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'{{for|information about population of India|Demographics of India}} {{pp-pc1}} Various attempts have been made, under the [[British Raj]] and since, to classify the [[demographics of India|population of India]] according to a [[typology (anthropology)|racial typology]]. After [[independence of India|independence]], in pursuance of the government's policy to discourage distinctions between communities based on [[Race (human categorization)|race]], the 1951 Census of India did away with racial classifications. Today, the national Census of independent India does not recognise any racial groups in India.<ref name=Kumar>Kumar, Jayant. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5Xlqrcsme?url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |date=2008-05-12 }} 2001. September 4, 2006.</ref> Some scholars of the colonial epoch attempted to find a method to classify the various groups of India according to the predominant racial theories popular at that time in Europe. This scheme of racial classification was used by the British census of India, which was often integrated with [[Indian caste system|caste system]] considerations. ==Great races== [[File:The Races of Mankind Before European Expansion.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Races of Mankind Before European Expansion'', published by [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] in 1891 depicting world races, in the era in which [[scientific racism]] was prevalent.]] [[File:Gandhala- mother & child 28-6-04.jpg|thumb|180 px|Mother and child in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], of [[northern India]] (2004)]] [[Scientific racism]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries divided humans into three races based on "common physical characteristics": [[Caucasian race|Caucasoid]], [[Mongoloid]], and [[Negroid]].<ref name="Cooper1945"/> American anthropologist [[Carleton S. Coon]] wrote that "India is the easternmost outpost of the Caucasian racial region" and defined the [[Indid race]] that occupies the Indian subcontinent as beginning in the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Carleton S. Coon|author-link=Carleton S. Coon|title=The Races of Europe |date=1939 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |page=287|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coon |first1=Carleton Stevens |last2=Hunt |first2=Edward E. |title=The Living Races of Man |date=1966 |publisher=Cape |page=207 |language=en}}</ref> [[John Montgomery Cooper]], an American ethnologist and [[Roman Catholic]] priest, on 26 April 1945 in a hearing before the [[United States Senate]] "To Permit all people from India residing in the United States to be Naturalised" recorded:<ref name="Cooper1945">{{cite book |title=To Permit All People from India Residing in the United States to be Naturalized: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate, Seventy-ninth Congress, First Session, on S. 236. April 26, 1945 |date=26 April 1945 |publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on Immigration]] |pages=5–6 |language=en}}</ref> {{quotation|The people of India are predominantly Caucasoid. Their features, hair texture, hairiness, the shape of the nose, mouth, and so on, are all distinctly Caucasoid. It is only in some of the far, out-of-the-way places of India, as in this country, that you find certain traces of other races.<ref name="Cooper1945"/>}} The theory propounded by German comparative philologists in the 1840s and 1850s "maintained that the speakers of Indo-European languages in India, Persia, and Europe were of the same culture and race."<ref name="Veer2014"/> This led to a distinction between the [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] of northern India and the [[Dravidian peoples]], located mostly in [[southern India]] with pockets in the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Province]] in the northwest and in the eastern corner of the [[Bihar Province]].<ref name="Veer2014">{{cite book |last1=Veer |first1=Peter van der |title=Conversion to Modernities |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-66183-9 |page=130 |language=en |quote=Caldwell's articulation of the racial and historical basis of the Aryan-Dravidian divide was, in fact, perhaps the first European valorization of the Dravidian category cast specifically in racial terms, though he admitted the likelihood of considerable racial intermixture. At the same time, Caldwell was merely modifying conventional wisdom in his uncritical acceptance of an Aryan theory of race, in which Dravidians were seen as pre-Aryan inhabitants of India. The Aryan theory of race, based as it was on William Jones's well-known "discovery" of the Indo-Aryan family of languages, had been developed by German comparative philologists in the 1840s and 1850s. It maintained that the speakers of Indoor-European languages in India, Persia, and Europe were of the same culture and race.}}</ref><ref name="Kuiper2010">{{cite book |last1=Kuiper |first1=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India |date=15 August 2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |page=71 |language=en |quote=Dravidian languages are spoken by about one-fourth of all Indians, overwhelmingly in southern India. Dravidian speakers among tribal people (e.g., Gonds) in central India, in eastern Bihar, and in the Brahui-speaking region of the distant Pakistani province of Balochistan suggest a much wider distribution in ancient times.}}</ref> Although anthropologists classify Dravidians as Caucasoid with the "Mediterranean-Caucasoid" type being the most predominant,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Mhaiske|first1=Vinod M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbs4DwAAQBAJ|title=Forest Tribology And Anthropology|last2=Patil|first2=Vinayak K.|last3=Narkhede|first3=S. S.|date=2016-01-01|publisher=Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-93-86102-08-9|pages=5|language=en}}</ref> the racial status of the [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]] was initially disputed. In 1898, [[ethnographer]] [[Friedrich Ratzel]] remarked about the "Mongolian features" of Dravidians, resulting in what he described as his "hypothesis of their [Dravidians] close connection with the population of Tibet", whom he adds "Tibetans may be decidedly reckoned in the Mongol race".