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; Theatre of India
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Kathakali -Play with Kaurava.jpg|[[Kathakali]] one of classical theatre forms from [[Kerala, India]].
Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|''[[Rasa lila]]'' theatrical performance in [[Manipuri dance]] style.
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{{Culture of India}}
Indian theatre is one of the most ancient forms of theatre and it features a detailed textual, sculptural, and dramatic effects which emerged in mid first millennium BC.<ref name="Lidova1994p1112">{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C|title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1234-5|pages=111–113}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=History Of Ancient India (portraits of a Nation), 1/e|last=Kapur|first=Kamlesh|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2010|isbn=9788120752122|location=New Delhi|pages=483}}</ref> Like in the areas of music and dance, the Indian theatre is also defined by the dramatic performance defined by the concept of ''Natya'', which is a Sanskrit word for drama but encompasses dramatic narrative, virtuostic dance, and music.<ref>{{Cite book|title=World Theatre: The Basics|last=Westlake|first=E.J.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138838055|location=Oxon|pages=7}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Indian theatre exerted influence beyond its borders, reaching ancient China and other countries in the Far East.
With the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquests]] that began in the 10th and 11th centuries, theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely.<ref name="Brandon 1997">Brandon (1997, 72) and Richmond (1998, 516).</ref> Later, in an attempt to re-assert indigenous values and ideas, village theatre was encouraged across the subcontinent, developing in a large number of regional languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries.<ref>Brandon (1997, 72), Richmond (1998, 516), and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12).</ref> Modern Indian theatre developed during the [[British Raj|period of colonial rule]] under the [[British Empire]], from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th.<ref>Richmond (1998, 516) and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 13).</ref>
From the last half of the 19th century, theatres in India experienced a boost in numbers and practice. After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, theatres spread throughout [[India]] as one of the means of entertainment. As a diverse, multi-cultural nation, the theatre of India cannot be reduced to a single, homogenous [[Fads and trends|trend]].
In contemporary India, the major competition with its theatre is that represented by growing television industry and the spread of films produced in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]] based in [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), known as "[[Bollywood]]". Lack of finance is another major obstacle.
==History of Indian theatre==
===Sanskrit theatre===
{{Main|Sanskrit drama}}
{{See also|Koodiyattam|Classical Indian musical theatre}}
History of the origin of Theatre in India is severely disputed.
'''Early dating'''
According to some scholars, Indian theatre emerged in 15th century BC. Vedic text such as [[Rigveda]] provides evidences of drama plays being enacted during [[Yajna]] ceremonies. The dialogues mentioned in the texts range from one person monologue to three person dialogue for instance the dialogue between Indra, Indrani and Vrishakapi. The dialogues are not only religious in their context but also secular for instance one rigvedic monologue is about a gambler whose life is ruined because of it and has estranged his wife and his parents also hate him. Panini in 5th century BC mentions a dramatic text Natasutra written by two Indian dramatists Shilalin and Krishashva.{{Sfn|Ananda Lal|2004|p=16}}<ref name="Lidova1994p1112"/> [[Patanjali]] also mentions the name of plays which have been lost such as kemsavadha and Balibandha. Sitabenga caves dating back to 3rd century BC <ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=sitabenga+caves&pg=PA50|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|language=en}}</ref> and [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Khandagiri caves]] from 2nd century BC are the earliest examples of theatre architecture in India.<ref name="History of Indian Theatre">{{Cite book|last1=Varadpande|first1=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=shatapatha+brahmana+drama&pg=PA37|title=History of Indian Theatre|last2=Varadpande|first2=Manohar Laxman|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-221-5|language=en}}</ref>
Dating of [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]] is controversial, it ranges from pre [[Natya Shastra|Natyashastra]] date of 5th century BC <ref name="History of Indian Theatre"/> to 2nd century AD, Bhasa according to some scholars preceded Natyashastra tradition. [[Nandikeshvara]] who wrote ''Abhinaya Darpana'' <abbr>lit.</abbr> '''The Mirror of Gesture''<nowiki/>' which itself was based on the abridgement of a long treatise of 400 sholakas called Bharatarnava,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=L. D.|date=1917|title=The Mirror of Gesture: being tho Abhinaya Darpaṇa of Nandikeśvara. Translated into English by Ananda Coomaraswamy and Gopala Kristnayya Duggirala. With Introduction and Illustrations. 8vo; pp. i, 52, with 14 plates. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. 1917.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/mirror-of-gesture-being-tho-abhinaya-darpana-of-nandikesvara-translated-into-english-by-ananda-coomaraswamy-and-gopala-kristnayya-duggirala-with-introduction-and-illustrations-8vo-pp-i-52-with-14-plates-cambridge-mass-harvard-university-press-1917/38FF6BBC05B31110E788BD187F22248C|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=627–628|doi=10.1017/S0035869X0005070X|issn=1474-0591}}</ref> according to some scholars seems to have preceded Bharata. The most concrete example of Nandikeshvara's teachings have survived thanks to [[Bhasa]].
Natyashastra, dated earliest to 200 BC, although mentions various teachers and call them acharya but doesnt name them, but it still ends with a reference to a lost treatise of dramatist Kohala.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Tarla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC&q=abhinaya+darpana+date&pg=PA412|title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India|date=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1057-0|language=en}}</ref>
'''Late dating'''
According to scholars who insist on late dating, Sanskrit theatre emerged in the 2nd century BCE and flourished between the 1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in the [[history of India]] during which hundreds of plays were written.<ref>Brandon (1996, 70) and Richmond (1998, 516).</ref> Despite its name, Sanskrit theatre was not exclusively in [[Sanskrit language]]. Other Indic languages collectively called as [[Prakrit]] were also used in addition to Sanskrit.<ref name="RSZ21">Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 21).</ref>
The earliest-surviving fragments of [[Sanskrit drama]] date from the 1st century CE.<ref>Brandon (1981, xvii) and (1998, 516–517).</ref> The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre.<ref name="Richmond516">Richmond (1998, 516).</ref> The ''[[Vedas]]'' (the earliest Indian literature, from between 1500 and 600 BCE) contain no hint of it; although a small number of hymns are composed in a form of [[dialogue]]), the [[ritual]]s of the [[Vedic period]] do not appear to have developed into theatre.<ref name="Richmond516" /> The ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'' by [[Patañjali]] contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama.<ref name="Richmond517">Richmond (1998, 517).</ref> This treatise on [[grammar]] from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of [[theatre in India]].<ref name="Richmond517" />
However, although there are no surviving fragments of any drama prior to this date, it is possible that early Buddhist literature provides the earliest evidence for the existence of Indian theater. The [[Pali]] [[Sutta Pitaka|suttas]] (ranging in date from the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE) refer to the existence of troupes of actors (led by a chief actor), who performed dramas on a stage. It is indicated that these dramas incorporated dance, but were listed as a distinct form of performance, alongside dancing, singing, and story recitations.<ref>Rachel Van M. Baumer and James R. Brandon (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA11&dq=actor+drama+pali#v=onepage&q=actor%20drama%20pali&f=false ''Sanskrit Drama in Performance''] (University of Hawaii Press, 1981), pp.11</ref>{{efn|group=note|According to later Buddhist texts, King [[Bimbisara]] (a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha]]) had a drama performed for another king. This would be as early as the 5th century BCE, but the event is only described in much later texts, from the 3rd–4th centuries CE.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA11&dq=actor+drama+pali#v=onepage&q=actor%20drama%20pali&f=false ''Sanskrit Drama in Performance''], p.11</ref>}}
The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is ''[[Natyashastra|A Treatise on Theatre]]'' (''Nātyaśāstra''), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BCE to 200 CE) and whose authorship is attributed to [[Bharata Muni]]. The ''Treatise'' is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world. It addresses acting, dance, music, [[Dramaturgy|dramatic construction]], architecture, [[Costume design|costuming]], [[Theatrical makeup|make-up]], [[Theatrical properties|props]], the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] account of the origin of theatre.<ref name="Richmond517" /> In doing so, it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices. Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills (dance, music, and recitation) in a [hereditary process]. Its aim was both to educate and to entertain. Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly classified into three kinds which are Nayaka(hero), Nayika(heroine) and the Vidusaka(Clown).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singhania|first=Nitish|title=INDIAN ART AND CULTURE|publisher=Mc Graw Hill Education|year=2018|isbn=978-93-87067-54-7|page=7.3}}</ref>
[[File:കൂടിയാട്ടത്തിലെസുഗ്രീവൻ.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Performer playing [[Sugriva]] in the [[Koodiyattam]] form of [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit theatre]].]]
An appreciation for the stagecraft and classic Sanskrit drama was seen as an essential part of a sophisticated world view, by the end of the seventh century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trivedi|first=Madhu|year=1999|title=Tradition and Transition|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume=2|doi=10.1177/097194589900200105|s2cid=161625091}}</ref> Under the patronage of royal courts, performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager (''sutradhara''), who may also have acted.<ref>Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 517).</ref> This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a [[Puppetry|puppeteer]]—the literal meaning of "''sutradhara''" is "holder of the strings or threads".<ref name="Richmond517" /> The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique.<ref>Richmond (1998, 518).</ref> There were no prohibitions against female performers; companies were all-male, all-female, and of mixed gender. Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact, however, and were thought better suited to women. Some performers played characters their own age, while others played ages different from their own (whether younger or older). Of all the elements of theatre, the ''Treatise'' gives most attention to acting (''abhinaya''), which consists of two styles: realistic (''lokadharmi'') and conventional (''natyadharmi''), though the major focus is on the latter.<ref>Richmond (1998, 518). The literal meaning of ''abhinaya'' is "to carry forwards".</ref>
Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name="Brandonxvii" >Brandon (1981, xvii).</ref> It used [[stock character]]s, such as the hero (''nayaka''), heroine (''nayika''), or clown (''vidusaka''). Actors may have specialised in a particular type. [[Kālidāsa]] is arguably considered to be [[India]]'s greatest Sanskrit dramatist, writing in the ca. 4th century CE-ca. 5th century CE. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' (''Mālavikā and Agnimitra''), ''[[Vikramuurvashiiya]]'' (''Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi''), and ''[[The Recognition of Sakuntala|Abhijñānaśākuntala]]'' (''The Recognition of Shakuntala''). The last was inspired by a story in the ''Mahabharata'' and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into English and German. ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Śakuntalā]]'' (in English translation) influenced [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe's]] ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' (1808–1832).<ref name="Brandonxvii" />
The next great Indian dramatist was [[Bhavabhuti]] (c. 7th century CE). He is said to have written the following three plays: ''Malati-Madhava'', ''Mahaviracharita'' and ''Uttar Ramacharita''. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of ''Ramayana''. The powerful Indian emperor [[Harsha]] (606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy ''[[Ratnavali]]'', ''[[Priyadarsika]]'', and the [[Buddhist]] drama ''[[Nagananda]]''.
Accordnig to some scholars the earliest form of classical theatre of India was the [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit theatre]] which came into existence after the development of [[Greek theatre|Greek]] and [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman]] theatres in the west.<ref name="RSZ12">Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12).</ref> One theory describes this development as an offshoot of Alexander the Great's Indian conquest.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Downs|first1=William|title=The Art of Theatre: Then and Now|last2=Wright|first2=Lou Anne|last3=Ramsey|first3=Erik|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2012|isbn=9781111348304|location=Boston, MA|pages=244}}</ref> The invading army staged Greek-style plays and Indians picked up the performance art. While some scholars argue that traditional Indian theatre predated it, there is a recognition that classical Greek theatre has helped transformed it.<ref name=":1" /> The greek origin of indian theatre has not received popular acceptance.
===Theatre in medieval India===
'''Mid twelfth century – eighteenth century'''
India's artistic identity is deeply routed within its social, economical, cultural, and religious views. For this reason it is essential to understand Indian cultural practices as they relate directly to performers and performances of this time. Performances including dance, music, and text are an expression of devotion for the Indian culture, so when looking at 'theatre' of this time a broader definition must be ascribed to the word.<ref name="Trivedi 73–110">{{Cite journal|last=Trivedi|first=Madhu|title=Tradition and Transition: The Performing Arts in Medieval North India|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=73–110|doi=10.1177/097194589900200105|year=1999|s2cid=161625091}}</ref>
Based on the understanding that performing arts are audience-oriented and must continuously adapt to the socio-cultural landscape of their patronage. Northern India managed to retain their cultural traditions in spite of the new Turko-Persian influences. The early thirteenth century marked this change for the Indian culture, where Sanskrit dramas and stage craft had been previously revered by the elites, it was now no longer relevant. This was due to the invading cultures that began to dominate and did not appreciate or understand, and since they did not understand the Sanskrit language it could no longer be held in such a high regard, and as a consequence many theatre artist suffered from neglect.<ref name="Trivedi 73–110"/>
The commonplace to find performers was in urban centers, because it was there they were able to find work to support themselves. Large temples where home to musical and theatrical shows.<ref name="Trivedi 73–110"/>
A Bharata Natyshatra also known as the śāstra was written to list costumes, gestures, positions of the body, and make up. It also lists plots that were weighed unsuitable and it also the most completed document. Most of Indian theatre had no scenery. There was usually a few props like a brass lamp.
When the concept of "Theatrical Art" was introduced medieval India was narrating poems. [[Bhakti]] poetry became popular.
During medieval India [[Bhavabhuti]] was a famous dramatist, he had three portent plays Malati-Madhava, Magviracharita and the Uttar Ramacharita.
===Theatre in India under British===
Under British colonial rule, modern Indian theatre began when a theatre was started in [[Belgachia]]. One of the earliest plays composed and staged during this period was Buro Shalikher Ghaare Roa (1860) by [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], both in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Around the same time, [[Nil Darpan]] (1858–59, first commercial production in 1872, by [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] at the national theatre in [[Calcutta]]) a Bengali play by [[Dinabandhu Mitra]] garnered both accolades and controversy for depicting the horror and tragedy of indigo cultivation in rural Bengal, and played a major role in the [[indigo revolt]]. Rabindranath Tagore was a pioneering modern playwright who wrote plays noted for their exploration and questioning of nationalism, identity, spiritualism and material greed.<ref name="Banham1051" >Banham (1998, 1051).</ref> His plays are written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and include ''Chitra'' (''Chitrangada'', 1892), ''The King of the Dark Chamber'' (''Raja'', 1910), ''[[The Post Office (play)|The Post Office]]'' (''Dakghar'', 1913), and ''Red Oleander'' (''Raktakarabi'', 1924).<ref name="Banham1051" />
[[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]], a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], and the [[Padmashri]], was known for the roles of [[Krishna]] or Dushyantha, Bhavanisankar, Narada etc. in [[Telugu theatre]]. He performed those roles for about 60 years. He indulged in elaborate raga alapana, based on different [[raga]]s while rendering padyams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/he-was-ahead-of-his-times/article4700920.ece|title=He was ahead of his times|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna|date=10 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|url=http://pranaism.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_58.html |title=pranaism: తెలుగు నాటకరంగ ప్రముఖుల ఫోటోలు (సశేషం) |publisher=Pranaism.blogspot.in |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> One of the finest method actors, He had the ability to sing padyams and songs through whistle, by putting his finger in mouth and producing the [[whistle]] or flute sound (meaning Eela in Telugu). He has acted in various dramas and gave more than 20,000 stage performances.<ref name="Brandon 1997"/> He was called the "Nightingale of the Stage" by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]<ref name="eenadu1">Article in Eenadu {{cite web |url=http://beta.eenadu.net/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175247/http://beta.eenadu.net/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref>
The British believed that the Indian actors were mystical creatures. They believed they brought them luck and prosperity. The emergent modern Indian theater, which is also referred to as Native theater, features a theatrical approach that has been viewed as an intersection of Indian social space with Western theater formats and [[Dramatic convention|conventions]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Querying Difference in Theatre History|last1=Magelssen|first1=Scott|last2=Haugo|first2=Ann|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1847183033|location=Newcastle, UK|pages=173}}</ref> The resulting theatrical space is described to be existing at the material, symbolic, and discursive levels. To resist its use by Indians as an instrument of protest against colonial rule, the British Government imposed the [[Dramatic Performances Act]] in 1876.
