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[ 0 => '[[File:MacKay-Oath.jpg|thumb|right|[[Peter MacKay]] (left) reciting the Oath of Allegiance, as administered by [[Kevin G. Lynch]] (right), [[Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)|Clerk of the Privy Council]], and in the presence of [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] (seated, centre), at [[Rideau Hall]], 14 August 2007]]', 1 => 'The '''Canadian Oath of Allegiance''' is a promise or declaration of [[fealty]] to the [[Monarchy of Canada|Canadian monarch]], as personification of the Canadian state, taken, along with other specific [[Oath of office|oaths of office]], by new occupants of various federal and provincial government offices, members of federal, provincial, and municipal police forces, members of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]], and, in some provinces, all lawyers upon admission to the bar. The Oath of Allegiance also makes up the first portion of the [[Oath of Citizenship (Canada)|Oath of Citizenship]], the taking of which is a requirement of obtaining Canadian nationality.', 2 => '', 3 => 'The vow's roots lie in the [[Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)|oath taken in the United Kingdom]], the modern form of which was implemented in 1689 by [[William III of England|King William II and III]] and [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary II]]<ref>{{Citation| last1=Walker| first1=Aileen| last2=Wood| first2=Edward| date=14 February 2000| title=The Parliamentary Oath| series=Research Paper 00/17| location=Westminster| publisher=House of Commons Library| page=17| url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2000/rp00-017.pdf| access-date=6 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219172416/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2000/rp00-017.pdf| archive-date=December 19, 2008}}</ref> and was used in Canada prior to [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]]. The Canadian oath was established at that time in the [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act, 1867]] (now Constitution Act, 1867), meaning that alteration or elimination of the oath for parliamentarians requires a constitutional amendment. The Oath of Allegiance has also been slightly altered and made or removed as a requirement for admission to other offices or positions through [[Act of Parliament]] or [[letters patent]], to which proposals have been put forward for further abolishment or modification.', 4 => '', 5 => '==Composition==', 6 => 'The present form of the Oath of Allegiance, which derives from that which was, and still is, taken by parliamentarians in the [[Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)|United Kingdom]],<ref>{{Citation| last1=Bédard| first1=Michel| last2=Robertson| first2=James R.| date=October 2008| title=Oaths of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons| location=Ottawa| publisher=Library of Parliament| page=2| id=30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3. (U.K.)| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp241-e.htm| access-date=5 January 2009| ref=CITEREF_Bédard_2008}}</ref> is:', 7 => '', 8 => '<div style="border-radius-topright:0px;border-radius-bottomleft:0px; padding: 1px; text-align:left; margin:auto; border:1px solid #7BA05B; color:black; width:90%;">{{quote|''I, [name], do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors. So help me God.''<ref>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| date=1985| title=Oaths of Allegiance Act| series=2| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| id=R.S., 1985, c. O-1| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-o-1/latest/rsc-1985-c-o-1.html| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref>}}</div>', 9 => '', 10 => 'A person may choose to replace the word ''swear'' with ''affirm'', and to omit the phrase ''so help me God''. The oath taker is also given the option of either swearing on a [[holy book]] or not.', 11 => '', 12 => 'The oath for senators and members of parliament has stood the same since [[Canadian Confederation|confederation]]; according to Section IX.128 of the [[Constitution Act, 1867]]: "Every member of the Senate and the House of Commons of Canada shall before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Governor General or some Person authorized by him, and every Member of a Legislative Council or Legislative Assembly of any Province shall before the Lieutenant Governor of the Province or some Person authorized by him, the Oath of Allegiance contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Act."<ref name=S128>{{Citation| last=Victoria| author-link=Victoria of the United Kingdom| date=1 July 1867| title=Constitution Act, 1867| series=IX.128| location=Westminster| publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom| url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/c1867_e.html#misc| access-date=1 April 2009| ref=CITEREF_Victoria_1867}}</ref> The oath set out in said schedule is: ''I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true Allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria'', with the further instruction that "the name of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the Time being is to be substituted from Time to Time, with Proper Terms of Reference thereto."{{#tag:ref|The Constitution Act, 1867, has not been amended to reflect the changes both in the name of the United Kingdom and in the status of [[Canadian sovereignty]] from that country; see [[Monarchy of Canada#International and domestic aspects|Monarchy of Canada > International and domestic aspects]].|group=n|name=BNA}} The oath thus currently reads as follows:', 13 => '', 14 => '<div style="border-radius-topright:0px;border-radius-bottomleft:0px; padding: 1px; text-align:left; margin:auto; border:1px solid #7BA05B; color:black; width:90%;">{{quote|''I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.''