Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|First Lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
| image = Mrs Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room cropped.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room, December 1961
| office = [[First Lady of the United States]]
| president = [[John F. Kennedy]]
| term_start = January 20, 1961
| term_end = November 22, 1963
| predecessor = [[Mamie Eisenhower]]
| successor = [[Lady Bird Johnson]]
| term_label = In role
| birth_name = Jacqueline Lee Bouvier
| blank1 = Other names
| data1 = {{Plain list|
* Jacqueline Kennedy
* Jacqueline Onassis
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|7|28}}
| birth_place = [[Southampton (village), New York|Southampton, New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|5|19|1929|7|28}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York ]], U.S.
| death_cause = <!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability-->
| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[John F. Kennedy]]|1953|1963|end=[[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|died]]}}|{{marriage|[[Aristotle Onassis]]|1968|1975|reason=died}}}}
| partner = [[Maurice Tempelsman]] ([[Cohabitation|cohabited]] 1980–1994)
| children = {{hlist|Arabella|[[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]]|[[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]]|[[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]]}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Socialite
* writer
* photographer
* book editor
}}
| education = {{ubl|[[Vassar College]]|[[George Washington University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[John Vernou Bouvier III]]|[[Janet Lee Bouvier]]}}
| relatives = {{Plain list|
* [[Lee Radziwill|Caroline Lee Bouvier]] (sister)
* [[Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd|Janet Jennings Auchincloss]] (half-sister)
}}
| signature = Jacqueline Kennedy Signature.svg
}}
'''Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis''' ({{née|'''Bouvier'''}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|uː|v|i|eɪ}}; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, photographer, and book editor who served as [[first lady of the United States]] from 1961 to 1963, as the wife of President [[John F. Kennedy]]. A popular first lady, she endeared the American public with her fashion sense, devotion to her family, and dedication to the historic preservation of the [[White House]]. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international fashion icon.<ref name="Craughwell-Varda1999">{{cite book|url={{Google books|Ct_xAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Looking for Jackie: American Fashion Icons|last=Craughwell-Varda|first=Kathleen|date=October 14, 1999|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Hearst Books]]|isbn=978-0-688-16726-4|access-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref>
After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in [[French literature]] from [[George Washington University]] in 1951, Bouvier started working for the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]'' as an inquiring photographer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b8/81/a9/b881a947fca72c742707305836e44c82.jpg |title=Photograph |via=Pinterest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224654/https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b8/81/a9/b881a947fca72c742707305836e44c82.jpg |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |access-date=December 3, 2017 }}</ref> The following year, she met then-[[United States House of Representatives|Congressman]] John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]] that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. They had four children, two of whom [[Kennedy curse|died in infancy]]. Following her husband's [[Election of John F. Kennedy as President of the United States|election to the presidency]] in [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the [[White House]] and emphasis on arts and culture, as well as for her style.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Mimi |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-09-26-jfk-jackie-kennedy-onassis_N.htm |title=Jackie Kennedy Onassis: America's Quintessential Icon of Style and Grace |work=[[USA Today]] |date=September 26, 2010 |access-date=February 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104001600/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-09-26-jfk-jackie-kennedy-onassis_N.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_14.pdf |title=Circa 1961: The Kennedy White House Interiors |first=Elaine Rice |last=Bachmann |work=White House History |quote=The prescience of her words is remarkable given the influence she ultimately had on fashion, interior decoration, and architectural preservation from the early 1960s until her death in 1994. A disappointing visit to the Executive Mansion when she was 11 left a deep impression, one she immediately acted upon when she knew she was to become first lady ... |access-date=February 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175022/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_14.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At age 31, she was the third-youngest first lady of the United States when her husband was inaugurated.
After the assassination and [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|funeral of her husband]] in 1963, Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate [[Aristotle Onassis]], which caused controversy. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a [[editing|book editor]] in New York City, first at [[Viking Press]] and then at [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], and worked to restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in [[American history]], and in 1999, she was listed as one of [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women]] of the 20th century.<ref name="GallupWomen">{{cite web|first1=Frank|last1=Newport|first2=David W.|last2=Moore|first3=Lydia|last3=Saad|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/3415/most-admired-men-women-19481998.aspx|title=Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998|date=December 13, 1999|publisher=Gallup|access-date=August 18, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185350/https://news.gallup.com/poll/3415/most-admired-men-women-19481998.aspx|archive-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> She died in 1994 and was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] alongside President Kennedy.<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgdvbmFzc2lz/ Burial Detail: Onassis, Jacqueline K (Section 45, Grave S-45] – at ANC Explorer.</ref>
== Early life (1929–1951) ==
===Family and childhood===
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at [[Stony Brook Southampton Hospital|Southampton Hospital]] in [[Southampton (village), New York|Southampton, New York]], to [[Wall Street]] stockbroker [[John Vernou Bouvier III|John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III]] and socialite [[Janet Norton Lee]].<ref>Pottker, p. 64.</ref> Her mother was of [[Irish American|Irish]] descent,<ref name=Pottker7 /> and her father had [[French Americans|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] ancestry.<ref name="Flaherty">Flaherty, ch. 1, subsection "Early years".</ref>{{efn|Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of [[Pont-Saint-Esprit]] and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/07/28/jackie-la-cousine-d-amerique|title = Jackie, la cousine d'Amérique}}</ref> Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class, her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier Jr., fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book, ''Our Forebears'', later disproved by the research by her cousin [[John H. Davis (author)|John Hagy Davis]].<ref>{{cite book| last= Davis|first= John H.|title=The Bouviers: Portrait of an American family |year=1995|publisher= National Press Books | isbn = 978-1-882605-19-4 }}</ref>}} Named after her father, she was [[baptized]] at the [[Church of St. Ignatius Loyola]] in [[Manhattan]] and raised in the [[Roman Catholic]] faith.<ref>Spoto, pp. 22, 61.</ref> Her sister, [[Lee Radziwill|Caroline Lee]], was born four years later on March 3, 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/lee-radziwill-died-140400570.html|first=Adam|last=Rathe|title=Lee Radziwill Has Died|publisher=Yahoo!|date=February 16, 2019|access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref>
Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at [[Lasata]], the Bouviers' country estate in [[East Hampton (village), New York|East Hampton]] on [[Long Island]].<ref name=NYTobituary>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0728.html|title=Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|first=Robert D.|last=McFadden|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603223251/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0728.html|archive-date=June 3, 2001|access-date=February 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> She looked up to her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story|last=Leaming|first=Barbara|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2014|location=New York|pages=6–8}}</ref> Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, [[John Vernou Bouvier Jr.]]<ref name=Tracy9>Tracy, pp. 9–10.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-book-jackie-os-lessons/|title=New Book: Jackie O's Lessons|date=April 1, 2004|first=Bootie|last=Cosgrove-Mather|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> From an early age, Jacqueline was an enthusiastic [[Equestrianism|equestrienne]] and successfully competed in the sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion.<ref name=Tracy9/><ref name="Jacqueline">{{cite web|last=Glueckstein |first=Fred |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Equestrienne |url=http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/93017f0de13379e1a77c8b63dfa9554f.pdf |work=Equestrian |date=October 2004 |access-date=September 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427152055/http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/93017f0de13379e1a77c8b63dfa9554f.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2012 }}</ref> She took [[ballet]] lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning foreign languages, including [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Mim|title=Jackie Kennedy's Prowess as a Polygot |work=America the Bilingual |url=https://www.americathebilingual.com/jackie-kennedys-prowess-as-a-polygot/}}</ref> French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing.<ref name="Tracy38">Tracy, p. 38.</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline Bouvier by David Berne, 1935.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Six-year-old Jacqueline Bouvier with her dog in 1935]]
In 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's [[Chapin School (Manhattan)|Chapin School]], where she attended grades 1–7.<ref name="Jacqueline"/><ref>Pottker, p. 74; Spoto, p. 28.</ref> She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".<ref name=jfklibrary>{{cite web|title=Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/Life-of-Jacqueline-B-Kennedy.aspx|work=The [[John F. Kennedy Library]]|access-date=April 6, 2015}}</ref> Her mother attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of classmates and then acting out in boredom.<ref name=Harris540>Harris, pp. 540–541.</ref> Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave.<ref name="Harris540"/>
The marriage of the Bouviers was strained by the father's [[alcoholism]] and [[extramarital affair]]s; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref>Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days"; Pottker, p. 99; Leaming, p. 7.</ref> They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split.<ref>Leaming (2001), p. 5; Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days".</ref> According to her cousin [[John H. Davis (author)|John H. Davis]], Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own."<ref name=NYTobituary/> When their mother married [[Standard Oil]] heir [[Hugh D. Auchincloss|Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr.]], the Bouvier sisters did not attend the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to [[World War II]].<ref name="Tracy17"/> They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss's previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and [[Nina Gore Auchincloss]]. Jacqueline formed the closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants.<ref name=Tracy17>Tracy, p. 17.</ref> The marriage later produced two more children, [[Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd|Janet Jennings Auchincloss]] in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
After the remarriage, Auchincloss's [[Merrywood]] estate in [[McLean, Virginia]], became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, [[Hammersmith Farm]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref>Pottker, p. 114.</ref> Although she retained a relationship with her father, Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure.<ref name=NYTobituary/> He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she otherwise would have never experienced.<ref>Pottker, p. 8.</ref> While adjusting to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time.<ref>Pottker, pp. 100–101.</ref>
After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier attended the [[Holton-Arms School]] in Northwest [[Washington, D.C.]], from 1942 to 1944 and [[Miss Porter's School]] in [[Farmington, Connecticut]], from 1944 to 1947.<ref name=Pottker7>Pottker, p. 7.</ref> She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes.<ref>Spoto, p. 57.</ref> In her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife". She later hired her childhood friend [[Nancy Tuckerman]] to be her [[White House Social Secretary|social secretary]] at the White House.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Rebecca|last=Mead|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/04/11/jackies-juvenilia|title=Jackie's Juvenilia|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature.<ref name=Spoto63>Spoto, p. 63.</ref>
=== College and early career ===
In the fall of 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier entered [[Vassar College]] in [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], at that time a women's institution.<ref>Pottker, pp. 113–114</ref> She had wanted to attend [[Sarah Lawrence College]], closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar.<ref>Pottker, pp. 113–114; Leaming, pp. 10–11.</ref> She was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref name=Spoto67>Spoto, pp. 67–68.</ref> Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for the weekends.<ref>Pottker, p. 116; Leaming, pp. 14–15.</ref> She had made her debut to [[High society (group)|high society]] in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist [[Igor Cassini]] dubbed her the "[[Debutante#United States|debutante]] of the year".<ref>Leaming, pp. 14–15.</ref> She spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the [[University of Grenoble]] in [[Grenoble]], and at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in Paris—in a study-abroad program through [[Smith College]].<ref>Leaming, p. 17.</ref> Upon returning home, she transferred to [[George Washington University]] in Washington, D.C., graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[French literature]] in 1951.<ref name="FirstLadies">{{cite web | title = First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy | url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=36 | work = First Ladies' Biographical Information | access-date = February 21, 2012 }}</ref> During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in [[American history]] at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="FirstLadies" />
While attending George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide.<ref name=prixdeparis>Leaming (2014), pp. 19–21</ref> The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris.<ref name=prixdeparis/> Before beginning the job, she celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer.<ref name=prixdeparis/> The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, ''One Special Summer'', co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings.<ref>{{cite book|title=One Special Summer|location=New York City|publisher=[[Delacorte Press]]|year=1974 | isbn = 978-0-440-06037-6 |last1=Onassis |first1=Jacqueline Kennedy |last2=Radziwill |first2=Lee Bouvier |author-link2=Lee Radziwill}}</ref> On her first day at ''Vogue'', the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer [[Barbara Leaming]], the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. She followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work.<ref name="prixdeparis"/>
Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]'', where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spoto |first1=Donald |title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-312-24650-1 |pages=88–89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_dm1DTx6SMC&q=Frank+Waldrop+Bouvier&pg=PA89}}</ref> A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $25 a week.<ref>Tracy, pp. 72–73.</ref> He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Adam |title=Washington Star Editor Sidney Epstein Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/09/18/washington-star-editor-sidney-epstein-dies/6f06a76f-c654-4d31-97a3-c3aef657360b/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=February 21, 2020 |date=September 18, 2002}}</ref> The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses.<ref name=NYTobituary/> In addition to the random "[[man on the street]]" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old [[Tricia Nixon]]. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father [[Richard Nixon]] was elected to the vice presidency in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]].<ref>Beasley, p. 79; Adler, pp. 20–21.</ref> During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in January 1952.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 25.</ref> After three months, she called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better.<ref name=Spoto89>Spoto, pp. 89–91.</ref><ref>Tracy, p. 70.</ref>
== Marriage to John F. Kennedy ==
{{further|Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier}}
[[File:Toni Frissell, John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier on their wedding day, 1953.jpg|thumb|Senator John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy on their wedding day, September 12, 1953]]
Jacqueline Bouvier and [[U.S. Representative]] [[John F. Kennedy]] belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist [[Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)|Charles L. Bartlett]], at a dinner party in May 1952.<ref name=NYTobituary/> She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad.<ref name=O>O'Brien, pp. 265–266</ref> Kennedy was busy running for the [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952|U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts]]; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the [[coronation of Queen Elizabeth II]] in London for ''The Washington Times-Herald''.<ref name="60facts">{{cite web |title=60 Fascinating Facts About The Queen's Coronation |url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/history-blogs/coronationfacts-8604/ |website=Royal Central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717051556/https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/history-blogs/coronationfacts-8604/ |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper.<ref>Harris, pp. 548–549.</ref> Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. She was 24 and he was 36.<ref name="NYTEngagement">{{cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/25/issue.html |title=Senator Kennedy to marry in fall|date=June 25, 1953|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=31|access-date=November 29, 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Alam, p. 8.</ref>
Bouvier and Kennedy married on September 12, 1953, at [[St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], in a [[Mass (Catholic Church)|mass]] celebrated by Boston's Archbishop [[Richard Cushing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JKO-Fast-Facts/Wedding-Details.aspx |website=jfklibrary.org|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref> The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at [[Hammersmith Farm]].<ref>[http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK+Library+and+Museum/News+and+Press/Special+Exhibit+Celebrates+50th+Anniversary+of+the+Wedding+of+Jacqueline+Bouvier+and+John+F+Kennedy.htm jfklibrary.org], Special Exhibit Celebrates 50th Anniversary of the Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy.</ref> The [[Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier|wedding dress]] was designed by [[Ann Lowe]] of New York City, and is now housed in the [[Kennedy Library]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts. The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reed Miller |first=Rosemary E. |title=The Threads of Time|year=2007 | isbn = 978-0-9709713-0-2 }}</ref>
[[File:John F. Kennedy after spinal surgery cph.3c33052.jpg|left|upright|The Kennedys after John's spinal surgery, December 1954|thumb]]
The newlyweds honeymooned in [[Acapulco]], Mexico, before settling in their new home, [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite book| author = Smith, Sally Bedell |title=Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House| url = https://archive.org/details/gracepowerprivat00smit | url-access = registration |year=2004 | isbn = 978-0-375-50449-5 |author-link= Sally Bedell Smith}}</ref> Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her parents-in-law, [[Joseph Kennedy|Joseph]] and [[Rose Kennedy]].<ref name=OBrien295>O'Brien, pp. 295–296.</ref><ref name=Mrs.Kennedy31>Leaming (2001), pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/05/13/finding_her_way_in_the_clan/?page=full |title=Finding her way in the clan Diaries, letters reveal a more complex Kennedy matriarch|date=May 13, 2007|newspaper=Boston Globe|first=Kevin|last=Gullen}}</ref> In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John Kennedy suffered from [[Addison's disease]] and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation.<ref name="Dallek">Dallek, Robert. ''An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963''. Back Bay Books, pp. 99–106, 113, 195–197 (2004).</ref> Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a [[miscarriage]] in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella.<ref name="Reference1A">{{cite magazine|title=Big Year for the Clan|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 26, 1963}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1956/08/24/archives/mrs-kennedy-loses-her-baby.html |title=Mrs. Kennedy Loses Her Baby|date=August 24, 1956|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], who occupied it with his wife [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel]] and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in [[Georgetown, Washington, DC|Georgetown]].<ref name=Pottker7 /> The Kennedys also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in [[Boston]], their permanent [[Massachusetts]] residence during John's congressional career.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan |last=Thompson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/boston/articles/john-f-kennedy-boston-trail/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/boston/articles/john-f-kennedy-boston-trail/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Boston: A tour of the city that JFK called home |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=May 29, 2017 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rob |last=Bear |url=https://www.curbed.com/maps/on-his-birthday-mapping-john-f-kennedys-many-homes |title=On His Birthday, Mapping John F. Kennedy's Many Homes |work=Curbed |date=May 29, 2013 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref>
Kennedy gave birth to daughter [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] on November 27, 1957.<ref name="Reference1A" /> At the time, she and her husband were campaigning for his re-election to the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958, issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 90.</ref>{{efn|At first she had opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but she hađ changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that John would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her.<ref>Heymann, p. 61.</ref>}}{{which|date=July 2018}} They traveled together during the campaign as part of their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had characterized the first five years of their marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value that his wife added to his congressional campaign. [[Kenneth O'Donnell]] remembered that "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose however observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention.<ref>Spoto, pp. 142–144.</ref> In November 1958, John was reelected to a second term. He credited Jacqueline's visibility in the ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory, and he called her "simply invaluable".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iagreetosee.com/portfolio/jackie-kennedys-campaign-ad-appearance-1960-presidential-election/ |title=Jackie Kennedy's Campaign Ad Appearance, before the 1960 Presidential Election|publisher=iagreetosee.com}}</ref><ref>Hunt and Batcher, p. 167.</ref>
In July 1959, the historian [[Arthur M. Schlesinger]] visited the [[Kennedy Compound]] in [[Hyannis Port]] and had his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment".<ref>Schlesinger (1978), p. 17.</ref> That year, John Kennedy traveled to 14 states, but Jacqueline took long breaks from the trips so she could spend time with their daughter, Caroline. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned for the following year.<ref>Spoto, p. 146.</ref> In particular, she traveled to [[Louisiana]] to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chelsea|last=Brasted|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/11/jfk_owes_credit_to_louisiana_f.html |title=JFK owes credit to Louisiana for winning 1960 presidential election|date=November 18, 2013|work=The Times-Picayune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122032516/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/11/jfk_owes_credit_to_louisiana_f.html |archive-date=November 22, 2013|access-date=February 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
== First Lady of the United States (1961–1963) ==
=== Campaign for presidency ===
[[File:Jfk-appleton.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy with her husband as he campaigns for the presidency in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], March 1960]]
On January 3, 1960, John F. Kennedy was a United States senator from Massachusetts when he announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners.<ref>Spoto, p. 152.</ref> Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown.<ref>Beasley, p. 72.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Molly Meijer|last=Wertheime|title=Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century|year=2004}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, ''Campaign Wife'', answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.<ref name=jfklibrary/>
Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|last1=Mulvagh|first1=Jane|work=The Independent|date=May 20, 1994|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-1437396.html}}</ref> On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world.<ref name=Beasleyfashion>Beasley, pp. 72–76.</ref> On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press.<ref name=Beasleyfashion/> In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices.<ref name=Beasleyfashion/>
On July 13 at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for president. Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.<ref name=Spoto155>Spoto, pp. 155–157.</ref> She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate [[Richard Nixon]], who was the incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.<ref>Schlesinger, p. 69.</ref>{{which|date=June 2022}} On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on ''[[Person to Person]]'', interviewed by [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]].<ref name=Spoto155/>
=== As first lady ===
[[File:JBKJFKMalraux.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy, [[André Malraux|André]] and Marie-Madeleine Malraux, [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon B.]] and [[Lady Bird Johnson]] prior to a dinner, May 1962. Jacqueline Kennedy is wearing a gown designed by [[Oleg Cassini]]<ref>Cassini, p. 153.</ref>]]
[[File:White House Dinner in honor of President of Tunisia. President Habib Bourguiba, Mrs. Bourguiba, Mrs. Kennedy... - NARA - 194199.jpg|thumb|right|upright|With Tunisian Prime Minister [[Habib Bourguiba]]]]
On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1960 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].<ref name=jfklibrary/> A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]<ref name=jfklibrary/> She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.<ref>Spoto, p. 164.</ref>
Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961.<ref name=jfklibrary/> She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at [[Middleburg, Virginia|Middleburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://househistree.com/houses/glen-ora|title=The Story of the Glen Ora Estate|website=HouseHistree.com | access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian [[Gil Troy]] has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".<ref name="Beasley, p. 76">Beasley, p. 76.</ref> The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer [[Oleg Cassini]] to design her wardrobe.<ref>Beasley, pp. 73– 74.</ref> She was the first presidential wife to hire a [[press secretary]], [[Pamela Turnure]], and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.<ref name="firstladies1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstladies.org/facinatingfacts.aspx |title=Little-known facts about our First Ladies |publisher=Firstladies.org |access-date=July 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name=bimage>Beasley, pp. 78–83.</ref> The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".<ref name=bimage/> Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its [[Cold War]] policies.<ref>Schwalbe, pp. 111–127.</ref>
Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Jacqueline-Kennedy-in-the-White-House.aspx|title=Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House|publisher= The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/essays/kennedy-1961-firstlady |title=Jacqueline Kennedy — First Lady |publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] |access-date=April 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406083214/http://millercenter.org/president/essays/kennedy-1961-firstlady |archive-date=April 6, 2016 }}</ref> The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/><ref name=miller/> One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] and the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], established during Johnson's tenure.<ref name=miller/>
==== White House restoration ====
[[File:Charles Collingwood murrow27s boys.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy with [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]] of [[CBS News]] during [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|their televised tour]] of the restored [[White House]] in 1962]]
Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady [[Mamie Eisenhower]] shortly before her husband's inauguration.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator [[Sister Parish]]. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert [[Henry Francis du Pont|Henry du Pont]].<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> Working with [[Rachel Lambert Mellon]], Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the [[White House Rose Garden|Rose Garden]] and the East Garden, which was renamed the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]] after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in [[President's Park|Lafayette Square]] in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/>
[[File:1962 White House Christmas Tree - John and Jacqueline Kennedy 1.jpg|right|thumb|John and Jacqueline Kennedy at Christmas 1961]]
Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428919/Jacqueline-Kennedy-Onassis|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=August 10, 2012}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the [[White House Historical Association]], the [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]], the position of a permanent [[Curator of the White House]], the [[White House Endowment Trust]], and the [[White House Acquisition Trust]].<ref name="DesigningCamelot" /> She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.<ref name="firstladies1"/>
On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of [[CBS News]], took American television viewers [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|on a tour of the White House]]. In the tour, she stated that "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."<ref name="DesigningCamelot">{{cite book|author1=Abbott, James |author2=Rice, Elaine |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration|publisher= Thomson |year=1997 | isbn = 978-0-442-02532-8 }}</ref> The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] Trustees Award for it at the [[Emmy Awards]] in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by [[Lady Bird Johnson]]. Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy.<ref name="firstladies1"/>
{{clear}}
==== Foreign trips ====
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi]]
Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.<ref name="FirstLadies"/> Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.<ref name="Beasley, p. 76"/> Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman, Sidey and Baldrige, pp. 73–74.</ref> At the conclusion of the visit, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"<ref name="Time060961">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938093,00.html|title=Nation: La Presidente|date=June 9, 1961|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=June 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204204752/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938093,00.html|archive-date=February 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/03/archives/just-an-escort-kennedy-jokes-as-wifes-charm-enchants-paris-first.html|title=Just an Escort, Kennedy Jokes As Wife's Charm Enchants Paris; First Lady Wins Bouquets From Press – She Also Has Brief Chance to Visit Museum and Admire Manet|last=Blair|first=W. Grainger|date=June 3, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>
From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."<ref>{{cite book|author=Perry, Barbara A.|title=Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7006-1343-4|url=https://archive.org/details/jacquelinekenned00perr}}</ref> Khrushchev later sent her a puppy; the animal was significant for being the offspring of [[Soviet space dogs|Strelka]], the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.<ref>Meagher and Gragg, p. 83.</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at the Taj Mahal, 15 March 1962.jpg|thumb|Kennedy at the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, [[India]], March 1962]]
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2011/03/jackie-kennedy-adopts-sardar-march-23-1962-051743|title=Jackie Kennedy adopts Sardar, March 23, 1962|first=Andrew|last=Glass|date=March 23, 2011|work=Politico}}</ref> ''Life'' magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] attracted when they had previously visited these countries.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/03/this-day-in-politics-march-12-1962-115982|title=Jacqueline Kennedy begins South Asia trip, March 12, 1962|first=Andrew|last=Glass|date=March 12, 2015|work=Politico}}</ref> In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including [[Afghanistan]], Austria, Canada,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EFDC103DE733A2575BC1A9639C946091D6CF|title=Ottawa Reacts to Mrs. Kennedy With 'Special Glow of Warmth'; Prime Minister Hails Her at Parliament – Crowds Cheer Her at Horse Show and During Visit to Art Gallery|last=Long|first=Tania|date=May 1, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> [[Colombia]], United Kingdom, [[Greece]], [[Italy]], Mexico,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2015/03/24/2003614311|title=Pioneering aide to Jacqueline Kennedy dies|date=March 24, 2015|newspaper=Taipei Times}}</ref> [[Morocco]], [[Turkey]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="FirstLadies"/> Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Rabe|title=The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America|date=1999|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=0-8078-4764-X|page=[https://books.google.no/books?id=hVhuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref>
==== Death of infant son ====
{{main|Patrick Bouvier Kennedy}}
In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on [[Cape Cod|Cape Cod, Massachusetts]]. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]], via emergency Caesarean section at nearby [[Otis Air Force Base]]. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to [[Boston Children's Hospital]], where he died of [[hyaline membrane disease]] two days after birth.<ref>{{cite book | author = Beschloss, Michael. | title = Historical Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4013-2425-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/jacquelinekenned00jacq }}</ref><ref>Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-446-52426-1}}</ref> Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.<ref name=VanityFair>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2013/07/icebergs-jfk-jackie-death-patrick |first=Thurston|last=Clarke|title=A Death in the First Family|date=July 1, 2013|magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>
The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death<ref name=Levingston2013 /> and proceeded to enter a state of [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name=Leaming120>Leaming (2014), pp. 120–122.</ref> However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.<ref name=Levingston2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/for-john-and-jackie-kennedy-the-death-of-a-son-may-have-brought-them-closer/2013/10/24/2506051e-369b-11e3-ae46-e4248e75c8ea_story.html|title=For John and Jackie Kennedy, the death of a son may have brought them closer|date=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Steven|last=Levingston|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".<ref>Schlesinger, p. xiv</ref>{{which|date=June 2022}} Jacqueline Kennedy's friend [[Aristotle Onassis]] was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".<ref name=Leaming120/>
== Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy ==
{{main|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|State funeral of John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy autopsy}}
[[File:John F. Kennedy motorcade, Dallas crop.png|thumb|right|The President and First Lady in the rear seat of the [[Presidential State Car (United States)|presidential limousine]] minutes before the assassination]]
On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 123.</ref> After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on [[VC-137C SAM 26000|Air Force One]] from Fort Worth's [[Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth|Carswell Air Force Base]] to Dallas's [[Dallas Love Field|Love Field]], accompanied by Texas Governor [[John Connally]] and his wife [[Nellie Connally|Nellie]].<ref name="Bugliosi">Bugliosi, pp. 30, 34.</ref> The First Lady was wearing a [[Kennedy pink Chanel suit|bright pink Chanel suit]] and a [[pillbox hat]],<ref name="Craughwell-Varda1999" /><ref name="FordMitchell2004">{{cite book|url={{Google books|Jmz__lna90kC|page=PA149|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Makeover in Movies: Before and After in Hollywood Films, 1941–2002|last1=Ford|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Mitchell|first2=Deborah C.|date=March 2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1721-6|page=149|access-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.<ref>Alam, p. 36.</ref> A {{convert|9.5|mi|km|adj=on}} [[motorcade]] was to take them to the [[Dallas Market Center|Trade Mart]], where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the [[SS-100-X|presidential limousine]], with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in [[Dealey Plaza]], the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle [[Back-fire|backfiring]]. She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[Clint Hill (Secret Service)|Clint Hill]] later told the [[Warren Commission]] that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off.<ref name="cjhill">{{cite web|title=Testimony of Clinton J. Hill, Special Agent, Secret Service |url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0070b.htm|work=Warren Commission Hearings |volume=II|publisher=Assassination Archives and Research Center|access-date=November 26, 2012|pages=132–144}}</ref> Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, [[Associated Press]] photographer [[Ike Altgens]] snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.<ref name=PotP>Trask, p. 318.</ref> She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".<ref>{{cite web |title=Warren Commission Hearings |volume=V (Testimony of Mrs. John F. Kennedy) |year=1964 |page=180 |url=http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=40&relPageId=190 |publisher=Mary Ferrell Foundation}}</ref>
[[File:Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|thumb|Kennedy, still wearing her blood-stained [[Kennedy pink Chanel suit|pink Chanel suit]], stands alongside Lyndon B. Johnson as he takes the presidential oath of office administered by [[Sarah T. Hughes|Sarah Hughes]] aboard [[Air Force One]]]]
The President was rushed for the {{convert|3.8|mi|km|adj=on}} trip to [[Parkland Hospital]]. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.<ref name="Manchester">{{cite book|author = Manchester, William |title=Death of a President|url = https://archive.org/details/deathofpresident00manc |url-access = registration |year=1967|location= New York City|publisher= [[Harper & Row]] | isbn = 978-0-88365-956-4 |author-link= William Manchester}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2015}} President Kennedy never regained consciousness.