===Indian theatre after Independence (1947–1992)===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
====Contemporary (post-1992) Indian theatre====
[[Mrityunjay Prabhakar]] is one of the major young Hindi theatre director and playwright who emerged in the last decade of the 20th century and established himself as a significant theatre activist in first decade of the 21st century.
====Improvisation====
[[Improvisational]] (also known as improv or impro) is a form of theatre in which the actors use [[improvisation]]al acting techniques to perform spontaneously. Improvisers typically use audience suggestions to guide the performance as they create dialogue, setting, and plot extemporaneously.
Many improvisational actors also work as scripted actors and "improv" techniques are often taught in standard acting classes. The basic skills of listening, clarity, confidence, and performing instinctively and spontaneously are considered important skills for actors to develop.
Improvisational Theatre in India is largely used for educational, interventional and entertainment purposes. The traces of Improvisational theatre in India dates back to the 1990s with the advent of [[Forum theatre]] with Janasanskriti under the leadership of Sanjoy Ganguly. After that in 1999, a team from the US with Bev Hoskins and Mary Good introduced [[Playback theatre]] to India. Thus Playback theatre and Forum theatre began to take its shape in the remotest parts of India, such as Karur, Chennai, West Bengal, as well as Bangalore too. [[Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore|Yours Truly Theatre]], a Bangalore-based group, developed "complete the story", an indigenous format of improvisational theatre developed under the leadership of Ranji David and Nandini Rao in 2006. In 2009, they also developed another form of improvisational theatre called "mushyara theatre".
In the late 1960s Badal Sircar introduced a new form of political theatre called the Third Theatre. Badal Sarkar's anti-establishment experimental theatre created a new genre of social enlightenment. He formed his first Third Theatre Group satabdi, in the year 1967. They used to perform Drama written by Badal Sircar in Anganmancha (theatre in the courtyard) in the Third Theatre form that break away from the tradition of One point view of the Proscenium and urged on the taking theatre to the people.
Improvisational Theatre groups in India:
* [[Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore|Yours Truly Theatre]]
Improvisational Theatre forms practiced in India:
* [[Playback theatre]]
* [[Theatre of the Oppressed]]
* [[Forum theatre]]
====Notable theatres in India in different Indian languages and regions====
* [[Bengali theatre]]
* [[Hindi theatre]]
* [[Marathi theatre]]
* [[Telugu theatre]]
==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
===Ancient Indian playwrights===
* [[Bhāsa]]
* [[Bhavabhuti]]
* [[Kalidasa]]
* [[Bharata Muni]]
===Playwrights working under British rule===
* [[Jaishankar Bhojak]] 'Sundari'
* [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]]
* [[Dinabandhu Mitra]]
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
===Post-Independence theatre-makers===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
Notable theatre directors:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
* [[K.V. Akshara]]
* [[Nadira Babbar]]
* [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]]
*[[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Suresh Bhardwaj]]
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* [[Raj Bisaria]]
* [[Manish Joshi Bismil]]
* [[Chandradasan]]
* [[Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry]]
* [[Satyadev Dubey]]
* [[Utpal Dutta]]
* [[Arvind Gaur]]
* [[Sachin Gupta]]
* [[Safdar Hashmi]]
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
* [[Shafi Inamdar]]
* [[Nemi Chandra Jain]]
* [[Shyamanand Jalan]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[B.V. Karanth]]
* [[Bansi Kaul]]
* [[Kader Khan]]
* [[Mohan Maharishi]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* [[Shaoli Mitra]]
* [[Sombhu Mitra]]
* [[Shankar Nag]]
* [[Balraj Pandit]]
* [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
* [[Mrityunjay Prabhakar]]
* [[Prasanna (theatre director)|Prasanna]]
<!-- [[Sreejith Ramanan]] -->
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]]
* [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
* [[B.M. Shah]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
<!-- * [[Gopal Sharman]] -->
<!-- * [[Ishwar Shunya]] -->
* [[Gursharan Singh (theatre director)|Gursharan Singh]]
* [[Badal Sircar]]
* [[Deepan Sivaraman]]
* [[Anjan Srivastav]]
* [[K.V. Subbanna]]
* [[Habib Tanvir]] [[Bhopal]]
* [[Ratan Thiyam]]
<!-- * [[Manvendra Tripathi]] -->
<!-- [[Jalabala Vaidya]] -->
* [[Kumara Varma]]
* [[Sankar Venkateswaran]]
{{div col end}}
===Notable playwrights===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Gurazada Apparao]] (Telugu)
* [[Abhimanyu]] (Malayalam)
* [[Satish Alekar]] (Marathi)
* [[Rambriksh Benipuri]] (Hindi)
* [[Datta Bhagat]] (Marathi)
* [[Dharamvir Bharati]] (Hindi)
* [[Anupama Chandrasekhar]] (English)
* [[Asif Currimbhoy]] (English)
* [[Gurcharan Das]] (English)
* [[Mahesh Dattani]] (English)
* [[Swadesh Deepak]] (Hindi)
* [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande]] (Marathi)
* [[Utpal Datta]] (Bangla)
* [[Utpal Dutt]] (Bangla)
* [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] (Marathi)
* [[Sachin Gupta]] (Hindi)
* [[Hasan Imam]] (Hindi)
* [[Rajesh Joshi]] (Hindi)
* [[Sharad Joshi]] (Hindi)
* [[T. P. Kailasam]] (Kannada, English)
* [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] (Kannada)
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] (Hindi), (Urdu), (Pashto), (Bangla)
* [[Girish Karnad]] (Kannada)
* [[Kader Khan]] (Urdu)
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] (Malayalam)
* [[Ramesh Mehta]] (Urdu)
* [[Piyush Mishra]] (Hindi)
* [[Torit Mitra]] (Bengali)
* [[Narendra Mohan]] (Hindi)
* [[Arun Mukherjee]] (Bangla)
* [[Manjula Padmanabhan]] (English)
* [[Samkutty Pattomkary]] (Malayalam)
* [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]] ( Malayalam)
* [[Mrityunjay Prabhakar]] (Hindi)
* [[Mohan Rakesh]] (Hindi)
* [[Bhisham Sahni]] (Hindi)
* [[Badal Sarkar]] (Bengali)
* [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]] (Hindi)
* [[B. M. Shah]] (Urdu)
* [[Partap Sharma]] (English)
* [[Gopal Sharman]] (English)
* [[Javed Siddiqui]] (Urdu)
* [[Harcharan Singh (writer)|Harcharan Singh]] (Punjabi)
* [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]]
* [[Rajesh Talwar]] (English)
* [[Habib Tanvir]] ( Hindi )
* [[Habib Tanvir]] (Urdu)
* [[Vijay Tendulkar]] (Marathi)
* [[Shreekumar Varma]] (English)
* [[Surendra Verma]] (Hindi)
* [[Asghar Wajahat]] (Urdu)
* [[Naren Weiss]] (English)
{{div col end}}
==Forms of Indian theatre==
===Traditional Indian theatre===
{{main|List of traditional Indian theatre}}
[[Kutiyattam]] is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre, thought to have originated around the beginning of the [[Common Era]], and is officially recognised by [[UNESCO]] as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. In addition, many forms of Indian folk theatre abound. [[Bhavai]] (strolling players) is a popular folk theatre form of [[Gujarat]], said to have arisen in the 14th century AD. [[Bhaona]] and [[Ankiya Nat]]s have been practicing in [[Assam]] since the early 16th century which were created and initiated by [[Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankardeva]]. [[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]] has been popular in [[Bengal]] and its origin is traced to the Bhakti movement in the 16th century. Another folk theatre form popular in [[Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh and [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is [[Swang (dance drama)|Swang]], which is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented and is considered to have arisen in its present form in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. [[Yakshagana]] is a very popular theatre art in Karnataka and has existed under different names at least since the 16th century. It is semi-classical in nature and involves music and songs based on [[carnatic music]], rich costumes, storylines based on the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]].'' It also employs spoken dialogue in-between its songs that gives it a [[folk art]] flavour. [[Kathakali]] is a form of dance-drama, characteristic of [[Kerala]], that arose in the 17th century, developing from the temple-art plays [[Krishnanattam]] and [[Ramanattam]].
<gallery>
File:Kondadakuli.jpg
<!-- Deleted image removed: File:Devendra Shivashankara.jpg -->
</gallery>
==Urdu/Hindustani Theatre==
Urdu Drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India shaping Rahas or Raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of Parsi Theatre. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is culmination of this tradition.
In some way or other, Urdu theatre tradition has greatly influenced modern Indian theatre. Among all the languages Urdu (which was called Hindi by early writers), along with Gujrati, Marathi and Bengali theatres have kept flourishing and demand for its writers and artists has not subsided by the drama aficionados. For Urdu drama, no place is better than Bombay Film industry otherwise known as Hindi film industry. All the early gems of Urdu Theatre (performed by Parsi Companies) were made into films. Urdu Dramatic tradition has been a spectator's delight since 100 years and counting.
Drama as a theme is made up of several elements. It focuses on life and different aspects of it. The thing to be noticed here is that drama on stage imitates drama in life. It has been said that, there has always been a mutual relationship between theatre and real life. Great historical personalities like Shakespeare have influenced Modern Urdu tradition to a large extent when Indian, Iranian, Turkish stories and folk was adapted for stage with heavy doses of Urdu Poetry. In modern times writers like [[Imtiaz Ali Taj]], Rafi Peer, Krishan Chander, Manto, Upender Nath Ashk, Ghulam Rabbani, Prof. Mujeeb and many others shaped this tradition.
While Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J.N. Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi, Jameel Shaidayi etc. belong to the old generation, contemporary writers like Mujeeb Khan, [[Javed Siddiqui]], Sayeed Alam, Danish Iqbal, Anis Azmi, Aftab Hasnain, Aslam Parvez, Anis Javed, Iqbal Niyazi, [[Syed Sahil Agha]] and Zaheer Anwar are few post modern playwrights actively contributing in the field of Urdu Drama.
Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Urdu Theatre flying in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of previous generation, Danish iqbal and Zaheer do not write bookish Plays but their work is a product of vigorous performing tradition. Iqbal Niyazi of Mumbai has written several plays in Urdu. His play, "Aur Kitne Jalyanwala BaughU??" won National award other awards. Hence this is the only generation after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually write for stage and not for libraries.
===Indian puppet theatre===
[[Yakshagana]] is a popular semi-classical theatre art from coastal Karnataka. It uses rich costumes, music, dance, and dialogue. Puppet shows in parts of
Karnataka uses all these elements of [[yakshagana]] to depict stories from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]].''
===Indian street theatre===
[[File:PSI India street play.jpg|thumb|A street play (''[[nukkad natak]]'') in [[Dharavi]] slums in Mumbai.]]
* [[Jan Natya Manch]] (JANAM)
==Mobile theatre==
Mobile theatres are a kind of popular theatre form that exist only in [[Assam]]. For staging their plays, theatre groups travel different places with their casts, singers, musicians, dancers and entire crew. Even the tent and chairs for the audience are carried with them. Mobile theatre was first staged on 2 October 1963 in [[Pathsala]], Assam. [[Achyut Lahkar]] is known as the father of mobile theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060121/asp/guwahati/story_5748001.asp|title=Screen salute to mobile theatre pioneer}}</ref>
'''Mobile theatre''' in Salempur Deoria Eastern Uttar Pradesh is over 500 years played on stage within eight years. sanskritiksangam.com is a leading cultural organisation that has been promoting rich Indian culture through regional artists based in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Since its establishment in 2005, One of its most popular classical-Musical-Dance Drama creation Sanskritik Sangam Salempur, Meghdoot Ki Puravanchal Yatra<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.MEGHDOOT KI POORVANCHAL YATRA - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnfpS117nLitk6bgGQZHc_6-S9yayqSyj|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> in Bhojpuri an adaptation of Kalidasa's Meghdootam has done a record 96 shows in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Rishikesh, Agra, Varanasi, Patna, Sonpur Mela Gorakhpur, near by areas in eastern UP among others. The creations has won many awards and recognitions for its team through leading organisations Its creations revolve around famous mythological and historical personalities and stories like, Ramayana (7 to 9 days play) 26 places, Bhagwata (7 days play) two places, Kabir (23 places), Harishchandra Taramati, (27 Places), Utho Ahilya (26 places) and Sri Krishna (Three places). And also perform popular plays from Hindi literature including Kaptan Sahab (31), Court Marshall (1), Saiyyan Bhaye Kotwal (22), Muvaavaje (2), Bakari (2), Bade Bhai Saheb (63), Kafan(12), Bholaram ka jeev (17), Satgati (2), Boodhi kaaki (3), kakha ga kaa chakkar (7), Jago grahak jaago (3) etc. among other presentations based on famous literary geniuses like Munshi Premchand, Bhikaari Thakur, etc.
==Notable awards and festivals==
===Awards===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a award to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
* [[Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards]]
* [[Kalidas Samman]]
===Festivals of theatre in India===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a festival to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Prithvi Theatre]] Festival (Prithvi Festival), held every year since its inception on 3 November, the birth anniversary of its legendary founder [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], [[National School of Drama|NSD]], New Delhi
* [[Jairangam- Jaipur Theatre Festival]], Jaipur
* [[Nandikar's National Theatre Festival]]
* [[Platform for Action in Creative Theater#Purple Umbrella Theater Festival|Purple Umbrella Theater Festival]], New Delhi
==Notable groups and companies==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a group to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Aasakta Kalamanch]]
* [[Bhoomika Theatre Group]]
* [[Chilsag Chillies Theatre Company]]
* [[Dramanon]]
* [[Indian People's Theatre Association]]
* [[Kerala People's Arts Club]]
* [[Mandap]]
* [[Manch Theatre]]
* [[Madras Players]]
* [[Nandikar]]
* [[Ninasam]]
* [[Platform for Action in Creative Theater]]
* [[Prithvi Theatre]]
* [[Rangayana]]
* [[Ranga Shankara]]
* [[Samahaara]]
* [[Theatre Arts Workshop]] (TAW)
* [[Theatre Formation Paribartak]]
* [[WeMove Theatre]]
==Notable theatres==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a theatre to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta]] (Ranu Mukherjee Mancha)
* [[Girish Mancha]]
* [[Kalidasa Kalakendram]]
* [[Rabindra Sadan]]
* [[Star Theatre, Kolkata|Star Theatre]]
* [[Surabhi (theatre group)]]
==Notable practitioners who have moved from theatre to films==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
* [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Manoj Bajpai]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Suresh Bhardwaj]]
* [[Seema Biswas]]
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* [[Neena Gupta]]
* [[Rajendra Gupta]]
* [[A. K. Hangal]]
* [[Shafi Inamdar]]
* [[Brijendra Kala]]
* [[Pankaj Kapoor]]
* [[Shahid Kapoor]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Shammi Kapoor]]
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[Satish Kaushik]]
* [[Kader Khan]]
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Swanand Kirkire]]
* [[Sajitha Madathil]]
* [[Shilpi Marwaha]]
* [[Piyush Mishra]]
* [[Sohrab Modi]]
* [[Ananth Nag]]
* [[Shankar Nag]]
* [[Alok Nath]]
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Rajkumar (actor)|Rajkumar]]
* [[Kangana Ranaut]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]]
* [[Balraj Sahni]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
* [[Om Shivpuri]]
* [[Sudha Shivpuri]]
* [[Shilpa Shukla]]
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Rajpal Yadav]]
{{div col end}}
==Training==
* [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]
* [[National School of Drama]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh School of Drama]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|0-521-43437-8}}.