<ref name=SV>{{Harvnb| Victoria| 1867| loc=Fifth Schedule}}</ref>}}</div>', 15 => '', 16 => 'In [[French language|French]], this is:', 17 => '', 18 => '<div style="border-radius-topright:0px;border-radius-bottomleft:0px; padding: 1px; text-align:left; margin:auto; border:1px solid #7BA05B; color:black; width:90%;">{{quote|''Je, [nom], jure que je serai fidèle et porterai une vraie allégeance à Sa Majesté la Reine Élizabeth II.''<ref name=MLC>{{Citation| last=le Clère| first=René| title=Serment d'allégeance à la Reine dénaturé par des députés souverainistes du Québec!| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=7| issue=4| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| date=Summer 2003| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2003/CMN_summer_2003_Update-6.pdf| access-date=13 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708014149/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2003/CMN_summer_2003_Update%2D6.pdf| archive-date=8 July 2009}}</ref>}}</div>', 19 => '', 20 => 'For those parliamentarians whose religion prohibits the swearing of oaths, there exists a compromise affirmation, first instituted in 1905:', 21 => '', 22 => '<div style="border-radius-topright:0px;border-radius-bottomleft:0px; padding: 1px; text-align:left; margin:auto; border:1px solid #7BA05B; color:black; width:90%;">{{quote|''I, [name], do solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare the taking of an oath is according to my religious belief unlawful, and I do also solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.''<ref>{{Citation| last1=Marleau| first1=Robert| last2=Montpetit| first2=Camille| date=2000| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| page=176}}</ref>}}</div>', 23 => '', 24 => '==Purpose==', 25 => 'The Oath of Allegiance was implemented to acknowledge the supremacy of the reigning [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch of Canada]],<ref>{{Citation| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| author-link=Eugene Forsey| title=How Canadians Govern Themselves| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2005| edition=5| isbn=978-0-660-16872-2}}</ref> the giving of faithfulness to whom is a manifestation of a key responsibility central to the Canadian system of government,<ref name=Aagaard>{{Citation| last=Aagaard| first=Lindsay| title=Fiduciary Duty and Members of Parliament| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| volume=31| issue=2| publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association| location=Ottawa| year=2008| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=189&art=1289| access-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> and serves to "remind individuals taking it of the serious obligations and responsibilities that he or she is assuming."<ref name=Bedard1>{{Harvnb| Bédard| 2008| p=16}}</ref> Allegiance is to the "natural person of the King [or Queen, as the case may be]."<ref>7 Co. Rep. 10 b.</ref> The Queen is [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces|the highest authority]] in the [[Canadian Forces]].<ref>{{Citation| last=Department of National Defence| author-link=Department of National Defence (Canada)| date=1 April 1998| title=Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee| series=B-GL-300-000/FP-000| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| page=31| url=http://armyapp.forces.gc.ca/ael/pubs/B-GL-300-000-FP-000_e.pdf| access-date=4 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181628/http://armyapp.forces.gc.ca/ael/pubs/B-GL-300-000-FP-000_e.pdf| archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1=Dickenson| first1=Ron A.| last2=Joyce| first2=C. Tony| date=May 2002| title=The Military as a Profession: An Examination| publication-place=Ottawa| place=Canadian Forces Leadership Institute| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| page=20| url=http://www.cda-acd.forces.gc.ca/cfli/engraph/research/pdf/15.pdf| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211133010/http://www.cda-acd.forces.gc.ca/CFLI/engraph/research/pdf/15.pdf| archive-date=11 December 2005}}</ref>', 26 => '', 27 => 'Former [[Premier of Ontario]] [[Mike Harris]] said in 1993: "The oath to the Queen is fundamental to the administration of the law in this country. It signifies that, here in Canada, justice is done—not in the name of the Prime Minister, or the Mayor, or the Police Chief, as in totalitarian nations—but by the people, in the name of the Queen,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/new/quotes.html| title=An Archive of Quotations from The Queen and prominent Canadians about The Crown and Canada| last=Monarchist League of Canada| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206201330/http://www.monarchist.ca/new/quotes.html| archive-date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref> while James Robertson stated that the oath was the way elected members of parliament—who are assuming positions of public trust—promise to carry out their duties "patriotically, and in the best interests of the country."<ref>{{Citation| first=James| last=Robertson| title=Oath of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons| year=2005| pages=16–17| place=Ottawa| publisher=Library of Parliament}}</ref> The [[Federal Court (Canada)|Federal Court]] also expressed that giving allegiance to the sovereign was "a solemn intention to adhere to the symbolic keystone of the Canadian Constitution, thus pledging an acceptance of the whole of our Constitution and national life,"<ref name=Court>{{cite court| litigants=Charles C. Roach v. The Minister of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship| vol=A-249-92| opinion=Case dismissed| pinpoint=Linden| court=Federal Court of Canada| date=20 January 1994| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fca/doc/1994/1994canlii3453/1994canlii3453.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200439/http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fca/doc/1994/1994canlii3453/1994canlii3453.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=23 September 2015| ref=CITEREF_Roach_v_The_Minister_of_State_for_Multiculturalism_and_Citizenship_1994}}</ref> though also reflecting: "It may be argued that it strikes at the very heart of democracy to curtail collective opposition and incentive for change by demanding loyalty to a particular political theory."