He died not long after, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/ladybird/epicenter/epicenter_doc_diary.html | title= Selections from Lady Bird's Diary on the assassination: November 22, 1963 | work=Lady Bird Johnson: Portrait of a First Lady | publisher= [[PBS]]| access-date= March 1, 2008}}</ref> She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband's assassination, and was donated to the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] in 1964. Under the terms of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, the suit will not be placed on public display before 2103.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kettler |first1=Sara |title=Why Jacqueline Kennedy Didn't Take Off Her Pink Suit After JFK Was Assassinated |url=https://www.biography.com/news/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination |work=Biography |date=April 12, 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Smart Pink Suit, Preserved in Memory">{{cite news|last1=Horyn|first1=Cathy|title=Jacqueline Kennedy's Smart Pink Suit, Preserved in Memory and Kept Out of View|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/fashion/jacqueline-kennedys-smart-pink-suit-preserved-in-memory-and-kept-out-of-view.html|url-access=limited|access-date=December 26, 2014|work=The New York Times|date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.<ref name="caro">Caro, p. 329.</ref>
[[File:JFK's family leaves Capitol after his funeral, 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Family members depart the [[U.S. Capitol]] after a lying-in-state service for the President, November 24, 1963]]
Kennedy took an active role in planning [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|her husband's state funeral]], modeling it after [[Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln]]'s service.<ref name=Campbell/> She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.<ref>Hilty, p. 484.</ref> The funeral service was held at the [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. [[Lady Jeanne Campbell]] reported back to the London ''[[Evening Standard]]'': "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."<ref name=Campbell>{{cite news|title=Magic Majesty of Mrs. Kennedy|date=November 25, 1963|author = Campbell, Lady Jeanne|newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]]|location=London|page=1|author-link= Jeanne Campbell}}</ref>
A week after the assassination,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26032 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson: "Executive Order 11130 – Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |work=The American Presidency Project |publisher=University of California – Santa Barbara}}</ref> new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an [[executive order]] that established the [[Warren Commission]]—led by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Earl Warren]]—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/29/archives/in-the-nation-the-unsolved-mysteries-of-motive.html|title=In The Nation; The Unsolved Mysteries of Motive|work=The New York Times|date=September 29, 1964|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref> Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/society/2014/10/jacqueline-kennedy-jfk-assassination-depression|title=The Winter of Her Despair|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Barbara|last=Leaming|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission.{{efn|There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, [[Earl Warren]] in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while [[John J. McCloy]] outright opposed such an inquiry. Future president [[Gerald Ford]], who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate.<ref name="White"/> With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Kennedy at her apartment.<ref name=White>White (1987), p. 203.</ref><ref>Leaming (2014), p. 171.</ref>}} Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Kennedy stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, [[Clint Hill (Secret Service)|Clint Hill]], who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.
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== Life following the assassination (1963–1975) ==
===Mourning period and later public appearances===
{{quote box
|quote=Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot.
There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=T1IEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA158 ''An Epilogue''], in ''Life'', Dec 6, 1963, pp. 158–159.</ref>
|source= —Jackie describing the years of her husband's presidency for ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''
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On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in [[Hyannis Port]] by [[Theodore H. White]] of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>Spoto, pp. 233–234.</ref> In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to [[King Arthur]]'s mythical [[Camelot]], commenting that the President often played the title song of [[Lerner and Loewe]]'s musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted [[Queen Guinevere]] from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]] |date=December 6, 1963|volume=55|issue=23 |issn=0024-3019|title=For President Kennedy, an Epilogue| author = White, Theodore H.|author-link= Theodore H. White}}</ref> The era of the [[Kennedy administration]] has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with [[Robert Dallek]] stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."<ref>Tomlin, p. 295.</ref>
Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.<ref name="nyt12071963">{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/12/07/89986491.pdf|title=Mrs. Kennedy is in new home; declines 3-acre Arlington plot|last=Hunter|first=Marjorie|date=December 7, 1963|work=The New York Times|pages=1, 13|access-date=April 13, 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie," President Johnson offered an [[U.S. Ambassador to France|ambassadorship to France]] to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to [[U.S. Ambassador to Mexico|Mexico]] and the [[U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain|United Kingdom]]. At her request, Johnson renamed the [[Florida]] space center the [[John F. Kennedy Space Center]] a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.<ref>Andersen, pp. 55–56.</ref>
Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. It has been speculated that she may have been suffering from undiagnosed [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] due to intrusive flashbacks.<ref name="NYTobituary" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Rachel |last=Brody |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2015/01/22/jackie-kennedy-may-have-had-ptsd-after-jfks-death |title=A Private Trauma in the Public Eye |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=January 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story |last=Leaming |first=Barbara |date=October 28, 2014 |isbn=978-1-250-01764-2 }}</ref><ref name="Adler" /> In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at [[Averell Harriman]]'s home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination, and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.<ref name=Spoto239 /> She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at [[1040 Fifth Avenue]] in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abagond.wordpress.com/2008/08/27/1040-fifth-avenue-where-jackie-o-lived/ |title=1040 Fifth Avenue: Where Jackie O. lived |work=Abagond |date=August 27, 2008 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy|author=Heymann, Clemens David|isbn=978-0-7434-9738-1|date=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sweet Caroline: Last Child of Camelot|url=https://archive.org/details/sweetcarolinelas00ande|url-access=registration| author = Andersen, Christopher P. |year=2003|publisher=William Morrow| isbn = 978-0-06-103225-7 }}</ref>
In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.{{efn|In May 1965, she, Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at [[Runnymede]], England, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to JFK. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where [[John, King of England|King John]] had signed the [[Magna Carta]] in 1215.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3915.html|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|work=u-s-history.com}}</ref> In 1967, she attended the christening of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CV-67}}<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Za6sMz-bk_g Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140212225443/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za6sMz-bk_g&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=May 27, 1967 – Jacqueline, Caroline and John at the christening of the U.S.S. John F. Kennedy|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za6sMz-bk_g|via=YouTube|access-date=November 15, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near [[New Ross]], Ireland. She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jfks-body-moved-to-permanent-gravesite|publisher=HISTORY.com|title=JFK's body moved to permanent gravesite}}</ref>}} She also oversaw the establishment of the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.<ref>Tracy, p. 180.</ref> Designed by architect [[I.M. Pei]], it is situated next to the [[University of Massachusetts]] campus in Boston.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Despite having commissioned [[William Manchester]]'s authorized account of President Kennedy's death, ''[[The Death of a President]]'', Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication.<ref>Mills, p. 363.</ref><ref>Schlesinger, Vol 2., p. 762.</ref><ref>White, pp. 98–99.</ref> They sued publishers [[Harper & Row]] in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
During the [[Vietnam War]] in November 1967, ''Life'' magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and [[David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech|David Ormsby-Gore]], former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of [[Angkor Wat]] with Chief of State [[Norodom Sihanouk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devata.org/2010/01/angkor-wat-dreams-jacqueline-kennedys-1967-visit-to-cambodia/ |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Visits Angkor Wat |date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=Devata.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324002740/http://www.devata.org/2010/01/angkor-wat-dreams-jacqueline-kennedys-1967-visit-to-cambodia/ |archive-date=March 24, 2010 }} November 1967.</ref><ref name=Alam32>Alam, p. 32.</ref> According to historian [[Milton Osborne]], her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/jacqueline-kennedys-charm-offensive|title=Jacqueline Kennedy's charm offensive|date=March 21, 2015|first=Harriet Fitch|last=Little|work=The Phnom Penh Post}}</ref> She also attended the [[funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr.]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.<ref>Leaming (2014), pp. 237–238.</ref>
=== Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy ===
After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law [[Robert F. Kennedy]]; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.<ref>Thomas, p. 91.</ref> He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.<ref>Hersh, p. 85.</ref> In the aftermath of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.<ref name=Spoto239>Spoto, pp. 239–240.</ref> He credited her with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York.<ref>Tracy, p. 194.</ref>
The January 1968 [[Tet offensive]] in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When [[Art Buchwald]] asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".<ref name="FlyntEisenbach"/><ref>Heymann, p. 141.</ref> She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him to not follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.<ref>Thomas, p. 361.</ref> She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.<ref name=FlyntEisenbach>Flynt and Eisenbach, p. 216.</ref> Despite her concerns, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,<ref>Ford, p. 273.</ref> and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.<ref name=FlyntEisenbach/>
Just after midnight [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]] on June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named [[Sirhan Sirhan]] [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|mortally wounded]] Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.<ref name="NYTjune61968">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/05/archives/kennedy-claims-victory-and-then-shots-ring-out.html|title=Kennedy claims victory; and then shots ring out|last=Morriss|first=John G.|date=June 6, 1968|work=The New York Times|page=1|access-date=December 29, 2015}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to [[Los Angeles]] to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law [[Ted Kennedy|Ted]], and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.<ref name="NYTsirhan">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0605.html|title=Kennedy is Dead, Victim of Assassin; Suspect, Arab Immigrant, Arraigned; Johnson Appoints Panel on Violence|last=Hill|first=Gladwin|date=June 6, 1968|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126172532/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0605.html|archive-date=January 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Marriage to Aristotle Onassis ===
After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.<ref>Pottker, p. 257.</ref> She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country".<ref name="jfkjr">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html|title=John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty| author = Seely, Katherine|date=July 19, 1999|work=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=November 8, 2009}}</ref>
On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend [[Aristotle Onassis]], a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.<ref name="jfkjr" /> The wedding took place on [[Skorpios]], Onassis's private Greek island in the [[Ionian Sea]].<ref>Spoto, p. 266.</ref> After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife [[Athina Livanos]] was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be [[excommunicated]] by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by [[Boston's archbishop]], Cardinal [[Richard Cushing]], as "nonsense".<ref>{{cite news|title=Cardinal Claims Excommunication Idea 'Nonsense,' in Talk about Jackie Kennedy |date=October 23, 1968 |work=The Southeast Missourian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19681023&id=MM5QAAAAIBAJ&pg=4712,2143422 |via=Google News}}</ref> She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Roman Catholics: The Cardinal and Jackie| url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839610,00.html| magazine=Time|access-date=May 12, 2014|date=November 1, 1968}}</ref> and became the target of [[paparazzi]] who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".<ref>Tracy, p. 211.</ref>
In 1968, billionaire heiress [[Doris Duke]], with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the [[Newport Restoration Foundation]]. Onassis publicly championed the foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Colacello|first=Bob|date=March 1994|title=Doris Duke's Final Mystery|url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/share/8e9a9c8a-592e-413c-b470-46346122c32a|access-date=September 5, 2020|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Duke, Doris {{!}} Learning to Give|url=https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/duke-doris|access-date=September 5, 2020|website=Learning to Give}}</ref>
During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her 15-room [[1040 Fifth Avenue|Fifth Avenue apartment]] in Manhattan, her horse farm in [[Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Valerie |title=Peapack a Refuge For Mrs. Onassis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/25/archives/peapack-a-refuge-for-mrs-onassis-pattern-of-activity.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 25, 1973}}</ref> his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht ''[[Christina O]]''. Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.<ref>Heymann, p. 90.</ref> She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.<ref>Hersh, p. 512.</ref>
Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son [[Alexander Onassis|Alexander]] in a plane crash in 1973.<ref>Spoto, p. 282</ref> He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from [[Christina Onassis]]—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.<ref>Tracy, p. 232.</ref>
==Later years (1975–1990s)==
[[File:Reagans with Jackie Kennedy.jpg|thumb|Onassis in 1985 with the president and first lady, [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald]] and [[Nancy Reagan]]]]
[[File:Hillary Rodham Clinton and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.jpg|thumb|right|Onassis with [[Hillary Clinton]] in 1993]]
After the death of her second husband, Onassis returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, [[Martha's Vineyard]], and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at [[Viking Press]], a position that she held for two years.{{efn|Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was ''John F. Kennedy, President,'' by [[Hugh Sidey]], which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped [[Ted Sorensen]] with his book ''Kennedy''. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Onassis the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful, and she provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir ''Counselor'', as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me".<ref>Lawrence, pp. 13–14.</ref>}}
After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Onassis attended the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]] and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery.<ref>Sabato, p. 324</ref><ref>Reeves, pp. 124–127.</ref> She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after [[John Leonard (critic)|John Leonard]] of ''The New York Times'' stated that she held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the [[Jeffrey Archer]] novel ''[[Shall We Tell the President?]]'', set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him.<ref name="carmody19771015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/15/archives/mrs-onassis-resigns-editing-post-mrs-onassis-resigns-editing-post.html |title=Mrs. Onassis Resigns Editing Post |last=Carmody |first=Deirdre |date=October 15, 1977 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 28, 2019 |page=1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Silverman, pp. 71–72.</ref> Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at [[Faneuil Hall]] in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president [[Jimmy Carter]] for the Democratic nomination for president.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 292.</ref> She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful.<ref>Lawrence, p. 95.</ref>
Following her resignation from Viking Press, Onassis was hired by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, [[John Turner Sargent, Sr.]] Among the books she edited for the company are [[Larry Gonick]]'s ''[[The Cartoon History of the Universe]]'',<ref>Spoto, p. 319.</ref> the English translation of the three volumes of [[Naghib Mahfuz]]'s ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'' (with Martha Levin),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/findingaids/lilly/InU-Li-VAA1274|title=Hutchins mss., 1972–1999|publisher=Indiana University}}</ref> and autobiographies of ballerina [[Gelsey Kirkland]],<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/fashion/02JACKIE.html|title=Once an Editor, Now the Subject|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> singer-songwriter [[Carly Simon]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jackie O.: A Life in Books|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Jacqueline-Kennedys-Literary-Life|publisher=oprah.com|access-date=January 11, 2015}}</ref> and fashion icon [[Diana Vreeland]].<ref name="nytimes.com"/> She also encouraged [[Dorothy West]], her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the [[Harlem Renaissance]], to complete the novel ''The Wedding'' (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S.