* Brandon, James R. 1981. Introduction. In Baumer and Brandon (1981, xvii–xx).
* ---, ed. 1997. ''The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre.''' 2nd, rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|978-0-521-58822-5}}.
* Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. ''History of the Theatre''. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. {{ISBN|0-205-41050-2}}.
* Baumer, Rachel Van M., and James R. Brandon, eds. 1981. ''Sanskrit Theatre in Performance.'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0772-3}}.
* Richmond, Farley. 1998. "India." In Banham (1998, 516–525).
* Richmond, Farley P., Darius L. Swann, and Phillip B. Zarrilli, eds. 1993. ''Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance.'' U of Hawaii P. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-1322-2}}.
* Sharma, Shrikrishna, ed. 1996. ''Rangkarmi.'' Cultural Societies of Rajasthan. (1996, 139)
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{commons category|Theatre of India}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman (tr. from the Original Sanskrit)|author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectspecimenso01wils#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1827|publisher= V.Holcroft at The Asiatic Press, Calcutta}}
*{{cite book|last1=.|first1=Dhanamjaya |last2=Haas|first2=George C.O.(tr. from Sanskrit by)|title=The Dasarupa or Treatise on Ten Forms of Drama – A Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy|url=https://archive.org/stream/dasarupatreatise00dhanrich#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1912|publisher=Columbia University}}
*{{cite book|last1=.|first1=Nandikeśvara|author-link=Nandikeshvara|last2=Coomaraswamy|first2=Ananda Kentish (tr by)|author-link2=Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy|last3= Duggirala|first3=Gopala Kristnayya (tr by)|title=The Mirror of Gesture – Being the Abhinaya Darpana of Nandikeśvara. |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Harvard University Press }}
* ''The Indian theatre'', by [[Mulk Raj Bansal]], Published by D. Dobson, 1950.
* ''Theatre in India'', by [[Balwant Gargi]]. Published by Theatre Arts Books, 1962.
* ''A panorama of theatre in India'', by Som Benegal. Published by Popular Prakashan [for] [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), 1968.
* Roy, Pinaki. "[[Bratya Basu]]'s ''Boma'': ''Bombing the Coloniser-supervised Chronicle''". ''Postcolonial Indian Drama in English and English Translation: Reading Themes and Techniques'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5207-560-7}}). Eds. Sarkar, J., and U. De. New Delhi: Authors Press, 2017. pp. 287–300.
* ''Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance'', by Farley P. Richmond, Darius L. Swann, Phillip B. Zarrilli. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993. {{ISBN|81-208-0981-5}}.
* ''Indian theatre: theatre of origin, theatre of freedom'', by Ralph Yarrow. Routledge, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7007-1412-X}}.
* ''The Oxford companion to Indian theatre'', by Ananda Lal. Oxford University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-19-564446-8}}.
* ''jagrancityplus''
* ''A History of the Jana Natya Manch: Plays for the People" by Arjun Ghosh; Published by SAGE Publications India, New Delhi; 2012
{{Theatre}}
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{{Bengali Theatre}}
{{Marathi Theatre}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre Of India}}
[[Category:Asian drama|India]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Classical theatre of india]]
[[Category:Theatre in India|*]]' |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Kathakali -Play with Kaurava.jpg|[[Kathakali]] one of classical theatre forms from [[Kerala, India]].
Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|''[[Rasa lila]]'' theatrical performance in [[Manipuri dance]] style.
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{{Culture of India}}
Indian theatre is one of the most ancient forms of theatre and it features a detailed textual, sculptural, and dramatic effects which emerged in mid first millennium BC.<ref name="Lidova1994p1112">{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C|title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1234-5|pages=111–113}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=History Of Ancient India (portraits of a Nation), 1/e|last=Kapur|first=Kamlesh|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2010|isbn=9788120752122|location=New Delhi|pages=483}}</ref> Like in the areas of music and dance, the Indian theatre is also defined by the dramatic performance defined by the concept of ''Natya'', which is a Sanskrit word for drama but encompasses dramatic narrative, virtuostic dance, and music.<ref>{{Cite book|title=World Theatre: The Basics|last=Westlake|first=E.J.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781138838055|location=Oxon|pages=7}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Indian theatre exerted influence beyond its borders, reaching ancient China and other countries in the Far East.
With the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquests]] that began in the 10th and 11th centuries, theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely.<ref name="Brandon 1997">Brandon (1997, 72) and Richmond (1998, 516).</ref> Later, in an attempt to re-assert indigenous values and ideas, village theatre was encouraged across the subcontinent, developing in a large number of regional languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries.<ref>Brandon (1997, 72), Richmond (1998, 516), and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12).</ref> Modern Indian theatre developed during the [[British Raj|period of colonial rule]] under the [[British Empire]], from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th.<ref>Richmond (1998, 516) and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 13).</ref>
From the last half of the 19th century, theatres in India experienced a boost in numbers and practice. After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, theatres spread throughout [[India]] as one of the means of entertainment. As a diverse, multi-cultural nation, the theatre of India cannot be reduced to a single, homogenous [[Fads and trends|trend]].
In contemporary India, the major competition with its theatre is that represented by growing television industry and the spread of films produced in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]] based in [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), known as "[[Bollywood]]". Lack of finance is another major obstacle.
==History of Indian theatre==
===Sanskrit theatre===
{{Main|Sanskrit drama}}
{{See also|Koodiyattam|Classical Indian musical theatre}}
History of the origin of Theatre in India is severely disputed.
'''Early dating'''
According to some scholars, Indian theatre emerged in 15th century BC. Vedic text such as [[Rigveda]] provides evidences of drama plays being enacted during [[Yajna]] ceremonies. The dialogues mentioned in the texts range from one person monologue to three person dialogue for instance the dialogue between Indra, Indrani and Vrishakapi. The dialogues are not only religious in their context but also secular for instance one rigvedic monologue is about a gambler whose life is ruined because of it and has estranged his wife and his parents also hate him. Panini in 5th century BC mentions a dramatic text Natasutra written by two Indian dramatists Shilalin and Krishashva.{{Sfn|Ananda Lal|2004|p=16}}<ref name="Lidova1994p1112"/> [[Patanjali]] also mentions the name of plays which have been lost such as kemsavadha and Balibandha. Sitabenga caves dating back to 3rd century BC <ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=sitabenga+caves&pg=PA50|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|language=en}}</ref> and [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Khandagiri caves]] from 2nd century BC are the earliest examples of theatre architecture in India.<ref name="History of Indian Theatre">{{Cite book|last1=Varadpande|first1=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=shatapatha+brahmana+drama&pg=PA37|title=History of Indian Theatre|last2=Varadpande|first2=Manohar Laxman|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-221-5|language=en}}</ref>
Dating of [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]] is controversial, it ranges from pre [[Natya Shastra|Natyashastra]] date of 5th century BC <ref name="History of Indian Theatre"/> to 2nd century AD, Bhasa according to some scholars preceded Natyashastra tradition. [[Nandikeshvara]] who wrote ''Abhinaya Darpana'' <abbr>lit.</abbr> '''The Mirror of Gesture''<nowiki/>' which itself was based on the abridgement of a long treatise of 400 sholakas called Bharatarnava,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnett|first=L. D.|date=1917|title=The Mirror of Gesture: being tho Abhinaya Darpaṇa of Nandikeśvara. Translated into English by Ananda Coomaraswamy and Gopala Kristnayya Duggirala. With Introduction and Illustrations. 8vo; pp. i, 52, with 14 plates. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. 1917.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/mirror-of-gesture-being-tho-abhinaya-darpana-of-nandikesvara-translated-into-english-by-ananda-coomaraswamy-and-gopala-kristnayya-duggirala-with-introduction-and-illustrations-8vo-pp-i-52-with-14-plates-cambridge-mass-harvard-university-press-1917/38FF6BBC05B31110E788BD187F22248C|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=627–628|doi=10.1017/S0035869X0005070X|issn=1474-0591}}</ref> according to some scholars seems to have preceded Bharata. The most concrete example of Nandikeshvara's teachings have survived thanks to [[Bhasa]].
Natyashastra, dated earliest to 200 BC, although mentions various teachers and call them acharya but doesnt name them, but it still ends with a reference to a lost treatise of dramatist Kohala.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Tarla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC&q=abhinaya+darpana+date&pg=PA412|title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India|date=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1057-0|language=en}}</ref>
'''Late dating'''
According to scholars who insist on late dating, Sanskrit theatre emerged in the 2nd century BCE and flourished between the 1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in the [[history of India]] during which hundreds of plays were written.<ref>Brandon (1996, 70) and Richmond (1998, 516).</ref> Despite its name, Sanskrit theatre was not exclusively in [[Sanskrit language]]. Other Indic languages collectively called as [[Prakrit]] were also used in addition to Sanskrit.<ref name="RSZ21">Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 21).</ref>
The earliest-surviving fragments of [[Sanskrit drama]] date from the 1st century CE.<ref>Brandon (1981, xvii) and (1998, 516–517).</ref> The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre.<ref name="Richmond516">Richmond (1998, 516).</ref> The ''[[Vedas]]'' (the earliest Indian literature, from between 1500 and 600 BCE) contain no hint of it; although a small number of hymns are composed in a form of [[dialogue]]), the [[ritual]]s of the [[Vedic period]] do not appear to have developed into theatre.<ref name="Richmond516" /> The ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'' by [[Patañjali]] contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama.<ref name="Richmond517">Richmond (1998, 517).</ref> This treatise on [[grammar]] from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of [[theatre in India]].<ref name="Richmond517" />
However, although there are no surviving fragments of any drama prior to this date, it is possible that early Buddhist literature provides the earliest evidence for the existence of Indian theater. The [[Pali]] [[Sutta Pitaka|suttas]] (ranging in date from the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE) refer to the existence of troupes of actors (led by a chief actor), who performed dramas on a stage. It is indicated that these dramas incorporated dance, but were listed as a distinct form of performance, alongside dancing, singing, and story recitations.<ref>Rachel Van M. Baumer and James R. Brandon (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA11&dq=actor+drama+pali#v=onepage&q=actor%20drama%20pali&f=false ''Sanskrit Drama in Performance''] (University of Hawaii Press, 1981), pp.11</ref>{{efn|group=note|According to later Buddhist texts, King [[Bimbisara]] (a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha]]) had a drama performed for another king. This would be as early as the 5th century BCE, but the event is only described in much later texts, from the 3rd–4th centuries CE.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA11&dq=actor+drama+pali#v=onepage&q=actor%20drama%20pali&f=false ''Sanskrit Drama in Performance''], p.11</ref>}}
The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is ''[[Natyashastra|A Treatise on Theatre]]'' (''Nātyaśāstra''), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BCE to 200 CE) and whose authorship is attributed to [[Bharata Muni]]. The ''Treatise'' is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world. It addresses acting, dance, music, [[Dramaturgy|dramatic construction]], architecture, [[Costume design|costuming]], [[Theatrical makeup|make-up]], [[Theatrical properties|props]], the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] account of the origin of theatre.<ref name="Richmond517" /> In doing so, it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices. Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills (dance, music, and recitation) in a [hereditary process]. Its aim was both to educate and to entertain. Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly classified into three kinds which are Nayaka(hero), Nayika(heroine) and the Vidusaka(Clown).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singhania|first=Nitish|title=INDIAN ART AND CULTURE|publisher=Mc Graw Hill Education|year=2018|isbn=978-93-87067-54-7|page=7.3}}</ref>
[[File:കൂടിയാട്ടത്തിലെസുഗ്രീവൻ.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Performer playing [[Sugriva]] in the [[Koodiyattam]] form of [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit theatre]].]]
An appreciation for the stagecraft and classic Sanskrit drama was seen as an essential part of a sophisticated world view, by the end of the seventh century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trivedi|first=Madhu|year=1999|title=Tradition and Transition|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume=2|doi=10.1177/097194589900200105|s2cid=161625091}}</ref> Under the patronage of royal courts, performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager (''sutradhara''), who may also have acted.<ref>Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 517).</ref> This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a [[Puppetry|puppeteer]]—the literal meaning of "''sutradhara''" is "holder of the strings or threads".<ref name="Richmond517" /> The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique.<ref>Richmond (1998, 518).</ref> There were no prohibitions against female performers; companies were all-male, all-female, and of mixed gender. Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact, however, and were thought better suited to women. Some performers played characters their own age, while others played ages different from their own (whether younger or older). Of all the elements of theatre, the ''Treatise'' gives most attention to acting (''abhinaya''), which consists of two styles: realistic (''lokadharmi'') and conventional (''natyadharmi''), though the major focus is on the latter.<ref>Richmond (1998, 518). The literal meaning of ''abhinaya'' is "to carry forwards".</ref>
Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name="Brandonxvii" >Brandon (1981, xvii).</ref> It used [[stock character]]s, such as the hero (''nayaka''), heroine (''nayika''), or clown (''vidusaka''). Actors may have specialised in a particular type. [[Kālidāsa]] is arguably considered to be [[India]]'s greatest Sanskrit dramatist, writing in the ca. 4th century CE-ca. 5th century CE. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' (''Mālavikā and Agnimitra''), ''[[Vikramuurvashiiya]]'' (''Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi''), and ''[[The Recognition of Sakuntala|Abhijñānaśākuntala]]'' (''The Recognition of Shakuntala''). The last was inspired by a story in the ''Mahabharata'' and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into English and German. ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Śakuntalā]]'' (in English translation) influenced [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe's]] ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]'' (1808–1832).<ref name="Brandonxvii" />
The next great Indian dramatist was [[Bhavabhuti]] (c. 7th century CE). He is said to have written the following three plays: ''Malati-Madhava'', ''Mahaviracharita'' and ''Uttar Ramacharita''. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of ''Ramayana''. The powerful Indian emperor [[Harsha]] (606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy ''[[Ratnavali]]'', ''[[Priyadarsika]]'', and the [[Buddhist]] drama ''[[Nagananda]]''.