<ref>{{Harvnb| Roach v The Minister of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship| 1994| loc=Freedom of association}}</ref>', 28 => '', 29 => 'The relationship between the oath taker and the monarch is a complex one with roots reaching back to historical periods when a monarch ruled and accepted an oath of fealty from his or her subjects. The modern oath remains both [[fiduciary]] and [[wikt:reciprocal|reciprocal]];<ref name=Aagaard /> mirroring citizens' oaths to the monarch,<ref>{{Citation| last=Bousfield| first=Arthur |author2=Toffoli, Gary |title=Fifty Years the Queen| publisher=Dundurn Press| year=2002| location=Toronto| page=78| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8l5reK7NjoC| isbn=1-55002-360-8}}</ref> the sovereign takes the [[Oath of office#Coronation Oath|Coronation Oath]], wherein he or she promises "to govern the Peoples of... Canada... according to their respective laws and customs."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oremus.org/liturgy/coronation/cor1953b.html| title=The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in The Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953 > IV.The Oath| last=Kershaw| first=Simon| publisher=Simon Kershaw| year=2002| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> It has been said of this mutual verbal contract: "except through the person of the Queen, Canada cannot take an oath to Canadians in return. It doesn't exist in the sense that it can take an oath. It is fundamental to our tradition of law and freedom that the commitments made by the people are reciprocated by the state. Reciprocal oaths are essential to our Canadian concept of government."<ref name=OLA>{{Citation| last=Hansard| author-link=Hansard#Hansard in Canada| date=10 April 1996| title=Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly| series=Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995| location=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do;jsessionid=c72d607830d68e75be455a5244a3950ae2235bd3f36e.e3eQbNaNa3eRe34KaN4RaNeRb310n6jAmljGr5XDqQLvpAe?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22%2C+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act%2C+1995&DocumentID=19205| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> For members of the Canadian Forces, the oath to the monarch is "the soldier's code of moral obligation."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnd.ca/somalia/vol1/v1c5e.htm| last=Department of National Defence| author-link=Department of National Defence (Canada)| title=Report of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry > Ethics in the Canadian Military| publisher=Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada| year=1997| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002044147/http://www.dnd.ca/somalia/vol1/v1c5e.htm| archive-date=2 October 2007}}</ref>', 30 => '', 31 => '==Administration of the oath==', 32 => '[[File:Jean-Oath.jpg|thumb|right|[[Michaëlle Jean]] reciting the Oath of Allegiance as she is sworn in as the 27th [[Governor General of Canada]], 27 September 2005]]', 33 => '', 34 => '===Crown appointees===', 35 => 'The [[Letters Patent, 1947|letters patent]] issued in 1947 by King [[George VI]] outline that the Oath of Allegiance must be taken by a newly appointed governor general and stipulate that the oath must be administered by the [[Supreme Court of Canada#Current membership|chief justice]] or other judge of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in the presence of members of the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Queen's Privy Council]].<ref name=GeoVI>{{Citation| last=George VI| author-link=George VI| date=1 October 1947| title=Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada| series=X.| location=Ottawa| publisher=King's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/LettersPatent.html| access-date=5 January 2009| archive-date=24 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103619/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/LettersPatent.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 19th century, the oath was recited by recently commissioned federal viceroys at whatever port they arrived at in Canada. However, the contemporary practice is to swear-in governors general as part of [[Governor General of Canada#Appointment|a ceremony]] in the Senate chamber on [[Parliament Hill]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nsd.nf.ca/HTML/Information/role.html| last=Newfoundland School for the Deaf| title=Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General| publisher=Newfoundland School for the Deaf| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012051/http://www.nsd.nf.ca/HTML/Information/role.html| archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref>', 36 => '', 37 => 'New members of the Queen's Privy Council recite, along with the [[Oath of office#Canada|Oath of Office]], [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada#Membership|a specific oath]] that contains a variant on the Oath of Allegiance,<ref name=RH>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P3_e.asp| title=Oaths of Office| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| author-link=Governor General of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=2 March 2006| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115155214/http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P3_e.asp| archive-date=15 November 2008}}</ref> as administered by the [[Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)|Clerk of the Privy Council]],<ref name=RH2>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/p2_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| author-link=Governor General of Canada| title=The Swearing-In of Privy Councillors| date=2 February 2006| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115155231/http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P2_e.asp| archive-date=15 November 2008}}</ref> usually in the presence of the governor general at [[Rideau Hall|Government House]] in [[Ottawa]]. Twice, however, the oath has been delivered in front of the reigning monarch: In 1967, the year of [[Canadian Centennial|Canada's centennial]], the [[Premier (Canada)|provincial premiers]] then in office were sworn in as members of the Privy Council before Elizabeth II in a ceremony on Parliament Hill and, during her tour of Canada to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation, new appointees to the Privy Council recited the oath before the Queen at [[Rideau Hall|her Ottawa residence]].