In addition to her work as an editor, Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save [[Grand Central Terminal]] from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan.<ref name="Adler" /> A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at [[Columbus Circle]] that would have cast large shadows on Central Park;<ref name="Adler">{{cite book|title=The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis – A Portrait in Her Own Words|volume=1| author = Adler, Bill |date=April 13, 2004| isbn = 978-0-06-073282-0 }}</ref> the project was cancelled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the [[Time Warner Center]], was completed in 2003. Her notable historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save [[Olana State Historic Site|Olana]], the home of [[Frederic Edwin Church]] in upstate New York.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schuyler|first=David|title=Frederic Church's Olana on the Hudson: Art, Landscape, and Architecture|publisher=Rizzoli International Publications/The Olana Partnership|year=2018|isbn=978-0-8478-6311-2|location=Hudson, New York|page=193}}</ref>
Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-23/news/8902270699_1_mrs-onassis-wampanoag-indians-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|title=Jackie Sues Indians In Martha's Vineyard Over A Beach|date=January 23, 1989|newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> especially from the paparazzi photographer [[Ron Galella]], who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iFlLKoBOT4I Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109041752/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFlLKoBOT4I&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFlLKoBOT4I |title=1040 Fifth Avenue: Jackie O's Unusual New York City Neighbor |magazine=Vanity Fair |via=YouTube |date=October 16, 2013 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/32885?locale=en |title=Ron Galella |publisher=Museum of Modern Art |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref> She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/nyregion/02folo.html|work= [[The New York Times]]|title=Ambush Photographer Leaves the Bushes|date=January 2, 2005| author = Fried, Joseph|archivedate=May 29, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529170116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/nyregion/ambush-photographer-leaves-the-bushes.html}}</ref> From 1980 until her death, Onassis maintained a close relationship with [[Maurice Tempelsman]], a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
In the early 1990s, Onassis supported [[Bill Clinton]] and contributed money to his presidential campaign.<ref name="LH135"/> Following the election, she met with First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] and advised her on raising a child in the White House.<ref name="NewYorker10132003">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/10/13/the-student|title=The Student: How Hillary Clinton set out to master the Senate|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|date=October 13, 2003|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> In her memoir ''[[Living History (book)|Living History]]'', Clinton wrote that Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".<ref name="LH135">Clinton, pp. 135–138.</ref> Democratic consultant [[Ann Lewis]] observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past".<ref name="SeattleTimes93">{{cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930825&slug=1717693|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reaches Out To President Clinton – She Ends Long Political Isolation|date=August 25, 1993|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|first=Kathy|last=Lewis}}</ref>
== Illness, death and funeral ==
[[File:OnassisGrave.jpg|thumb|Onassis's grave at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]]]
In November 1993, Onassis was thrown from her horse while participating in a [[fox hunt]] in [[Middleburg, Virginia]], and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen [[lymph node]] was discovered in her [[groin]], which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection.<ref name=death>Leaming (2014), pp. 308–309.</ref> The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/fall-while-foxhunting-marks-beginning-end-jackie-o-2D80555947|work=Today|title=A fall while foxhunting marks the beginning of the end of Jackie O|date=April 13, 2004|access-date=December 3, 2017}}</ref> In December, Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], a blood cancer.<ref name=death/><ref name=nytdeath>{{cite news| last = Altman| first = Lawrence K.| title = Death of a first lady; No More Could Be Done, Mrs. Kennedy-Onassis Was Told|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/us/death-of-a-first-lady-no-more-could-be-done-mrs-onassis-was-told.html |date=May 20, 1994 |access-date=June 24, 2011| work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She began [[chemotherapy]] in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis, stating that the initial prognosis was good.<ref name=death/> She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain, and by May to her liver and was deemed terminal.<ref name=death/><ref name=nytdeath/> Onassis made her last trip home from [[New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center]] on May 18, 1994.<ref name=death/><ref name=nytdeath/> The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64, with her children by her side.<ref name=nytdeath/> In the morning, her son John F. Kennedy Jr. announced his mother's death to the press, stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "she did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XvqOCSRH4-E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190428102657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvqOCSRH4-E Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvqOCSRH4-E|title=JFK Jr. speaks to the press outside of ...|via=YouTube|access-date=December 20, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the [[Church of St. Ignatius Loyola]]—the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|confirmed]] as a teenager—and asked for no cameras to film the event, for privacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/us/death-of-a-first-lady-the-overview-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-is-buried.html|page=A1|title = Death of a First Lady: The Overview; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Is Buried|date=May 24, 1994| last = Apple, Jr.|first= R. W.| work = [[The New York Times]]|author-link= R. W. Apple, Jr.}}</ref><ref>Spoto, p. 22.</ref> She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella.<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref name=death/> President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service.<ref name="nytburial">{{cite news |last1=Horvitz |first1=Paul F. |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Laid to Rest at Eternal Flame |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/news/24iht-subjackie.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902185306/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/news/24iht-subjackie.html |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |date=May 24, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. |title=On This Day – Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0728.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 8, 2020 |date=May 20, 1994}}</ref> She left an estate that its executors valued at $43.7 million.<ref>{{cite news |title =Mrs. Onassis's Estate Worth Less Than Estimated| work = The New York Times |date = December 21, 1996|url =https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/21/nyregion/mrs-onassis-s-estate-worth-less-than-estimated.html|access-date = April 11, 2016 |first=David Cay |last=Johnston}}</ref>
== Legacy ==
=== Popularity ===
[[File:Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy.gif|thumb|upright|Official portrait of Jackie at the White House. Her [[pleated linen]] dress was designed by Irish fashion designer [[Sybil Connolly]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tierney|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17308697|title=Great fashion designs of the fifties : paper dolls in full color : 30 haute couture costumes by Dior, Balenciaga and others|date=1985|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-24960-3|location=New York|oclc=17308697}}</ref>]]
Jacqueline Kennedy's marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/obituaries/death-of-a-first-lady-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-dies-of-cancer-at-64.html |access-date=February 4, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=May 20, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=Kelsey |title=From Saint to Sinner and Back Again: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Rehabilitates Her Image |journal=Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II |date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=Article 9 |pages=70–86 |url=https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=historical-perspectives |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis's trophy wife,<ref>Swanson, p. 78.</ref> in contrast to "the shy, selfless, and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect" as First Lady,<ref>Swanson p. 76.</ref> led the press to portray her as "a spendthrift and a reckless woman".<ref>Swanson p. 75.</ref>
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis took conscious control of her public image and, by the time of her death, succeeded in rehabilitating it.<ref>Swanson, p. 71.</ref> By moving back to New York City after Onassis's death, working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday, focusing on her children and grandchildren, and participating in charitable causes, she reversed her "reckless spendthrift" image.<ref>Swanson, pp. 80–82.</ref> She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the [[John F. Kennedy Library and Museum]].<ref>Swanson, pp. 84–85.</ref>
She remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is superseded by only [[Billy Graham]] and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. president.<ref name=NationalGeographic>{{cite news|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/killing-kennedy/articles/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy/|title=Jackie Kennedy's Enduring Spell|date=October 15, 2013|publisher=National Geographic Channel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125045820/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/killing-kennedy/articles/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy/|archive-date=January 25, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society".<ref>{{cite web|first=Bill|last=Holland|url=http://listosaur.com/politics/5-most-influential-first-ladies-of-the-20th-century/|title=5 Most Influential First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=Listosaur.com|date=March 14, 2011|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509081720/http://listosaur.com/politics/5-most-influential-first-ladies-of-the-20th-century/|archive-date=May 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/02/15/survey-the-best-of-the-first-ladies/ | title=Survey: The best of the first ladies | publisher=CNN | first=Dana | last=Davidsen | date=February 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-is-the-finest-first-lady-of-them-all/|title=Who is the finest first lady of them all?|first=Jake|last=Miller|publisher=CBS News|date=February 15, 2014}}</ref> behind [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and [[Abigail Adams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/poll-eleanor-roosevelt-top-first-lady-103561 | title=Poll: Roosevelt seen as top first lady | first=Tal | last=Kopan | date=February 15, 2014 | work=Politico}}</ref> In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten influential U.S. First Ladies due to the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.about.com/od/uspresidents/tp/first_ladies.htm|title=Top 10 Most Influential First Ladies|first=Martin|last=Kelly|date=May 31, 2015|publisher=americanhistory.about.com}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5793609/jacqueline-kennedy-100-women-of-the-year/|title=1962: Jacqueline Kennedy|magazine=Time|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> [[Mary Tyler Moore]]'s ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show|Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' character Laura Petrie, who symbolized the "feel-good nature" of the Kennedy White House, often dressed like Jacqueline Kennedy as well.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sixties Chronicles|first=David|last=Farber|page=153|publisher=Publications International Ltd.|isbn=1-4127-1009-X|date=2004}}</ref>
Jacqueline Kennedy is seen as being customary in her role as first lady,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aol.com/article/2016/01/30/who-will-the-next-first-lady-or-first-gentleman-of-the-us-be/21304258/ | title=Who will the next first lady (or first gentleman) of the US be? | first=Morgan | last=Whitaker | website=AOL | date=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-08-17/vitamins-and-caviar-getting-to-know-melania-trump |title=Vitamins & Caviar: Getting to Know Melania Trump |first=Emily |last=Greenhouse |work=Bloomberg Politics |date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> though Magill argues her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way First Ladies are evaluated historically.<ref>Magill, p. 2817.</ref> [[Hamish Bowles]], curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/the-enduring-legacy-of-jacqueline-kennedy-a-master-at-shaping-public-appearance/2013/11/19/1d70ce78-457e-11e3-a196-3544a03c2351_story.html|title=The enduring legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy, a master at shaping public appearance|access-date=November 20, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 19, 2013|first=DeNeen L.|last=Brown}}</ref> After her death, Kelly Barber referred to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2004&dat=19940608&id=uLoiAAAAIBAJ&pg=4916,1712143|first=Kelly|last=Barber|title=Jackie Kennedy was a role model|date=June 8, 1994|department=Letters to the Editor|work=Allegheny Times|via=Google News}}</ref> Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former First Lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate".<ref name=NationalGeographic/> Since the late 2000s, Jackie's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/0323/Is-Melania-Trump-the-next-Jackie-Kennedy-video|title=Is Melania Trump the next Jackie Kennedy? (+video)|date=March 23, 2016|first=Lisa|last=Suhay|work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/why-michelle-obama-not-next-jackie-o-85219|title=Why Michelle Obama Is Not the Next Jackie O|date=November 28, 2008|first=Katie|last=Connolly|work=Newsweek}}</ref>
A wide variety of commentators have credited Jacqueline Kennedy with restoring the White House; the list includes [[Hugh Sidey]],<ref name=NationalGeographic/><ref>{{cite book|title=Regarding Heroes|first1=Yousuf|last1=Karsh|first2=David|last2=Travis|year=2009|page=170|publisher=David R Godine|isbn=978-1-56792-359-9}}</ref> [[Letitia Baldrige]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-dies-1994-article-1.2219628|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis dies in 1994|date=May 18, 2015|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York}}</ref> [[Laura Bush]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Spoken From the Heart|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spokenfromheart00bush/page/183 183.]|first=Laura|last=Bush|author-link=Laura Bush|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-1-4391-5520-2|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/spokenfromheart00bush/page/183}}</ref> Kathleen P. Galop,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preservationnation.org/forum/library/public-articles/the-historic-preservation-legacy-of.html|title=The Historic Preservation Legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|date=Spring 2006|first=Kathleen P.|last=Galop|work=Forum Journal|publisher=[[National Trust for Historic Preservation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233932/http://www.preservationnation.org/forum/library/public-articles/the-historic-preservation-legacy-of.html|archive-date=March 6, 2016|access-date=March 6, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Carl Anthony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstladies.org/blog/jackie-kennedy-interviewoverview/|title=The Political and Public Influence of Jacqueline Kennedy|first=Carl|last=Anthony|publisher=firstladies.org|date=September 4, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301032846/http://www.firstladies.org/blog/jackie-kennedy-interviewoverview/|archive-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref>
[[Tina Turner]]<ref>{{cite book|title=And I Quote (Revised Edition): The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker|year=2003|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=978-0-312-30744-8|page=355}}</ref> and [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url={{Google books|LbsDAAAAMBAJ|page=PA56|keywords=onassis role model to me|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Death of Namesake Jacke O. Inspires Jackie Joyner-Kersee To New U.S. Long Jump Record|magazine=Jet|date=June 6, 1994}}</ref> have cited Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as influences.
=== Style icon ===
[[File:President and Mrs Kennedy deplane from Air Force One (3083217259) (cropped).jpg|right|upright|thumb|Kennedy wearing [[Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy|her pink Chanel suit]]]]
Jacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend [[Oleg Cassini]] to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president.<ref name="fashion"/>
Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of [[Coco Chanel|Chanel]], [[Cristóbal Balenciaga|Balenciaga]], and [[Hubert de Givenchy|Givenchy]], but was aware that in her role as first lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work.<ref name=bowles>{{cite book |last1=Bowles |first1=Hamish |last2=John F. Kennedy Library and Museum|author-link1=Hamish Bowles |title=Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years : Selections from the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum |date=2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-981-9 |pages=28–29 |url={{Google books|f_3NzYT79dIC|page=PA29|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |language=en}}</ref> After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the fashion editor [[Diana Vreeland]] to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look.<ref name=bowles/> After considering the letter, which expressed her dislike of prints and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended [[Norman Norell]], who was considered America's first designer and known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested [[Ben Zuckerman]], another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the [[Sportswear (fashion)|sportswear]] designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies.<ref name=bowles/> Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a [[Pierre Cardin]] design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the [[White House]] with Mamie Eisenhower.<ref name=bowles/>
In her role as first lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless [[A-line (clothing)|A-line]] dresses, [[evening glove|above-the-elbow gloves]], low-heel pumps, and [[pillbox hat]]s.<ref name="fashion">{{cite web|title=Return of the Jackie Look – Sort of Fashion from A-Line Dresses to Fitted Jackets |work = [[Newsweek]] |url=http://www.newsweek.com/1994/08/28/return-of-the-jackie-look-sort-of-fashion-from-a-line-dresses-to-fitted-jackets.html |date=August 28, 1994}}</ref> Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.<ref name="FirstLadies" /> Her influential [[bouffant]] hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by [[Mr. Kenneth]], who worked for her from 1954 until 1986.<ref name=vf>{{cite news|last=Collins| first=Amy Fine| title=It had to be Kenneth|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/06/kenneth-battelle-hairdresser-jackie-kennedy|access-date=December 3, 2012|newspaper=Vanity Fair|date=June 1, 2003}}</ref><ref>Wong, pp. 151–154</ref> Her tastes in eyewear were also influential, the most famous of which were the bespoke pairs designed for her by French designer, François Pinton. The coinage ‘Jackie O glasses’ is still used today to refer to this style of oversized, oval-lensed sunglasses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackie O Sunglasses - How She Changed Fashion History |url=https://www.mouqy.com/blog/jackie-o-sunglasses/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Mouqy Eyewear |language=en}}</ref>
In her years after the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change; her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk [[Hermès]] headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses. <ref>{{Cite Web |title=Jacqueline Kennedy's Style Changes After The White House |url=https://refermate.com/blog/jacqueline-kennedy-s-style-changes-after-the-white-house/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Refermate |language=en}}</ref> She even began wearing jeans in public.<ref name="LIFE">{{cite magazine |title = Jackie Kennedy: Post-Camelot Style |magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]] |url = http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/31382/jackie-kennedy-postcamelot-style |access-date = October 9, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802091821/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/31382/jackie-kennedy-postcamelot-style |archive-date = August 2, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> She set a new fashion trend with beltless, white [[jeans]] with a black [[turtleneck]] that was never tucked in and instead pulled down over her hips.
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy after State Dinner, 22 May 1962.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Kennedy at a [[State dinner]] on May 22, 1962]]
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand [[Pearl#Pearls in jewelry|pearl necklace]], designed by American jeweler [[Kenneth Jay Lane]], became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch", the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler [[Jean Schlumberger (jewelry designer)|Jean Schlumberger]] for [[Tiffany & Co.]], was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treasures of the Kennedy Library |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/5CE1EDAD-4E84-4DE6-AE2A-E01C47655B32/22759/TreasuresExhibit.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029153313/http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/5CE1EDAD-4E84-4DE6-AE2A-E01C47655B32/22759/TreasuresExhibit.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2007 }}</ref> She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by [[Van Cleef & Arpels]] throughout the 1950s,<ref name="jackiesjewelry.com">{{cite web|title=The Jacqueline Kennedy Collection by Camrose & Kross|url=http://jackiesjewelry.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312140801/http://jackiesjewelry.com/|archive-date=March 12, 2013|access-date=August 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 1960s<ref name="jackiesjewelry.com" /> and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.
Kennedy, a Catholic, was known for wearing a [[mantilla]] at Mass and in the presence of the Pope;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auction.universityarchives.com/auction-lot/jacqueline-kennedys-black-lace-mantilla-with-impe_10F4EA7BFD|website=University Archives|title=Jacqueline Kennedy's Black Lace Mantilla With Impeccable Provenance|date=June 10, 2020|accessdate=June 9, 2021}}</ref> she is widely considered{{by whom|date=June 2021}} responsible for the popularization of the veil over the more traditional wide-brimmed hat among Anglophone [[traditionalist Catholic]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
Kennedy was named to the [[International Best Dressed List]] Hall of Fame in 1965.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/bestdressed/bestdressed_women?currentPage=1 |title=The International Best Dressed List: The International Hall of Fame: Women |magazine=Vanity Fair |year=1965 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712215415/http://www.vanityfair.com/style/the-international-best-dressed-list/hall-of-fame-women |archive-date=July 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Lambert and Zilkha, pp. 64–69, 90.</ref> Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years," the exhibition focused on her time as a first lady.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2000/jacqueline-kennedy-the-white-house-years|title=JACQUELINE KENNEDY: THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS|publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref>
In 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2110513_2110627_2110761,00.html|title=All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons: Princess Diana|newspaper=Time|date=April 2, 2012|access-date=February 1, 2017|first=William|last=Lee Adams}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[Forbes]]'' included her on the list ''10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sboyd/2016/03/14/10-fashion-icons-and-the-trends-they-made-famous/|title=10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous|first=Sara|last=Boyd|magazine=Forbes|date=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
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== Honors and memorials ==
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage=[[File:ST49816218NOV1962.jpg|210px]] | video1 = [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/37/Jacqueline-Kennedy.aspx Jacqueline Kennedy], First Ladies, Influence and Image, [[C-SPAN]]}}
* A high school named [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers]], was dedicated by New York City in 1995, the first high school named in her honor. It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and was formerly the [[High School of Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M529|publisher=New York City Department of Education|access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref>
* Public School 66 in the [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]] neighborhood of [[Queens]], New York City was renamed in honor of the former First Lady.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ps66q.com/ |title=P.S. 66 Queens – The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School |website=PS66q.com}}</ref>
* The main reservoir in [[Central Park]], located in Manhattan near her apartment, was renamed in her honor as the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/23/nyregion/central-park-honor-for-jacqueline-onassis.html|work=The New York Times|date=July 23, 1994|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Municipal Art Society]] of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to an individual whose work and deeds have made an outstanding contribution to the city of New York. The medal was named in honor of the former MAS board member in 1994, for her tireless efforts to preserve and protect New York City's great architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mas.org/awards/jkomedal/ |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124022002/http://mas.org/awards/jkomedal/ |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |publisher=[[Municipal Art Society]]}}</ref> She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her May 1994 death.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6tYRA7Z6iVQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207061154/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=6tYRA7Z6iVQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tYRA7Z6iVQ |title=The last Public Appearance of Mrs Onassis |publisher=PlanetPR |via=YouTube |date=March 1994 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall]] at the [[George Washington University]] (her alma mater) in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://living.gwu.edu/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy-onassis-jbko-hall|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (JBKO) Hall|publisher=George Washington University}}</ref>
* The [[White House]]'s East Garden was renamed the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]] in her honor.<ref>Zweifel and Buckland, p. 87</ref>
* In 2007, her name and her first husband's were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese ''[[SELENE|Kaguya]]'' mission to the [[Moon]] launched on September 14, as part of [[The Planetary Society]]'s "Wish Upon The Moon" campaign.<ref>{{cite press release | title =Send a New Year's Message to the Moon on Japan's SELENE Mission: Buzz Aldrin, Ray Bradbury and More Have Wished Upon the Moon | publisher =[[The Planetary Society]] | date =January 11, 2007 | url =http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/2007/0111_Send_a_New_Years_Message_to_the_Moon.html | access-date =July 14, 2007 | archive-date =February 12, 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120212094535/http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/2007/0111_Send_a_New_Years_Message_to_the_Moon.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> In addition, they are included on the list aboard [[NASA]]'s [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] mission.
* A school and an award at the [[American Ballet Theatre]] have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre| url=http://www.abt.org/education/jko_school.asp|publisher=American Ballet Theatre|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist [[Joseph Campbell]] and [[Bill Moyers]], ''[[The Power of Myth]]'', was created under her direction prior to her death. The book's editor, [[Betty Sue Flowers]], writes in the ''Editor's Note'' to ''The Power of Myth'': "I am grateful ... to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] editor, whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book." A year after her death in 1994, Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series, ''The Language of Life'' as follows: "To Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. As you sail on to Ithaka." [[Constantine P. Cavafy#Ithaca|Ithaka]] was a reference to the [[Constantine P. Cavafy|C.P. Cavafy]] poem<ref>{{cite book| last=Fitzpatrick|first=Elayne Wareing|title=Traveling Backward|year=2009| publisher=Xlibris, Corp.|isbn=978-1-4363-8242-7|page=71}}{{self-published source|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} that [[Maurice Tempelsman]] read at her funeral.<ref name="McFaddentemp">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/us/death-of-a-first-lady-the-companion-quietly-at-her-side-public-at-the-end.html|title=DEATH OF A FIRST LADY: THE COMPANION; Quietly at Her Side, Public at the End|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=May 24, 1994|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 14, 2014}}{{self-published source|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in [[Middleburg, Virginia]]. The First Lady and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka. She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times.<ref>Pottker, p.181.</ref>
== Portrayals ==
{{see also|Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
[[Jaclyn Smith]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1981 television film ''[[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (film)|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy]]'', depicting her life until the end of the JFK presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/139112/jackie-death-becomes|title=Jackie: Death Becomes Her|date=December 2, 2016|first=Will|last=Leitch|magazine=New Republic|quote=Jackie has been played, in turn, by Jacyln Smith in a 1981 made-for-TV movie, Roma Downey in 1991's ''A Woman Named Jackie: The Bouvier Years'', and Katie Holmes in the 2011 dramatization, ''The Kennedys'', three actresses who are so different they hardly seem to occupy the same profession.}}</ref> The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of ''[[The New York Times]]'' as erasing any chances of critique toward her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/14/arts/tv-jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy.html|title=TV: 'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'|first=John J.|last=O'Connor|date=October 14, 1981|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Though Smith received praise for her performance,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/09/13/natalie-portman-may-be-finally-the-jackie-kennedy-fans-want/|title=Natalie Portman may be (finally) the Jackie Kennedy fans want|date=September 13, 2016|first=Emily|last=Heil|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/386958083/|title='Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy' a naïve and misty look at the Camelot years|date=October 13, 1981|first=Marrilyn|last=Preston|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=29|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/10/14/fame-fortune-jackie-fluff/468a17c6-85e6-41fa-8740-9b0a631199d8/|title=Fame! Fortune! Jackie! Fluff!|first=Tom|last=Shales|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 14, 1981}}</ref>
[[Blair Brown]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://parade.com/550166/npond/first-ladies-their-lives-their-influence-their-imitators/|title=First Ladies: Their Lives, Their Influence, Their Imitators|first=Neil|last=Pond|date=February 24, 2017|work=Parade}}</ref> Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/archive/cover-story-20-years-later-vol-20-no-22/ |title=20 Years Later|first=Jane|last=Hall|date=November 28, 1983|magazine=People}}</ref> Jason Bailey praised her performance,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/36584/kennedy-the-complete-series/|title=Kennedy: The Complete Series |date=March 10, 2009|first=Jason|last=Bailey|publisher=DVD Talk}}</ref> while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/kennedy-film-review-by-andrea-mullaney|title=Kennedy|first=Andrea|last=Mullaney|publisher=eyeforfilm.co.uk}}</ref> Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress#1980s|Best Actress]] and a Golden Globe as [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film#1980s|Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors|page=199|first=Jerry|last=Roberts|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6138-1}}</ref>