Accordnig to some scholars the earliest form of classical theatre of India was the [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit theatre]] which came into existence after the development of [[Greek theatre|Greek]] and [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman]] theatres in the west.<ref name="RSZ12">Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12).</ref> One theory describes this development as an offshoot of Alexander the Great's Indian conquest.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Downs|first1=William|title=The Art of Theatre: Then and Now|last2=Wright|first2=Lou Anne|last3=Ramsey|first3=Erik|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2012|isbn=9781111348304|location=Boston, MA|pages=244}}</ref> The invading army staged Greek-style plays and Indians picked up the performance art. While some scholars argue that traditional Indian theatre predated it, there is a recognition that classical Greek theatre has helped transformed it.<ref name=":1" /> The greek origin of indian theatre has not received popular acceptance.
===Theatre in medieval India===
'''Mid twelfth century – eighteenth century'''
India's artistic identity is deeply routed within its social, economical, cultural, and religious views. For this reason it is essential to understand Indian cultural practices as they relate directly to performers and performances of this time. Performances including dance, music, and text are an expression of devotion for the Indian culture, so when looking at 'theatre' of this time a broader definition must be ascribed to the word.<ref name="Trivedi 73–110">{{Cite journal|last=Trivedi|first=Madhu|title=Tradition and Transition: The Performing Arts in Medieval North India|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=73–110|doi=10.1177/097194589900200105|year=1999|s2cid=161625091}}</ref>
Based on the understanding that performing arts are audience-oriented and must continuously adapt to the socio-cultural landscape of their patronage. Northern India managed to retain their cultural traditions in spite of the new Turko-Persian influences. The early thirteenth century marked this change for the Indian culture, where Sanskrit dramas and stage craft had been previously revered by the elites, it was now no longer relevant. This was due to the invading cultures that began to dominate and did not appreciate or understand, and since they did not understand the Sanskrit language it could no longer be held in such a high regard, and as a consequence many theatre artist suffered from neglect.<ref name="Trivedi 73–110"/>
The commonplace to find performers was in urban centers, because it was there they were able to find work to support themselves. Large temples where home to musical and theatrical shows.<ref name="Trivedi 73–110"/>
A Bharata Natyshatra also known as the śāstra was written to list costumes, gestures, positions of the body, and make up. It also lists plots that were weighed unsuitable and it also the most completed document. Most of Indian theatre had no scenery. There was usually a few props like a brass lamp.
When the concept of "Theatrical Art" was introduced medieval India was narrating poems. [[Bhakti]] poetry became popular.
During medieval India [[Bhavabhuti]] was a famous dramatist, he had three portent plays Malati-Madhava, Magviracharita and the Uttar Ramacharita.
===Theatre in India under British===
Under British colonial rule, modern Indian theatre began when a theatre was started in [[Belgachia]]. One of the earliest plays composed and staged during this period was Buro Shalikher Ghaare Roa (1860) by [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], both in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Around the same time, [[Nil Darpan]] (1858–59, first commercial production in 1872, by [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] at the national theatre in [[Calcutta]]) a Bengali play by [[Dinabandhu Mitra]] garnered both accolades and controversy for depicting the horror and tragedy of indigo cultivation in rural Bengal, and played a major role in the [[indigo revolt]]. Rabindranath Tagore was a pioneering modern playwright who wrote plays noted for their exploration and questioning of nationalism, identity, spiritualism and material greed.<ref name="Banham1051" >Banham (1998, 1051).</ref> His plays are written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and include ''Chitra'' (''Chitrangada'', 1892), ''The King of the Dark Chamber'' (''Raja'', 1910), ''[[The Post Office (play)|The Post Office]]'' (''Dakghar'', 1913), and ''Red Oleander'' (''Raktakarabi'', 1924).<ref name="Banham1051" />
[[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]], a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], and the [[Padmashri]], was known for the roles of [[Krishna]] or Dushyantha, Bhavanisankar, Narada etc. in [[Telugu theatre]]. He performed those roles for about 60 years. He indulged in elaborate raga alapana, based on different [[raga]]s while rendering padyams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/he-was-ahead-of-his-times/article4700920.ece|title=He was ahead of his times|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna|date=10 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|url=http://pranaism.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_58.html |title=pranaism: తెలుగు నాటకరంగ ప్రముఖుల ఫోటోలు (సశేషం) |publisher=Pranaism.blogspot.in |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> One of the finest method actors, He had the ability to sing padyams and songs through whistle, by putting his finger in mouth and producing the [[whistle]] or flute sound (meaning Eela in Telugu). He has acted in various dramas and gave more than 20,000 stage performances.<ref name="Brandon 1997"/> He was called the "Nightingale of the Stage" by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]<ref name="eenadu1">Article in Eenadu {{cite web |url=http://beta.eenadu.net/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175247/http://beta.eenadu.net/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref>
The British believed that the Indian actors were mystical creatures. They believed they brought them luck and prosperity. The emergent modern Indian theater, which is also referred to as Native theater, features a theatrical approach that has been viewed as an intersection of Indian social space with Western theater formats and [[Dramatic convention|conventions]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Querying Difference in Theatre History|last1=Magelssen|first1=Scott|last2=Haugo|first2=Ann|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1847183033|location=Newcastle, UK|pages=173}}</ref> The resulting theatrical space is described to be existing at the material, symbolic, and discursive levels. To resist its use by Indians as an instrument of protest against colonial rule, the British Government imposed the [[Dramatic Performances Act]] in 1876.
===Indian theatre after Independence (1947–1992)===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
====Contemporary (post-1992) Indian theatre====
[[Mrityunjay Prabhakar]] is one of the major young Hindi theatre director and playwright who emerged in the last decade of the 20th century and established himself as a significant theatre activist in first decade of the 21st century.
====Improvisation====
[[Improvisational]] (also known as improv or impro) is a form of theatre in which the actors use [[improvisation]]al acting techniques to perform spontaneously. Improvisers typically use audience suggestions to guide the performance as they create dialogue, setting, and plot extemporaneously.
Many improvisational actors also work as scripted actors and "improv" techniques are often taught in standard acting classes. The basic skills of listening, clarity, confidence, and performing instinctively and spontaneously are considered important skills for actors to develop.
Improvisational Theatre in India is largely used for educational, interventional and entertainment purposes. The traces of Improvisational theatre in India dates back to the 1990s with the advent of [[Forum theatre]] with Janasanskriti under the leadership of Sanjoy Ganguly. After that in 1999, a team from the US with Bev Hoskins and Mary Good introduced [[Playback theatre]] to India. Thus Playback theatre and Forum theatre began to take its shape in the remotest parts of India, such as Karur, Chennai, West Bengal, as well as Bangalore too. [[Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore|Yours Truly Theatre]], a Bangalore-based group, developed "complete the story", an indigenous format of improvisational theatre developed under the leadership of Ranji David and Nandini Rao in 2006. In 2009, they also developed another form of improvisational theatre called "mushyara theatre".
In the late 1960s Badal Sircar introduced a new form of political theatre called the Third Theatre. Badal Sarkar's anti-establishment experimental theatre created a new genre of social enlightenment. He formed his first Third Theatre Group satabdi, in the year 1967. They used to perform Drama written by Badal Sircar in Anganmancha (theatre in the courtyard) in the Third Theatre form that break away from the tradition of One point view of the Proscenium and urged on the taking theatre to the people.
Improvisational Theatre groups in India:
* [[Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore|Yours Truly Theatre]]
Improvisational Theatre forms practiced in India:
* [[Playback theatre]]
* [[Theatre of the Oppressed]]
* [[Forum theatre]]
====Notable theatres in India in different Indian languages and regions====
* [[Bengali theatre]]
* [[Hindi theatre]]
* [[Marathi theatre]]
* [[Telugu theatre]]
==Notable people==
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===Ancient Indian playwrights===
* [[Bhāsa]]
* [[Bhavabhuti]]
* [[Kalidasa]]
* [[Bharata Muni]]
===Playwrights working under British rule===
* [[Jaishankar Bhojak]] 'Sundari'
* [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]]
* [[Dinabandhu Mitra]]
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Balwant Pandurang Kirloskar]]
* [[Govind Ballal Deval]]
* [[Vishnu Amrut Bhave]]
===Post-Independence theatre-makers===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
Notable theatre directors:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
* [[K.V. Akshara]]
* [[Nadira Babbar]]
* [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]]
*[[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Suresh Bhardwaj]]
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* [[Raj Bisaria]]
* [[Manish Joshi Bismil]]
* [[Chandradasan]]
* [[Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry]]
* [[Satyadev Dubey]]
* [[Utpal Dutta]]
* [[Arvind Gaur]]
* [[Sachin Gupta]]
* [[Safdar Hashmi]]
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
* [[Shafi Inamdar]]
* [[Nemi Chandra Jain]]
* [[Shyamanand Jalan]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[B.V. Karanth]]
* [[Bansi Kaul]]
* [[Kader Khan]]
* [[Mohan Maharishi]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* [[Shaoli Mitra]]
* [[Sombhu Mitra]]
* [[Shankar Nag]]
* [[Balraj Pandit]]
* [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
* [[Mrityunjay Prabhakar]]
* [[Prasanna (theatre director)|Prasanna]]
<!-- [[Sreejith Ramanan]] -->
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]]
* [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
* [[B.M. Shah]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
<!-- * [[Gopal Sharman]] -->
<!-- * [[Ishwar Shunya]] -->
* [[Gursharan Singh (theatre director)|Gursharan Singh]]
* [[Badal Sircar]]
* [[Deepan Sivaraman]]
* [[Anjan Srivastav]]
* [[K.V. Subbanna]]
* [[Habib Tanvir]] [[Bhopal]]
* [[Ratan Thiyam]]
<!-- * [[Manvendra Tripathi]] -->
<!-- [[Jalabala Vaidya]] -->
* [[Kumara Varma]]
* [[Sankar Venkateswaran]]
{{div col end}}
===Notable playwrights===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Gurazada Apparao]] (Telugu)
* [[Abhimanyu]] (Malayalam)
* [[Satish Alekar]] (Marathi)
* [[Rambriksh Benipuri]] (Hindi)
* [[Datta Bhagat]] (Marathi)
* [[Dharamvir Bharati]] (Hindi)
* [[Anupama Chandrasekhar]] (English)
* [[Asif Currimbhoy]] (English)
* [[Gurcharan Das]] (English)
* [[Mahesh Dattani]] (English)
* [[Swadesh Deepak]] (Hindi)
* [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande]] (Marathi)
* [[Utpal Datta]] (Bangla)
* [[Utpal Dutt]] (Bangla)
* [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] (Marathi)
* [[Sachin Gupta]] (Hindi)
* [[Hasan Imam]] (Hindi)
* [[Rajesh Joshi]] (Hindi)
* [[Sharad Joshi]] (Hindi)
* [[T. P. Kailasam]] (Kannada, English)
* [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] (Kannada)
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] (Hindi), (Urdu), (Pashto), (Bangla)
* [[Girish Karnad]] (Kannada)
* [[Kader Khan]] (Urdu)
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] (Malayalam)
* [[Ramesh Mehta]] (Urdu)
* [[Piyush Mishra]] (Hindi)
* [[Torit Mitra]] (Bengali)
* [[Narendra Mohan]] (Hindi)
* [[Arun Mukherjee]] (Bangla)
* [[Manjula Padmanabhan]] (English)
* [[Samkutty Pattomkary]] (Malayalam)
* [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]] ( Malayalam)
* [[Mrityunjay Prabhakar]] (Hindi)
* [[Mohan Rakesh]] (Hindi)
* [[Bhisham Sahni]] (Hindi)
* [[Badal Sarkar]] (Bengali)
* [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]] (Hindi)
* [[B. M. Shah]] (Urdu)
* [[Partap Sharma]] (English)
* [[Gopal Sharman]] (English)
* [[Javed Siddiqui]] (Urdu)
* [[Harcharan Singh (writer)|Harcharan Singh]] (Punjabi)
* [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]]
* [[Rajesh Talwar]] (English)
* [[Habib Tanvir]] ( Hindi )
* [[Habib Tanvir]] (Urdu)
* [[Vijay Tendulkar]] (Marathi)
* [[Shreekumar Varma]] (English)
* [[Surendra Verma]] (Hindi)
* [[Asghar Wajahat]] (Urdu)
* [[Naren Weiss]] (English)
{{div col end}}
==Forms of Indian theatre==
===Traditional Indian theatre===
{{main|List of traditional Indian theatre}}
[[Kutiyattam]] is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre, thought to have originated around the beginning of the [[Common Era]], and is officially recognised by [[UNESCO]] as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. In addition, many forms of Indian folk theatre abound. [[Bhavai]] (strolling players) is a popular folk theatre form of [[Gujarat]], said to have arisen in the 14th century AD. [[Bhaona]] and [[Ankiya Nat]]s have been practicing in [[Assam]] since the early 16th century which were created and initiated by [[Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankardeva]]. [[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]] has been popular in [[Bengal]] and its origin is traced to the Bhakti movement in the 16th century. Another folk theatre form popular in [[Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh and [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is [[Swang (dance drama)|Swang]], which is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented and is considered to have arisen in its present form in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. [[Yakshagana]] is a very popular theatre art in Karnataka and has existed under different names at least since the 16th century. It is semi-classical in nature and involves music and songs based on [[carnatic music]], rich costumes, storylines based on the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]].'' It also employs spoken dialogue in-between its songs that gives it a [[folk art]] flavour. [[Kathakali]] is a form of dance-drama, characteristic of [[Kerala]], that arose in the 17th century, developing from the temple-art plays [[Krishnanattam]] and [[Ramanattam]].
<gallery>
File:Kondadakuli.jpg
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</gallery>
==Urdu/Hindustani Theatre==
Urdu Drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India shaping Rahas or Raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of Parsi Theatre. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is culmination of this tradition.
In some way or other, Urdu theatre tradition has greatly influenced modern Indian theatre. Among all the languages Urdu (which was called Hindi by early writers), along with Gujrati, Marathi and Bengali theatres have kept flourishing and demand for its writers and artists has not subsided by the drama aficionados. For Urdu drama, no place is better than Bombay Film industry otherwise known as Hindi film industry. All the early gems of Urdu Theatre (performed by Parsi Companies) were made into films. Urdu Dramatic tradition has been a spectator's delight since 100 years and counting.
Drama as a theme is made up of several elements. It focuses on life and different aspects of it. The thing to be noticed here is that drama on stage imitates drama in life. It has been said that, there has always been a mutual relationship between theatre and real life. Great historical personalities like Shakespeare have influenced Modern Urdu tradition to a large extent when Indian, Iranian, Turkish stories and folk was adapted for stage with heavy doses of Urdu Poetry. In modern times writers like [[Imtiaz Ali Taj]], Rafi Peer, Krishan Chander, Manto, Upender Nath Ashk, Ghulam Rabbani, Prof. Mujeeb and many others shaped this tradition.
While Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J.N. Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi, Jameel Shaidayi etc. belong to the old generation, contemporary writers like Mujeeb Khan, [[Javed Siddiqui]], Sayeed Alam, Danish Iqbal, Anis Azmi, Aftab Hasnain, Aslam Parvez, Anis Javed, Iqbal Niyazi, [[Syed Sahil Agha]] and Zaheer Anwar are few post modern playwrights actively contributing in the field of Urdu Drama.
Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Urdu Theatre flying in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of previous generation, Danish iqbal and Zaheer do not write bookish Plays but their work is a product of vigorous performing tradition. Iqbal Niyazi of Mumbai has written several plays in Urdu. His play, "Aur Kitne Jalyanwala BaughU??" won National award other awards. Hence this is the only generation after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually write for stage and not for libraries.
===Indian puppet theatre===
[[Yakshagana]] is a popular semi-classical theatre art from coastal Karnataka. It uses rich costumes, music, dance, and dialogue. Puppet shows in parts of
Karnataka uses all these elements of [[yakshagana]] to depict stories from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]].''
===Indian street theatre===
[[File:PSI India street play.jpg|thumb|A street play (''[[nukkad natak]]'') in [[Dharavi]] slums in Mumbai.]]
* [[Jan Natya Manch]] (JANAM)
==Mobile theatre==
Mobile theatres are a kind of popular theatre form that exist only in [[Assam]]. For staging their plays, theatre groups travel different places with their casts, singers, musicians, dancers and entire crew. Even the tent and chairs for the audience are carried with them. Mobile theatre was first staged on 2 October 1963 in [[Pathsala]], Assam. [[Achyut Lahkar]] is known as the father of mobile theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060121/asp/guwahati/story_5748001.asp|title=Screen salute to mobile theatre pioneer}}</ref>
'''Mobile theatre''' in Salempur Deoria Eastern Uttar Pradesh is over 500 years played on stage within eight years. sanskritiksangam.com is a leading cultural organisation that has been promoting rich Indian culture through regional artists based in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Since its establishment in 2005, One of its most popular classical-Musical-Dance Drama creation Sanskritik Sangam Salempur, Meghdoot Ki Puravanchal Yatra<ref>{{Cite web|title=1.MEGHDOOT KI POORVANCHAL YATRA - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnfpS117nLitk6bgGQZHc_6-S9yayqSyj|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> in Bhojpuri an adaptation of Kalidasa's Meghdootam has done a record 96 shows in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Rishikesh, Agra, Varanasi, Patna, Sonpur Mela Gorakhpur, near by areas in eastern UP among others. The creations has won many awards and recognitions for its team through leading organisations Its creations revolve around famous mythological and historical personalities and stories like, Ramayana (7 to 9 days play) 26 places, Bhagwata (7 days play) two places, Kabir (23 places), Harishchandra Taramati, (27 Places), Utho Ahilya (26 places) and Sri Krishna (Three places). And also perform popular plays from Hindi literature including Kaptan Sahab (31), Court Marshall (1), Saiyyan Bhaye Kotwal (22), Muvaavaje (2), Bakari (2), Bade Bhai Saheb (63), Kafan(12), Bholaram ka jeev (17), Satgati (2), Boodhi kaaki (3), kakha ga kaa chakkar (7), Jago grahak jaago (3) etc. among other presentations based on famous literary geniuses like Munshi Premchand, Bhikaari Thakur, etc.
==Notable awards and festivals==
===Awards===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a award to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
* [[Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards]]
* [[Kalidas Samman]]
===Festivals of theatre in India===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a festival to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Prithvi Theatre]] Festival (Prithvi Festival), held every year since its inception on 3 November, the birth anniversary of its legendary founder [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], [[National School of Drama|NSD]], New Delhi
* [[Jairangam- Jaipur Theatre Festival]], Jaipur
* [[Nandikar's National Theatre Festival]]
* [[Platform for Action in Creative Theater#Purple Umbrella Theater Festival|Purple Umbrella Theater Festival]], New Delhi
==Notable groups and companies==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a group to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Aasakta Kalamanch]]
* [[Bhoomika Theatre Group]]
* [[Chilsag Chillies Theatre Company]]
* [[Dramanon]]
* [[Indian People's Theatre Association]]
* [[Kerala People's Arts Club]]
* [[Mandap]]
* [[Manch Theatre]]
* [[Madras Players]]
* [[Nandikar]]
* [[Ninasam]]
* [[Platform for Action in Creative Theater]]
* [[Prithvi Theatre]]
* [[Rangayana]]
* [[Ranga Shankara]]
* [[Samahaara]]
* [[Theatre Arts Workshop]] (TAW)
* [[Theatre Formation Paribartak]]
* [[WeMove Theatre]]
==Notable theatres==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a theatre to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta]] (Ranu Mukherjee Mancha)
* [[Girish Mancha]]
* [[Kalidasa Kalakendram]]
* [[Rabindra Sadan]]
* [[Star Theatre, Kolkata|Star Theatre]]
* [[Surabhi (theatre group)]]
==Notable practitioners who have moved from theatre to films==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
* [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Manoj Bajpai]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Suresh Bhardwaj]]
* [[Seema Biswas]]
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* [[Neena Gupta]]
* [[Rajendra Gupta]]
* [[A. K. Hangal]]
* [[Shafi Inamdar]]
* [[Brijendra Kala]]
* [[Pankaj Kapoor]]
* [[Shahid Kapoor]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Shammi Kapoor]]
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[Satish Kaushik]]
* [[Kader Khan]]
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Swanand Kirkire]]
* [[Sajitha Madathil]]
* [[Shilpi Marwaha]]
* [[Piyush Mishra]]
* [[Sohrab Modi]]
* [[Ananth Nag]]
* [[Shankar Nag]]
* [[Alok Nath]]
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Rajkumar (actor)|Rajkumar]]
* [[Kangana Ranaut]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]]
* [[Balraj Sahni]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
* [[Om Shivpuri]]
* [[Sudha Shivpuri]]
* [[Shilpa Shukla]]
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Rajpal Yadav]]
{{div col end}}
==Training==
* [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]
* [[National School of Drama]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh School of Drama]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|0-521-43437-8}}.
* Brandon, James R. 1981. Introduction. In Baumer and Brandon (1981, xvii–xx).
* ---, ed. 1997. ''The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre.''' 2nd, rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. {{ISBN|978-0-521-58822-5}}.
* Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. ''History of the Theatre''. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. {{ISBN|0-205-41050-2}}.
* Baumer, Rachel Van M., and James R. Brandon, eds. 1981. ''Sanskrit Theatre in Performance.'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0772-3}}.
* Richmond, Farley. 1998. "India." In Banham (1998, 516–525).
* Richmond, Farley P., Darius L. Swann, and Phillip B. Zarrilli, eds. 1993. ''Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance.'' U of Hawaii P. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-1322-2}}.
* Sharma, Shrikrishna, ed. 1996. ''Rangkarmi.'' Cultural Societies of Rajasthan. (1996, 139)
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{commons category|Theatre of India}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman (tr. from the Original Sanskrit)|author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectspecimenso01wils#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1827|publisher= V.Holcroft at The Asiatic Press, Calcutta}}
*{{cite book|last1=.|first1=Dhanamjaya |last2=Haas|first2=George C.O.(tr. from Sanskrit by)|title=The Dasarupa or Treatise on Ten Forms of Drama – A Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy|url=https://archive.org/stream/dasarupatreatise00dhanrich#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1912|publisher=Columbia University}}
*{{cite book|last1=.|first1=Nandikeśvara|author-link=Nandikeshvara|last2=Coomaraswamy|first2=Ananda Kentish (tr by)|author-link2=Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy|last3= Duggirala|first3=Gopala Kristnayya (tr by)|title=The Mirror of Gesture – Being the Abhinaya Darpana of Nandikeśvara. |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Harvard University Press }}
* ''The Indian theatre'', by [[Mulk Raj Bansal]], Published by D. Dobson, 1950.
* ''Theatre in India'', by [[Balwant Gargi]]. Published by Theatre Arts Books, 1962.
* ''A panorama of theatre in India'', by Som Benegal. Published by Popular Prakashan [for] [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), 1968.
* Roy, Pinaki. "[[Bratya Basu]]'s ''Boma'': ''Bombing the Coloniser-supervised Chronicle''". ''Postcolonial Indian Drama in English and English Translation: Reading Themes and Techniques'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5207-560-7}}). Eds. Sarkar, J., and U. De. New Delhi: Authors Press, 2017. pp. 287–300.
* ''Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance'', by Farley P. Richmond, Darius L. Swann, Phillip B. Zarrilli. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993. {{ISBN|81-208-0981-5}}.
* ''Indian theatre: theatre of origin, theatre of freedom'', by Ralph Yarrow. Routledge, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7007-1412-X}}.
* ''The Oxford companion to Indian theatre'', by Ananda Lal. Oxford University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-19-564446-8}}.
* ''jagrancityplus''
* ''A History of the Jana Natya Manch: Plays for the People" by Arjun Ghosh; Published by SAGE Publications India, New Delhi; 2012
{{Theatre}}
{{Asia topic|Theatre of}}
{{Bengali Theatre}}
{{Marathi Theatre}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre Of India}}
[[Category:Asian drama|India]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Classical theatre of india]]
[[Category:Theatre in India|*]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -131,4 +131,7 @@
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===Post-Independence theatre-makers===
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<dl><dt>Theatre of India</dt></dl>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg/302px-Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg/454px-Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg/605px-Kathakali_-Play_with_Kaurava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1203" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> one of classical theatre forms from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala, India">Kerala, India</a>.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg/342px-Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg/514px-Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg/684px-Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2927" data-file-height="1670" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a></i> theatrical performance in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dance</a> style.
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1003042402">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-wraplinks a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding-top:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-navbar{padding-top:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse vertical-navbox nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:India" title="Category:India">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashoka_Chakra.svg" class="image"><img alt="Ashoka Chakra.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashoka_Chakra.svg/80px-Ashoka_Chakra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashoka_Chakra.svg/120px-Ashoka_Chakra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashoka_Chakra.svg/160px-Ashoka_Chakra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in India">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li>
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<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li>
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<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li>
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<p>Indian theatre is one of the most ancient forms of theatre and it features a detailed textual, sculptural, and dramatic effects which emerged in mid first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lidova1994p1112_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidova1994p1112-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></sup> Like in the areas of music and dance, the Indian theatre is also defined by the dramatic performance defined by the concept of <i>Natya</i>, which is a Sanskrit word for drama but encompasses dramatic narrative, virtuostic dance, and music.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></sup> Indian theatre exerted influence beyond its borders, reaching ancient China and other countries in the Far East.
</p><p>With the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic conquests</a> that began in the 10th and 11th centuries, theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon_1997-4">[4]</a></sup> Later, in an attempt to re-assert indigenous values and ideas, village theatre was encouraged across the subcontinent, developing in a large number of regional languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Modern Indian theatre developed during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">period of colonial rule</a> under the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>From the last half of the 19th century, theatres in India experienced a boost in numbers and practice. After <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian independence</a> in 1947, theatres spread throughout <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as one of the means of entertainment. As a diverse, multi-cultural nation, the theatre of India cannot be reduced to a single, homogenous <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fads_and_trends" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads and trends">trend</a>.
</p><p>In contemporary India, the major competition with its theatre is that represented by growing television industry and the spread of films produced in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian film industry</a> based in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (formerly Bombay), known as "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>". Lack of finance is another major obstacle.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_of_Indian_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History of Indian theatre</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Sanskrit_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sanskrit theatre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Theatre_in_medieval_India"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre in medieval India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Theatre_in_India_under_British"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre in India under British</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Indian_theatre_after_Independence_(1947–1992)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Indian theatre after Independence (1947–1992)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Contemporary_(post-1992)_Indian_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary (post-1992) Indian theatre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Improvisation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Improvisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notable_theatres_in_India_in_different_Indian_languages_and_regions"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable theatres in India in different Indian languages and regions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ancient_Indian_playwrights"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Indian playwrights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Playwrights_working_under_British_rule"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Playwrights working under British rule</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Post-Independence_theatre-makers"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Independence theatre-makers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notable_playwrights"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Notable playwrights</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Forms_of_Indian_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Forms of Indian theatre</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Traditional_Indian_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional Indian theatre</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Urdu/Hindustani_Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Urdu/Hindustani Theatre</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Indian_puppet_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Indian puppet theatre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Indian_street_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indian street theatre</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Mobile_theatre"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile theatre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notable_awards_and_festivals"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable awards and festivals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Festivals_of_theatre_in_India"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals of theatre in India</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notable_groups_and_companies"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable groups and companies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notable_theatres"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notable theatres</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notable_practitioners_who_have_moved_from_theatre_to_films"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notable practitioners who have moved from theatre to films</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Training"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Training</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_Indian_theatre">History of Indian theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Indian theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sanskrit_theatre">Sanskrit theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sanskrit theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Indian_musical_theatre" title="Classical Indian musical theatre">Classical Indian musical theatre</a></div>
<p>History of the origin of Theatre in India is severely disputed.
</p><p><b>Early dating</b>
</p><p>According to some scholars, Indian theatre emerged in 15th century BC. Vedic text such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> provides evidences of drama plays being enacted during <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a> ceremonies. The dialogues mentioned in the texts range from one person monologue to three person dialogue for instance the dialogue between Indra, Indrani and Vrishakapi. The dialogues are not only religious in their context but also secular for instance one rigvedic monologue is about a gambler whose life is ruined because of it and has estranged his wife and his parents also hate him. Panini in 5th century BC mentions a dramatic text Natasutra written by two Indian dramatists Shilalin and Krishashva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnanda_Lal200416_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnanda_Lal200416-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lidova1994p1112_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidova1994p1112-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> also mentions the name of plays which have been lost such as kemsavadha and Balibandha. Sitabenga caves dating back to 3rd century BC <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Khandagiri caves</a> from 2nd century BC are the earliest examples of theatre architecture in India.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Theatre_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Indian_Theatre-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Dating of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81sa" title="Bhāsa">Bhasa</a> is controversial, it ranges from pre <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyashastra</a> date of 5th century BC <sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Theatre_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Indian_Theatre-9">[9]</a></sup> to 2nd century AD, Bhasa according to some scholars preceded Natyashastra tradition. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandikeshvara" title="Nandikeshvara">Nandikeshvara</a> who wrote <i>Abhinaya Darpana</i> <abbr>lit.</abbr> '<i>The Mirror of Gesture</i>' which itself was based on the abridgement of a long treatise of 400 sholakas called Bharatarnava,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> according to some scholars seems to have preceded Bharata. The most concrete example of Nandikeshvara's teachings have survived thanks to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasa">Bhasa</a>.