<ref name=RH2 /> The chief justice of the Supreme Court similarly recites the Oath of Allegiance in front of the governor general.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page5179.asp| last=Royal Household at Buckingham Palace| title=The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Canada > The Queen's Role in Canada| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => '===Parliamentarians===', 40 => 'The [[Clerk of the House of Commons (Canada)|Clerk of the House]], or an authorized designate, administers the Oath of Allegiance to both new and returning members of parliament. Failure to take the oath constitutes an absolute bar on sitting or voting in parliament, along with a denial of the associated salary; this does not mean the person ceases to be a member of the house, simply that they cannot sit or participate in it.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Fraser| first1=Alistair| last2=Dawson| first2=W. F.| last3=Holtby| first3=John A.| date=1989| title=Beauchesne's Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada| edition=Sixth| location=Toronto| publisher=The Carswell Company Limited| page=68}}</ref> In 1875, George Turner Orton, member for [[Wellington Centre]], inadvertently failed to swear the oath. Though Orton did eventually take his Oath of Allegiance, the matter was referred to the Select Standing Committee on Privileges and Elections, which found that the votes Orton cast in the house prior to his swearing the oath were rendered invalid.<ref>{{Citation| last=House of Commons| author-link=House of Commons of Canada | date=1875| title=Journals| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| page=176}}</ref> The only way to change this stipulation would be to amend [[Constitution of Canada|the constitution]], though it is not entirely clear whether or not this could be done under the general amending formula (through resolutions of parliament and of the legislatures of at least two-thirds of the provinces having at least 50% of the population), or if it would necessitate the undivided agreement of all the parliamentary houses across Canada, as is required for any constitutional alteration that affects the Crown.<ref>{{Harvnb| Bédard| 2008| p=17}}</ref>', 41 => '', 42 => 'A breach of the oath can also be seen as an act punishable by the denial of the offender's ability to sit in the House of Commons. Actions such as making [[treason]]ous comments in a time of war could be considered a break of the oath, as the oath to the monarch is considered an oath to the country,<ref>{{Citation| last=Beauchesne| first=Arthur| date=1958| title=Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada| edition=Fourth| location=Toronto| publisher=The Carswell Company Limited| page=14}}</ref> but expressing anti-[[Canadian Confederation|confederation]] sentiments is not, so long as the proponent continues to work for their cause within the laws and customs of Canada. Also, the Queen could remain head of any new state formed after secession from Canada.<ref>{{Harvnb| Bédard| 2008| p=7}}</ref>', 43 => '', 44 => 'As early as 1867, this notion was tested; [[Joseph Howe]] was an opponent to confederation, but was elected to the House of Commons and took the Oath of Allegiance, after which he continued to work towards dissolving the union.<ref>{{Citation| last=Pryke| first=Kenneth George| date=1962| title=Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864-1870| series=Doctoral Dissertation| location=Durham| publisher=Duke University| page=147}}</ref> Later, in 1976, members of the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist]] [[Parti Québécois]] (PQ) were elected to the [[National Assembly of Quebec]]; according to press reports, some of those persons swore the oath with their [[Crossed fingers|fingers crossed]] and others later added flippant commentary to their oath,<ref>{{Citation| last=Lynch| first=Charles| title=Bloc Québécois: Members Make Oaths of Office Seem Ridiculous| newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen| date=29 July 1990}}</ref> such as "''et aussi au Roi de France''" ("and also to the King of France") and "''Vive la République''" ("live the republic!"), or whispered the words "''Sa Majesté la Reine Élisabeth II''".<ref name=MLC /> In 2003, [[Premier of Quebec]] [[Bernard Landry]], leader of the PQ, added to the oath "for the duration of the present constitutional order, which will hopefully change one day in a democratic fashion."<ref>{{Citation| last=Coates| first=Colin MacMillan| title=Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty| publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.| year=2006| location=Toronto| page=12| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC| isbn=978-1-55002-586-6}}</ref> None of the actions had any effect on the enforcement of the oath itself, however.