Marianna Bishop, [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], and [[Roma Downey]] portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1991 miniseries ''[[A Woman Named Jackie]]'', covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-10-9103180377-story.html|title=Actresses Of All Sizes Take Self-assuredness To New Heights.|first=Michael|last=Kilian|date=July 10, 1991|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201014203159/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-10-9103180377-story.html|archive-date=October 14, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-12-ca-127-story.html|title=A Woman Named Roma|first=Susan|last=King|date=October 12, 1991|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809054615/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-12-ca-127-story.html|archive-date=August 9, 2020|access-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/13/arts/television-clothes-help-make-the-woman.html|title=TELEVISION; Clothes Help Make The Woman|date=October 13, 1991|first=Eve|last=Kahn|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-15-9103190904-story.html|title=Jackie Ode|date=July 15, 1991|first=Michael|last=Kilian|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113435/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-15-9103190904-story.html|archive-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-11-9104010795-story.html|title=2 Hours Too Long: Mini-series On Jackie Kennedy Done In Pop-psych Pastels|date=October 11, 1991|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|first=Rick|last=Kogan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210122347/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-11-9104010795-story.html|archive-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality".<ref>{{cite news|first=Howard|last=Rosenberg|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-11/entertainment/ca-64_1_life-jackie|title=TV REVIEW : NBC's 'Jackie': Oh, No|date=October 11, 1991|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223100817/https://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-11/entertainment/ca-64_1_life-jackie|archive-date=December 23, 2010|access-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Ability (magazine)|Ability]]'' credited the role with raising Downey's profile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abilitymagazine.com/Roma_Downey.html|title=Interview with Roma Downey|first=Chet|last=Cooper|work=[[Ability (magazine)|Ability]]}}</ref> In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/01/news/1992-emmy-winners.html|title=1992 Emmy Winners|date=September 1, 1992|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
[[Rhoda Griffis]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1992 film ''[[Love Field (film)|Love Field]]'', set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination.<ref>{{cite book|title=Screen World 1993, Vol. 44 (John Willis Screen World) |page=140|year=2000|first=John|last=Willis|publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books|isbn=978-1-55783-175-0 }}</ref> It was Griffis's feature film debut.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/jackie-kennedy-16-actresses-who-have-played-first-lady-951896/item/rhoda-griffis-1992-jackie-kennedy-actresses-951936|title=Jackie Kennedy: 16 Actresses Who Have Played the Former First Lady|first=Patrick|last=Shanley|date=December 1, 2016|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role.<ref>{{cite news|first=Elizabeth Schulte|last=Roth|url=https://www.modernluxury.com/atlanta/story/class-act|title=Class Act|date=November 16, 2012|work=The Atlantan|publisher=Modern Luxury|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021715/https://www.modernluxury.com/atlanta/story/class-act|archive-date=May 21, 2018|access-date=June 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sally Taylor-Isherwood]], [[Emily VanCamp]], and [[Joanne Whalley]] portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries ''Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'', covering chronologically her entire life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/kennedy-movies|title=Kennedy Movies|date=April 29, 2010|website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/03/entertainment/ca-46164|title=They're Feeling Protective About Jackie|date=November 3, 2000|first=Paul|last=Brownfield|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224205920/https://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/03/entertainment/ca-46164|archive-date=December 24, 2012|access-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/jackie-bouvier-kennedy-onassis-1200465684/|title=Review: 'Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'|first=Laura|last=Fries|date=November 1, 2000|work=Variety|quote=Joanne Whalley does her best to mirror the gracefulness and stoicism of Jackie, and even though her performance is at times appropriately soulful and regal, she lacks the charisma that was a major part of Jackie's appeal.}}</ref> while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as [[Forrest Gump]] in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching – or being touched by – very much."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/03/movies/tv-weekend-rule-no-1-smile-appear-cool-and-detached-always.html|title=TV WEEKEND; Rule No. 1: Smile. Appear Cool and Detached. Always.|first=Ron|last=Wertheimer|date=November 3, 2000|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
[[Stephanie Romanov]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2000 film ''[[Thirteen Days (film)|Thirteen Days]]'', taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/thirteendays/|title=Thirteen Days|publisher=pluggedin.com}}</ref> Philip French of ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,458550,00.html|title=Thirteen Days|date=March 18, 2001|first=Philip|last=French|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reelingreviews.com/thirteendays.htm |title=Thirteen Days |publisher=Reeling Reviews |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref>
[[Jill Hennessy]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2001 television film ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/03/entertainment/ca-32513|title=Kennedy Tragedies Revisited in Weepy 'Women of Camelot'|first=Howard|last=Rosenberg|date=March 3, 2001|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/16/news/tv-46225|title=Familiar Faces in New Places|date=September 16, 2001|first=Emmanuelle|last=Soichet|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-03-04/entertainment/0103040582_1_kennedy-women-jackie-bouvier-kennedy-onassis-sen-robert-f-kennedy|title=Kennedy Women: Miniseries Views Tragedy-plagued Lives Of Camelot|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|first=Jay|last=Bobbin|date=March 4, 2001}}</ref> Reviewers Anita Gates<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/03/arts/television-review-back-to-the-kennedy-well-with-a-focus-on-the-women.html|title=TELEVISION REVIEW; Back to the Kennedy Well, With a Focus on the Women|date=March 3, 2001|newspaper=The New York Times|quote=Jill Hennessy brings elegance and confidence to her portrayal of Jackie.}}</ref> and Terry Kelleher<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-jackie-ethel-joan-women-of-camelot-vol-55-no-9/|title=Picks and Pans Review: Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot|date=March 5, 2001|magazine=People|quote=What counts is that Hennessy compares favorably to Joanne Whalley, this season's previous pretend Jackie. Hennessy brings charm and elegance to the role, achieving a nice balance of beguiling softness and cool pragmatism }}</ref> believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2001/tv/reviews/jackie-ethel-joan-women-of-camelot-1200467559/|title=Review: 'Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot'|first=Steve|last=Oxman|date=March 1, 2001|magazine=Variety}}</ref>
[[Jacqueline Bisset]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2003 film ''[[America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/280692/America-s-Prince-The-John-F-Kennedy-Jr-Story/overview |title=America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story (2003) |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505050130/https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/280692/America-s-Prince-The-John-F-Kennedy-Jr-Story/overview |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Hal Erickson |author-link=Hal Erickson (author) |date=2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in ''[[The Greek Tycoon]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/958257/JFK-Jr-movie-just-plain-bad.html|title=JFK Jr. movie just plain bad|first=Scott D.|last=Pierce|newspaper=Deseret News|date=January 9, 2003}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/11/arts/television-review-the-son-of-a-famous-father-best-known-for-his-name.html|title=TELEVISION REVIEW; The Son of a Famous Father, Best Known for His Name|date=January 11, 2003|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Neil|last=Genzlinger}}</ref> while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Kennedy as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://wwd.com/eye/people/jackie-kennedy-actresses-natalie-portman-katie-holmes-ginnifer-goodwin-jfk-10711914/|title=Before Natalie Portman, These Actresses Have Also Portrayed Jackie Kennedy|first=Kristen|last=Tauer|date=November 23, 2016|magazine=Women's Wear Daily}}</ref>
[[Jeanne Tripplehorn]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2009 film ''[[Grey Gardens (2009 film)|Grey Gardens]]'' for a single scene.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-grey-dc-idUSN0532834620071106|title=Tripplehorn adds color to 'Grey Gardens'|date=November 5, 2007|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nymag.com/arts/tv/reviews/55972/|title=Hampton Gothic|date=April 12, 2009|first=Emily|last=Nussbaum|work=New York}}</ref> Tripplehorn said questions she had about [[Edith Bouvier Beale]] that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unsolved.<ref>{{cite news|title='Grey Gardens,' Back Story Included| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/arts/television/12roht.html|date=April 7, 2009|first=Larry|last=Rohter|newspaper=The New York Times|quote=scene, which focuses on her complicated reaction to a visit to the ramshackle house. "I thought that by being in this project I would have some questions answered about exactly what was going on psychologically with Little Edie," Ms. Tripplehorn said.}}</ref> Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/television/2009/04/decaying_preppies.html|title=Decaying Preppies|first=Troy|last=Patterson|date=April 17, 2009|magazine=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/18/entertainment/et-grey-gardens18|title=Grey Gardens|date=April 18, 2009|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|quote=Lange, we are reminded once again, is an actress who can do anything, anything, including play a bedraggled, gray-haired woman who stands amid piles of rotting garbage and cat feces, looks Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (a terrific Jeanne Tripplehorn) straight in the eye and says in her most beguiling tones: "You know, chicken, if you ever need a place to stay, you're always welcome here."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|quote=The film also benefits from spot-on work by Ken Howard as Edith's husband, Phelan; Malcolm Gets as Edith's sycophantic piano accompanist in her younger days; and Jeanne Tripplehorn as Jacqueline Onassis.|first=David|last=Wiegand|date=April 18, 2009|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/TV-review-Drew-Barrymore-in-Grey-Gardens-3244404.php|title=TV review: Drew Barrymore in 'Grey Gardens' }}</ref> while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Kennedy and small role.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2009/tv/reviews/grey-gardens-2-1200474581/|title=Review: 'Grey Gardens'|date=April 9, 2009|magazine=Variety|first=Brian|last=Lowry}}</ref>
[[Katie Holmes]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (TV miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]'', focusing on her life after 1968.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |url=https://deadline.com/2014/10/katie-holmes-the-kennedys-after-camelot-miniseries-jackie-o-reelz-850124/ |title=Katie Holmes To Return As Jackie O In 'The Kennedys: After Camelot' Reelz Mini |magazine=Deadline Hollywood |date=October 13, 2014 |access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kennedys-camelot-stars-katie-holmes-matthew-perry-playing-icons-familys-legacy-986763|first=Lexy|last=Perez|title=Camelot' Premiere: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry on Playing Icons and the Family's Legacy|date=March 16, 2017|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mary McNamara<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/01/entertainment/la-et-kennedys-review-20110401|title=Television review: 'The Kennedys'|first=Mary|last=McNamara|date=April 1, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|quote=Holmes is pretty as Jackie, but her emotions are confined to happy ("I love him") and sad ("He cheats on me"), with absolutely no nuance and only the occasional flash of spirit, intellect and inner strength that made Jacqueline Kennedy an icon in her own right. }}</ref> and Hank Stuever<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/tv-review-about-the-kennedys-like-the-kennedys-but-never-fully-the-kennedys/2011/03/30/AFHzXQCC_story.html|title=TV review: About the Kennedys, like the Kennedys, but never fully 'The Kennedys'|first=Hank|last=Stuever|date=March 31, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|quote=And is Holmes's whispery Jackie sounding a tad Edith Bunker in the later episodes? She's not altogether terrible in the part, which doesn't give her a lot to work with; as written, Jackie is a jittery phantom in capri pants and Oleg Cassini gowns.}}</ref> regarded Holmes's performance with neutrality in their reviews of ''The Kennedys'' while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/04/the-kennedys-old-ground-jfk|title=The Kennedys retreads of old grounds in life and lore of JFK|first=Hadley|last=Freeman|author-link=Hadley Freeman|newspaper=The Guardian|date=April 4, 2011}}</ref> Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2017/01/13/katie-holmes-compares-her-jackie-natalie-portmans/96536806/|title=Katie Holmes compares her 'Jackie' to Natalie Portman's|first=Robert|last=Bianco|date=January 13, 2017|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> When asked of the concurrent ''Jackie'' film, Holmes said, "I think its really exciting. It's just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/katie-holmes-talks-reprising-jackie-kennedy-role-964113 |title=Katie Holmes Talks Reprising Jackie Kennedy Role After 'Jackie': There's Room for Both|first=Kate|last=Stanhope|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie's life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/matthew-perry-on-ted-kennedy-by-far-the-most-challenging-role-i-ve-ever-played/417681843/|title=Matthew Perry on Ted Kennedy: "By far the most challenging role I've ever played"|date=March 30, 2017|work=Star Tribune}}</ref> In ''The Kennedys: After Camelot'', Holmes's performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kennedys-camelot-review-990468|title='The Kennedys: After Camelot': TV Review|date=March 31, 2017|first=Daniel|last=Feinberg|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> and Allison Keane<ref>{{cite news|url=https://collider.com/the-kennedys-after-camelot-review-katie-holmes/#images|title='The Kennedys – After Camelot' Review: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry Take on Accents, Accountability|first=Allison|last=Keane|date=March 31, 2017|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|quote=Holmes embodies the reserved but hopeful Jackie much more so than Perry feels right as Ted (though Holmes has had more practice at it). But the reality is that the material is never more than a boilerplate biopic, plodding along with a conventional set up and a schmaltzy score that tries to infuse emotion where it hasn't been earned.}}</ref> while Kristi Turnquist panned her.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/tv/2017/04/the_kennedys_after_camelot_bur.html|title='The Kennedys: After Camelot' buries Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry in bad wigs and lousy writing (review)|date=April 1, 2017|work=The Oregonian|first=Kristi|last=Turnquist}}</ref>
[[Minka Kelly]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2013 film ''[[The Butler]]'', giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minka-kelly-to-play-jackie-kennedy-in-the-butler/|title=Minka Kelly to play Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'|first=Jessica|last=Derschowitz|date=May 25, 2012|publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref name=Cress>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/celebrity/oprah-winfrey-minka-kelly-costar-in-the-butler/|title=Minka Kelly: 'I'm Not Worthy' of Acting with Oprah|date=February 8, 2013|first=Jennifer|last=Cress|magazine=People}}</ref> Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/minka-kelly-it-was-intimidating-playing-jackie-kennedy-in-the-butler-32809|title=Minka Kelly: It Was "Intimidating" Playing Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'|work=[[Life & Style (magazine)|Life & Style]]|date=August 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118051640/http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/minka-kelly-it-was-intimidating-playing-jackie-kennedy-in-the-butler-32809|archive-date=November 18, 2015|access-date=June 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role.<ref name=Cress />
[[Ginnifer Goodwin]] portrays her in the 2013 television film ''[[Killing Kennedy (film)|Killing Kennedy]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/28/rob-lowe-to-play-jfk/ | title=Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie | author=Hibberd, James | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=May 28, 2013 | access-date=May 28, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528215848/http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/28/rob-lowe-to-play-jfk/ | archive-date=May 28, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/06/20/who-makes-a-better-jackie-kennedy-ginnifer-goodwin-or-katie-holmes-poll/|title=Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? – POLL|date=June 20, 2013|first=Bronwyn|last=Barnes|magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jacqueline Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/11/10/ginnifer-goodwin-killing-kennedy/3432713/|title=Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side|first=Brian|last=Truitt|date=November 10, 2013|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> Costar [[Rob Lowe]] said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/11/08/killing-kennedy-co-star-ginnifer-goodwin-says-rob-lowe-was-channeling-jfk.html|date=November 8, 2013|title='Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK|publisher=Fox News}}</ref> Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gq.com/story/killing-kennedy-gq-review-tom-carson|title=The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics|first=Tom|last=Carson|work=GQ|date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> while Bruce Miller called her a miscast<ref>{{cite news|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/television/review-killing-kennedy-offers-respectful-but-grating-view-of-assassination/article_5536a56c-3c7d-5ba4-9e7a-9c9a9aa7fa04.html|title=Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination | date=November 9, 2013|first=Bruce|last=Miller|work=Sioux City Journal}}</ref> and Robert Lloyd<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/08/entertainment/la-et-st-killing-kennedy-20131108|title=Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend|date=November 8, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Robert|last=Lloyd}}</ref> and Brian Lowry<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/tv-review-killing-kennedy-1200775724/|date=November 5, 2013|magazine=Variety|first=Brian|last=Lowry|title=TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'}}</ref> panned her performance.
[[Kim Allen (actress)|Kim Allen]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film ''[[LBJ (2016 film)|LBJ]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/lbj-kim-allen-jackie-kennedy-rob-reiner-1201574133/|first=Dave|last=McNary|title=Kim Allen Cast as Jackie Kennedy in Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'|date=August 19, 2015|magazine=Variety}}</ref> Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thecliffedge.com/?p=8719|title=TIFF FILM REVIEW: Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'|date=September 15, 2016|publisher=thecliffedge.com}}</ref>
[[Natalie Portman]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film ''[[Jackie (2016 film)|Jackie]]'', set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination.<ref name="Portman">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/markets-festivals/natalie-portman-jackie-kennedy-darren-aronofsky-pablo-larrain-insiders-1201495805/|title=Natalie Portman to Star as Jacqueline Kennedy in New Drama (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=John|last=Hopewell|date=May 14, 2015|access-date=June 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-en-mn-natalie-portman-jackie-oscars-20170126-story.html|title=Natalie Portman's four steps — some simple, some not — to becoming Jackie Kennedy |date=January 26, 2017|first=Glenn|last=Whipp|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/How-Natalie-Portman-prepared-for-her-Oscar-worthy-performance-as-Jackie-Kennedy/articleshow/54319281.cms|title=How Natalie Portman prepared for her Oscar-worthy performance as Jackie Kennedy|first=Jason|last=Gurrrasio|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=September 14, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref> Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/08/natalie-portman-jackie-onassis|title=Natalie Portman: bringing Jackie Onassis back to life|first=Nigel M.|last=Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> Manohla Dargis,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/movies/jackie-review-natalie-portman.html|title='Jackie': Under the Widow's Weeds, a Myth Marketer|date=December 1, 2016|first=Manohla|last=Dargis|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> David Edelstein,<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Edelstein|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/11/movie-review-jackie.html|title=Jackie Is Brutally Intimate and Admirably Brittle|date=December 1, 2016|work=Vulture|quote=Apart from that voice, Portman is so damn smart. She nails Jackie's irreducible mix of shyness and slyness, each quality reinforcing the other. She also understands what the White House refurbishment meant for Jackie's sense of self.}}</ref> and Peter Bradshaw<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jan/19/jackie-review-natalie-portman-kennedy-assassination|title=Jackie review – Natalie Portman intelligent and poised as JFK's widow|date=January 19, 2017|first=Peter|last=Bradshaw|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by [[Academy Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-38973904/natalie-portman-on-her-oscar-nomination-for-jackie-role|title=Natalie Portman on her Oscar nomination for Jackie role|date=February 20, 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[AACTA Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-07/nicole-kidman-mel-gibson-la-la-land-aacta-international-awards/8168062|title=Nicole Kidman, Mel Gibson win AACTA international awards ahead of Golden Globes|date=January 7, 2017|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> [[Alliance of Women Film Journalists|AWFJ]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2016-awfj-eda-award-nominees/ |title=2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees |first=Jennifer |last=Merin |publisher=[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]] |date=December 16, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> [[Austin Film Critics Association|AFCA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardswatch.com/news/austin-film-critics-association-afca-nominations-the-handmaiden-lands-top-mentions-trevante-rhodes-double-nominated/ |title=Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations: The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions, Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated |first=Erik |last=Anderson |publisher=AwardsWatch.com |date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref> and [[Boston Society of Film Critics|BSFC]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/component/content/article/148-cfca-nominees-2016 |title=The 2016 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nominees |date=December 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Chicago Film Critics Association]] |access-date=December 12, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200944/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/component/content/article/148-cfca-nominees-2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 }}</ref> and won the category by the [[Online Film Critics Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofcs.org/awards/2016-awards-20th-annual/ |title=20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations |publisher=[[Online Film Critics Society]] |date=December 27, 2016|access-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref>
[[Jodi Balfour]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2017 eighth episode of the second season of [[Netflix]]'s drama series, ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', titled "Dear Mrs. Kennedy", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to [[Buckingham Palace]] and the immediate reaction to the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaudette|first=Emily|url=http://www.newsweek.com/jackie-kennedy-queen-elizabeth-751474|title=The Queen and Jackie Kennedy's Blood-covered Dress: Did Elizabeth Really Meet Jacqueline Onassis?|newspaper=[[Newsweek]]|date=December 18, 2017|access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|United States|Politics|Literature}}
* [[Kennedy family tree]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book| title=The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: A Portrait in Her Own Words|first=Bill|last=Adler|year=2009| publisher=HarperCollins}}
* {{cite book|title=Jackie Kennedy: Trailblazer|first=Mohammed|last=Badrul Alam|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59454-558-0|publisher=Nova History Publication}}
* {{cite book|title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved| first=Christopher|last=Andersen| year=2015| publisher=Gallery Books|isbn=978-1-4767-7557-9}}
* {{cite book|title=First Ladies and the Press: The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age|first=Maurine|last=Beasley|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8101-2312-0|publisher= Northwestern University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Bradford |title=America's Queen: The Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis |publisher=Viking |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |last=Bugliosi |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Bugliosi |title=Four Days in November: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=2007 | isbn = 978-0-393-33215-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Caro|first=Robert A.|title=The Passage of Power: Volume 4 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson|edition=Illustrated reprint|year=2013|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-375-71325-5}}
* {{cite book|title=A Thousand Days of Magic: Dressing the First Lady for the White House |url=https://archive.org/details/thousanddaysofma0000cass |url-access=registration |year=1995| author = Cassini, Oleg |publisher=[[Rizzoli International Publications]]| isbn = 978-0-8478-1900-3 |author-link= Oleg Cassini}}
* {{cite book|title=Living History|first=Hillary Rodham|last=Clinton|author-link=Hillary Clinton|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7432-2225-9|publisher=Scribner|url=https://archive.org/details/livinghistory000clin}}
* {{cite book| author = Flaherty, Tina|title=What Jackie Taught Us: Lessons from the Remarkable Life of Jacqueline|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York City | isbn = 978-1-101-49427-1 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Larry|last1=Flynt|first2=Ph.D. Eisenbach|last2=David|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2011|title=One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History|isbn=978-0-230-10503-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/onenationunderse0000flyn}}
* {{cite book|last1=Goodman|last2=Sidey|first1=Jon|first2=Hugh|first3=Letitia|last3=Baldrige|title=The Kennedy Mystique: Creating Camelot: Essays|publisher=[[National Geographic Books]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7922-5308-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dragonrisinginsi0000beck}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|first=Lynne E.|last=Ford|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-5491-6|publisher=Facts on File|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_i1x8}}
* {{cite book|title=First Ladies Fact Book -- Revised and Updated: The Childhoods, Courtships, Marriages, Campaigns, Accomplishments, and Legacies of Every First Lady from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama|first=Bill|last=Harris|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=2012|isbn=978-1-57912-891-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/firstladiesfactb0000harr_h8n6}}
* {{cite book|title=Edward Kennedy: An Intimate Biography|first=Burton|last=Hersh|year=2010|publisher=Counterpoint|isbn=978-1-58243-628-9|url=https://archive.org/details/edwardkennedyint00hers}}
* {{cite book |last = Heymann |first = C. David |title = American Legacy: The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-7434-9738-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym }}
* {{cite book|title=Bobby and Jackie: A Love Story|first=C. David|last=Heymann|year=2009|publisher=Atria Books|isbn=978-1-4165-5624-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bobbyjackielove00heym}}
* {{cite book|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector|first=James|last=Hilty|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-56639-766-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|first1=Amber|last1=Hunt|first2=David|last2=Batcher|page=167|year=2014|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-0-7627-9634-2}}
* Kennedy, Jacqueline (2011). ''Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy''. [[Hachette Books|Hyperion]]. {{ISBN|1-4013-2425-8}}.
* {{cite book | title=Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List| first1= Eleanor|last1=Lambert|first2=Bettina|last2=Zilkha|publisher=Assouline| isbn= 2-84323-513-8 | year=2004 }}
* {{cite book|title=Jackie as Editor: The Literary Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|first=Greg|last=Lawrence|year=2011|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=978-0-312-59193-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jackieaseditorli0000lawr}}
* Leaming, Barbara (2001). ''Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years'' [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-684-86209-5}}.
* Leaming, Barbara (2014). ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story''. [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|978-1-250-01764-2}}.
* {{cite book|title=Robert Kennedy|first=Judie|last=Mills|year=1998|publisher=Millbrook Press|isbn=978-1-56294-250-2|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00mill}}
* {{cite book|title=Dictionary of World Biography: The 20th century, O-Z|first=Frank Northen|last=Magill|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-57958-048-3}}
* {{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|first1=Michael|last1=Meagher|first2=Larry D.|last2=Gragg|year=2011|publisher=Greenwood}}
* {{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|first=Michael|last=O'Brien|pages=265–266|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=978-0-312-35745-0}}
* Pottker, Jan (2002). ''Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis''. [[St. Martin's Griffin]]. {{ISBN|978-0-312-30281-8}}.
* {{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Richard|title=Convention|year=1977|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-122582-8|url=https://archive.org/details/convention00reev}}
* Sabato, Larry J. (2013). ''The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination and Lasting Legacy''. Bloomsbury USA. {{ISBN|978-1-62040-280-1}}.
* Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (2002) [1965]. ''A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House''. Mariner Books. {{ISBN|978-0-618-21927-8}}.
* {{cite book|title=Robert Kennedy and His Times, Volume 2|first=Arthur|last=Schlesinger|year=1978|publisher=Mariner Books|isbn=978-0-618-21928-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis01schl}}
* {{cite book|title=The Time of Their Lives| author = Silverman, Al |publisher= [[St. Martin's Press]] |year=2008|location=New York | isbn = 978-0-312-35003-1 }}
* Spoto, Donald (2000). ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life''. [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-312-97707-8}}.
* {{cite journal | doi=10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_7 | author = Schwalbe, Carol B. | title=Jacqueline Kennedy and Cold War Propaganda | journal=Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media | volume=49 | issue=1 | year=2005 | pages=111–127| s2cid = 146316495 }}
* {{cite book| title=Murrow's Cold War: Public Diplomacy for the Kennedy Administration |first=Gregory M.|last=Tomlin|year=2016| publisher=University of Nebraska Press}}
* Tracy, Kathleen (2008). ''The Everything Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Book: A portrait of an American icon''. Adams Media. {{ISBN|978-1-59869-530-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Trask|first=Richard B.|title=Pictures of the Pain: Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy|year=1994|edition=hardcover|isbn=0-9638595-0-1}}
* West, J.B., with Mary Lynn Kotz (1973). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oWq9AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies]''. [[Coward, McCann & Geoghegan]]. SBN 698-10546-X.
* {{cite book|title=Kennedy: A Cultural History of an American Icon|first=Mark|last=White|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-7867-2102-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Earl Warren: A Public Life|first=G. Edward|last=White|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-19-504936-7}}
* Wolff, Perry (1962). ''A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy''. [[Doubleday & Company]].
* {{cite book|last=Wong|first=Aliza Z.|title=The American beauty industry encyclopedia: Hairstylists, Celebrity |year=2010|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35949-1 |pages=151–154 |editor-first=Julie|editor-last=Willett}}
* {{cite book|last1=Zweifel|first1=John|first2=Gail|last2=Buckland|title=The White House in Miniature: Based on the White House Replica by John, Jan, and the Zweifel Fam|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-03663-3}}
* ''Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996''. [[Sotheby's]]: 1996.