</p><p>Natyashastra, dated earliest to 200 BC, although mentions various teachers and call them acharya but doesnt name them, but it still ends with a reference to a lost treatise of dramatist Kohala.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p><b>Late dating</b>
</p><p>According to scholars who insist on late dating, Sanskrit theatre emerged in the 2nd century BCE and flourished between the 1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">history of India</a> during which hundreds of plays were written.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Despite its name, Sanskrit theatre was not exclusively in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit language</a>. Other Indic languages collectively called as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> were also used in addition to Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-RSZ21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSZ21-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest-surviving fragments of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a> date from the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond516_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond516-15">[15]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i> (the earliest Indian literature, from between 1500 and 600 BCE) contain no hint of it; although a small number of hymns are composed in a form of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>), the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> do not appear to have developed into theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond516_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond516-15">[15]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahābhāṣya</a></i> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jali" class="mw-redirect" title="Patañjali">Patañjali</a> contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama.<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond517_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond517-16">[16]</a></sup> This treatise on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">theatre in India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond517_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond517-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, although there are no surviving fragments of any drama prior to this date, it is possible that early Buddhist literature provides the earliest evidence for the existence of Indian theater. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">suttas</a> (ranging in date from the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE) refer to the existence of troupes of actors (led by a chief actor), who performed dramas on a stage. It is indicated that these dramas incorporated dance, but were listed as a distinct form of performance, alongside dancing, singing, and story recitations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[note 1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyashastra">A Treatise on Theatre</a></i> (<i>Nātyaśāstra</i>), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BCE to 200 CE) and whose authorship is attributed to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Muni" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>. The <i>Treatise</i> is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world. It addresses acting, dance, music, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramatic construction</a>, architecture, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">costuming</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_makeup" title="Theatrical makeup">make-up</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical properties">props</a>, the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">mythological</a> account of the origin of theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond517_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond517-16">[16]</a></sup> In doing so, it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices. Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills (dance, music, and recitation) in a [hereditary process]. Its aim was both to educate and to entertain. Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly classified into three kinds which are Nayaka(hero), Nayika(heroine) and the Vidusaka(Clown).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg/200px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg/300px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg/400px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="818" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Performer playing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a> in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a> form of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit theatre</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>An appreciation for the stagecraft and classic Sanskrit drama was seen as an essential part of a sophisticated world view, by the end of the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> Under the patronage of royal courts, performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager (<i>sutradhara</i>), who may also have acted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppeteer</a>—the literal meaning of "<i>sutradhara</i>" is "holder of the strings or threads".<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond517_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond517-16">[16]</a></sup> The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> There were no prohibitions against female performers; companies were all-male, all-female, and of mixed gender. Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact, however, and were thought better suited to women. Some performers played characters their own age, while others played ages different from their own (whether younger or older). Of all the elements of theatre, the <i>Treatise</i> gives most attention to acting (<i>abhinaya</i>), which consists of two styles: realistic (<i>lokadharmi</i>) and conventional (<i>natyadharmi</i>), though the major focus is on the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandonxvii_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandonxvii-25">[24]</a></sup> It used <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a>, such as the hero (<i>nayaka</i>), heroine (<i>nayika</i>), or clown (<i>vidusaka</i>). Actors may have specialised in a particular type. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> is arguably considered to be <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s greatest Sanskrit dramatist, writing in the ca. 4th century CE-ca. 5th century CE. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81lavik%C4%81gnimitram" title="Mālavikāgnimitram">Mālavikāgnimitram</a></i> (<i>Mālavikā and Agnimitra</i>), <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramuurvashiiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramuurvashiiya">Vikramuurvashiiya</a></i> (<i>Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi</i>), and <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recognition_of_Sakuntala" class="mw-redirect" title="The Recognition of Sakuntala">Abhijñānaśākuntala</a></i> (<i>The Recognition of Shakuntala</i>). The last was inspired by a story in the <i>Mahabharata</i> and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into English and German. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81na%C5%9B%C4%81kuntalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhijñānaśākuntalam">Śakuntalā</a></i> (in English translation) influenced <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe's</a> <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i> (1808–1832).<sup id="cite_ref-Brandonxvii_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandonxvii-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The next great Indian dramatist was <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavabhuti" title="Bhavabhuti">Bhavabhuti</a> (c. 7th century CE). He is said to have written the following three plays: <i>Malati-Madhava</i>, <i>Mahaviracharita</i> and <i>Uttar Ramacharita</i>. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of <i>Ramayana</i>. The powerful Indian emperor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnavali" title="Ratnavali">Ratnavali</a></i>, <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarsika" title="Priyadarsika">Priyadarsika</a></i>, and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> drama <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagananda" title="Nagananda">Nagananda</a></i>.
</p><p>Accordnig to some scholars the earliest form of classical theatre of India was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit theatre</a> which came into existence after the development of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek theatre">Greek</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman</a> theatres in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-RSZ12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSZ12-26">[25]</a></sup> One theory describes this development as an offshoot of Alexander the Great's Indian conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[26]</a></sup> The invading army staged Greek-style plays and Indians picked up the performance art. While some scholars argue that traditional Indian theatre predated it, there is a recognition that classical Greek theatre has helped transformed it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[26]</a></sup> The greek origin of indian theatre has not received popular acceptance.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatre_in_medieval_India">Theatre in medieval India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theatre in medieval India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><b>Mid twelfth century – eighteenth century</b>
</p><p>India's artistic identity is deeply routed within its social, economical, cultural, and religious views. For this reason it is essential to understand Indian cultural practices as they relate directly to performers and performances of this time. Performances including dance, music, and text are an expression of devotion for the Indian culture, so when looking at 'theatre' of this time a broader definition must be ascribed to the word.<sup id="cite_ref-Trivedi_73–110_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trivedi_73–110-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Based on the understanding that performing arts are audience-oriented and must continuously adapt to the socio-cultural landscape of their patronage. Northern India managed to retain their cultural traditions in spite of the new Turko-Persian influences. The early thirteenth century marked this change for the Indian culture, where Sanskrit dramas and stage craft had been previously revered by the elites, it was now no longer relevant. This was due to the invading cultures that began to dominate and did not appreciate or understand, and since they did not understand the Sanskrit language it could no longer be held in such a high regard, and as a consequence many theatre artist suffered from neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-Trivedi_73–110_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trivedi_73–110-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>The commonplace to find performers was in urban centers, because it was there they were able to find work to support themselves. Large temples where home to musical and theatrical shows.<sup id="cite_ref-Trivedi_73–110_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trivedi_73–110-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>A Bharata Natyshatra also known as the śāstra was written to list costumes, gestures, positions of the body, and make up. It also lists plots that were weighed unsuitable and it also the most completed document. Most of Indian theatre had no scenery. There was usually a few props like a brass lamp.
</p><p>When the concept of "Theatrical Art" was introduced medieval India was narrating poems. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> poetry became popular.
</p><p>During medieval India <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavabhuti" title="Bhavabhuti">Bhavabhuti</a> was a famous dramatist, he had three portent plays Malati-Madhava, Magviracharita and the Uttar Ramacharita.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatre_in_India_under_British">Theatre in India under British</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theatre in India under British">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Under British colonial rule, modern Indian theatre began when a theatre was started in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgachia" title="Belgachia">Belgachia</a>. One of the earliest plays composed and staged during this period was Buro Shalikher Ghaare Roa (1860) by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a>, both in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. Around the same time, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Darpan" title="Nil Darpan">Nil Darpan</a> (1858–59, first commercial production in 1872, by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Girish Chandra Ghosh">Girish Chandra Ghosh</a> at the national theatre in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>) a Bengali play by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinabandhu_Mitra" title="Dinabandhu Mitra">Dinabandhu Mitra</a> garnered both accolades and controversy for depicting the horror and tragedy of indigo cultivation in rural Bengal, and played a major role in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_revolt" title="Indigo revolt">indigo revolt</a>. Rabindranath Tagore was a pioneering modern playwright who wrote plays noted for their exploration and questioning of nationalism, identity, spiritualism and material greed.<sup id="cite_ref-Banham1051_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banham1051-29">[28]</a></sup> His plays are written in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and include <i>Chitra</i> (<i>Chitrangada</i>, 1892), <i>The King of the Dark Chamber</i> (<i>Raja</i>, 1910), <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_Office_(play)" title="The Post Office (play)">The Post Office</a></i> (<i>Dakghar</i>, 1913), and <i>Red Oleander</i> (<i>Raktakarabi</i>, 1924).<sup id="cite_ref-Banham1051_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banham1051-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyanam_Raghuramaiah" title="Kalyanam Raghuramaiah">Kalyanam Raghuramaiah</a>, a recipient of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a>, and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmashri" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmashri">Padmashri</a>, was known for the roles of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> or Dushyantha, Bhavanisankar, Narada etc. in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_theatre" title="Telugu theatre">Telugu theatre</a>. He performed those roles for about 60 years. He indulged in elaborate raga alapana, based on different <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a> while rendering padyams.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blogspot1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogspot1-31">[30]</a></sup> One of the finest method actors, He had the ability to sing padyams and songs through whistle, by putting his finger in mouth and producing the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a> or flute sound (meaning Eela in Telugu). He has acted in various dramas and gave more than 20,000 stage performances.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon_1997_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon_1997-4">[4]</a></sup> He was called the "Nightingale of the Stage" by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a><sup id="cite_ref-eenadu1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eenadu1-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>The British believed that the Indian actors were mystical creatures. They believed they brought them luck and prosperity. The emergent modern Indian theater, which is also referred to as Native theater, features a theatrical approach that has been viewed as an intersection of Indian social space with Western theater formats and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_convention" title="Dramatic convention">conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> The resulting theatrical space is described to be existing at the material, symbolic, and discursive levels. To resist its use by Indians as an instrument of protest against colonial rule, the British Government imposed the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_Performances_Act" title="Dramatic Performances Act">Dramatic Performances Act</a> in 1876.
</p>
<h3><span id="Indian_theatre_after_Independence_.281947.E2.80.931992.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_theatre_after_Independence_(1947–1992)">Indian theatre after Independence (1947–1992)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indian theatre after Independence (1947–1992)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span id="Contemporary_.28post-1992.29_Indian_theatre"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_(post-1992)_Indian_theatre">Contemporary (post-1992) Indian theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary (post-1992) Indian theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityunjay_Prabhakar" title="Mrityunjay Prabhakar">Mrityunjay Prabhakar</a> is one of the major young Hindi theatre director and playwright who emerged in the last decade of the 20th century and established himself as a significant theatre activist in first decade of the 21st century.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Improvisation">Improvisation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Improvisation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisational" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvisational">Improvisational</a> (also known as improv or impro) is a form of theatre in which the actors use <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisational</a> acting techniques to perform spontaneously. Improvisers typically use audience suggestions to guide the performance as they create dialogue, setting, and plot extemporaneously.
</p><p>Many improvisational actors also work as scripted actors and "improv" techniques are often taught in standard acting classes. The basic skills of listening, clarity, confidence, and performing instinctively and spontaneously are considered important skills for actors to develop.
</p><p>Improvisational Theatre in India is largely used for educational, interventional and entertainment purposes. The traces of Improvisational theatre in India dates back to the 1990s with the advent of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_theatre" title="Forum theatre">Forum theatre</a> with Janasanskriti under the leadership of Sanjoy Ganguly. After that in 1999, a team from the US with Bev Hoskins and Mary Good introduced <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Playback theatre">Playback theatre</a> to India. Thus Playback theatre and Forum theatre began to take its shape in the remotest parts of India, such as Karur, Chennai, West Bengal, as well as Bangalore too. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yours_Truly_Theatre,_Bangalore" title="Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore">Yours Truly Theatre</a>, a Bangalore-based group, developed "complete the story", an indigenous format of improvisational theatre developed under the leadership of Ranji David and Nandini Rao in 2006. In 2009, they also developed another form of improvisational theatre called "mushyara theatre".
</p><p>In the late 1960s Badal Sircar introduced a new form of political theatre called the Third Theatre. Badal Sarkar's anti-establishment experimental theatre created a new genre of social enlightenment. He formed his first Third Theatre Group satabdi, in the year 1967. They used to perform Drama written by Badal Sircar in Anganmancha (theatre in the courtyard) in the Third Theatre form that break away from the tradition of One point view of the Proscenium and urged on the taking theatre to the people.