<ref name=Ratzel>Ratzel, Freidrich. The History of Mankind. Macmillan and Co.:New York, 1898. {{ISBN|978-81-7158-084-2}} p.358</ref> In 1899, ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' summarised Ratzel's findings over India with, {{quote| "India is for the author [of the History of Mankind, Ratzel], a region where races have been broken up pulverized, kneaded by conquerors. Doubtless a pre-Dravidian negroid type came first, of low stature and mean physique, though these same are, in India, the result of poor social and economic conditions. Dravidians succeeded negroids, and there may have been [[Malay race|Malay]] intrusions, but Australian affinities are denied. Then succeeded Aryan and Mongol, forming the present potporri through conquest and blending."<ref name=Mason>Mason, O.T. "Scientific Books." ''Science'' Volume 10 (1899) p.21</ref>}} [[Edgar Thurston]]{{year needed|date=February 2018}} named what he called ''Homo Dravida'' and described it close to Australoids, with Caucasoid ([[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]]) admixture. As evidence, he adduced the use of the [[boomerang]] by [[Kallar(caste)|Kallar]] and [[Maravar]] warriors and the proficiency at tree-climbing among both the [[Kadirs]] of the [[Anamalai]] hills and the [[Dayaks]] of [[Borneo]].<ref>C. Bates, 'Race, Caste and Tribes in Central India' in: ''The Concept of Race'', ed. Robb, OUP (1995), p. 245, cited after Ajay Skaria, ''Shades of Wildness Tribe, Caste, and Gender in Western India'', The Journal of Asian Studies (1997), p. 730.</ref> In 1900, anthropologist [[Joseph Deniker]] said, {{quote|the Dravidian race is connected with both the Indonesian and Australian...<!--287--> the Dravidian race, which it would be better to call South Indian, is prevalent among the peoples of Southern India speaking the Dravidian tongues, and also among the [[Kols]] and other people of India... The Veddhas... come much nearer to the Dravidian type, which moreover also penetrates among the populations of India, even into the middle valley of the Ganges.<!--290-->"<ref name="Deniker">Deniker, Joseph. ''The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography.'' Charles Scribner's and Sons: London, 1900. {{ISBN|0-8369-5932-9}} p.498</ref>}} Deniker grouped Dravidians as a "subrace" under "Curly or Wavy Hair Dark Skin" in which he also includes the [[Ethiopid race|Ethiopian]] and Australian.<!--285--><ref name="Deniker"/> Also, Deniker mentions that the "Indian race has its typical representatives among the Afghans, the Rajputs, the Brahmins and most of North India but it has undergone numerous alterations as a consequence with crosses with Assyriod, Dravidian, Mongol, Turkish, Arab and other elements."<!--290--><ref name="Deniker"/> In 1915, [[Arnold Wright]] said, {{Quote|text=he [Dr. Caldwell] is inclined to believe in the Caucasian physical type of the Dravidians. To prove the general correctness of his reasoning, he points to the physical type of [[Todas]], who are so distinctly Caucasic in the opinion of so many persons that they have been regarded as Celts, Romans, or Jews and of all the Dravidian tribes, [Todas] have been the most secluded.<ref name="Wright">Wright, Arnold. ''Southern India, Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources.'' Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company: India, 1915. p.69</ref>|author=|title=|source=}} Wright also mentions that [[Richard Lydekker]] and Flowers classified Dravidians as Caucasian. Later, [[Carleton S. Coon]], in his book ''[[The Races of Europe (Coon)|The Races of Europe]]'' (1939), reaffirmed this assessment and classified the Dravidians as Caucasoid due to their "Caucasoid skull structure" and other physical traits such as noses, eyes and hair, and 20th century anthropologists classified Dravidians as Caucasoid with the "Mediterranean-Caucasoid" type being the most predominant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Ram Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDrYsjGq35wC|title=Anthropology|last2=Sharma|first2=Rajendra K.|date=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-673-0|pages=109|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toDUP8bcauMC&pg=PA153 |title=Apart Type Screenplay - Everett C. Borders - Google Books |date= 2010-09-03|access-date=2013-06-25|isbn=9781453559406 |last1=Borders |first1=Everett C. }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC|title=The Dravidian Languages|date=2003-01-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|pages=4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Brahmans == [[Brahmin|Brahmans]] were described as 'the oldest of the martial classes'. Brahmans were recruited by Indian Army in a different guise long before their sudden rediscovery by [[Claude Auchinleck]] as [[Martial race|'the oldest of the martial classes']].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Gajendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cVMAgAAQBAJ&q=World+war+brahmins&pg=PA31|title=The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy|date=2014-01-16|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-78093-820-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Soldiers: The Rajput and Brahman|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/soldiers-the-rajput-and-brahman/|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> In the past having two of the oldest regiments, the [[1st Brahmans]] and [[3rd Brahmans]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Gajendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cVMAgAAQBAJ&q=brahmins+martial+class&pg=PA29|title=The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy|date=2014-01-16|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-78093-820-2|language=en}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Mongoloid race]] * [[Brown people]] * [[Asian people]] * [[Ethnic groups of South Asia]] ** [[Indian people]] ** [[Caste system in India]] * [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]] ** [[mtDNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]] ** [[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]] * [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)]] * [[Anglo-Indian]] * [[Afro-Asians]] * [[Indo-African]] * [[Indian South Africans]] * [[Afro-Asians in South Asia]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Historical definitions of race}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Historical Definitions Of Races In India}} [[Category:Historical definitions of race|India]] [[Category:British Empire]] [[Category:Demographic history of India| ]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]] [[Category:Scientific racism]]'