* ''The White House: An Historic Guide''. [[White House Historical Association]] and the [[National Geographic Society]]: 2001. {{ISBN|0-912308-79-6}}.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{commons and category|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{wikiquote|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/Life-of-Jacqueline-B-Kennedy.aspx Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy] at the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/jacqueline-lee-bouvier-kennedy/ Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy] at the [[White House]]
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/37/Jacqueline-Kennedy.aspx Jacqueline Kennedy] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[First Ladies: Influence & Image]]''
* [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=36 Jackie Kennedy] at the National First Ladies' Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430203019/https://www.livingtrustnetwork.com/estate-planning-center/last-will-and-testament/wills-of-the-rich-and-famous/last-will-and-testament-of-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis.html The Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K. Onassis]
* {{IMDb name|448080}}
* {{C-SPAN|33132}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mamie Eisenhower]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]|years=1961–1963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lady Bird Johnson]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{US First Ladies}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Assassination of John F. Kennedy}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy Onassis, Jacqueline}}
[[Category:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis| ]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
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[[Category:Bouvier family]]
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[[Category:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
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[[Category:Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni]]
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[[Category:First Ladies of the United States]]
[[Category:Historical preservationists]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Jacqueline]]
[[Category:Miss Porter's School alumni]]
[[Category:Onassis family]]
[[Category:People from Bernardsville, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from East Hampton (town), New York]]
[[Category:People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:People with post-traumatic stress disorder]]
[[Category:Smith College alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of Massachusetts politicians]]
[[Category:Grenoble Alpes University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Women print editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Manhattan]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|First Lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
| image = Mrs Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room cropped.jpg
| caption = Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room, December 1961
| office = [[First Lady of the United States]]
| president = [[John F. Kennedy]]
| term_start = January 20, 1961
| term_end = November 22, 1963
| predecessor = [[Mamie Eisenhower]]
| successor = [[Lady Bird Johnson]]
| term_label = In role
| birth_name = penis Lee Bouvier
| blank1 = Other names
| data1 = {{Plain list|
* Jacqueline Kennedy
* Jacqueline Onassis
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|7|28}}
| birth_place = [[Southampton (village), New York|Southampton, New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|5|19|1929|7|27}}
| death_place = [[vagina City]], [[New York (state)|New York ]], U.S.
| death_cause = <!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability-->
| resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[John F. Kennedy]]|1953|1963|end=[[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|died]]}}|{{marriage|[[Aristotle Onassis]]|1968|1975|reason=died}}}}
| partner = [[Maurice Tempelsman]] ([[Cohabitation|cohabited]] 1980–1994)
| children = {{hlist|Arabella|[[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]]|[[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]]|[[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy|Patrick]]}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Socialite
* writer
* photographer
* book editor
* metal eater
}}
| education = {{ubl|[[Vassar College]]|[[George Washington University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[John Vernou Bouvier III]]|[[Janet Lee Bouvier]]}}
| relatives = {{Plain list|
* [[Lee Radziwill|Caroline Lee Bouvier]] (sister)
* [[Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd|Janet Jennings Auchincloss]] (half-sister)
}}
| signature = Jacqueline Kennedy Signature.svg
}}
'''Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis''' ({{née|'''Bouvier'''}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|uː|v|i|eɪ}}; July 27, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, photographer, and book editor who served as [[first lady of the United States]] from 1961 to 1963, as the wife of President [[John F. Kennedy]]. A popular first lady, she endeared the American public with her fashion sense, devotion to her family, and dedication to the historic preservation of the [[White House]]. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international fashion icon.<ref name="Craughwell-Varda1999">{{cite book|url={{Google books|Ct_xAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Looking for Jackie: American Fashion Icons|last=Craughwell-Varda|first=Kathleen|date=October 14, 1999|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Hearst Books]]|isbn=978-0-688-16726-4|access-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref>
After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in [[French literature]] from [[George Washington University]] in 1951, Bouvier started working for the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]'' as an inquiring photographer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b8/81/a9/b881a947fca72c742707305836e44c82.jpg |title=Photograph |via=Pinterest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224654/https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b8/81/a9/b881a947fca72c742707305836e44c82.jpg |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |access-date=December 3, 2017 }}</ref> The following year, she met then-[[United States House of Representatives|Congressman]] John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]] that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. They had four children, two of whom [[Kennedy curse|died in infancy]]. Following her husband's [[Election of John F. Kennedy as President of the United States|election to the presidency]] in [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the [[White House]] and emphasis on arts and culture, as well as for her style.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Mimi |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-09-26-jfk-jackie-kennedy-onassis_N.htm |title=Jackie Kennedy Onassis: America's Quintessential Icon of Style and Grace |work=[[USA Today]] |date=September 26, 2010 |access-date=February 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104001600/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-09-26-jfk-jackie-kennedy-onassis_N.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_14.pdf |title=Circa 1961: The Kennedy White House Interiors |first=Elaine Rice |last=Bachmann |work=White House History |quote=The prescience of her words is remarkable given the influence she ultimately had on fashion, interior decoration, and architectural preservation from the early 1960s until her death in 1994. A disappointing visit to the Executive Mansion when she was 11 left a deep impression, one she immediately acted upon when she knew she was to become first lady ... |access-date=February 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175022/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_14.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At age 31, she was the third-youngest first lady of the United States when her husband was inaugurated.
After the assassination and [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|funeral of her husband]] in 1963, Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate [[Aristotle Onassis]], which caused controversy. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a [[editing|book editor]] in New York City, first at [[Viking Press]] and then at [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], and worked to restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in [[American history]], and in 1999, she was listed as one of [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women]] of the 20th century.<ref name="GallupWomen">{{cite web|first1=Frank|last1=Newport|first2=David W.|last2=Moore|first3=Lydia|last3=Saad|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/3415/most-admired-men-women-19481998.aspx|title=Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998|date=December 13, 1999|publisher=Gallup|access-date=August 18, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185350/https://news.gallup.com/poll/3415/most-admired-men-women-19481998.aspx|archive-date=November 16, 2017}}</ref> She died in 1994 and was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] alongside President Kennedy.<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgdvbmFzc2lz/ Burial Detail: Onassis, Jacqueline K (Section 45, Grave S-45] – at ANC Explorer.</ref>
== Early life (1929–1951) ==
===Family and childhood===
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at [[Stony Brook Southampton Hospital|Southampton Hospital]] in [[Southampton (village), New York|Southampton, New York]], to [[Wall Street]] stockbroker [[John Vernou Bouvier III|John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III]] and socialite [[Janet Norton Lee]].<ref>Pottker, p. 64.</ref> Her mother was of [[Irish American|Irish]] descent,<ref name=Pottker7 /> and her father had [[French Americans|French]], [[Scottish American|Scottish]], and [[English American|English]] ancestry.<ref name="Flaherty">Flaherty, ch. 1, subsection "Early years".</ref>{{efn|Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of [[Pont-Saint-Esprit]] and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/07/28/jackie-la-cousine-d-amerique|title = Jackie, la cousine d'Amérique}}</ref> Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class, her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier Jr., fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book, ''Our Forebears'', later disproved by the research by her cousin [[John H. Davis (author)|John Hagy Davis]].<ref>{{cite book| last= Davis|first= John H.|title=The Bouviers: Portrait of an American family |year=1995|publisher= National Press Books | isbn = 978-1-882605-19-4 }}</ref>}} Named after her father, she was [[baptized]] at the [[Church of St. Ignatius Loyola]] in [[Manhattan]] and raised in the [[Roman Catholic]] faith.<ref>Spoto, pp. 22, 61.</ref> Her sister, [[Lee Radziwill|Caroline Lee]], was born four years later on March 3, 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/lee-radziwill-died-140400570.html|first=Adam|last=Rathe|title=Lee Radziwill Has Died|publisher=Yahoo!|date=February 16, 2019|access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref>
Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at [[Lasata]], the Bouviers' country estate in [[East Hampton (village), New York|East Hampton]] on [[Long Island]].<ref name=NYTobituary>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0728.html|title=Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|first=Robert D.|last=McFadden|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603223251/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0728.html|archive-date=June 3, 2001|access-date=February 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> She looked up to her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story|last=Leaming|first=Barbara|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2014|location=New York|pages=6–8}}</ref> Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, [[John Vernou Bouvier Jr.]]<ref name=Tracy9>Tracy, pp. 9–10.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-book-jackie-os-lessons/|title=New Book: Jackie O's Lessons|date=April 1, 2004|first=Bootie|last=Cosgrove-Mather|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> From an early age, Jacqueline was an enthusiastic [[Equestrianism|equestrienne]] and successfully competed in the sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion.<ref name=Tracy9/><ref name="Jacqueline">{{cite web|last=Glueckstein |first=Fred |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Equestrienne |url=http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/93017f0de13379e1a77c8b63dfa9554f.pdf |work=Equestrian |date=October 2004 |access-date=September 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427152055/http://www.usef.org/_staffIframes/pressbox/images/magazine/pdf/93017f0de13379e1a77c8b63dfa9554f.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2012 }}</ref> She took [[ballet]] lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning foreign languages, including [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Mim|title=Jackie Kennedy's Prowess as a Polygot |work=America the Bilingual |url=https://www.americathebilingual.com/jackie-kennedys-prowess-as-a-polygot/}}</ref> French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing.<ref name="Tracy38">Tracy, p. 38.</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline Bouvier by David Berne, 1935.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Six-year-old Jacqueline Bouvier with her dog in 1935]]
In 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's [[Chapin School (Manhattan)|Chapin School]], where she attended grades 1–7.<ref name="Jacqueline"/><ref>Pottker, p. 74; Spoto, p. 28.</ref> She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".<ref name=jfklibrary>{{cite web|title=Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/Life-of-Jacqueline-B-Kennedy.aspx|work=The [[John F. Kennedy Library]]|access-date=April 6, 2015}}</ref> Her mother attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of classmates and then acting out in boredom.<ref name=Harris540>Harris, pp. 540–541.</ref> Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave.<ref name="Harris540"/>
The marriage of the Bouviers was strained by the father's [[alcoholism]] and [[extramarital affair]]s; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref>Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days"; Pottker, p. 99; Leaming, p. 7.</ref> They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split.<ref>Leaming (2001), p. 5; Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days".</ref> According to her cousin [[John H. Davis (author)|John H. Davis]], Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own."<ref name=NYTobituary/> When their mother married [[Standard Oil]] heir [[Hugh D. Auchincloss|Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr.]], the Bouvier sisters did not attend the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to [[World War II]].<ref name="Tracy17"/> They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss's previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and [[Nina Gore Auchincloss]]. Jacqueline formed the closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants.<ref name=Tracy17>Tracy, p. 17.</ref> The marriage later produced two more children, [[Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd|Janet Jennings Auchincloss]] in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
After the remarriage, Auchincloss's [[Merrywood]] estate in [[McLean, Virginia]], became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, [[Hammersmith Farm]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref>Pottker, p. 114.</ref> Although she retained a relationship with her father, Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure.<ref name=NYTobituary/> He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she otherwise would have never experienced.<ref>Pottker, p. 8.</ref> While adjusting to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time.<ref>Pottker, pp. 100–101.</ref>
After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier attended the [[Holton-Arms School]] in Northwest [[Washington, D.C.]], from 1942 to 1944 and [[Miss Porter's School]] in [[Farmington, Connecticut]], from 1944 to 1947.<ref name=Pottker7>Pottker, p. 7.</ref> She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes.<ref>Spoto, p. 57.</ref> In her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife". She later hired her childhood friend [[Nancy Tuckerman]] to be her [[White House Social Secretary|social secretary]] at the White House.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Rebecca|last=Mead|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/04/11/jackies-juvenilia|title=Jackie's Juvenilia|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature.<ref name=Spoto63>Spoto, p. 63.</ref>
=== College and early career ===
In the fall of 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier entered [[Vassar College]] in [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], at that time a women's institution.<ref>Pottker, pp. 113–114</ref> She had wanted to attend [[Sarah Lawrence College]], closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar.<ref>Pottker, pp. 113–114; Leaming, pp. 10–11.</ref> She was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref name=Spoto67>Spoto, pp. 67–68.</ref> Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for the weekends.<ref>Pottker, p. 116; Leaming, pp. 14–15.</ref> She had made her debut to [[High society (group)|high society]] in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist [[Igor Cassini]] dubbed her the "[[Debutante#United States|debutante]] of the year".<ref>Leaming, pp. 14–15.</ref> She spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the [[University of Grenoble]] in [[Grenoble]], and at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in Paris—in a study-abroad program through [[Smith College]].<ref>Leaming, p. 17.</ref> Upon returning home, she transferred to [[George Washington University]] in Washington, D.C., graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[French literature]] in 1951.<ref name="FirstLadies">{{cite web | title = First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy | url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=36 | work = First Ladies' Biographical Information | access-date = February 21, 2012 }}</ref> During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in [[American history]] at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="FirstLadies" />
While attending George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide.<ref name=prixdeparis>Leaming (2014), pp. 19–21</ref> The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris.<ref name=prixdeparis/> Before beginning the job, she celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer.<ref name=prixdeparis/> The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, ''One Special Summer'', co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings.<ref>{{cite book|title=One Special Summer|location=New York City|publisher=[[Delacorte Press]]|year=1974 | isbn = 978-0-440-06037-6 |last1=Onassis |first1=Jacqueline Kennedy |last2=Radziwill |first2=Lee Bouvier |author-link2=Lee Radziwill}}</ref> On her first day at ''Vogue'', the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer [[Barbara Leaming]], the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. She followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work.<ref name="prixdeparis"/>
Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]'', where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spoto |first1=Donald |title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-312-24650-1 |pages=88–89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_dm1DTx6SMC&q=Frank+Waldrop+Bouvier&pg=PA89}}</ref> A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $25 a week.<ref>Tracy, pp. 72–73.</ref> He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Adam |title=Washington Star Editor Sidney Epstein Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/09/18/washington-star-editor-sidney-epstein-dies/6f06a76f-c654-4d31-97a3-c3aef657360b/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=February 21, 2020 |date=September 18, 2002}}</ref> The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses.<ref name=NYTobituary/> In addition to the random "[[man on the street]]" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old [[Tricia Nixon]]. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father [[Richard Nixon]] was elected to the vice presidency in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]].<ref>Beasley, p. 79; Adler, pp. 20–21.</ref> During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in January 1952.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 25.</ref> After three months, she called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better.<ref name=Spoto89>Spoto, pp. 89–91.</ref><ref>Tracy, p. 70.</ref>
== Marriage to John F. Kennedy ==
{{further|Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier}}
[[File:Toni Frissell, John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier on their wedding day, 1953.jpg|thumb|Senator John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy on their wedding day, September 12, 1953]]
Jacqueline Bouvier and [[U.S. Representative]] [[John F. Kennedy]] belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist [[Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)|Charles L. Bartlett]], at a dinner party in May 1952.<ref name=NYTobituary/> She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad.<ref name=O>O'Brien, pp. 265–266</ref> Kennedy was busy running for the [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952|U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts]]; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the [[coronation of Queen Elizabeth II]] in London for ''The Washington Times-Herald''.<ref name="60facts">{{cite web |title=60 Fascinating Facts About The Queen's Coronation |url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/history-blogs/coronationfacts-8604/ |website=Royal Central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717051556/https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/history-blogs/coronationfacts-8604/ |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper.<ref>Harris, pp. 548–549.</ref> Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. She was 24 and he was 36.<ref name="NYTEngagement">{{cite news|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/25/issue.html |title=Senator Kennedy to marry in fall|date=June 25, 1953|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=31|access-date=November 29, 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Alam, p. 8.</ref>
Bouvier and Kennedy married on September 12, 1953, at [[St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], in a [[Mass (Catholic Church)|mass]] celebrated by Boston's Archbishop [[Richard Cushing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JKO-Fast-Facts/Wedding-Details.aspx |website=jfklibrary.org|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref> The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at [[Hammersmith Farm]].<ref>[http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK+Library+and+Museum/News+and+Press/Special+Exhibit+Celebrates+50th+Anniversary+of+the+Wedding+of+Jacqueline+Bouvier+and+John+F+Kennedy.htm jfklibrary.org], Special Exhibit Celebrates 50th Anniversary of the Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy.</ref> The [[Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier|wedding dress]] was designed by [[Ann Lowe]] of New York City, and is now housed in the [[Kennedy Library]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts. The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reed Miller |first=Rosemary E. |title=The Threads of Time|year=2007 | isbn = 978-0-9709713-0-2 }}</ref>
[[File:John F. Kennedy after spinal surgery cph.3c33052.jpg|left|upright|The Kennedys after John's spinal surgery, December 1954|thumb]]
The newlyweds honeymooned in [[Acapulco]], Mexico, before settling in their new home, [[Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)|Hickory Hill]] in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite book| author = Smith, Sally Bedell |title=Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House| url = https://archive.org/details/gracepowerprivat00smit | url-access = registration |year=2004 | isbn = 978-0-375-50449-5 |author-link= Sally Bedell Smith}}</ref> Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her parents-in-law, [[Joseph Kennedy|Joseph]] and [[Rose Kennedy]].<ref name=OBrien295>O'Brien, pp. 295–296.</ref><ref name=Mrs.Kennedy31>Leaming (2001), pp. 31–32.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/05/13/finding_her_way_in_the_clan/?page=full |title=Finding her way in the clan Diaries, letters reveal a more complex Kennedy matriarch|date=May 13, 2007|newspaper=Boston Globe|first=Kevin|last=Gullen}}</ref> In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John Kennedy suffered from [[Addison's disease]] and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation.<ref name="Dallek">Dallek, Robert. ''An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963''. Back Bay Books, pp. 99–106, 113, 195–197 (2004).</ref> Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a [[miscarriage]] in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella.<ref name="Reference1A">{{cite magazine|title=Big Year for the Clan|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 26, 1963}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1956/08/24/archives/mrs-kennedy-loses-her-baby.html |title=Mrs. Kennedy Loses Her Baby|date=August 24, 1956|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], who occupied it with his wife [[Ethel Kennedy|Ethel]] and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in [[Georgetown, Washington, DC|Georgetown]].<ref name=Pottker7 /> The Kennedys also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in [[Boston]], their permanent [[Massachusetts]] residence during John's congressional career.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan |last=Thompson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/boston/articles/john-f-kennedy-boston-trail/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/boston/articles/john-f-kennedy-boston-trail/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Boston: A tour of the city that JFK called home |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=May 29, 2017 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rob |last=Bear |url=https://www.curbed.com/maps/on-his-birthday-mapping-john-f-kennedys-many-homes |title=On His Birthday, Mapping John F. Kennedy's Many Homes |work=Curbed |date=May 29, 2013 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref>
Kennedy gave birth to daughter [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] on November 27, 1957.<ref name="Reference1A" /> At the time, she and her husband were campaigning for his re-election to the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958, issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 90.</ref>{{efn|At first she had opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but she hađ changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that John would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her.<ref>Heymann, p. 61.</ref>}}{{which|date=July 2018}} They traveled together during the campaign as part of their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had characterized the first five years of their marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value that his wife added to his congressional campaign. [[Kenneth O'Donnell]] remembered that "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose however observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention.<ref>Spoto, pp. 142–144.</ref> In November 1958, John was reelected to a second term. He credited Jacqueline's visibility in the ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory, and he called her "simply invaluable".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iagreetosee.com/portfolio/jackie-kennedys-campaign-ad-appearance-1960-presidential-election/ |title=Jackie Kennedy's Campaign Ad Appearance, before the 1960 Presidential Election|publisher=iagreetosee.com}}</ref><ref>Hunt and Batcher, p. 167.</ref>
In July 1959, the historian [[Arthur M. Schlesinger]] visited the [[Kennedy Compound]] in [[Hyannis Port]] and had his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment".<ref>Schlesinger (1978), p. 17.</ref> That year, John Kennedy traveled to 14 states, but Jacqueline took long breaks from the trips so she could spend time with their daughter, Caroline. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned for the following year.<ref>Spoto, p. 146.</ref> In particular, she traveled to [[Louisiana]] to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chelsea|last=Brasted|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/11/jfk_owes_credit_to_louisiana_f.html |title=JFK owes credit to Louisiana for winning 1960 presidential election|date=November 18, 2013|work=The Times-Picayune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122032516/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/11/jfk_owes_credit_to_louisiana_f.html |archive-date=November 22, 2013|access-date=February 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
== First Lady of the United States (1961–1963) ==
=== Campaign for presidency ===
[[File:Jfk-appleton.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy with her husband as he campaigns for the presidency in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], March 1960]]
On January 3, 1960, John F. Kennedy was a United States senator from Massachusetts when he announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners.<ref>Spoto, p. 152.</ref> Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown.<ref>Beasley, p. 72.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Molly Meijer|last=Wertheime|title=Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century|year=2004}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, ''Campaign Wife'', answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.<ref name=jfklibrary/>
Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|last1=Mulvagh|first1=Jane|work=The Independent|date=May 20, 1994|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-1437396.html}}</ref> On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world.<ref name=Beasleyfashion>Beasley, pp. 72–76.</ref> On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press.<ref name=Beasleyfashion/> In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices.<ref name=Beasleyfashion/>
On July 13 at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for president. Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.<ref name=Spoto155>Spoto, pp. 155–157.</ref> She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate [[Richard Nixon]], who was the incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.<ref>Schlesinger, p. 69.</ref>{{which|date=June 2022}} On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on ''[[Person to Person]]'', interviewed by [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]].<ref name=Spoto155/>
=== As first lady ===
[[File:JBKJFKMalraux.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy, [[André Malraux|André]] and Marie-Madeleine Malraux, [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon B.]] and [[Lady Bird Johnson]] prior to a dinner, May 1962. Jacqueline Kennedy is wearing a gown designed by [[Oleg Cassini]]<ref>Cassini, p. 153.</ref>]]
[[File:White House Dinner in honor of President of Tunisia. President Habib Bourguiba, Mrs. Bourguiba, Mrs. Kennedy... - NARA - 194199.jpg|thumb|right|upright|With Tunisian Prime Minister [[Habib Bourguiba]]]]
On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1960 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].<ref name=jfklibrary/> A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]<ref name=jfklibrary/> She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.<ref>Spoto, p. 164.</ref>
Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961.<ref name=jfklibrary/> She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at [[Middleburg, Virginia|Middleburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://househistree.com/houses/glen-ora|title=The Story of the Glen Ora Estate|website=HouseHistree.com | access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian [[Gil Troy]] has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".<ref name="Beasley, p. 76">Beasley, p. 76.</ref> The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer [[Oleg Cassini]] to design her wardrobe.<ref>Beasley, pp. 73– 74.</ref> She was the first presidential wife to hire a [[press secretary]], [[Pamela Turnure]], and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.<ref name="firstladies1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstladies.org/facinatingfacts.aspx |title=Little-known facts about our First Ladies |publisher=Firstladies.org |access-date=July 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name=bimage>Beasley, pp. 78–83.</ref> The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".<ref name=bimage/> Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its [[Cold War]] policies.<ref>Schwalbe, pp. 111–127.</ref>
Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Jacqueline-Kennedy-in-the-White-House.aspx|title=Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House|publisher= The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/essays/kennedy-1961-firstlady |title=Jacqueline Kennedy — First Lady |publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] |access-date=April 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406083214/http://millercenter.org/president/essays/kennedy-1961-firstlady |archive-date=April 6, 2016 }}</ref> The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/><ref name=miller/> One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] and the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], established during Johnson's tenure.<ref name=miller/>
==== White House restoration ====
[[File:Charles Collingwood murrow27s boys.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy with [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]] of [[CBS News]] during [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|their televised tour]] of the restored [[White House]] in 1962]]
Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady [[Mamie Eisenhower]] shortly before her husband's inauguration.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator [[Sister Parish]]. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert [[Henry Francis du Pont|Henry du Pont]].<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> Working with [[Rachel Lambert Mellon]], Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the [[White House Rose Garden|Rose Garden]] and the East Garden, which was renamed the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]] after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in [[President's Park|Lafayette Square]] in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/>
[[File:1962 White House Christmas Tree - John and Jacqueline Kennedy 1.jpg|right|thumb|John and Jacqueline Kennedy at Christmas 1961]]
Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428919/Jacqueline-Kennedy-Onassis|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=August 10, 2012}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the [[White House Historical Association]], the [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]], the position of a permanent [[Curator of the White House]], the [[White House Endowment Trust]], and the [[White House Acquisition Trust]].<ref name="DesigningCamelot" /> She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.<ref name="firstladies1"/>
On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of [[CBS News]], took American television viewers [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|on a tour of the White House]]. In the tour, she stated that "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."<ref name="DesigningCamelot">{{cite book|author1=Abbott, James |author2=Rice, Elaine |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration|publisher= Thomson |year=1997 | isbn = 978-0-442-02532-8 }}</ref> The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] Trustees Award for it at the [[Emmy Awards]] in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by [[Lady Bird Johnson]]. Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy.<ref name="firstladies1"/>
{{clear}}
==== Foreign trips ====
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi]]
Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.<ref name="FirstLadies"/> Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.<ref name="Beasley, p. 76"/> Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman, Sidey and Baldrige, pp. 73–74.</ref> At the conclusion of the visit, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"<ref name="Time060961">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938093,00.html|title=Nation: La Presidente|date=June 9, 1961|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=June 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204204752/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938093,00.html|archive-date=February 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/03/archives/just-an-escort-kennedy-jokes-as-wifes-charm-enchants-paris-first.html|title=Just an Escort, Kennedy Jokes As Wife's Charm Enchants Paris; First Lady Wins Bouquets From Press – She Also Has Brief Chance to Visit Museum and Admire Manet|last=Blair|first=W. Grainger|date=June 3, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>
From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."<ref>{{cite book|author=Perry, Barbara A.|title=Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7006-1343-4|url=https://archive.org/details/jacquelinekenned00perr}}</ref> Khrushchev later sent her a puppy; the animal was significant for being the offspring of [[Soviet space dogs|Strelka]], the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.<ref>Meagher and Gragg, p. 83.</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at the Taj Mahal, 15 March 1962.jpg|thumb|Kennedy at the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, [[India]], March 1962]]
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2011/03/jackie-kennedy-adopts-sardar-march-23-1962-051743|title=Jackie Kennedy adopts Sardar, March 23, 1962|first=Andrew|last=Glass|date=March 23, 2011|work=Politico}}</ref> ''Life'' magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] attracted when they had previously visited these countries.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/03/this-day-in-politics-march-12-1962-115982|title=Jacqueline Kennedy begins South Asia trip, March 12, 1962|first=Andrew|last=Glass|date=March 12, 2015|work=Politico}}</ref> In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including [[Afghanistan]], Austria, Canada,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EFDC103DE733A2575BC1A9639C946091D6CF|title=Ottawa Reacts to Mrs. Kennedy With 'Special Glow of Warmth'; Prime Minister Hails Her at Parliament – Crowds Cheer Her at Horse Show and During Visit to Art Gallery|last=Long|first=Tania|date=May 1, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> [[Colombia]], United Kingdom, [[Greece]], [[Italy]], Mexico,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2015/03/24/2003614311|title=Pioneering aide to Jacqueline Kennedy dies|date=March 24, 2015|newspaper=Taipei Times}}</ref> [[Morocco]], [[Turkey]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="FirstLadies"/> Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Rabe|title=The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America|date=1999|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=0-8078-4764-X|page=[https://books.google.no/books?id=hVhuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref>
==== Death of infant son ====
{{main|Patrick Bouvier Kennedy}}
In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on [[Cape Cod|Cape Cod, Massachusetts]]. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]], via emergency Caesarean section at nearby [[Otis Air Force Base]]. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to [[Boston Children's Hospital]], where he died of [[hyaline membrane disease]] two days after birth.<ref>{{cite book | author = Beschloss, Michael. | title = Historical Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4013-2425-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/jacquelinekenned00jacq }}</ref><ref>Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-446-52426-1}}</ref> Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.<ref name=VanityFair>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2013/07/icebergs-jfk-jackie-death-patrick |first=Thurston|last=Clarke|title=A Death in the First Family|date=July 1, 2013|magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>
The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death<ref name=Levingston2013 /> and proceeded to enter a state of [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name=Leaming120>Leaming (2014), pp. 120–122.</ref> However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.<ref name=Levingston2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/for-john-and-jackie-kennedy-the-death-of-a-son-may-have-brought-them-closer/2013/10/24/2506051e-369b-11e3-ae46-e4248e75c8ea_story.html|title=For John and Jackie Kennedy, the death of a son may have brought them closer|date=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Steven|last=Levingston|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".<ref>Schlesinger, p. xiv</ref>{{which|date=June 2022}} Jacqueline Kennedy's friend [[Aristotle Onassis]] was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".<ref name=Leaming120/>
== Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy ==
{{main|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|State funeral of John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy autopsy}}
[[File:John F. Kennedy motorcade, Dallas crop.png|thumb|right|The President and First Lady in the rear seat of the [[Presidential State Car (United States)|presidential limousine]] minutes before the assassination]]
On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 123.</ref> After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on [[VC-137C SAM 26000|Air Force One]] from Fort Worth's [[Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth|Carswell Air Force Base]] to Dallas's [[Dallas Love Field|Love Field]], accompanied by Texas Governor [[John Connally]] and his wife [[Nellie Connally|Nellie]].<ref name="Bugliosi">Bugliosi, pp. 30, 34.</ref> The First Lady was wearing a [[Kennedy pink Chanel suit|bright pink Chanel suit]] and a [[pillbox hat]],<ref name="Craughwell-Varda1999" /><ref name="FordMitchell2004">{{cite book|url={{Google books|Jmz__lna90kC|page=PA149|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Makeover in Movies: Before and After in Hollywood Films, 1941–2002|last1=Ford|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Mitchell|first2=Deborah C.|date=March 2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1721-6|page=149|access-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.<ref>Alam, p. 36.</ref> A {{convert|9.5|mi|km|adj=on}} [[motorcade]] was to take them to the [[Dallas Market Center|Trade Mart]], where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the [[SS-100-X|presidential limousine]], with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in [[Dealey Plaza]], the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle [[Back-fire|backfiring]]. She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[Clint Hill (Secret Service)|Clint Hill]] later told the [[Warren Commission]] that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off.<ref name="cjhill">{{cite web|title=Testimony of Clinton J. Hill, Special Agent, Secret Service |url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0070b.htm|work=Warren Commission Hearings |volume=II|publisher=Assassination Archives and Research Center|access-date=November 26, 2012|pages=132–144}}</ref> Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, [[Associated Press]] photographer [[Ike Altgens]] snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.<ref name=PotP>Trask, p. 318.</ref> She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".<ref>{{cite web |title=Warren Commission Hearings |volume=V (Testimony of Mrs. John F. Kennedy) |year=1964 |page=180 |url=http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=40&relPageId=190 |publisher=Mary Ferrell Foundation}}</ref>
[[File:Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|thumb|Kennedy, still wearing her blood-stained [[Kennedy pink Chanel suit|pink Chanel suit]], stands alongside Lyndon B. Johnson as he takes the presidential oath of office administered by [[Sarah T. Hughes|Sarah Hughes]] aboard [[Air Force One]]]]
The President was rushed for the {{convert|3.8|mi|km|adj=on}} trip to [[Parkland Hospital]]. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.<ref name="Manchester">{{cite book|author = Manchester, William |title=Death of a President|url = https://archive.org/details/deathofpresident00manc |url-access = registration |year=1967|location= New York City|publisher= [[Harper & Row]] | isbn = 978-0-88365-956-4 |author-link= William Manchester}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2015}} President Kennedy never regained consciousness.