</p><p>Improvisational Theatre groups in India:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yours_Truly_Theatre,_Bangalore" title="Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore">Yours Truly Theatre</a></li></ul>
<p>Improvisational Theatre forms practiced in India:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Playback theatre">Playback theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed" title="Theatre of the Oppressed">Theatre of the Oppressed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_theatre" title="Forum theatre">Forum theatre</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_theatres_in_India_in_different_Indian_languages_and_regions">Notable theatres in India in different Indian languages and regions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable theatres in India in different Indian languages and regions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Bengali theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_theatre" title="Hindi theatre">Hindi theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_theatre" title="Marathi theatre">Marathi theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_theatre" title="Telugu theatre">Telugu theatre</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Indian_playwrights">Ancient Indian playwrights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient Indian playwrights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81sa" title="Bhāsa">Bhāsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavabhuti" title="Bhavabhuti">Bhavabhuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Muni" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Playwrights_working_under_British_rule">Playwrights working under British rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Playwrights working under British rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaishankar_Bhojak" title="Jaishankar Bhojak">Jaishankar Bhojak</a> 'Sundari'</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Girish Chandra Ghosh">Girish Chandra Ghosh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhartendu_Harishchandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartendu Harishchandra">Bhartendu Harishchandra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinabandhu_Mitra" title="Dinabandhu Mitra">Dinabandhu Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaishankar_Prasad" title="Jaishankar Prasad">Jaishankar Prasad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balwant_Pandurang_Kirloskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balwant Pandurang Kirloskar (page does not exist)">Balwant Pandurang Kirloskar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Ballal_Deval" title="Govind Ballal Deval">Govind Ballal Deval</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Amrut_Bhave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnu Amrut Bhave (page does not exist)">Vishnu Amrut Bhave</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Independence_theatre-makers">Post-Independence theatre-makers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-Independence theatre-makers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Notable theatre directors:
</p>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V._Akshara" class="mw-redirect" title="K.V. Akshara">K.V. Akshara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadira_Babbar" title="Nadira Babbar">Nadira Babbar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Bajaj" title="Ram Gopal Bajaj">Ram Gopal Bajaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajitesh_Bandopadhyay" title="Ajitesh Bandopadhyay">Ajitesh Bandopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Bhardwaj" title="Suresh Bhardwaj">Suresh Bhardwaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijon_Bhattacharya" title="Bijon Bhattacharya">Bijon Bhattacharya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bisaria" title="Raj Bisaria">Raj Bisaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manish_Joshi_Bismil" title="Manish Joshi Bismil">Manish Joshi Bismil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandradasan" title="Chandradasan">Chandradasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelam_Mansingh_Chowdhry" title="Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry">Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyadev_Dubey" title="Satyadev Dubey">Satyadev Dubey</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Dutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Utpal Dutta">Utpal Dutta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Gaur" title="Arvind Gaur">Arvind Gaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Gupta" title="Sachin Gupta">Sachin Gupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_Hattangadi" title="Rohini Hattangadi">Rohini Hattangadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi_Inamdar" title="Shafi Inamdar">Shafi Inamdar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemi_Chandra_Jain" title="Nemi Chandra Jain">Nemi Chandra Jain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyamanand_Jalan" title="Shyamanand Jalan">Shyamanand Jalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor" title="Shashi Kapoor">Shashi Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.V._Karanth" class="mw-redirect" title="B.V. Karanth">B.V. Karanth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansi_Kaul" title="Bansi Kaul">Bansi Kaul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Maharishi" title="Mohan Maharishi">Mohan Maharishi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Mehta" title="Ramesh Mehta">Ramesh Mehta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Dutt" title="Utpal Dutt">Utpal Dutt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoli_Mitra" title="Shaoli Mitra">Shaoli Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombhu_Mitra" title="Sombhu Mitra">Sombhu Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Nag" title="Shankar Nag">Shankar Nag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balraj_Pandit" title="Balraj Pandit">Balraj Pandit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalam_Narayana_Panicker" title="Kavalam Narayana Panicker">Kavalam Narayana Panicker</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityunjay_Prabhakar" title="Mrityunjay Prabhakar">Mrityunjay Prabhakar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanna_(theatre_director)" title="Prasanna (theatre director)">Prasanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathna_Shekar_Reddy" title="Rathna Shekar Reddy">Rathna Shekar Reddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudraprasad_Sengupta" title="Rudraprasad Sengupta">Rudraprasad Sengupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.M._Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="B.M. Shah">B.M. Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gursharan_Singh_(theatre_director)" title="Gursharan Singh (theatre director)">Gursharan Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal_Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="Badal Sircar">Badal Sircar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepan_Sivaraman" title="Deepan Sivaraman">Deepan Sivaraman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjan_Srivastav" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjan Srivastav">Anjan Srivastav</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V._Subbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="K.V. Subbanna">K.V. Subbanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Tanvir" title="Habib Tanvir">Habib Tanvir</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratan_Thiyam" title="Ratan Thiyam">Ratan Thiyam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_Varma" title="Kumara Varma">Kumara Varma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankar_Venkateswaran" title="Sankar Venkateswaran">Sankar Venkateswaran</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_playwrights">Notable playwrights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable playwrights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998391716"/><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurazada_Apparao" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurazada Apparao">Gurazada Apparao</a> (Telugu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a> (Malayalam)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Alekar" title="Satish Alekar">Satish Alekar</a> (Marathi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambriksh_Benipuri" title="Rambriksh Benipuri">Rambriksh Benipuri</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datta_Bhagat" title="Datta Bhagat">Datta Bhagat</a> (Marathi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamvir_Bharati" title="Dharamvir Bharati">Dharamvir Bharati</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupama_Chandrasekhar" title="Anupama Chandrasekhar">Anupama Chandrasekhar</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Currimbhoy" title="Asif Currimbhoy">Asif Currimbhoy</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurcharan_Das" title="Gurcharan Das">Gurcharan Das</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Dattani" title="Mahesh Dattani">Mahesh Dattani</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh_Deepak" title="Swadesh Deepak">Swadesh Deepak</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Purushottam_Deshpande" title="Govind Purushottam Deshpande">Govind Purushottam Deshpande</a> (Marathi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Datta" title="Utpal Datta">Utpal Datta</a> (Bangla)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Dutt" title="Utpal Dutt">Utpal Dutt</a> (Bangla)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Elkunchwar" title="Mahesh Elkunchwar">Mahesh Elkunchwar</a> (Marathi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Gupta" title="Sachin Gupta">Sachin Gupta</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Imam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Imam">Hasan Imam</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Joshi" title="Rajesh Joshi">Rajesh Joshi</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Joshi" title="Sharad Joshi">Sharad Joshi</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._P._Kailasam" title="T. P. Kailasam">T. P. Kailasam</a> (Kannada, English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Kambara" title="Chandrashekhara Kambara">Chandrashekhara Kambara</a> (Kannada)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a> (Hindi), (Urdu), (Pashto), (Bangla)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a> (Kannada)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a> (Urdu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajitha_Madathil" title="Sajitha Madathil">Sajitha Madathil</a> (Malayalam)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Mehta" title="Ramesh Mehta">Ramesh Mehta</a> (Urdu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyush_Mishra" title="Piyush Mishra">Piyush Mishra</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torit_Mitra" title="Torit Mitra">Torit Mitra</a> (Bengali)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Mohan" title="Narendra Mohan">Narendra Mohan</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Mukherjee" title="Arun Mukherjee">Arun Mukherjee</a> (Bangla)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjula_Padmanabhan" title="Manjula Padmanabhan">Manjula Padmanabhan</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkutty_Pattomkary" title="Samkutty Pattomkary">Samkutty Pattomkary</a> (Malayalam)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayala_Vasudevan_Pillai" title="Vayala Vasudevan Pillai">Vayala Vasudevan Pillai</a> ( Malayalam)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityunjay_Prabhakar" title="Mrityunjay Prabhakar">Mrityunjay Prabhakar</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Rakesh" title="Mohan Rakesh">Mohan Rakesh</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhisham_Sahni" title="Bhisham Sahni">Bhisham Sahni</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal_Sarkar" title="Badal Sarkar">Badal Sarkar</a> (Bengali)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarveshwar_Dayal_Saxena" title="Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena">Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._M._Shah" title="B. M. Shah">B. M. Shah</a> (Urdu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partap_Sharma" title="Partap Sharma">Partap Sharma</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Sharman" title="Gopal Sharman">Gopal Sharman</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Siddiqui" title="Javed Siddiqui">Javed Siddiqui</a> (Urdu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcharan_Singh_(writer)" title="Harcharan Singh (writer)">Harcharan Singh</a> (Punjabi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrishikesh_Sulabh" title="Hrishikesh Sulabh">Hrishikesh Sulabh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Talwar" title="Rajesh Talwar">Rajesh Talwar</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Tanvir" title="Habib Tanvir">Habib Tanvir</a> ( Hindi )</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Tanvir" title="Habib Tanvir">Habib Tanvir</a> (Urdu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar" title="Vijay Tendulkar">Vijay Tendulkar</a> (Marathi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreekumar_Varma" title="Shreekumar Varma">Shreekumar Varma</a> (English)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surendra_Verma" title="Surendra Verma">Surendra Verma</a> (Hindi)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Wajahat" title="Asghar Wajahat">Asghar Wajahat</a> (Urdu)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naren_Weiss" title="Naren Weiss">Naren Weiss</a> (English)</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Forms_of_Indian_theatre">Forms of Indian theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Forms of Indian theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_Indian_theatre">Traditional Indian theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Traditional Indian theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_traditional_Indian_theatre" title="List of traditional Indian theatre">List of traditional Indian theatre</a></div>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutiyattam">Kutiyattam</a> is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre, thought to have originated around the beginning of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, and is officially recognised by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. In addition, many forms of Indian folk theatre abound. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavai" title="Bhavai">Bhavai</a> (strolling players) is a popular folk theatre form of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, said to have arisen in the 14th century AD. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaona" title="Bhaona">Bhaona</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankiya_Nat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankiya Nat">Ankiya Nats</a> have been practicing in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> since the early 16th century which were created and initiated by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapurusha_Srimanta_Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankardeva">Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankardeva</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">Jatra</a> has been popular in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and its origin is traced to the Bhakti movement in the 16th century. Another folk theatre form popular in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, Uttar Pradesh and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> region of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swang_(dance_drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swang (dance drama)">Swang</a>, which is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented and is considered to have arisen in its present form in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a> is a very popular theatre art in Karnataka and has existed under different names at least since the 16th century. It is semi-classical in nature and involves music and songs based on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">carnatic music</a>, rich costumes, storylines based on the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.</i> It also employs spoken dialogue in-between its songs that gives it a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> flavour. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> is a form of dance-drama, characteristic of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, that arose in the 17th century, developing from the temple-art plays <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnanattam" title="Krishnanattam">Krishnanattam</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanattam" title="Ramanattam">Ramanattam</a>.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kondadakuli.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Kondadakuli.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kondadakuli.jpg/80px-Kondadakuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kondadakuli.jpg/120px-Kondadakuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kondadakuli.jpg/160px-Kondadakuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div>
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<h2><span id="Urdu.2FHindustani_Theatre"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Urdu/Hindustani_Theatre">Urdu/Hindustani Theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Urdu/Hindustani Theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Urdu Drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India shaping Rahas or Raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of Parsi Theatre. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is culmination of this tradition.
</p><p>In some way or other, Urdu theatre tradition has greatly influenced modern Indian theatre. Among all the languages Urdu (which was called Hindi by early writers), along with Gujrati, Marathi and Bengali theatres have kept flourishing and demand for its writers and artists has not subsided by the drama aficionados. For Urdu drama, no place is better than Bombay Film industry otherwise known as Hindi film industry. All the early gems of Urdu Theatre (performed by Parsi Companies) were made into films. Urdu Dramatic tradition has been a spectator's delight since 100 years and counting.
</p><p>Drama as a theme is made up of several elements. It focuses on life and different aspects of it. The thing to be noticed here is that drama on stage imitates drama in life. It has been said that, there has always been a mutual relationship between theatre and real life. Great historical personalities like Shakespeare have influenced Modern Urdu tradition to a large extent when Indian, Iranian, Turkish stories and folk was adapted for stage with heavy doses of Urdu Poetry. In modern times writers like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Ali_Taj" title="Imtiaz Ali Taj">Imtiaz Ali Taj</a>, Rafi Peer, Krishan Chander, Manto, Upender Nath Ashk, Ghulam Rabbani, Prof. Mujeeb and many others shaped this tradition.
</p><p>While Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J.N. Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi, Jameel Shaidayi etc. belong to the old generation, contemporary writers like Mujeeb Khan, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Siddiqui" title="Javed Siddiqui">Javed Siddiqui</a>, Sayeed Alam, Danish Iqbal, Anis Azmi, Aftab Hasnain, Aslam Parvez, Anis Javed, Iqbal Niyazi, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Sahil_Agha" title="Syed Sahil Agha">Syed Sahil Agha</a> and Zaheer Anwar are few post modern playwrights actively contributing in the field of Urdu Drama.
</p><p>Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Urdu Theatre flying in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of previous generation, Danish iqbal and Zaheer do not write bookish Plays but their work is a product of vigorous performing tradition. Iqbal Niyazi of Mumbai has written several plays in Urdu. His play, "Aur Kitne Jalyanwala BaughU??" won National award other awards. Hence this is the only generation after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually write for stage and not for libraries.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_puppet_theatre">Indian puppet theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indian puppet theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a> is a popular semi-classical theatre art from coastal Karnataka. It uses rich costumes, music, dance, and dialogue. Puppet shows in parts of
Karnataka uses all these elements of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">yakshagana</a> to depict stories from the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.</i>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_street_theatre">Indian street theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indian street theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSI_India_street_play.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PSI_India_street_play.jpg/220px-PSI_India_street_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PSI_India_street_play.jpg/330px-PSI_India_street_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PSI_India_street_play.jpg/440px-PSI_India_street_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSI_India_street_play.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A street play (<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukkad_natak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukkad natak">nukkad natak</a></i>) in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a> slums in Mumbai.</div></div></div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Natya_Manch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Natya Manch">Jan Natya Manch</a> (JANAM)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mobile_theatre">Mobile theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mobile theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Mobile theatres are a kind of popular theatre form that exist only in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. For staging their plays, theatre groups travel different places with their casts, singers, musicians, dancers and entire crew. Even the tent and chairs for the audience are carried with them. Mobile theatre was first staged on 2 October 1963 in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathsala" title="Pathsala">Pathsala</a>, Assam. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyut_Lahkar" title="Achyut Lahkar">Achyut Lahkar</a> is known as the father of mobile theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p><b>Mobile theatre</b> in Salempur Deoria Eastern Uttar Pradesh is over 500 years played on stage within eight years. sanskritiksangam.com is a leading cultural organisation that has been promoting rich Indian culture through regional artists based in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Since its establishment in 2005, One of its most popular classical-Musical-Dance Drama creation Sanskritik Sangam Salempur, Meghdoot Ki Puravanchal Yatra<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> in Bhojpuri an adaptation of Kalidasa's Meghdootam has done a record 96 shows in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Rishikesh, Agra, Varanasi, Patna, Sonpur Mela Gorakhpur, near by areas in eastern UP among others. The creations has won many awards and recognitions for its team through leading organisations Its creations revolve around famous mythological and historical personalities and stories like, Ramayana (7 to 9 days play) 26 places, Bhagwata (7 days play) two places, Kabir (23 places), Harishchandra Taramati, (27 Places), Utho Ahilya (26 places) and Sri Krishna (Three places). And also perform popular plays from Hindi literature including Kaptan Sahab (31), Court Marshall (1), Saiyyan Bhaye Kotwal (22), Muvaavaje (2), Bakari (2), Bade Bhai Saheb (63), Kafan(12), Bholaram ka jeev (17), Satgati (2), Boodhi kaaki (3), kakha ga kaa chakkar (7), Jago grahak jaago (3) etc. among other presentations based on famous literary geniuses like Munshi Premchand, Bhikaari Thakur, etc.