<ref>{{Harvnb| Bédard| 2008| p=10}}</ref>', 45 => '', 46 => '===Canadian Armed Forces members===', 47 => 'Allegiance and loyalty to the monarch, and the manner in which they are expressed, are specifically outlined in the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] regulations and subordinate orders. Within the [[Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces|Queen's Regulations and Orders]], it is stipulated that all Canadian citizens or [[British subject]]s who enroll in the forces must take the Oath of Allegiance before either a [[Officer (armed forces)#Commissioned officers|commissioned officer]] or a [[Justice of the Peace|justice of the peace]].', 48 => '', 49 => '"I ......... (full name), do swear (or for a solemn affirmation, "solemnly affirm") that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her heirs and successors according to law. So help me God."', 50 => '', 51 => 'Those who are not Canadian citizens or British subjects must recite a longer oath:<ref>{{Citation| last=Department of National Defence| author-link=Department of National Defence (Canada)| date=14 July 2008| title=Queen's Regulations and Orders| volume=1| series=6.04| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.admfincs-smafinsm.forces.gc.ca/qro-orf/vol-01/doc/chapter-chapitre-006.pdf| access-date=7 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181645/http://www.admfincs-smafinsm.forces.gc.ca/qro-orf/vol-01/doc/chapter-chapitre-006.pdf| archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref>', 52 => '', 53 => 'I, [name], do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her heirs and successors according to law, in the Canadian Forces until lawfully released, that I will resist Her Majesty's enemies and cause Her Majesty's peace to be kept and maintained and that I will, in all matters pertaining to my service, faithfully discharge my duty. So help me God.', 54 => '', 55 => 'The words ''so help me God'' are omitted if a solemn affirmation is taken.', 56 => '', 57 => '==Those desiring to take the oath==', 58 => '', 59 => 'Anyone who desires to swear or affirm allegiance to The Queen may, while in Canada, do so before a Justice of the peace, under the terms of the Oaths of Allegiance Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. O-1, to wit:', 60 => '', 61 => '<blockquote>'''2''' (1) Every person who, either of his own accord or in compliance with any lawful requirement made of the person, or in obedience to the directions of any Act or law in force in Canada, except the and the , desires to take an oath of allegiance shall have administered and take the oath in the following form, and no other: <br/>', 62 => 'I, ...................., do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors. So help me God. <br/>', 63 => '... <br/>', 64 => '', 65 => ''''7''' All justices of the peace and other officers lawfully authorized either by virtue of their office or by special commission from the Crown may administer the oath of allegiance set out in section 2 or receive a solemn affirmation of allegiance.<ref>Oaths of Allegiance Act R.S.C., 1985, c. O-1. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-1/page-1.html</ref></blockquote>', 66 => '', 67 => '==Those required to take the oath==', 68 => 'The following persons must take the Oath of Allegiance before occupying a governmental, military, police, or judicial post. Generally, these individuals are appointed by the monarch or relevant [[viceroy]], meaning they serve [[at Her Majesty's pleasure]], and are charged with creating or administering the law.', 69 => '', 70 => '===Federal===', 71 => '* [[Governor General of Canada|Governors general of Canada]]<ref name=GeoVI />', 72 => '* [[List of current members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada]]<ref name=RH />', 73 => '* [[Lists of Canadian senators|Senators]]<ref name=S128 />', 74 => '* [[Current members of the Canadian House of Commons|Members of parliament]]<ref name=S128 />', 75 => '* [[Clerk of the House of Commons (Canada)|Clerk of the House of Commons]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-1/page-16.html#s-49.|title=Parliament of Canada Act| publisher=Department of Justice|date=28 March 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 76 => '* Justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada#Current membership|Supreme Court of Canada]]', 77 => '* Justices of the [[Federal Court of Appeal (Canada)#Judges|Federal Court of Appeal]]', 78 => '* Justices of the [[Federal Court (Canada)|Federal Court]]', 79 => '* Justice of the [[Tax Court of Canada]]', 80 => '* [[Citizenship Judge]]s', 81 => '* All employees of the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-23/page-4.html#s-10.|title=Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act| publisher=Department of Justice|date=28 March 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 82 => '* Recruits of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ggfg.ottawa.on.ca/recruit.htm| last=Governor General's Foot Guards| title=Join the Guards| publisher=Governor General's Foot Guards| access-date=5 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116015916/http://www.ggfg.ottawa.on.ca/recruit.htm| archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref>', 83 => '* Members of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/R-10/page-4.html|title=Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act| publisher=Department of Justice|date=28 March 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 84 => '* Officers of the [[Canada Border Services Agency]]', 85 => '* Locally engaged staff at Canada's foreign missions who are Canadian citizens <ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-95-152/index.html| title=Locally-Engaged Staff Employment Regulations (SOR/95-152)| publisher=Department of Justice|date=28 March 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 86 => '*Employees of Correctional Service Canada', 87 => '', 88 => '===Provincial===', 89 => '* [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|Lieutenant governors]]<ref>{{Harvnb| Victoria| 1867| loc=V.61}}</ref>', 90 => '* Members of a legislature ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly#Canada|MLA]]s, [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]]s, [[Member of the National Assembly (Quebec)|MNA]]s, and [[Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly|MHAs]])<ref name=S128/>', 91 => '* Justices of the [[Court system of Canada#Appellate courts of the provinces and territories|appellate courts]], [[Court system of Canada#Superior-level courts of the provinces and territories|superior courts]], and [[Court system of Canada#Provincial and territorial ("inferior") courts|provincial courts]]', 92 => '* [[Justices of the Peace]] in British