He died not long after, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/ladybird/epicenter/epicenter_doc_diary.html | title= Selections from Lady Bird's Diary on the assassination: November 22, 1963 | work=Lady Bird Johnson: Portrait of a First Lady | publisher= [[PBS]]| access-date= March 1, 2008}}</ref> She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband's assassination, and was donated to the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] in 1964. Under the terms of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, the suit will not be placed on public display before 2103.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kettler |first1=Sara |title=Why Jacqueline Kennedy Didn't Take Off Her Pink Suit After JFK Was Assassinated |url=https://www.biography.com/news/jacqueline-kennedy-pink-suit-jfk-assassination |work=Biography |date=April 12, 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Smart Pink Suit, Preserved in Memory">{{cite news|last1=Horyn|first1=Cathy|title=Jacqueline Kennedy's Smart Pink Suit, Preserved in Memory and Kept Out of View|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/fashion/jacqueline-kennedys-smart-pink-suit-preserved-in-memory-and-kept-out-of-view.html|url-access=limited|access-date=December 26, 2014|work=The New York Times|date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.<ref name="caro">Caro, p. 329.</ref>
[[File:JFK's family leaves Capitol after his funeral, 1963.jpg|thumb|left|Family members depart the [[U.S. Capitol]] after a lying-in-state service for the President, November 24, 1963]]
Kennedy took an active role in planning [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|her husband's state funeral]], modeling it after [[Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln]]'s service.<ref name=Campbell/> She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.<ref>Hilty, p. 484.</ref> The funeral service was held at the [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]] in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. [[Lady Jeanne Campbell]] reported back to the London ''[[Evening Standard]]'': "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."<ref name=Campbell>{{cite news|title=Magic Majesty of Mrs. Kennedy|date=November 25, 1963|author = Campbell, Lady Jeanne|newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]]|location=London|page=1|author-link= Jeanne Campbell}}</ref>
A week after the assassination,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26032 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson: "Executive Order 11130 – Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |work=The American Presidency Project |publisher=University of California – Santa Barbara}}</ref> new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an [[executive order]] that established the [[Warren Commission]]—led by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Earl Warren]]—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/29/archives/in-the-nation-the-unsolved-mysteries-of-motive.html|title=In The Nation; The Unsolved Mysteries of Motive|work=The New York Times|date=September 29, 1964|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref> Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/society/2014/10/jacqueline-kennedy-jfk-assassination-depression|title=The Winter of Her Despair|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Barbara|last=Leaming|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission.{{efn|There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, [[Earl Warren]] in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while [[John J. McCloy]] outright opposed such an inquiry. Future president [[Gerald Ford]], who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate.<ref name="White"/> With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Kennedy at her apartment.<ref name=White>White (1987), p. 203.</ref><ref>Leaming (2014), p. 171.</ref>}} Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Kennedy stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, [[Clint Hill (Secret Service)|Clint Hill]], who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.
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== Life following the assassination (1963–1975) ==
===Mourning period and later public appearances===
{{quote box
|quote=Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot.
There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=T1IEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA158 ''An Epilogue''], in ''Life'', Dec 6, 1963, pp. 158–159.</ref>
|source= —Jackie describing the years of her husband's presidency for ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''
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On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in [[Hyannis Port]] by [[Theodore H. White]] of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>Spoto, pp. 233–234.</ref> In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to [[King Arthur]]'s mythical [[Camelot]], commenting that the President often played the title song of [[Lerner and Loewe]]'s musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted [[Queen Guinevere]] from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]] |date=December 6, 1963|volume=55|issue=23 |issn=0024-3019|title=For President Kennedy, an Epilogue| author = White, Theodore H.|author-link= Theodore H. White}}</ref> The era of the [[Kennedy administration]] has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with [[Robert Dallek]] stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."<ref>Tomlin, p. 295.</ref>
Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.<ref name="nyt12071963">{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/12/07/89986491.pdf|title=Mrs. Kennedy is in new home; declines 3-acre Arlington plot|last=Hunter|first=Marjorie|date=December 7, 1963|work=The New York Times|pages=1, 13|access-date=April 13, 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie," President Johnson offered an [[U.S. Ambassador to France|ambassadorship to France]] to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to [[U.S. Ambassador to Mexico|Mexico]] and the [[U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain|United Kingdom]]. At her request, Johnson renamed the [[Florida]] space center the [[John F. Kennedy Space Center]] a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.<ref>Andersen, pp. 55–56.</ref>
Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. It has been speculated that she may have been suffering from undiagnosed [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] due to intrusive flashbacks.<ref name="NYTobituary" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Rachel |last=Brody |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2015/01/22/jackie-kennedy-may-have-had-ptsd-after-jfks-death |title=A Private Trauma in the Public Eye |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=January 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story |last=Leaming |first=Barbara |date=October 28, 2014 |isbn=978-1-250-01764-2 }}</ref><ref name="Adler" /> In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at [[Averell Harriman]]'s home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination, and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.<ref name=Spoto239 /> She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at [[1040 Fifth Avenue]] in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abagond.wordpress.com/2008/08/27/1040-fifth-avenue-where-jackie-o-lived/ |title=1040 Fifth Avenue: Where Jackie O. lived |work=Abagond |date=August 27, 2008 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy|author=Heymann, Clemens David|isbn=978-0-7434-9738-1|date=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sweet Caroline: Last Child of Camelot|url=https://archive.org/details/sweetcarolinelas00ande|url-access=registration| author = Andersen, Christopher P. |year=2003|publisher=William Morrow| isbn = 978-0-06-103225-7 }}</ref>
In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.{{efn|In May 1965, she, Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at [[Runnymede]], England, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to JFK. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where [[John, King of England|King John]] had signed the [[Magna Carta]] in 1215.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3915.html|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|work=u-s-history.com}}</ref> In 1967, she attended the christening of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CV-67}}<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Za6sMz-bk_g Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140212225443/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za6sMz-bk_g&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=May 27, 1967 – Jacqueline, Caroline and John at the christening of the U.S.S. John F. Kennedy|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za6sMz-bk_g|via=YouTube|access-date=November 15, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near [[New Ross]], Ireland. She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jfks-body-moved-to-permanent-gravesite|publisher=HISTORY.com|title=JFK's body moved to permanent gravesite}}</ref>}} She also oversaw the establishment of the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]], which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.<ref>Tracy, p. 180.</ref> Designed by architect [[I.M. Pei]], it is situated next to the [[University of Massachusetts]] campus in Boston.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Despite having commissioned [[William Manchester]]'s authorized account of President Kennedy's death, ''[[The Death of a President]]'', Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication.<ref>Mills, p. 363.</ref><ref>Schlesinger, Vol 2., p. 762.</ref><ref>White, pp. 98–99.</ref> They sued publishers [[Harper & Row]] in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
During the [[Vietnam War]] in November 1967, ''Life'' magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and [[David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech|David Ormsby-Gore]], former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of [[Angkor Wat]] with Chief of State [[Norodom Sihanouk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devata.org/2010/01/angkor-wat-dreams-jacqueline-kennedys-1967-visit-to-cambodia/ |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Visits Angkor Wat |date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=Devata.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324002740/http://www.devata.org/2010/01/angkor-wat-dreams-jacqueline-kennedys-1967-visit-to-cambodia/ |archive-date=March 24, 2010 }} November 1967.</ref><ref name=Alam32>Alam, p. 32.</ref> According to historian [[Milton Osborne]], her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/jacqueline-kennedys-charm-offensive|title=Jacqueline Kennedy's charm offensive|date=March 21, 2015|first=Harriet Fitch|last=Little|work=The Phnom Penh Post}}</ref> She also attended the [[funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr.]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.<ref>Leaming (2014), pp. 237–238.</ref>
=== Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy ===
After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law [[Robert F. Kennedy]]; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.<ref>Thomas, p. 91.</ref> He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.<ref>Hersh, p. 85.</ref> In the aftermath of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.<ref name=Spoto239>Spoto, pp. 239–240.</ref> He credited her with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York.<ref>Tracy, p. 194.</ref>
The January 1968 [[Tet offensive]] in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When [[Art Buchwald]] asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".<ref name="FlyntEisenbach"/><ref>Heymann, p. 141.</ref> She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him to not follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.<ref>Thomas, p. 361.</ref> She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.<ref name=FlyntEisenbach>Flynt and Eisenbach, p. 216.</ref> Despite her concerns, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,<ref>Ford, p. 273.</ref> and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.<ref name=FlyntEisenbach/>
Just after midnight [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]] on June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named [[Sirhan Sirhan]] [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|mortally wounded]] Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.<ref name="NYTjune61968">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/05/archives/kennedy-claims-victory-and-then-shots-ring-out.html|title=Kennedy claims victory; and then shots ring out|last=Morriss|first=John G.|date=June 6, 1968|work=The New York Times|page=1|access-date=December 29, 2015}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to [[Los Angeles]] to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law [[Ted Kennedy|Ted]], and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.<ref name="NYTsirhan">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0605.html|title=Kennedy is Dead, Victim of Assassin; Suspect, Arab Immigrant, Arraigned; Johnson Appoints Panel on Violence|last=Hill|first=Gladwin|date=June 6, 1968|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126172532/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0605.html|archive-date=January 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Marriage to Aristotle Onassis ===
After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.<ref>Pottker, p. 257.</ref> She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country".<ref name="jfkjr">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html|title=John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty| author = Seely, Katherine|date=July 19, 1999|work=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=November 8, 2009}}</ref>
On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend [[Aristotle Onassis]], a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.<ref name="jfkjr" /> The wedding took place on [[Skorpios]], Onassis's private Greek island in the [[Ionian Sea]].<ref>Spoto, p. 266.</ref> After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife [[Athina Livanos]] was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be [[excommunicated]] by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by [[Boston's archbishop]], Cardinal [[Richard Cushing]], as "nonsense".<ref>{{cite news|title=Cardinal Claims Excommunication Idea 'Nonsense,' in Talk about Jackie Kennedy |date=October 23, 1968 |work=The Southeast Missourian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19681023&id=MM5QAAAAIBAJ&pg=4712,2143422 |via=Google News}}</ref> She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Roman Catholics: The Cardinal and Jackie| url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839610,00.html| magazine=Time|access-date=May 12, 2014|date=November 1, 1968}}</ref> and became the target of [[paparazzi]] who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".<ref>Tracy, p. 211.</ref>
In 1968, billionaire heiress [[Doris Duke]], with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the [[Newport Restoration Foundation]]. Onassis publicly championed the foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Colacello|first=Bob|date=March 1994|title=Doris Duke's Final Mystery|url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/share/8e9a9c8a-592e-413c-b470-46346122c32a|access-date=September 5, 2020|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Duke, Doris {{!}} Learning to Give|url=https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/duke-doris|access-date=September 5, 2020|website=Learning to Give}}</ref>
During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her 15-room [[1040 Fifth Avenue|Fifth Avenue apartment]] in Manhattan, her horse farm in [[Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Valerie |title=Peapack a Refuge For Mrs. Onassis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/25/archives/peapack-a-refuge-for-mrs-onassis-pattern-of-activity.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 25, 1973}}</ref> his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht ''[[Christina O]]''. Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.<ref>Heymann, p. 90.</ref> She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.<ref>Hersh, p. 512.</ref>
Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son [[Alexander Onassis|Alexander]] in a plane crash in 1973.<ref>Spoto, p. 282</ref> He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from [[Christina Onassis]]—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.<ref>Tracy, p. 232.</ref>
==Later years (1975–1990s)==
[[File:Reagans with Jackie Kennedy.jpg|thumb|Onassis in 1985 with the president and first lady, [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald]] and [[Nancy Reagan]]]]
[[File:Hillary Rodham Clinton and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.jpg|thumb|right|Onassis with [[Hillary Clinton]] in 1993]]
After the death of her second husband, Onassis returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, [[Martha's Vineyard]], and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at [[Viking Press]], a position that she held for two years.{{efn|Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was ''John F. Kennedy, President,'' by [[Hugh Sidey]], which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped [[Ted Sorensen]] with his book ''Kennedy''. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Onassis the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful, and she provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir ''Counselor'', as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me".<ref>Lawrence, pp. 13–14.</ref>}}
After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Onassis attended the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]] and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery.<ref>Sabato, p. 324</ref><ref>Reeves, pp. 124–127.</ref> She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after [[John Leonard (critic)|John Leonard]] of ''The New York Times'' stated that she held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the [[Jeffrey Archer]] novel ''[[Shall We Tell the President?]]'', set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him.<ref name="carmody19771015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/15/archives/mrs-onassis-resigns-editing-post-mrs-onassis-resigns-editing-post.html |title=Mrs. Onassis Resigns Editing Post |last=Carmody |first=Deirdre |date=October 15, 1977 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 28, 2019 |page=1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Silverman, pp. 71–72.</ref> Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at [[Faneuil Hall]] in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president [[Jimmy Carter]] for the Democratic nomination for president.<ref>Leaming (2014), p. 292.</ref> She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful.<ref>Lawrence, p. 95.</ref>
Following her resignation from Viking Press, Onassis was hired by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, [[John Turner Sargent, Sr.]] Among the books she edited for the company are [[Larry Gonick]]'s ''[[The Cartoon History of the Universe]]'',<ref>Spoto, p. 319.</ref> the English translation of the three volumes of [[Naghib Mahfuz]]'s ''[[Cairo Trilogy]]'' (with Martha Levin),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/findingaids/lilly/InU-Li-VAA1274|title=Hutchins mss., 1972–1999|publisher=Indiana University}}</ref> and autobiographies of ballerina [[Gelsey Kirkland]],<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/fashion/02JACKIE.html|title=Once an Editor, Now the Subject|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> singer-songwriter [[Carly Simon]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jackie O.: A Life in Books|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Jacqueline-Kennedys-Literary-Life|publisher=oprah.com|access-date=January 11, 2015}}</ref> and fashion icon [[Diana Vreeland]].<ref name="nytimes.com"/> She also encouraged [[Dorothy West]], her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the [[Harlem Renaissance]], to complete the novel ''The Wedding'' (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S.
