by a Ms. Bella MacLennanin can be found in the citation.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://sites.google.com/site/blackknockan/arandora-star |title=Arandora Star - KNOCKAN |date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204091242/https://sites.google.com/site/blackknockan/arandora-star |access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020 }}</ref> A 2006 picture shows the build up of sand over time.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://ponderingthepast.wordpress.com/2015/06/09/the-sand-sunk-boat/ |title=The sand-sunk boat {{!}} pondering the past |date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204091446/https://ponderingthepast.wordpress.com/2015/06/09/the-sand-sunk-boat/ |access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020 }}</ref> ==Memorials== A memorial chapel was built in a cemetery in [[Bardi, Emilia-Romagna|Bardi]], home town of 48 of the dead, and an annual commemorative mass is held in the town.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alessandro |last=Cardinali |url=http://www.alessandrocardinali.it/bardi-commemorazione-vittime-arandora-star/ |title=Bardi. Commemorazione vittime Arandora Star |date=2 July 2016 |language=Italian }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Cesare |last=Groppi |url=http://www.parmense.net/2016/07/05/bardi-ricopra-laffondamento-arandola-star-2-luglio-1940/ |title=Bardi ricorda affondamento Arandora Star – 2 luglio 1940 |website=Parmense.net |date=5 July 2016 |language=Italian }}</ref> A street in Bardi was renamed ''Via Arandora Star''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tuttocitta.it/mappa/bardi/via-arandora-star |title=Via Arandora Star |website=Tuttocitta.it |type=map |access-date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> [[File:Remembrance for the Drowned - geograph.org.uk - 679587.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial to the dead of the ''Arandora Star'' at [[St Peter's Italian Church]], London, unveiled in 1960]] [[St Peter's Italian Church]] in [[Clerkenwell]], London, unveiled a wall memorial in 1960, and added a second memorial to London victims in 2012.<ref name=Pistol>{{cite book |first=Rachel |last=Pistol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SI4sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |title=Internment during the Second World War: A Comparative Study of Great Britain and the USA |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2017 |page=102 |isbn=9781350001428 }}</ref> In 2004 the Italian town of [[Lucca]] unveiled a monument to 31 local men lost in the sinking, located in the courtyard of the museum of the Paolo Cresci Foundation for the History of Italian Emigration.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}. There is also a Via Arandora Star in [[Parma]]. Numerous bodies were found on the Scottish island of [[Colonsay]]. A memorial was unveiled on Colonsay on 2 July 2005, the 65th anniversary of the tragedy, at the cliff where the body of Giuseppe Delgrosso was found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colonsay.org.uk/arandoraPt1.htm|title=S.S. "ARANDORA STAR" 1. The Colonsay Connection|website=The Colonsay Website|access-date=5 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023550/http://www.colonsay.org.uk/arandoraPt1.htm|archive-date=7 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A bronze memorial plaque was unveiled on 2 July 2008 at the Church of Our Lady and St Nicholas, Liverpool. It was relocated to the [[Pier Head]] in front of the old [[Port of Liverpool Building|Mersey Docks and Harbour Board building]] after building work was finished.<!-- Pistol book confirms year and current location. --> In 2009, the 69th anniversary of the sinking, the Mayor of [[Middlesbrough]] unveiled a memorial in the town hall commemorating the town's 13 interned Italians held in cells there prior to deportation and death on the ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s final voyage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ts1.gazettelive.co.uk/local-news/after-69-years-of-families-pain-over-war-time-tragedy-towns-mayor-says-were-sorry.html|title=After 69 years of families' pain over war-time tragedy, town's mayor says... WE'RE SORRY|newspaper=[[Evening Gazette (Teesside)|Evening Gazette]]|date=4 July 2009|access-date=5 August 2010|archive-date=31 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831125600/http://ts1.gazettelive.co.uk/local-news/after-69-years-of-families-pain-over-war-time-tragedy-towns-mayor-says-were-sorry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 