Columbia<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96379_01#section30|title=Provincial Court Act| publisher=Queen's Printer BC|date=8 February 2017|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>', 93 => '* [[Auditor General of Ontario]]<ref>{{citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| title=Auditor General Act| url=https://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90a35_e.htm| place=Toronto| date=1 June 2011| id=R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER A.35| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>', 94 => '* Staff of the [[civil service]] in Ontario,<ref>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II| date=1990| title=Public Service Act| series=10| location=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| id=R.S.O. 1990, c. P.47| url=http://www.canlii.org/on/laws/sta/p-47/20040304/whole.html#P307_13840| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> British Columbia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/careers-myhr/all-employees/new-employees/first-four-months/oath|title=Oath of Employment - Province of British Columbia|last=Agency|first=BC Public Service|website=www2.gov.bc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> and Manitoba<ref>{{cite web| url=http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/c110e.php|title= The Civil Service Act| publisher=Province of Manitoba| date=30 June 2004|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> ', 95 => '* All other Crown appointees in Ontario<ref>{{citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II| title=Public Officers Act| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/on/laws/stat/rso-1990-c-p45/latest/rso-1990-c-p45.html| place=Toronto| date=22 June 2006| id=R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER P.45| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| access-date=9 December 2009}}</ref>', 96 => '* All police officers, railway constables, [[Special constable#Canada|special constables]], and reserve and [[auxiliary constable]]s in British Columbia<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/136_2002|title=Police Oath/Solemn Affirmation Regulation| publisher=Queen's Printer BC|date=7 June 2002|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96395_01#section255|title=Railway Act| publisher=Queen's Printer BC|date=19 March 2014|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>', 97 => '* All police officers, [[bylaw enforcement officer]]s, and special constables in Nova Scotia<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/polregs.htm#TOC1_6|title= Police Regulations| publisher=Department of Justice| date=18 October 2013|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 98 => '* Community peace officers in the province of Alberta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solgps.alberta.ca/programs_and_services/public_security/peace_officers/Forms/Forms/AllItems.aspx|title=Forms - All Documents|website=www.solgps.alberta.ca|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>', 99 => '* All police officers in Saskatchewan,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Regulations/Regulations/P15-01R5.pdf|title= The Municipal Police Recruiting Regulations, 1991| publisher=Saskatchewan Queen's Printer|year=1995|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> New Brunswick,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws.gnb.ca/en/showdoc/cr/81-18|title= Forms of Oath Regulation| publisher=Ministry of the Attorney General|date=25 March 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> and Alberta<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/P17.pdf|title= Police Act| series=Schedule 1|publisher=Queen's Printer Alberta| date=28 March 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 100 => '* Mayors and councillors in Nova Scotia<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/muncpel.htm|title= Municipal Elections Act| publisher=Office of the Legislative Counsel| date= 8 February 2012|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> ', 101 => '* Medical examiners and investigators in Manitoba<ref>{{cite web| url=http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/f052e.php|title= The Fatality Inquiries Act| publisher=Province of Manitoba| date= 5 December 2013|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> ', 102 => '* Sheriffs in Newfoundland and Labrador<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/s3991.htm#7_|title=SHERIFF'S ACT, 1991|publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly|year=2011|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 103 => '* Lawyers in Alberta,<ref>{{Cite canlaw| short title =Legal Profession Act| abbr =R.S.A.| year =2000| chapter =L-8| section =44| subsection =(2)| link =http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/l08.pdf| linkloc =Alberta Queen's Printer}}</ref> Newfoundland and Labrador,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lawsociety.nf.ca/publications-and-forms/publications/project-daisy/barristers-roll/|title=Barristers' Roll|publisher=Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador| date=7 April 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lspei.pe.ca/admission_to_law.php| title=Admission as a Member of the Law Society| publisher=Law Society of Prince Edward Island| access-date=28 July 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004150123/http://www.lspei.pe.ca/admission_to_law.php| archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>', 104 => '* [[Notary Public|Notaries public]] in Newfoundland and Labrador<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/n05.htm|title= NOTARIES PUBLIC ACT| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly|year=2010|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 105 => '', 106 => '===Territorial===', 107 => '* Commissioners and deputy commissioners of the territories of [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], and [[Nunavut]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/y-2.01/page-2.html#h-4|title=Yukon Act| publisher=Department of Justice|date= 