In addition to her work as an editor, Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save [[Grand Central Terminal]] from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan.<ref name="Adler" /> A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at [[Columbus Circle]] that would have cast large shadows on Central Park;<ref name="Adler">{{cite book|title=The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis – A Portrait in Her Own Words|volume=1| author = Adler, Bill |date=April 13, 2004| isbn = 978-0-06-073282-0 }}</ref> the project was cancelled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the [[Time Warner Center]], was completed in 2003. Her notable historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save [[Olana State Historic Site|Olana]], the home of [[Frederic Edwin Church]] in upstate New York.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schuyler|first=David|title=Frederic Church's Olana on the Hudson: Art, Landscape, and Architecture|publisher=Rizzoli International Publications/The Olana Partnership|year=2018|isbn=978-0-8478-6311-2|location=Hudson, New York|page=193}}</ref>
Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-23/news/8902270699_1_mrs-onassis-wampanoag-indians-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis|title=Jackie Sues Indians In Martha's Vineyard Over A Beach|date=January 23, 1989|newspaper=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> especially from the paparazzi photographer [[Ron Galella]], who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iFlLKoBOT4I Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109041752/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFlLKoBOT4I&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFlLKoBOT4I |title=1040 Fifth Avenue: Jackie O's Unusual New York City Neighbor |magazine=Vanity Fair |via=YouTube |date=October 16, 2013 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/32885?locale=en |title=Ron Galella |publisher=Museum of Modern Art |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref> She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/nyregion/02folo.html|work= [[The New York Times]]|title=Ambush Photographer Leaves the Bushes|date=January 2, 2005| author = Fried, Joseph|archivedate=May 29, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529170116/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/nyregion/ambush-photographer-leaves-the-bushes.html}}</ref> From 1980 until her death, Onassis maintained a close relationship with [[Maurice Tempelsman]], a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
In the early 1990s, Onassis supported [[Bill Clinton]] and contributed money to his presidential campaign.<ref name="LH135"/> Following the election, she met with First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] and advised her on raising a child in the White House.<ref name="NewYorker10132003">{{cite magazine| url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/10/13/the-student|title=The Student: How Hillary Clinton set out to master the Senate|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|date=October 13, 2003|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> In her memoir ''[[Living History (book)|Living History]]'', Clinton wrote that Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".<ref name="LH135">Clinton, pp. 135–138.</ref> Democratic consultant [[Ann Lewis]] observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past".<ref name="SeattleTimes93">{{cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930825&slug=1717693|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reaches Out To President Clinton – She Ends Long Political Isolation|date=August 25, 1993|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|first=Kathy|last=Lewis}}</ref>
== Illness, death and funeral ==
[[File:OnassisGrave.jpg|thumb|Onassis's grave at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]]]
In November 1993, Onassis was thrown from her horse while participating in a [[fox hunt]] in [[Middleburg, Virginia]], and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen [[lymph node]] was discovered in her [[groin]], which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection.<ref name=death>Leaming (2014), pp. 308–309.</ref> The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/fall-while-foxhunting-marks-beginning-end-jackie-o-2D80555947|work=Today|title=A fall while foxhunting marks the beginning of the end of Jackie O|date=April 13, 2004|access-date=December 3, 2017}}</ref> In December, Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], a blood cancer.<ref name=death/><ref name=nytdeath>{{cite news| last = Altman| first = Lawrence K.| title = Death of a first lady; No More Could Be Done, Mrs. Kennedy-Onassis Was Told|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/us/death-of-a-first-lady-no-more-could-be-done-mrs-onassis-was-told.html |date=May 20, 1994 |access-date=June 24, 2011| work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She began [[chemotherapy]] in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis, stating that the initial prognosis was good.<ref name=death/> She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain, and by May to her liver and was deemed terminal.<ref name=death/><ref name=nytdeath/> Onassis made her last trip home from [[New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center]] on May 18, 1994.<ref name=death/><ref name=nytdeath/> The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64, with her children by her side.<ref name=nytdeath/> In the morning, her son John F. Kennedy Jr. announced his mother's death to the press, stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "she did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XvqOCSRH4-E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190428102657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvqOCSRH4-E Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvqOCSRH4-E|title=JFK Jr. speaks to the press outside of ...|via=YouTube|access-date=December 20, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the [[Church of St. Ignatius Loyola]]—the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|confirmed]] as a teenager—and asked for no cameras to film the event, for privacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/us/death-of-a-first-lady-the-overview-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-is-buried.html|page=A1|title = Death of a First Lady: The Overview; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Is Buried|date=May 24, 1994| last = Apple, Jr.|first= R. W.| work = [[The New York Times]]|author-link= R. W. Apple, Jr.}}</ref><ref>Spoto, p. 22.</ref> She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella.<ref name=NYTobituary/><ref name=death/> President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service.<ref name="nytburial">{{cite news |last1=Horvitz |first1=Paul F. |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Laid to Rest at Eternal Flame |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/news/24iht-subjackie.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902185306/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/news/24iht-subjackie.html |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |date=May 24, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. |title=On This Day – Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0728.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 8, 2020 |date=May 20, 1994}}</ref> She left an estate that its executors valued at $43.7 million.<ref>{{cite news |title =Mrs. Onassis's Estate Worth Less Than Estimated| work = The New York Times |date = December 21, 1996|url =https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/21/nyregion/mrs-onassis-s-estate-worth-less-than-estimated.html|access-date = April 11, 2016 |first=David Cay |last=Johnston}}</ref>
== Legacy ==
=== Popularity ===
[[File:Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy.gif|thumb|upright|Official portrait of Jackie at the White House. Her [[pleated linen]] dress was designed by Irish fashion designer [[Sybil Connolly]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tierney|first=Tom|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17308697|title=Great fashion designs of the fifties : paper dolls in full color : 30 haute couture costumes by Dior, Balenciaga and others|date=1985|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-24960-3|location=New York|oclc=17308697}}</ref>]]
Jacqueline Kennedy's marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/obituaries/death-of-a-first-lady-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-dies-of-cancer-at-64.html |access-date=February 4, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=May 20, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=Kelsey |title=From Saint to Sinner and Back Again: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Rehabilitates Her Image |journal=Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II |date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=Article 9 |pages=70–86 |url=https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=historical-perspectives |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis's trophy wife,<ref>Swanson, p. 78.</ref> in contrast to "the shy, selfless, and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect" as First Lady,<ref>Swanson p. 76.</ref> led the press to portray her as "a spendthrift and a reckless woman".<ref>Swanson p. 75.</ref>
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis took conscious control of her public image and, by the time of her death, succeeded in rehabilitating it.<ref>Swanson, p. 71.</ref> By moving back to New York City after Onassis's death, working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday, focusing on her children and grandchildren, and participating in charitable causes, she reversed her "reckless spendthrift" image.<ref>Swanson, pp. 80–82.</ref> She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the [[John F. Kennedy Library and Museum]].<ref>Swanson, pp. 84–85.</ref>
She remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is superseded by only [[Billy Graham]] and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. president.<ref name=NationalGeographic>{{cite news|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/killing-kennedy/articles/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy/|title=Jackie Kennedy's Enduring Spell|date=October 15, 2013|publisher=National Geographic Channel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125045820/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/killing-kennedy/articles/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy/|archive-date=January 25, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society".<ref>{{cite web|first=Bill|last=Holland|url=http://listosaur.com/politics/5-most-influential-first-ladies-of-the-20th-century/|title=5 Most Influential First Ladies of the 20th Century|publisher=Listosaur.com|date=March 14, 2011|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509081720/http://listosaur.com/politics/5-most-influential-first-ladies-of-the-20th-century/|archive-date=May 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/02/15/survey-the-best-of-the-first-ladies/ | title=Survey: The best of the first ladies | publisher=CNN | first=Dana | last=Davidsen | date=February 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-is-the-finest-first-lady-of-them-all/|title=Who is the finest first lady of them all?|first=Jake|last=Miller|publisher=CBS News|date=February 15, 2014}}</ref> behind [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and [[Abigail Adams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/poll-eleanor-roosevelt-top-first-lady-103561 | title=Poll: Roosevelt seen as top first lady | first=Tal | last=Kopan | date=February 15, 2014 | work=Politico}}</ref> In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten influential U.S. First Ladies due to the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.about.com/od/uspresidents/tp/first_ladies.htm|title=Top 10 Most Influential First Ladies|first=Martin|last=Kelly|date=May 31, 2015|publisher=americanhistory.about.com}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5793609/jacqueline-kennedy-100-women-of-the-year/|title=1962: Jacqueline Kennedy|magazine=Time|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> [[Mary Tyler Moore]]'s ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show|Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' character Laura Petrie, who symbolized the "feel-good nature" of the Kennedy White House, often dressed like Jacqueline Kennedy as well.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sixties Chronicles|first=David|last=Farber|page=153|publisher=Publications International Ltd.|isbn=1-4127-1009-X|date=2004}}</ref>
Jacqueline Kennedy is seen as being customary in her role as first lady,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aol.com/article/2016/01/30/who-will-the-next-first-lady-or-first-gentleman-of-the-us-be/21304258/ | title=Who will the next first lady (or first gentleman) of the US be? | first=Morgan | last=Whitaker | website=AOL | date=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-08-17/vitamins-and-caviar-getting-to-know-melania-trump |title=Vitamins & Caviar: Getting to Know Melania Trump |first=Emily |last=Greenhouse |work=Bloomberg Politics |date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> though Magill argues her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way First Ladies are evaluated historically.<ref>Magill, p. 2817.</ref> [[Hamish Bowles]], curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/the-enduring-legacy-of-jacqueline-kennedy-a-master-at-shaping-public-appearance/2013/11/19/1d70ce78-457e-11e3-a196-3544a03c2351_story.html|title=The enduring legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy, a master at shaping public appearance|access-date=November 20, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 19, 2013|first=DeNeen L.|last=Brown}}</ref> After her death, Kelly Barber referred to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2004&dat=19940608&id=uLoiAAAAIBAJ&pg=4916,1712143|first=Kelly|last=Barber|title=Jackie Kennedy was a role model|date=June 8, 1994|department=Letters to the Editor|work=Allegheny Times|via=Google News}}</ref> Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former First Lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate".<ref name=NationalGeographic/> Since the late 2000s, Jackie's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/0323/Is-Melania-Trump-the-next-Jackie-Kennedy-video|title=Is Melania Trump the next Jackie Kennedy? (+video)|date=March 23, 2016|first=Lisa|last=Suhay|work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/why-michelle-obama-not-next-jackie-o-85219|title=Why Michelle Obama Is Not the Next Jackie O|date=November 28, 2008|first=Katie|last=Connolly|work=Newsweek}}</ref>
A wide variety of commentators have credited Jacqueline Kennedy with restoring the White House; the list includes [[Hugh Sidey]],<ref name=NationalGeographic/><ref>{{cite book|title=Regarding Heroes|first1=Yousuf|last1=Karsh|first2=David|last2=Travis|year=2009|page=170|publisher=David R Godine|isbn=978-1-56792-359-9}}</ref> [[Letitia Baldrige]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-dies-1994-article-1.2219628|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis dies in 1994|date=May 18, 2015|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York}}</ref> [[Laura Bush]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Spoken From the Heart|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spokenfromheart00bush/page/183 183.]|first=Laura|last=Bush|author-link=Laura Bush|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-1-4391-5520-2|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/spokenfromheart00bush/page/183}}</ref> Kathleen P. Galop,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preservationnation.org/forum/library/public-articles/the-historic-preservation-legacy-of.html|title=The Historic Preservation Legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|date=Spring 2006|first=Kathleen P.|last=Galop|work=Forum Journal|publisher=[[National Trust for Historic Preservation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233932/http://www.preservationnation.org/forum/library/public-articles/the-historic-preservation-legacy-of.html|archive-date=March 6, 2016|access-date=March 6, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Carl Anthony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstladies.org/blog/jackie-kennedy-interviewoverview/|title=The Political and Public Influence of Jacqueline Kennedy|first=Carl|last=Anthony|publisher=firstladies.org|date=September 4, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301032846/http://www.firstladies.org/blog/jackie-kennedy-interviewoverview/|archive-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref>
[[Tina Turner]]<ref>{{cite book|title=And I Quote (Revised Edition): The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker|year=2003|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=978-0-312-30744-8|page=355}}</ref> and [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url={{Google books|LbsDAAAAMBAJ|page=PA56|keywords=onassis role model to me|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Death of Namesake Jacke O. Inspires Jackie Joyner-Kersee To New U.S. Long Jump Record|magazine=Jet|date=June 6, 1994}}</ref> have cited Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as influences.
=== Style icon ===
[[File:President and Mrs Kennedy deplane from Air Force One (3083217259) (cropped).jpg|right|upright|thumb|Kennedy wearing [[Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy|her pink Chanel suit]]]]
Jacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend [[Oleg Cassini]] to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president.<ref name="fashion"/>
Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of [[Coco Chanel|Chanel]], [[Cristóbal Balenciaga|Balenciaga]], and [[Hubert de Givenchy|Givenchy]], but was aware that in her role as first lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work.<ref name=bowles>{{cite book |last1=Bowles |first1=Hamish |last2=John F. Kennedy Library and Museum|author-link1=Hamish Bowles |title=Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years : Selections from the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum |date=2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-981-9 |pages=28–29 |url={{Google books|f_3NzYT79dIC|page=PA29|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |language=en}}</ref> After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the fashion editor [[Diana Vreeland]] to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look.<ref name=bowles/> After considering the letter, which expressed her dislike of prints and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended [[Norman Norell]], who was considered America's first designer and known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested [[Ben Zuckerman]], another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the [[Sportswear (fashion)|sportswear]] designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies.<ref name=bowles/> Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a [[Pierre Cardin]] design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the [[White House]] with Mamie Eisenhower.<ref name=bowles/>
In her role as first lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless [[A-line (clothing)|A-line]] dresses, [[evening glove|above-the-elbow gloves]], low-heel pumps, and [[pillbox hat]]s.<ref name="fashion">{{cite web|title=Return of the Jackie Look – Sort of Fashion from A-Line Dresses to Fitted Jackets |work = [[Newsweek]] |url=http://www.newsweek.com/1994/08/28/return-of-the-jackie-look-sort-of-fashion-from-a-line-dresses-to-fitted-jackets.html |date=August 28, 1994}}</ref> Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.<ref name="FirstLadies" /> Her influential [[bouffant]] hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by [[Mr. Kenneth]], who worked for her from 1954 until 1986.<ref name=vf>{{cite news|last=Collins| first=Amy Fine| title=It had to be Kenneth|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/06/kenneth-battelle-hairdresser-jackie-kennedy|access-date=December 3, 2012|newspaper=Vanity Fair|date=June 1, 2003}}</ref><ref>Wong, pp. 151–154</ref> Her tastes in eyewear were also influential, the most famous of which were the bespoke pairs designed for her by French designer, François Pinton. The coinage ‘Jackie O glasses’ is still used today to refer to this style of oversized, oval-lensed sunglasses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackie O Sunglasses - How She Changed Fashion History |url=https://www.mouqy.com/blog/jackie-o-sunglasses/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Mouqy Eyewear |language=en}}</ref>
In her years after the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change; her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk [[Hermès]] headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses. <ref>{{Cite Web |title=Jacqueline Kennedy's Style Changes After The White House |url=https://refermate.com/blog/jacqueline-kennedy-s-style-changes-after-the-white-house/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Refermate |language=en}}</ref> She even began wearing jeans in public.<ref name="LIFE">{{cite magazine |title = Jackie Kennedy: Post-Camelot Style |magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]] |url = http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/31382/jackie-kennedy-postcamelot-style |access-date = October 9, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802091821/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/31382/jackie-kennedy-postcamelot-style |archive-date = August 2, 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> She set a new fashion trend with beltless, white [[jeans]] with a black [[turtleneck]] that was never tucked in and instead pulled down over her hips.
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy after State Dinner, 22 May 1962.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Kennedy at a [[State dinner]] on May 22, 1962]]
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand [[Pearl#Pearls in jewelry|pearl necklace]], designed by American jeweler [[Kenneth Jay Lane]], became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch", the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler [[Jean Schlumberger (jewelry designer)|Jean Schlumberger]] for [[Tiffany & Co.]], was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treasures of the Kennedy Library |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/5CE1EDAD-4E84-4DE6-AE2A-E01C47655B32/22759/TreasuresExhibit.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029153313/http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/5CE1EDAD-4E84-4DE6-AE2A-E01C47655B32/22759/TreasuresExhibit.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2007 }}</ref> She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by [[Van Cleef & Arpels]] throughout the 1950s,<ref name="jackiesjewelry.com">{{cite web|title=The Jacqueline Kennedy Collection by Camrose & Kross|url=http://jackiesjewelry.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312140801/http://jackiesjewelry.com/|archive-date=March 12, 2013|access-date=August 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 1960s<ref name="jackiesjewelry.com" /> and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.
Kennedy, a Catholic, was known for wearing a [[mantilla]] at Mass and in the presence of the Pope;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auction.universityarchives.com/auction-lot/jacqueline-kennedys-black-lace-mantilla-with-impe_10F4EA7BFD|website=University Archives|title=Jacqueline Kennedy's Black Lace Mantilla With Impeccable Provenance|date=June 10, 2020|accessdate=June 9, 2021}}</ref> she is widely considered{{by whom|date=June 2021}} responsible for the popularization of the veil over the more traditional wide-brimmed hat among Anglophone [[traditionalist Catholic]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
Kennedy was named to the [[International Best Dressed List]] Hall of Fame in 1965.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/bestdressed/bestdressed_women?currentPage=1 |title=The International Best Dressed List: The International Hall of Fame: Women |magazine=Vanity Fair |year=1965 |access-date=February 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712215415/http://www.vanityfair.com/style/the-international-best-dressed-list/hall-of-fame-women |archive-date=July 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Lambert and Zilkha, pp. 64–69, 90.</ref> Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years," the exhibition focused on her time as a first lady.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2000/jacqueline-kennedy-the-white-house-years|title=JACQUELINE KENNEDY: THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS|publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref>
In 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2110513_2110627_2110761,00.html|title=All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons: Princess Diana|newspaper=Time|date=April 2, 2012|access-date=February 1, 2017|first=William|last=Lee Adams}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[Forbes]]'' included her on the list ''10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sboyd/2016/03/14/10-fashion-icons-and-the-trends-they-made-famous/|title=10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous|first=Sara|last=Boyd|magazine=Forbes|date=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
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== Honors and memorials ==
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage=[[File:ST49816218NOV1962.jpg|210px]] | video1 = [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/37/Jacqueline-Kennedy.aspx Jacqueline Kennedy], First Ladies, Influence and Image, [[C-SPAN]]}}
* A high school named [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers]], was dedicated by New York City in 1995, the first high school named in her honor. It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and was formerly the [[High School of Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M529|publisher=New York City Department of Education|access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref>
* Public School 66 in the [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]] neighborhood of [[Queens]], New York City was renamed in honor of the former First Lady.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ps66q.com/ |title=P.S. 66 Queens – The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School |website=PS66q.com}}</ref>
* The main reservoir in [[Central Park]], located in Manhattan near her apartment, was renamed in her honor as the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/23/nyregion/central-park-honor-for-jacqueline-onassis.html|work=The New York Times|date=July 23, 1994|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Municipal Art Society]] of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to an individual whose work and deeds have made an outstanding contribution to the city of New York. The medal was named in honor of the former MAS board member in 1994, for her tireless efforts to preserve and protect New York City's great architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mas.org/awards/jkomedal/ |title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124022002/http://mas.org/awards/jkomedal/ |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |publisher=[[Municipal Art Society]]}}</ref> She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her May 1994 death.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6tYRA7Z6iVQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207061154/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=6tYRA7Z6iVQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tYRA7Z6iVQ |title=The last Public Appearance of Mrs Onassis |publisher=PlanetPR |via=YouTube |date=March 1994 |access-date=August 16, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall]] at the [[George Washington University]] (her alma mater) in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://living.gwu.edu/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy-onassis-jbko-hall|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (JBKO) Hall|publisher=George Washington University}}</ref>
* The [[White House]]'s East Garden was renamed the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]] in her honor.<ref>Zweifel and Buckland, p. 87</ref>
* In 2007, her name and her first husband's were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese ''[[SELENE|Kaguya]]'' mission to the [[Moon]] launched on September 14, as part of [[The Planetary Society]]'s "Wish Upon The Moon" campaign.<ref>{{cite press release | title =Send a New Year's Message to the Moon on Japan's SELENE Mission: Buzz Aldrin, Ray Bradbury and More Have Wished Upon the Moon | publisher =[[The Planetary Society]] | date =January 11, 2007 | url =http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/2007/0111_Send_a_New_Years_Message_to_the_Moon.html | access-date =July 14, 2007 | archive-date =February 12, 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120212094535/http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/2007/0111_Send_a_New_Years_Message_to_the_Moon.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> In addition, they are included on the list aboard [[NASA]]'s [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] mission.
* A school and an award at the [[American Ballet Theatre]] have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre| url=http://www.abt.org/education/jko_school.asp|publisher=American Ballet Theatre|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist [[Joseph Campbell]] and [[Bill Moyers]], ''[[The Power of Myth]]'', was created under her direction prior to her death. The book's editor, [[Betty Sue Flowers]], writes in the ''Editor's Note'' to ''The Power of Myth'': "I am grateful ... to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] editor, whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book." A year after her death in 1994, Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series, ''The Language of Life'' as follows: "To Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. As you sail on to Ithaka." [[Constantine P. Cavafy#Ithaca|Ithaka]] was a reference to the [[Constantine P. Cavafy|C.P. Cavafy]] poem<ref>{{cite book| last=Fitzpatrick|first=Elayne Wareing|title=Traveling Backward|year=2009| publisher=Xlibris, Corp.|isbn=978-1-4363-8242-7|page=71}}{{self-published source|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} that [[Maurice Tempelsman]] read at her funeral.<ref name="McFaddentemp">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/us/death-of-a-first-lady-the-companion-quietly-at-her-side-public-at-the-end.html|title=DEATH OF A FIRST LADY: THE COMPANION; Quietly at Her Side, Public at the End|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=May 24, 1994|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 14, 2014}}{{self-published source|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in [[Middleburg, Virginia]]. The First Lady and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka. She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times.<ref>Pottker, p.181.</ref>
== Portrayals ==
{{see also|Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
[[Jaclyn Smith]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1981 television film ''[[Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (film)|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy]]'', depicting her life until the end of the JFK presidency.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/139112/jackie-death-becomes|title=Jackie: Death Becomes Her|date=December 2, 2016|first=Will|last=Leitch|magazine=New Republic|quote=Jackie has been played, in turn, by Jacyln Smith in a 1981 made-for-TV movie, Roma Downey in 1991's ''A Woman Named Jackie: The Bouvier Years'', and Katie Holmes in the 2011 dramatization, ''The Kennedys'', three actresses who are so different they hardly seem to occupy the same profession.}}</ref> The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of ''[[The New York Times]]'' as erasing any chances of critique toward her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/14/arts/tv-jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy.html|title=TV: 'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'|first=John J.|last=O'Connor|date=October 14, 1981|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Though Smith received praise for her performance,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/09/13/natalie-portman-may-be-finally-the-jackie-kennedy-fans-want/|title=Natalie Portman may be (finally) the Jackie Kennedy fans want|date=September 13, 2016|first=Emily|last=Heil|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/386958083/|title='Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy' a naïve and misty look at the Camelot years|date=October 13, 1981|first=Marrilyn|last=Preston|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=29|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/10/14/fame-fortune-jackie-fluff/468a17c6-85e6-41fa-8740-9b0a631199d8/|title=Fame! Fortune! Jackie! Fluff!|first=Tom|last=Shales|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 14, 1981}}</ref>
[[Blair Brown]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries ''[[Kennedy (miniseries)|Kennedy]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://parade.com/550166/npond/first-ladies-their-lives-their-influence-their-imitators/|title=First Ladies: Their Lives, Their Influence, Their Imitators|first=Neil|last=Pond|date=February 24, 2017|work=Parade}}</ref> Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/archive/cover-story-20-years-later-vol-20-no-22/ |title=20 Years Later|first=Jane|last=Hall|date=November 28, 1983|magazine=People}}</ref> Jason Bailey praised her performance,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/36584/kennedy-the-complete-series/|title=Kennedy: The Complete Series |date=March 10, 2009|first=Jason|last=Bailey|publisher=DVD Talk}}</ref> while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/kennedy-film-review-by-andrea-mullaney|title=Kennedy|first=Andrea|last=Mullaney|publisher=eyeforfilm.co.uk}}</ref> Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress#1980s|Best Actress]] and a Golden Globe as [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film#1980s|Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors|page=199|first=Jerry|last=Roberts|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6138-1}}</ref>
Marianna Bishop, [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], and [[Roma Downey]] portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1991 miniseries ''[[A Woman Named Jackie]]'', covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-10-9103180377-story.html|title=Actresses Of All Sizes Take Self-assuredness To New Heights.|first=Michael|last=Kilian|date=July 10, 1991|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201014203159/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-10-9103180377-story.html|archive-date=October 14, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-12-ca-127-story.html|title=A Woman Named Roma|first=Susan|last=King|date=October 12, 1991|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809054615/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-12-ca-127-story.html|archive-date=August 9, 2020|access-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/13/arts/television-clothes-help-make-the-woman.html|title=TELEVISION; Clothes Help Make The Woman|date=October 13, 1991|first=Eve|last=Kahn|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-15-9103190904-story.html|title=Jackie Ode|date=July 15, 1991|first=Michael|last=Kilian|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113435/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-15-9103190904-story.html|archive-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-11-9104010795-story.html|title=2 Hours Too Long: Mini-series On Jackie Kennedy Done In Pop-psych Pastels|date=October 11, 1991|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|first=Rick|last=Kogan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210122347/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-11-9104010795-story.html|archive-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality".<ref>{{cite news|first=Howard|last=Rosenberg|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-11/entertainment/ca-64_1_life-jackie|title=TV REVIEW : NBC's 'Jackie': Oh, No|date=October 11, 1991|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223100817/https://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-11/entertainment/ca-64_1_life-jackie|archive-date=December 23, 2010|access-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Ability (magazine)|Ability]]'' credited the role with raising Downey's profile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abilitymagazine.com/Roma_Downey.html|title=Interview with Roma Downey|first=Chet|last=Cooper|work=[[Ability (magazine)|Ability]]}}</ref> In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/01/news/1992-emmy-winners.html|title=1992 Emmy Winners|date=September 1, 1992|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