July 2010, the 70th anniversary of the sinking, a new memorial was unveiled in [[Cardiff Metropolitan Cathedral|St David's Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral, Cardiff]] by the Arandora Star Memorial Fund in Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/10485955.stm|title=Service marks 70th anniversary of ship tragedy|publisher=BBC Wales|date=2 July 2010|access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref> [[File:St Andrew's Cathedral Italian Cloister Garden, Glasgow, Scotland.jpg|thumb|Italian Cloister Garden Memorial by [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow]]]] On the same day, 2 July 2010, a memorial cloister garden was opened next to [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Andrew's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Glasgow]]. Archbishop [[Mario Conti]] said at the time he hoped the monument would be a "fitting symbol" of the friendship between Scotland and Italy.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Taylor |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/memorial-garden-to-victims-of-arandora-sinking-opens-1.1038712 |title=Memorial garden to victims of Arandora sinking opens|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006000846/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/memorial-garden-to-victims-of-arandora-sinking-opens-1.1038712 |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> In 2019, a {{convert|3.5|m}} [[ship model]] of the ''Arandora Star'' went on display at the [[Merseyside Maritime Museum]] after 400 hours of restoration work. It had originally been made for Blue Star for advertising use and was acquired by the former Liverpool Museum (now the [[World Museum]]) in 1940 shortly after the sinking, where it drew large crowds. However, on 3 May 1941 during the [[Liverpool Blitz]], the adjacent [[Liverpool Central Library]] was bombed; the resulting fire spread to the museum and the model was water-damaged by fire hoses and was put into storage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/conservators-make-blitz-survivor-rise-again |title=Conservators make Blitz survivor rise again |last=Robertson |first=Jen |date=2019 |newspaper=National Museums Liverpool |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> On 2nd of July 2021, the president of the National Association Carabinieri of Dublin, Ireland Francesco Morelli concurrently with the 80th anniversary of the Arandorra Star, deposited and launched the memorial of the 446 Italian victims that were lost in the tragedy. The event took place in the Termoncarragh Belmullet cemetery, Co.Mayo. After having conducted various researches on the Arandorra Star and the Irish territory, the president Francesco Morelli chose this cemetery. Here two bodies have been buried with the following names: Giovanni Marenghi and Luigi Tapparo. During the same period, about thirty more non-identified bodies of Italian nationality have been buried in this cemetery. On the occasion of the memorial, Irish president, Michael D. Higgins, has remembered the 446 Italian victims togheter with another 356 victims of German and English nationality by sending a letter to the president of the National Association Carabinieri of Dublin, Ireland Francesco Morelli.{{citation needed}} On the 2nd of July 2022, the president of the national association Carabinieri of Dublin, Ireland Francesco Morelli concurrently with the Arandora Star's 82nd anniversary, has launched a memorial in Termoncarragh's cemetery (Bellmullet, Co. Mayo) for the five victims from Casalattico which have been lost in the tragedy. These were Giuseppe Forte,Antonio Fusco, Filippo Marsella, Giuseppe di Vito and Antonio Marsella. Irish military veterans and Carabinieri on leavehave deposited tricolors flower crowns in memory of the 446 Italians which have passed away along the Irish coast. Parson Reverend Kevin Hegarty has celebrated the mass for the memorial. The event ended with a speech made by Co. Mayo's councilor Sean Carey. ==See also== *[[List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines]] *{{SS|Almeda Star||2}} − one of ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s [[sister ship]]s, torpedoed and sunk with all 360 onboard lost in January 1941 *{{SS|Avila Star||2}} − another of ''Arandora Star''{{'}}s sister ships, torpedoed and sunk in July 1942 with the loss of 84 lives *{{RMS|Nova Scotia|1926|6}} − a UK liner sunk in November 1942 while carrying interned Italian civilians and prisoners of war with the loss of 858 of the 1,052 people aboard *[[Enemy alien]] *[[List of Japanese hell ships]] - Japanese ships used for carrying Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians. Many of the vessels were sunk, resulting death of over 20,000 POWs. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources and further reading== *{{cite book|last=Balestracci|first=Maria Serena|year=2008|title=Arandora Star: from Oblivion to Memory|location=Parma|publisher=Mup Publishers|url=http://www.mupeditore.it}} The book, with both English and Italian texts, includes rare and previously unpublished material, such as pictures related to the rescue of the ''Arandora Star'' taken in 1940 by ''St. Laurent''{{'}}s crew. *{{cite book|last=Dorling |first=Henry Taprell |year=1973|title=Blue Star Line at War, 1939–45|place=London|publisher=[[W. Foulsham & Company Limited|W. Foulsham & Co]]|isbn=0-572-00849-X|pages=9, 40–45}} *{{cite news|last=Gardner|first=N.|date=4 September 2005|title=Tragic Waters: The Sinking of the Arandora Star|url=http://www.hiddeneurope.co.uk|newspaper=Hidden Europe|pages=34–36}} *{{cite book|last1=Gillman|first1=Peter|last2=Gillman|first2=Leni|year=1980|title=[[Collar the Lot]]! How Britain Interned & Expelled its Wartime Refugees|publisher=Quartet Books|isbn=0704334089}} This book gives the wider context of the sinking, includes first-hand accounts from a number of Italian, German and British survivors, and provided the first full history of the sinking to be published after the Second World War. *{{cite book|last=Miller|first=William H Jr.|title=Pictorial Encyclopedia of Ocean Liners, 1860–1994|publisher=Dover Maritime Books}} *{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=W.H.|last2=Sawyer|first2=S.A.|year=1967|series=Merchant Ships of the World|title=Cruising Ships|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|isbn=0356015041}} *{{cite book |last1=Mummery |first1=Brian |last2=Butler |first2=Ian |title=Immingham and the Great Central Legacy (Images of England) |year=1999 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |isbn=0-7524-1714-2 }} ==External links== * [http://www.accademiapulia.org/en/members/-and-then-came-the-blitz.html ... And then came the Blitz] * {{cite web|url= http://www.bluestarline.org/arandora.html|title=Blue Star's S.S. "Arandora Star"|work=One of The Luxury Five|publisher=Blue Star on the Web|date=23 June 2013}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080406153206/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/94/a2618994.shtml Sinking of the Arandora Star: A Donegal Perspective] * [http://www.blackshouse.demon.co.uk/arandora_star.htm Firsthand testimony about The lifeboat remains on Mull and summary of the dark side to the story] * [http://members.lycos.co.uk/scots_italian/internment.htm The Tragedy of the Arandora Star] * Michael Kennedy, [http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/men-that-came-in-with-the-sea-the-coastwatching-service-and-the-sinking-of-the-arandora-star "Men that came in with the sea"] which appeared in "[[History Ireland]]" in 2008. * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80011240 IWM Interview with survivor Nicola Cua] * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80011239 IWM Interview with survivor Ivor Duxberry] * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80010947 IWM Interview with survivor Gino Guarnieri] * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80012871 IWM Interview with survivor Luigi Beschizza] * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80015977 IWM Interview with survivor Ludwig Baruch] * [http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/tav/id/4666 Arandora Star victims: a supplement to the White Paper by Louis Eleazar Gutmann-Pelangen, c.1941], typescript testament by a man who had been interned with German and Austrian passengers on the SS Arandora Star. {{Commons category|Arandora Star (ship, 1927)}} <!-- non-breaking space to keep AWB drones from altering the space before the navbox --> {{coord|55|20|N|10|33|W|display=title}} {{Blue Star ships}} {{July 1940 shipwrecks}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arandora Star}} [[Category:1927 ships]] [[Category:Cruise ships]] [[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1940]] [[Category:Ships built on the River Mersey]] [[Category:Ships of the Blue Star Line]] [[Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II]] [[Category:Shipwrecks of Ireland]] [[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]'