28 March 2013|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-27/page-2.html#h-4|title=Northwest Territories Act| publisher=Department of Justice|date= 28 March 2013|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-28.6/page-2.html#docCont|title=Nunavut Act| publisher=Department of Justice|date= 28 March 2013|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>', 108 => '* Members of the Executive Council of Nunavut<ref name=CanLii>{{cite web| url=https://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/snu-2002-c-5/latest/snu-2002-c-5.html|title=Legislative Assembly and Executive Council Act| publisher=CanLii|date=1 October 2013|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 109 => '* Members of the Legislative Assemblies of [[Legislative Assembly of Nunavut|Nunavut]]<ref name=CanLii/> and [[Yukon Legislative Assembly|Yukon]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/leas_c.pdf|title=Legislative Assembly Act| publisher=Queen's Printer Yukon|year=2008|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 110 => '* Mayors, municipal councilors, and alderman of Yukon<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/co1973_398.pdf|title=Forms (oaths) Regulation C.O. 1973/398| publisher=Queen's Printer Yukon|date=17 September 1973|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> ', 111 => '* Coroners of Yukon<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/coroners.pdf|title=Coroners Act| publisher=Queen's Printer Yukon|year=2002|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> ', 112 => '* Lawyers in Northwest Territories and Nunavut<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-2/latest/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-2.html| title=Legal Profession Act| publisher=CanLii|date=8 June 2012|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 113 => '', 114 => '====Other====', 115 => '* Board members of a regional district in British Columbia<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96323_08/|title=Local Government Act| publisher=Queen's Printer BC|date=19 March 2014|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>', 116 => '* Lawyers in Ontario,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147485805| title=By-Law 4| publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada| at=s. 22| date=25 October 2012| access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Nova Scotia,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nsbs.org/become_a_lawyer/bar_admissions/bar_admissions_ceremonies|title=Bar Admission ceremonies|publisher=Nova Scotia Barristers' Society| date= 7 April 2014|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> New Brunswick,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lawsociety-barreau.nb.ca/en/becoming-a-lawyer/admission-to-the-law-society|title=Admission to the Law Society|publisher=Law Society of New Brunswick|date=n.d.|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> and Yukon<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/lepr_c.pdf|title=Legal Profession Act|publisher=Queen's Printer Yukon|year=2012|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 117 => '* Police officers, [[Special constable#Canada|special constables]], and [[auxiliary constable]]s in Ontario<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/source/regs/english/2010/elaws_src_regs_r10268_e.htm#BK3| title=ONTARIO REGULATION 268/10|publisher=Ministry of the Attorney General|date=17 July 2010|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>', 118 => '* Mayors and councillors in British Columbia', 119 => '* School trustees in British Columbia<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96412_04/|title= School Act| publisher=Queen's Printer BC|date=19 March 2014|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>', 120 => '* Priests and deacons at ordination and Rectors at inductions or installations in certain dioceses of the Anglican Church of Canada.<ref>Canon 7.5.3 The Anglican Diocese of Fredericton</ref>', 121 => '', 122 => '==Opposition and augmentation==', 123 => '{{See also|Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand)#Alteration and augmentation of oaths}}', 124 => 'Early opposition to the Oath of Allegiance was expressed by the inhabitants of [[Quebec]] shortly following the transfer of that territory from [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] to [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] via the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]]. The [[Quebec Act]], issued in 1774, subsequently established a special Oath of Allegiance for the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] of Quebec that, unlike the one sworn by others, which had remained the same since the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], bore no references to the [[Protestantism|Protestant faith]]. It read:', 125 => '', 126 => ':''I [name] do sincerely promise and swear, That I will be faithful, and bear true Allegiance to his Majesty King George, and him will defend to the utmost of my Power, against all traitorous Conspiracies, and Attempts whatsoever, which shall be made against his Person. Crown. and Dignity; and I will do my utmost Endeavor to disclose and make known to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, all Treasons, and traitorous Conspiracies, and Attempts, which I shall know to be against him, or any of them; and all this I do swear without any Equivocation, mental Evasion, or secret Reservation, and renouncing all Pardons and Dispensations from any Power or Person whomsoever to the contrary. So help me God.''<ref>{{Citation| last=George III| author-link=George III of Great Britain| date=1774| title=Quebec Act| series=VII| location=Westminster| publisher=King's Printer| id=14 George III, c. 83 (U.K.)| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/PreConfederation/qa_1774.html| access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>', 127 => '', 128 => 'In 1970, the recently elected members of the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereigntist]] [[Parti Québécois]] refused to recite the Oath of Allegiance before taking their seats in the [[National Assembly of Quebec]]. At the time, all the other parties in the assembly agreed that the oath was outdated and needed to be amended.