[[Rhoda Griffis]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1992 film ''[[Love Field (film)|Love Field]]'', set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination.<ref>{{cite book|title=Screen World 1993, Vol. 44 (John Willis Screen World) |page=140|year=2000|first=John|last=Willis|publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books|isbn=978-1-55783-175-0 }}</ref> It was Griffis's feature film debut.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/jackie-kennedy-16-actresses-who-have-played-first-lady-951896/item/rhoda-griffis-1992-jackie-kennedy-actresses-951936|title=Jackie Kennedy: 16 Actresses Who Have Played the Former First Lady|first=Patrick|last=Shanley|date=December 1, 2016|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role.<ref>{{cite news|first=Elizabeth Schulte|last=Roth|url=https://www.modernluxury.com/atlanta/story/class-act|title=Class Act|date=November 16, 2012|work=The Atlantan|publisher=Modern Luxury|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021715/https://www.modernluxury.com/atlanta/story/class-act|archive-date=May 21, 2018|access-date=June 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sally Taylor-Isherwood]], [[Emily VanCamp]], and [[Joanne Whalley]] portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries ''Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'', covering chronologically her entire life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/kennedy-movies|title=Kennedy Movies|date=April 29, 2010|website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/03/entertainment/ca-46164|title=They're Feeling Protective About Jackie|date=November 3, 2000|first=Paul|last=Brownfield|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224205920/https://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/03/entertainment/ca-46164|archive-date=December 24, 2012|access-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2000/tv/reviews/jackie-bouvier-kennedy-onassis-1200465684/|title=Review: 'Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'|first=Laura|last=Fries|date=November 1, 2000|work=Variety|quote=Joanne Whalley does her best to mirror the gracefulness and stoicism of Jackie, and even though her performance is at times appropriately soulful and regal, she lacks the charisma that was a major part of Jackie's appeal.}}</ref> while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as [[Forrest Gump]] in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching – or being touched by – very much."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/03/movies/tv-weekend-rule-no-1-smile-appear-cool-and-detached-always.html|title=TV WEEKEND; Rule No. 1: Smile. Appear Cool and Detached. Always.|first=Ron|last=Wertheimer|date=November 3, 2000|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
[[Stephanie Romanov]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2000 film ''[[Thirteen Days (film)|Thirteen Days]]'', taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/thirteendays/|title=Thirteen Days|publisher=pluggedin.com}}</ref> Philip French of ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,458550,00.html|title=Thirteen Days|date=March 18, 2001|first=Philip|last=French|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reelingreviews.com/thirteendays.htm |title=Thirteen Days |publisher=Reeling Reviews |access-date=August 16, 2020}}</ref>
[[Jill Hennessy]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2001 television film ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/03/entertainment/ca-32513|title=Kennedy Tragedies Revisited in Weepy 'Women of Camelot'|first=Howard|last=Rosenberg|date=March 3, 2001|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/16/news/tv-46225|title=Familiar Faces in New Places|date=September 16, 2001|first=Emmanuelle|last=Soichet|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-03-04/entertainment/0103040582_1_kennedy-women-jackie-bouvier-kennedy-onassis-sen-robert-f-kennedy|title=Kennedy Women: Miniseries Views Tragedy-plagued Lives Of Camelot|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|first=Jay|last=Bobbin|date=March 4, 2001}}</ref> Reviewers Anita Gates<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/03/arts/television-review-back-to-the-kennedy-well-with-a-focus-on-the-women.html|title=TELEVISION REVIEW; Back to the Kennedy Well, With a Focus on the Women|date=March 3, 2001|newspaper=The New York Times|quote=Jill Hennessy brings elegance and confidence to her portrayal of Jackie.}}</ref> and Terry Kelleher<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-jackie-ethel-joan-women-of-camelot-vol-55-no-9/|title=Picks and Pans Review: Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot|date=March 5, 2001|magazine=People|quote=What counts is that Hennessy compares favorably to Joanne Whalley, this season's previous pretend Jackie. Hennessy brings charm and elegance to the role, achieving a nice balance of beguiling softness and cool pragmatism }}</ref> believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2001/tv/reviews/jackie-ethel-joan-women-of-camelot-1200467559/|title=Review: 'Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot'|first=Steve|last=Oxman|date=March 1, 2001|magazine=Variety}}</ref>
[[Jacqueline Bisset]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2003 film ''[[America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/280692/America-s-Prince-The-John-F-Kennedy-Jr-Story/overview |title=America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story (2003) |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505050130/https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/280692/America-s-Prince-The-John-F-Kennedy-Jr-Story/overview |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Hal Erickson |author-link=Hal Erickson (author) |date=2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in ''[[The Greek Tycoon]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/958257/JFK-Jr-movie-just-plain-bad.html|title=JFK Jr. movie just plain bad|first=Scott D.|last=Pierce|newspaper=Deseret News|date=January 9, 2003}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/11/arts/television-review-the-son-of-a-famous-father-best-known-for-his-name.html|title=TELEVISION REVIEW; The Son of a Famous Father, Best Known for His Name|date=January 11, 2003|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Neil|last=Genzlinger}}</ref> while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Kennedy as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://wwd.com/eye/people/jackie-kennedy-actresses-natalie-portman-katie-holmes-ginnifer-goodwin-jfk-10711914/|title=Before Natalie Portman, These Actresses Have Also Portrayed Jackie Kennedy|first=Kristen|last=Tauer|date=November 23, 2016|magazine=Women's Wear Daily}}</ref>
[[Jeanne Tripplehorn]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2009 film ''[[Grey Gardens (2009 film)|Grey Gardens]]'' for a single scene.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-grey-dc-idUSN0532834620071106|title=Tripplehorn adds color to 'Grey Gardens'|date=November 5, 2007|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nymag.com/arts/tv/reviews/55972/|title=Hampton Gothic|date=April 12, 2009|first=Emily|last=Nussbaum|work=New York}}</ref> Tripplehorn said questions she had about [[Edith Bouvier Beale]] that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unsolved.<ref>{{cite news|title='Grey Gardens,' Back Story Included| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/arts/television/12roht.html|date=April 7, 2009|first=Larry|last=Rohter|newspaper=The New York Times|quote=scene, which focuses on her complicated reaction to a visit to the ramshackle house. "I thought that by being in this project I would have some questions answered about exactly what was going on psychologically with Little Edie," Ms. Tripplehorn said.}}</ref> Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/television/2009/04/decaying_preppies.html|title=Decaying Preppies|first=Troy|last=Patterson|date=April 17, 2009|magazine=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/18/entertainment/et-grey-gardens18|title=Grey Gardens|date=April 18, 2009|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|quote=Lange, we are reminded once again, is an actress who can do anything, anything, including play a bedraggled, gray-haired woman who stands amid piles of rotting garbage and cat feces, looks Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (a terrific Jeanne Tripplehorn) straight in the eye and says in her most beguiling tones: "You know, chicken, if you ever need a place to stay, you're always welcome here."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|quote=The film also benefits from spot-on work by Ken Howard as Edith's husband, Phelan; Malcolm Gets as Edith's sycophantic piano accompanist in her younger days; and Jeanne Tripplehorn as Jacqueline Onassis.|first=David|last=Wiegand|date=April 18, 2009|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/TV-review-Drew-Barrymore-in-Grey-Gardens-3244404.php|title=TV review: Drew Barrymore in 'Grey Gardens' }}</ref> while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Kennedy and small role.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2009/tv/reviews/grey-gardens-2-1200474581/|title=Review: 'Grey Gardens'|date=April 9, 2009|magazine=Variety|first=Brian|last=Lowry}}</ref>
[[Katie Holmes]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries ''[[The Kennedys (TV miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel ''[[The Kennedys: After Camelot]]'', focusing on her life after 1968.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |url=https://deadline.com/2014/10/katie-holmes-the-kennedys-after-camelot-miniseries-jackie-o-reelz-850124/ |title=Katie Holmes To Return As Jackie O In 'The Kennedys: After Camelot' Reelz Mini |magazine=Deadline Hollywood |date=October 13, 2014 |access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kennedys-camelot-stars-katie-holmes-matthew-perry-playing-icons-familys-legacy-986763|first=Lexy|last=Perez|title=Camelot' Premiere: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry on Playing Icons and the Family's Legacy|date=March 16, 2017|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Mary McNamara<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/01/entertainment/la-et-kennedys-review-20110401|title=Television review: 'The Kennedys'|first=Mary|last=McNamara|date=April 1, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|quote=Holmes is pretty as Jackie, but her emotions are confined to happy ("I love him") and sad ("He cheats on me"), with absolutely no nuance and only the occasional flash of spirit, intellect and inner strength that made Jacqueline Kennedy an icon in her own right. }}</ref> and Hank Stuever<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/tv-review-about-the-kennedys-like-the-kennedys-but-never-fully-the-kennedys/2011/03/30/AFHzXQCC_story.html|title=TV review: About the Kennedys, like the Kennedys, but never fully 'The Kennedys'|first=Hank|last=Stuever|date=March 31, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|quote=And is Holmes's whispery Jackie sounding a tad Edith Bunker in the later episodes? She's not altogether terrible in the part, which doesn't give her a lot to work with; as written, Jackie is a jittery phantom in capri pants and Oleg Cassini gowns.}}</ref> regarded Holmes's performance with neutrality in their reviews of ''The Kennedys'' while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/04/the-kennedys-old-ground-jfk|title=The Kennedys retreads of old grounds in life and lore of JFK|first=Hadley|last=Freeman|author-link=Hadley Freeman|newspaper=The Guardian|date=April 4, 2011}}</ref> Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2017/01/13/katie-holmes-compares-her-jackie-natalie-portmans/96536806/|title=Katie Holmes compares her 'Jackie' to Natalie Portman's|first=Robert|last=Bianco|date=January 13, 2017|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> When asked of the concurrent ''Jackie'' film, Holmes said, "I think its really exciting. It's just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/katie-holmes-talks-reprising-jackie-kennedy-role-964113 |title=Katie Holmes Talks Reprising Jackie Kennedy Role After 'Jackie': There's Room for Both|first=Kate|last=Stanhope|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie's life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/matthew-perry-on-ted-kennedy-by-far-the-most-challenging-role-i-ve-ever-played/417681843/|title=Matthew Perry on Ted Kennedy: "By far the most challenging role I've ever played"|date=March 30, 2017|work=Star Tribune}}</ref> In ''The Kennedys: After Camelot'', Holmes's performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kennedys-camelot-review-990468|title='The Kennedys: After Camelot': TV Review|date=March 31, 2017|first=Daniel|last=Feinberg|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> and Allison Keane<ref>{{cite news|url=https://collider.com/the-kennedys-after-camelot-review-katie-holmes/#images|title='The Kennedys – After Camelot' Review: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry Take on Accents, Accountability|first=Allison|last=Keane|date=March 31, 2017|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|quote=Holmes embodies the reserved but hopeful Jackie much more so than Perry feels right as Ted (though Holmes has had more practice at it). But the reality is that the material is never more than a boilerplate biopic, plodding along with a conventional set up and a schmaltzy score that tries to infuse emotion where it hasn't been earned.}}</ref> while Kristi Turnquist panned her.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/tv/2017/04/the_kennedys_after_camelot_bur.html|title='The Kennedys: After Camelot' buries Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry in bad wigs and lousy writing (review)|date=April 1, 2017|work=The Oregonian|first=Kristi|last=Turnquist}}</ref>
[[Minka Kelly]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2013 film ''[[The Butler]]'', giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minka-kelly-to-play-jackie-kennedy-in-the-butler/|title=Minka Kelly to play Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'|first=Jessica|last=Derschowitz|date=May 25, 2012|publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref name=Cress>{{cite magazine|url=http://people.com/celebrity/oprah-winfrey-minka-kelly-costar-in-the-butler/|title=Minka Kelly: 'I'm Not Worthy' of Acting with Oprah|date=February 8, 2013|first=Jennifer|last=Cress|magazine=People}}</ref> Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/minka-kelly-it-was-intimidating-playing-jackie-kennedy-in-the-butler-32809|title=Minka Kelly: It Was "Intimidating" Playing Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'|work=[[Life & Style (magazine)|Life & Style]]|date=August 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118051640/http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/minka-kelly-it-was-intimidating-playing-jackie-kennedy-in-the-butler-32809|archive-date=November 18, 2015|access-date=June 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role.<ref name=Cress />
[[Ginnifer Goodwin]] portrays her in the 2013 television film ''[[Killing Kennedy (film)|Killing Kennedy]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/28/rob-lowe-to-play-jfk/ | title=Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie | author=Hibberd, James | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=May 28, 2013 | access-date=May 28, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528215848/http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/28/rob-lowe-to-play-jfk/ | archive-date=May 28, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/06/20/who-makes-a-better-jackie-kennedy-ginnifer-goodwin-or-katie-holmes-poll/|title=Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? – POLL|date=June 20, 2013|first=Bronwyn|last=Barnes|magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jacqueline Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/11/10/ginnifer-goodwin-killing-kennedy/3432713/|title=Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side|first=Brian|last=Truitt|date=November 10, 2013|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> Costar [[Rob Lowe]] said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/11/08/killing-kennedy-co-star-ginnifer-goodwin-says-rob-lowe-was-channeling-jfk.html|date=November 8, 2013|title='Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK|publisher=Fox News}}</ref> Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gq.com/story/killing-kennedy-gq-review-tom-carson|title=The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics|first=Tom|last=Carson|work=GQ|date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> while Bruce Miller called her a miscast<ref>{{cite news|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/television/review-killing-kennedy-offers-respectful-but-grating-view-of-assassination/article_5536a56c-3c7d-5ba4-9e7a-9c9a9aa7fa04.html|title=Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination | date=November 9, 2013|first=Bruce|last=Miller|work=Sioux City Journal}}</ref> and Robert Lloyd<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/08/entertainment/la-et-st-killing-kennedy-20131108|title=Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend|date=November 8, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Robert|last=Lloyd}}</ref> and Brian Lowry<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/tv-review-killing-kennedy-1200775724/|date=November 5, 2013|magazine=Variety|first=Brian|last=Lowry|title=TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'}}</ref> panned her performance.
[[Kim Allen (actress)|Kim Allen]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film ''[[LBJ (2016 film)|LBJ]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/lbj-kim-allen-jackie-kennedy-rob-reiner-1201574133/|first=Dave|last=McNary|title=Kim Allen Cast as Jackie Kennedy in Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'|date=August 19, 2015|magazine=Variety}}</ref> Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thecliffedge.com/?p=8719|title=TIFF FILM REVIEW: Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'|date=September 15, 2016|publisher=thecliffedge.com}}</ref>
[[Natalie Portman]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film ''[[Jackie (2016 film)|Jackie]]'', set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination.<ref name="Portman">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/markets-festivals/natalie-portman-jackie-kennedy-darren-aronofsky-pablo-larrain-insiders-1201495805/|title=Natalie Portman to Star as Jacqueline Kennedy in New Drama (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=John|last=Hopewell|date=May 14, 2015|access-date=June 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-en-mn-natalie-portman-jackie-oscars-20170126-story.html|title=Natalie Portman's four steps — some simple, some not — to becoming Jackie Kennedy |date=January 26, 2017|first=Glenn|last=Whipp|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/How-Natalie-Portman-prepared-for-her-Oscar-worthy-performance-as-Jackie-Kennedy/articleshow/54319281.cms|title=How Natalie Portman prepared for her Oscar-worthy performance as Jackie Kennedy|first=Jason|last=Gurrrasio|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=September 14, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref> Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/08/natalie-portman-jackie-onassis|title=Natalie Portman: bringing Jackie Onassis back to life|first=Nigel M.|last=Smith|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> Manohla Dargis,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/movies/jackie-review-natalie-portman.html|title='Jackie': Under the Widow's Weeds, a Myth Marketer|date=December 1, 2016|first=Manohla|last=Dargis|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> David Edelstein,<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Edelstein|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/11/movie-review-jackie.html|title=Jackie Is Brutally Intimate and Admirably Brittle|date=December 1, 2016|work=Vulture|quote=Apart from that voice, Portman is so damn smart. She nails Jackie's irreducible mix of shyness and slyness, each quality reinforcing the other. She also understands what the White House refurbishment meant for Jackie's sense of self.}}</ref> and Peter Bradshaw<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jan/19/jackie-review-natalie-portman-kennedy-assassination|title=Jackie review – Natalie Portman intelligent and poised as JFK's widow|date=January 19, 2017|first=Peter|last=Bradshaw|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by [[Academy Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-38973904/natalie-portman-on-her-oscar-nomination-for-jackie-role|title=Natalie Portman on her Oscar nomination for Jackie role|date=February 20, 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[AACTA Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-07/nicole-kidman-mel-gibson-la-la-land-aacta-international-awards/8168062|title=Nicole Kidman, Mel Gibson win AACTA international awards ahead of Golden Globes|date=January 7, 2017|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> [[Alliance of Women Film Journalists|AWFJ]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2016-awfj-eda-award-nominees/ |title=2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees |first=Jennifer |last=Merin |publisher=[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]] |date=December 16, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> [[Austin Film Critics Association|AFCA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardswatch.com/news/austin-film-critics-association-afca-nominations-the-handmaiden-lands-top-mentions-trevante-rhodes-double-nominated/ |title=Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations: The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions, Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated |first=Erik |last=Anderson |publisher=AwardsWatch.com |date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref> and [[Boston Society of Film Critics|BSFC]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/component/content/article/148-cfca-nominees-2016 |title=The 2016 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nominees |date=December 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Chicago Film Critics Association]] |access-date=December 12, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200944/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/component/content/article/148-cfca-nominees-2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 }}</ref> and won the category by the [[Online Film Critics Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofcs.org/awards/2016-awards-20th-annual/ |title=20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations |publisher=[[Online Film Critics Society]] |date=December 27, 2016|access-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref>
[[Jodi Balfour]] portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2017 eighth episode of the second season of [[Netflix]]'s drama series, ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', titled "Dear Mrs. Kennedy", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to [[Buckingham Palace]] and the immediate reaction to the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaudette|first=Emily|url=http://www.newsweek.com/jackie-kennedy-queen-elizabeth-751474|title=The Queen and Jackie Kennedy's Blood-covered Dress: Did Elizabeth Really Meet Jacqueline Onassis?|newspaper=[[Newsweek]]|date=December 18, 2017|access-date=December 23, 2017}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|United States|Politics|Literature}}
* [[Kennedy family tree]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book| title=The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: A Portrait in Her Own Words|first=Bill|last=Adler|year=2009| publisher=HarperCollins}}
* {{cite book|title=Jackie Kennedy: Trailblazer|first=Mohammed|last=Badrul Alam|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59454-558-0|publisher=Nova History Publication}}
* {{cite book|title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved| first=Christopher|last=Andersen| year=2015| publisher=Gallery Books|isbn=978-1-4767-7557-9}}
* {{cite book|title=First Ladies and the Press: The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age|first=Maurine|last=Beasley|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8101-2312-0|publisher= Northwestern University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Bradford |title=America's Queen: The Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis |publisher=Viking |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |last=Bugliosi |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Bugliosi |title=Four Days in November: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=2007 | isbn = 978-0-393-33215-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Caro|first=Robert A.|title=The Passage of Power: Volume 4 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson|edition=Illustrated reprint|year=2013|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-375-71325-5}}
* {{cite book|title=A Thousand Days of Magic: Dressing the First Lady for the White House |url=https://archive.org/details/thousanddaysofma0000cass |url-access=registration |year=1995| author = Cassini, Oleg |publisher=[[Rizzoli International Publications]]| isbn = 978-0-8478-1900-3 |author-link= Oleg Cassini}}
* {{cite book|title=Living History|first=Hillary Rodham|last=Clinton|author-link=Hillary Clinton|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7432-2225-9|publisher=Scribner|url=https://archive.org/details/livinghistory000clin}}
* {{cite book| author = Flaherty, Tina|title=What Jackie Taught Us: Lessons from the Remarkable Life of Jacqueline|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York City | isbn = 978-1-101-49427-1 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Larry|last1=Flynt|first2=Ph.D. Eisenbach|last2=David|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2011|title=One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History|isbn=978-0-230-10503-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/onenationunderse0000flyn}}
* {{cite book|last1=Goodman|last2=Sidey|first1=Jon|first2=Hugh|first3=Letitia|last3=Baldrige|title=The Kennedy Mystique: Creating Camelot: Essays|publisher=[[National Geographic Books]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7922-5308-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dragonrisinginsi0000beck}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|first=Lynne E.|last=Ford|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-5491-6|publisher=Facts on File|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_i1x8}}
* {{cite book|title=First Ladies Fact Book -- Revised and Updated: The Childhoods, Courtships, Marriages, Campaigns, Accomplishments, and Legacies of Every First Lady from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama|first=Bill|last=Harris|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=2012|isbn=978-1-57912-891-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/firstladiesfactb0000harr_h8n6}}
* {{cite book|title=Edward Kennedy: An Intimate Biography|first=Burton|last=Hersh|year=2010|publisher=Counterpoint|isbn=978-1-58243-628-9|url=https://archive.org/details/edwardkennedyint00hers}}
* {{cite book |last = Heymann |first = C. David |title = American Legacy: The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-7434-9738-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst00heym }}
* {{cite book|title=Bobby and Jackie: A Love Story|first=C. David|last=Heymann|year=2009|publisher=Atria Books|isbn=978-1-4165-5624-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bobbyjackielove00heym}}
* {{cite book|title=Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector|first=James|last=Hilty|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-56639-766-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Kennedy Wives: Triumph and Tragedy in America's Most Public Family|first1=Amber|last1=Hunt|first2=David|last2=Batcher|page=167|year=2014|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-0-7627-9634-2}}
* Kennedy, Jacqueline (2011). ''Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy''. [[Hachette Books|Hyperion]]. {{ISBN|1-4013-2425-8}}.
* {{cite book | title=Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List| first1= Eleanor|last1=Lambert|first2=Bettina|last2=Zilkha|publisher=Assouline| isbn= 2-84323-513-8 | year=2004 }}
* {{cite book|title=Jackie as Editor: The Literary Life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|first=Greg|last=Lawrence|year=2011|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|isbn=978-0-312-59193-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jackieaseditorli0000lawr}}
* Leaming, Barbara (2001). ''Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years'' [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-684-86209-5}}.
* Leaming, Barbara (2014). ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story''. [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|978-1-250-01764-2}}.
* {{cite book|title=Robert Kennedy|first=Judie|last=Mills|year=1998|publisher=Millbrook Press|isbn=978-1-56294-250-2|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00mill}}
* {{cite book|title=Dictionary of World Biography: The 20th century, O-Z|first=Frank Northen|last=Magill|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-57958-048-3}}
* {{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|first1=Michael|last1=Meagher|first2=Larry D.|last2=Gragg|year=2011|publisher=Greenwood}}
* {{cite book|title=John F. Kennedy: A Biography|first=Michael|last=O'Brien|pages=265–266|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=978-0-312-35745-0}}
* Pottker, Jan (2002). ''Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis''. [[St. Martin's Griffin]]. {{ISBN|978-0-312-30281-8}}.
* {{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Richard|title=Convention|year=1977|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-122582-8|url=https://archive.org/details/convention00reev}}
* Sabato, Larry J. (2013). ''The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination and Lasting Legacy''. Bloomsbury USA. {{ISBN|978-1-62040-280-1}}.
* Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (2002) [1965]. ''A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House''. Mariner Books. {{ISBN|978-0-618-21927-8}}.
* {{cite book|title=Robert Kennedy and His Times, Volume 2|first=Arthur|last=Schlesinger|year=1978|publisher=Mariner Books|isbn=978-0-618-21928-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis01schl}}
* {{cite book|title=The Time of Their Lives| author = Silverman, Al |publisher= [[St. Martin's Press]] |year=2008|location=New York | isbn = 978-0-312-35003-1 }}
* Spoto, Donald (2000). ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life''. [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-312-97707-8}}.
* {{cite journal | doi=10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_7 | author = Schwalbe, Carol B. | title=Jacqueline Kennedy and Cold War Propaganda | journal=Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media | volume=49 | issue=1 | year=2005 | pages=111–127| s2cid = 146316495 }}
* {{cite book| title=Murrow's Cold War: Public Diplomacy for the Kennedy Administration |first=Gregory M.|last=Tomlin|year=2016| publisher=University of Nebraska Press}}
* Tracy, Kathleen (2008). ''The Everything Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Book: A portrait of an American icon''. Adams Media. {{ISBN|978-1-59869-530-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Trask|first=Richard B.|title=Pictures of the Pain: Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy|year=1994|edition=hardcover|isbn=0-9638595-0-1}}
* West, J.B., with Mary Lynn Kotz (1973). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oWq9AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies]''. [[Coward, McCann & Geoghegan]]. SBN 698-10546-X.
* {{cite book|title=Kennedy: A Cultural History of an American Icon|first=Mark|last=White|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-7867-2102-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Earl Warren: A Public Life|first=G. Edward|last=White|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-19-504936-7}}
* Wolff, Perry (1962). ''A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy''. [[Doubleday & Company]].
* {{cite book|last=Wong|first=Aliza Z.|title=The American beauty industry encyclopedia: Hairstylists, Celebrity |year=2010|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35949-1 |pages=151–154 |editor-first=Julie|editor-last=Willett}}
* {{cite book|last1=Zweifel|first1=John|first2=Gail|last2=Buckland|title=The White House in Miniature: Based on the White House Replica by John, Jan, and the Zweifel Fam|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-03663-3}}
* ''Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996''. [[Sotheby's]]: 1996.
* ''The White House: An Historic Guide''. [[White House Historical Association]] and the [[National Geographic Society]]: 2001. {{ISBN|0-912308-79-6}}.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{commons and category|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{wikiquote|Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/Life-of-Jacqueline-B-Kennedy.aspx Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy] at the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/jacqueline-lee-bouvier-kennedy/ Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy] at the [[White House]]
* [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/37/Jacqueline-Kennedy.aspx Jacqueline Kennedy] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[First Ladies: Influence & Image]]''
* [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=36 Jackie Kennedy] at the National First Ladies' Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430203019/https://www.livingtrustnetwork.com/estate-planning-center/last-will-and-testament/wills-of-the-rich-and-famous/last-will-and-testament-of-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis.html The Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K. Onassis]
* {{IMDb name|448080}}
* {{C-SPAN|33132}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mamie Eisenhower]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]|years=1961–1963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lady Bird Johnson]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{US First Ladies}}
{{Kennedy family}}
{{Assassination of John F. Kennedy}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy Onassis, Jacqueline}}
[[Category:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis| ]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
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[[Category:Bouvier family]]
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[[Category:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
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[[Category:Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni]]
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[[Category:First Ladies of the United States]]
[[Category:Historical preservationists]]
[[Category:Kennedy family|Jacqueline]]
[[Category:Miss Porter's School alumni]]
[[Category:Onassis family]]
[[Category:People from Bernardsville, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from East Hampton (town), New York]]
[[Category:People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:People with post-traumatic stress disorder]]
[[Category:Smith College alumni]]
[[Category:Spouses of Massachusetts politicians]]
[[Category:Grenoble Alpes University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Women print editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Manhattan]]' |
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