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/parties_leaders/topics/870-5019/| title=René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ > Did you know?| publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> The Act Respecting the National Assembly of Quebec was granted [[Royal Assent]] in 1982, in which a supplementary oath pledging loyalty to the "people of [[Quebec]]" was included.<ref>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom| date=1982| title=An Act Respecting the National Assembly of Quebec| series=Schedule I.15| location=Quebec| publisher=Éditeur officiel du Québec| id=R.S.Q., chapter A-23.1| url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/A_23_1/A23_1_A.html| access-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> The ''Members' Manual of the National Assembly'' outlines that this additional oath is to the people and constitution of Quebec, distinct from the Oath of Allegiance, which is an oath to the country via the Queen,<ref>{{Citation| last=National Assembly of Quebec| author-link=National Assembly of Quebec| date=1986| title=Manuel des membres de l'Assemblée nationale| series=2.1| location=Quebec| publisher=Éditeur officiel du Québec| page=2}}</ref> though some saw the monarch, in that context, as representative of the Quebec state and not of Canada, taking into account [[Monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Canada's "divisible" Crown]].<ref>{{Harvnb| Bédard| 2008| p=9}}</ref> Also, [[Ontario]] [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) [[Dominic Agostino]] proposed in 1996 that the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] follow that of Quebec and add another requisite oath of allegiance to Canada, to be taken by MPPs following the oath to the sovereign. However, the Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly found that the monarch referred to in the Oath of Allegiance was already the personification of the Canadian state and it was thus redundant to offer allegiance to both the Queen and to Canada.<ref name=OLA />', 129 => '', 130 => 'Amendments have also been proposed in the federal scope, though the same difficulty in altering the constitution thwarted any changes, leading members of parliament (MPs) in [[Ottawa]] to table various bills that sought to alter the [[Parliament of Canada Act]], instead. While none were ever successful, certain MPs have recited further pledges in the presence of their constituents or added their own pledge after reciting the Oath of Allegiance.<ref>{{Citation| last=Hansard| author-link=Hansard| date=14 March 1994| title=House of Commons, Debates| series=1140| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| id=Ted White, MP}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Hansard| author-link=Hansard| date=5 May 2003| title=House of Commons, Debates| series=1730| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| id=Eugène Bellemare, MP}}</ref> In 2005, Senator [[Raymond Lavigne]] uttered the words "and to my country, Canada," at the end of the Oath of Allegiance, which raised questions from other senators and Lavigne was instructed to take the oath again, without the amendment. Following this, the Senator proposed that the Senate rules be changed to add an oath to Canada after the oath to the sovereign, in the form of: "I, [name], do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Canada." The motion never passed.<ref>{{Citation| last=Hansard| author-link=Hansard| date=16 April 2002| title=Senate, Debates| series=1520 (Question Period)| publication-place=Ottawa| place=104| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref>', 131 => '', 132 => 'All members of the [[Canadian civil service|federal Civil Service]] were previously required to take the Oath of Allegiance before being officially hired, a stipulation that prompted Pierre Vincent, a civil servant of [[Acadian]] descent who refused to swear the oath, to undertake a three-year legal challenge against the Public Service Commission. The latter found that Vincent could keep his job with the Civil Service and, though the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that civil servants continued to be employees of the monarch,<ref>{{Citation| last=Smith| first=David E.| date=1995| title=The Invisible Crown| location=Toronto| publisher=University of Toronto Press| page=79| isbn=0-8020-0743-0}}</ref> Royal Assent was granted to the Public Service Modernization Act in 2003, which removed the necessity of the bureaucratic civil servants to take the oath to their employer.', 133 => '', 134 => 'The inclusion of the Oath of Allegiance in the [[Oath of Citizenship (Canada)|Oath of Citizenship]] has also [[Oath of Citizenship (Canada)#Public action|met with opposition]], though this was never a constitutional matter,<ref name=SV /> instead falling within the scope of the [[Canadian nationality law|Citizenship Act]].', 135 => '', 136 => '==See also==', 137 => '* [[Oath of allegiance]]', 138 => '* [[Oath of office]]', 139 => '* [[Oath of citizenship]]', 140 => '', 141 => '==Notes==', 142 => '{{reflist|group=n}}', 143 => '', 144 => '==References==', 145 => '{{reflist|30em}}', 146 => '', 147 => '==External links==', 148 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040905042239/http://www.gg.ca/media/info/ggbg-04_e.asp Governor-General's Media Fact Sheet: The Oath]', 149 => '*[http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp241-e.htm Oaths of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons]', 150 => '*[http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/O-1//20080625/en?command=HOME&caller=SI&fragment=Oaths&search_type=all&day=25&month=6&year=2008&search_domain=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50&offset=2 Oaths of Allegiance Act]', 151 => '', 152 => '[[Category:Oaths of allegiance|Canada]]', 153 => '[[Category:Government of Canada]]', 154 => '[[Category:Monarchy in Canada]]' ]