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_awards_and_festivals">Notable awards and festivals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable awards and festivals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Pasta_Theatre_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards">Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidas_Samman" title="Kalidas Samman">Kalidas Samman</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Festivals_of_theatre_in_India">Festivals of theatre in India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Festivals of theatre in India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Theatre" title="Prithvi Theatre">Prithvi Theatre</a> Festival (Prithvi Festival), held every year since its inception on 3 November, the birth anniversary of its legendary founder <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Rang_Mahotsav" title="Bharat Rang Mahotsav">Bharat Rang Mahotsav</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_of_Drama" title="National School of Drama">NSD</a>, New Delhi</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jairangam-_Jaipur_Theatre_Festival" title="Jairangam- Jaipur Theatre Festival">Jairangam- Jaipur Theatre Festival</a>, Jaipur</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandikar%27s_National_Theatre_Festival" title="Nandikar's National Theatre Festival">Nandikar's National Theatre Festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_for_Action_in_Creative_Theater#Purple_Umbrella_Theater_Festival" title="Platform for Action in Creative Theater">Purple Umbrella Theater Festival</a>, New Delhi</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_groups_and_companies">Notable groups and companies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable groups and companies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasakta_Kalamanch" title="Aasakta Kalamanch">Aasakta Kalamanch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoomika_Theatre_Group" title="Bhoomika Theatre Group">Bhoomika Theatre Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilsag_Chillies_Theatre_Company" title="Chilsag Chillies Theatre Company">Chilsag Chillies Theatre Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramanon" title="Dramanon">Dramanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_People%27s_Arts_Club" title="Kerala People's Arts Club">Kerala People's Arts Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandap">Mandap</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch_Theatre" title="Manch Theatre">Manch Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Players" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Players">Madras Players</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandikar" title="Nandikar">Nandikar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninasam" title="Ninasam">Ninasam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_for_Action_in_Creative_Theater" title="Platform for Action in Creative Theater">Platform for Action in Creative Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Theatre" title="Prithvi Theatre">Prithvi Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangayana" title="Rangayana">Rangayana</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranga_Shankara" title="Ranga Shankara">Ranga Shankara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samahaara" title="Samahaara">Samahaara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Arts_Workshop" title="Theatre Arts Workshop">Theatre Arts Workshop</a> (TAW)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Formation_Paribartak" title="Theatre Formation Paribartak">Theatre Formation Paribartak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeMove_Theatre" title="WeMove Theatre">WeMove Theatre</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_theatres">Notable theatres</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable theatres">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta">Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta</a> (Ranu Mukherjee Mancha)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Mancha" title="Girish Mancha">Girish Mancha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa_Kalakendram" title="Kalidasa Kalakendram">Kalidasa Kalakendram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Sadan" title="Rabindra Sadan">Rabindra Sadan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Theatre,_Kolkata" title="Star Theatre, Kolkata">Star Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabhi_(theatre_group)" title="Surabhi (theatre group)">Surabhi (theatre group)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_practitioners_who_have_moved_from_theatre_to_films">Notable practitioners who have moved from theatre to films</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable practitioners who have moved from theatre to films">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadashiv_Amrapurkar" title="Sadashiv Amrapurkar">Sadashiv Amrapurkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabana_Azmi" title="Shabana Azmi">Shabana Azmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Babbar" title="Raj Babbar">Raj Babbar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Bajpai" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoj Bajpai">Manoj Bajpai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanikella_Bharani" title="Tanikella Bharani">Tanikella Bharani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Bhardwaj" title="Suresh Bhardwaj">Suresh Bhardwaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Biswas" title="Seema Biswas">Seema Biswas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Dobriyal" title="Deepak Dobriyal">Deepak Dobriyal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Dutt" title="Utpal Dutt">Utpal Dutt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neena_Gupta" title="Neena Gupta">Neena Gupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Gupta" title="Rajendra Gupta">Rajendra Gupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Hangal" title="A. K. Hangal">A. K. Hangal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi_Inamdar" title="Shafi Inamdar">Shafi Inamdar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brijendra_Kala" title="Brijendra Kala">Brijendra Kala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pankaj Kapoor">Pankaj Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor" title="Shahid Kapoor">Shahid Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor" title="Shammi Kapoor">Shammi Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor" title="Shashi Kapoor">Shashi Kapoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Kaushik" title="Satish Kaushik">Satish Kaushik</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulbhushan_Kharbanda" title="Kulbhushan Kharbanda">Kulbhushan Kharbanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupam_Kher" title="Anupam Kher">Anupam Kher</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanand_Kirkire" title="Swanand Kirkire">Swanand Kirkire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajitha_Madathil" title="Sajitha Madathil">Sajitha Madathil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilpi_Marwaha" title="Shilpi Marwaha">Shilpi Marwaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyush_Mishra" title="Piyush Mishra">Piyush Mishra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohrab_Modi" title="Sohrab Modi">Sohrab Modi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananth_Nag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananth Nag">Ananth Nag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Nag" title="Shankar Nag">Shankar Nag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alok_Nath" title="Alok Nath">Alok Nath</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Patekar" title="Nana Patekar">Nana Patekar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri" title="Om Puri">Om Puri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_(actor)" title="Rajkumar (actor)">Rajkumar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangana_Ranaut" title="Kangana Ranaut">Kangana Ranaut</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresh_Rawal" title="Paresh Rawal">Paresh Rawal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathna_Shekar_Reddy" title="Rathna Shekar Reddy">Rathna Shekar Reddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balraj_Sahni" title="Balraj Sahni">Balraj Sahni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratna_Pathak_Shah" title="Ratna Pathak Shah">Ratna Pathak Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shivpuri" title="Om Shivpuri">Om Shivpuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudha_Shivpuri" title="Sudha Shivpuri">Sudha Shivpuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilpa_Shukla" title="Shilpa Shukla">Shilpa Shukla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui" title="Nawazuddin Siddiqui">Nawazuddin Siddiqui</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankaj_Tripathi" title="Pankaj Tripathi">Pankaj Tripathi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Vidyarthi" title="Ashish Vidyarthi">Ashish Vidyarthi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpal_Yadav" title="Rajpal Yadav">Rajpal Yadav</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Training">Training</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Training">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhartendu_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts">Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_of_Drama" title="National School of Drama">National School of Drama</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_School_of_Drama" title="Madhya Pradesh School of Drama">Madhya Pradesh School of Drama</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Lidova1994p1112-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lidova1994p1112_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lidova1994p1112_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C"><i>Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 111–113. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&rft.pages=111-113&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1234-5&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKarwqJJP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKapur2010" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Kamlesh (2010). <i>History Of Ancient India (portraits of a Nation), 1/e</i>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 483. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120752122" title="Special:BookSources/9788120752122"><bdi>9788120752122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ancient+India+%28portraits+of+a+Nation%29%2C+1%2Fe&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788120752122&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Kamlesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWestlake2017" class="citation book cs1">Westlake, E.J. (2017). <i>World Theatre: The Basics</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138838055" title="Special:BookSources/9781138838055"><bdi>9781138838055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Theatre%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781138838055&rft.aulast=Westlake&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brandon_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon_1997_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon_1997_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (1997, 72) and Richmond (1998, 516).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (1997, 72), Richmond (1998, 516), and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond (1998, 516) and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 13).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnanda_Lal200416-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnanda_Lal200416_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnanda_Lal2004">Ananda Lal 2004</a>, p. 16.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnanda_Lal2004 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=sitabenga+caves&pg=PA50"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26q%3Dsitabenga%2Bcaves%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-History_of_Indian_Theatre-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Theatre_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Indian_Theatre_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVaradpandeVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, M. L.; Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=shatapatha+brahmana+drama&pg=PA37"><i>History of Indian Theatre</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Varadpande%2C+Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC%26q%3Dshatapatha%2Bbrahmana%2Bdrama%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1917" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, L. D. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/mirror-of-gesture-being-tho-abhinaya-darpana-of-nandikesvara-translated-into-english-by-ananda-coomaraswamy-and-gopala-kristnayya-duggirala-with-introduction-and-illustrations-8vo-pp-i-52-with-14-plates-cambridge-mass-harvard-university-press-1917/38FF6BBC05B31110E788BD187F22248C">"The Mirror of Gesture: being tho Abhinaya Darpaṇa of Nandikeśvara. Translated into English by Ananda Coomaraswamy and Gopala Kristnayya Duggirala. With Introduction and Illustrations. 8vo; pp. i, 52, with 14 plates. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. 1917"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 627–628. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X0005070X">10.1017/S0035869X0005070X</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0591">1474-0591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mirror+of+Gesture%3A+being+tho+Abhinaya+Darpa%E1%B9%87a+of+Nandike%C5%9Bvara.+Translated+into+English+by+Ananda+Coomaraswamy+and+Gopala+Kristnayya+Duggirala.+With+Introduction+and+Illustrations.+8vo%3B+pp.+i%2C+52%2C+with+14+plates.+Cambridge+%28Mass.%29%3A+Harvard+University+Press.+1917.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=627-628&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X0005070X&rft.issn=1474-0591&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fmirror-of-gesture-being-tho-abhinaya-darpana-of-nandikesvara-translated-into-english-by-ananda-coomaraswamy-and-gopala-kristnayya-duggirala-with-introduction-and-illustrations-8vo-pp-i-52-with-14-plates-cambridge-mass-harvard-university-press-1917%2F38FF6BBC05B31110E788BD187F22248C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMehta1995" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Tarla (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC&q=abhinaya+darpana+date&pg=PA412"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1057-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Tarla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC%26q%3Dabhinaya%2Bdarpana%2Bdate%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (1996, 70) and Richmond (1998, 516).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RSZ21-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSZ21_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 21).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (1981, xvii) and (1998, 516–517).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richmond516-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond516_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond516_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond (1998, 516).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richmond517-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond517_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond517_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond517_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond517_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond (1998, 517).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Van M. Baumer and James R. Brandon (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA11&dq=actor+drama+pali#v=onepage&q=actor%20drama%20pali&f=false"><i>Sanskrit Drama in Performance</i></a> (University of Hawaii Press, 1981), pp.11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&pg=PA11&dq=actor+drama+pali#v=onepage&q=actor%20drama%20pali&f=false"><i>Sanskrit Drama in Performance</i></a>, p.11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSinghania2018" class="citation book cs1">Singhania, Nitish (2018). <i>INDIAN ART AND CULTURE</i>. Mc Graw Hill Education. p. 7.3. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87067-54-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-87067-54-7"><bdi>978-93-87067-54-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INDIAN+ART+AND+CULTURE&rft.pages=7.3&rft.pub=Mc+Graw+Hill+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-87067-54-7&rft.aulast=Singhania&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTrivedi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Trivedi, Madhu (1999). "Tradition and Transition". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097194589900200105">10.1177/097194589900200105</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161625091">161625091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Tradition+and+Transition&rft.volume=2&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097194589900200105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161625091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trivedi&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 517).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond (1998, 518).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond (1998, 518). The literal meaning of <i>abhinaya</i> is "to carry forwards".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brandonxvii-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandonxvii_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandonxvii_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon (1981, xvii).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RSZ12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSZ12_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDownsWrightRamsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Downs, William; Wright, Lou Anne; Ramsey, Erik (2012). <i>The Art of Theatre: Then and Now</i>. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 244. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111348304" title="Special:BookSources/9781111348304"><bdi>9781111348304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Theatre%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781111348304&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wright%2C+Lou+Anne&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Trivedi_73–110-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trivedi_73–110_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trivedi_73–110_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trivedi_73–110_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTrivedi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Trivedi, Madhu (1999). "Tradition and Transition: The Performing Arts in Medieval North India". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 73–110. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097194589900200105">10.1177/097194589900200105</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161625091">161625091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Tradition+and+Transition%3A+The+Performing+Arts+in+Medieval+North+India&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-110&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097194589900200105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161625091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trivedi&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Banham1051-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banham1051_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banham1051_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Banham (1998, 1051).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChandaraju2013" class="citation news cs1">Chandaraju, Aruna (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/he-was-ahead-of-his-times/article4700920.ece">"He was ahead of his times"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=He+was+ahead+of+his+times&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.aulast=Chandaraju&rft.aufirst=Aruna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-fridayreview%2Fhe-was-ahead-of-his-times%2Farticle4700920.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-blogspot1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blogspot1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pranaism.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_58.html">"pranaism: తెలుగు నాటకరంగ ప్రముఖుల ఫోటోలు (సశేషం)"</a>. Pranaism.blogspot.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pranaism%3A+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81+%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2+%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81+%28%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%82%29&rft.pub=Pranaism.blogspot.in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fpranaism.blogspot.in%2Fp%2Fblog-page_58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-eenadu1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eenadu1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article in Eenadu <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175247/http://beta.eenadu.net/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.eenadu.net/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka">the original</a> on 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fbeta.eenadu.net%2FCinema%2FCinemainner.aspx%3Fqry%3Dgnapaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMagelssenHaugo2007" class="citation book cs1">Magelssen, Scott; Haugo, Ann (2007). <i>Querying Difference in Theatre History</i>. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 173. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847183033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847183033"><bdi>978-1847183033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Querying+Difference+in+Theatre+History&rft.place=Newcastle%2C+UK&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1847183033&rft.aulast=Magelssen&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Haugo%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060121/asp/guwahati/story_5748001.asp">"Screen salute to mobile theatre pioneer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Screen+salute+to+mobile+theatre+pioneer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1060121%2Fasp%2Fguwahati%2Fstory_5748001.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnfpS117nLitk6bgGQZHc_6-S9yayqSyj">"1.MEGHDOOT KI POORVANCHAL YATRA - YouTube"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=1.MEGHDOOT+KI+POORVANCHAL+YATRA+-+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fplaylist%3Flist%3DPLnfpS117nLitk6bgGQZHc_6-S9yayqSyj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to later Buddhist texts, King <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> (a contemporary of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>) had a drama performed for another king. This would be as early as the 5th century BCE, but the event is only described in much later texts, from the 3rd–4th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1003310798">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{padding-left:1em;text-indent:-1em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns dl,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ol,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge UP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8">0-521-43437-8</a>.</li>
<li>Brandon, James R. 1981. Introduction. In Baumer and Brandon (1981, xvii–xx).</li>
<li>---, ed. 1997. <i>The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre.'</i> 2nd, rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58822-5">978-0-521-58822-5</a>.</li>
<li>Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. <i>History of the Theatre</i>. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-41050-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-41050-2">0-205-41050-2</a>.</li>
<li>Baumer, Rachel Van M., and James R. Brandon, eds. 1981. <i>Sanskrit Theatre in Performance.</i> Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0772-3">978-81-208-0772-3</a>.</li>
<li>Richmond, Farley. 1998. "India." In Banham (1998, 516–525).</li>
<li>Richmond, Farley P., Darius L. Swann, and Phillip B. Zarrilli, eds. 1993. <i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance.</i> U of Hawaii P. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1322-2">978-0-8248-1322-2</a>.</li>
<li>Sharma, Shrikrishna, ed. 1996. <i>Rangkarmi.</i> Cultural Societies of Rajasthan. (1996, 139)</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWilson1827" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, Horace Hayman (tr. from the Original Sanskrit)</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectspecimenso01wils#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus</i></a>. V.Holcroft at The Asiatic Press, Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Specimens+of+the+Theatre+of+the+Hindus&rft.pub=V.Holcroft+at+The+Asiatic+Press%2C+Calcutta&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Hayman+%28tr.+from+the+Original+Sanskrit%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fselectspecimenso01wils%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF.Haas1912" class="citation book cs1">., Dhanamjaya; Haas, George C.O.(tr. from Sanskrit by) (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dasarupatreatise00dhanrich#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Dasarupa or Treatise on Ten Forms of Drama – A Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy</i></a>. Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dasarupa+or+Treatise+on+Ten+Forms+of+Drama+%E2%80%93+A+Treatise+on+Hindu+Dramaturgy&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=.&rft.aufirst=Dhanamjaya&rft.au=Haas%2C+George+C.O.%28tr.+from+Sanskrit+by%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdasarupatreatise00dhanrich%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF.CoomaraswamyDuggirala1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandikeshvara" title="Nandikeshvara">., Nandikeśvara</a>; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Kentish_Coomaraswamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (tr by)</a>; Duggirala, Gopala Kristnayya (tr by) (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Mirror of Gesture – Being the Abhinaya Darpana of Nandikeśvara</i></a>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Gesture+%E2%80%93+Being+the+Abhinaya+Darpana+of+Nandike%C5%9Bvara.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=.&rft.aufirst=Nandike%C5%9Bvara&rft.au=Coomaraswamy%2C+Ananda+Kentish+%28tr+by%29&rft.au=Duggirala%2C+Gopala+Kristnayya+%28tr+by%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924012568535%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+of+India" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><i>The Indian theatre</i>, by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulk_Raj_Bansal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulk Raj Bansal (page does not exist)">Mulk Raj Bansal</a>, Published by D. Dobson, 1950.</li>
<li><i>Theatre in India</i>, by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balwant_Gargi" title="Balwant Gargi">Balwant Gargi</a>. Published by Theatre Arts Books, 1962.</li>
<li><i>A panorama of theatre in India</i>, by Som Benegal. Published by Popular Prakashan [for] <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_for_Cultural_Relations" title="Indian Council for Cultural Relations">Indian Council for Cultural Relations</a> (ICCR), 1968.</li>
<li>Roy, Pinaki. "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratya_Basu" title="Bratya Basu">Bratya Basu</a>'s <i>Boma</i>: <i>Bombing the Coloniser-supervised Chronicle</i>". <i>Postcolonial Indian Drama in English and English Translation: Reading Themes and Techniques</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5207-560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5207-560-7">978-93-5207-560-7</a>). Eds. Sarkar, J., and U. De. New Delhi: Authors Press, 2017. pp. 287–300.</li>
<li><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i>, by Farley P. Richmond, Darius L. Swann, Phillip B. Zarrilli. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0981-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0981-5">81-208-0981-5</a>.</li>
<li><i>Indian theatre: theatre of origin, theatre of freedom</i>, by Ralph Yarrow. Routledge, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1412-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1412-X">0-7007-1412-X</a>.</li>
<li><i>The Oxford companion to Indian theatre</i>, by Ananda Lal. Oxford University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564446-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564446-8">0-19-564446-8</a>.</li>
<li><i>jagrancityplus</i></li>
<li><i>A History of the Jana Natya Manch: Plays for the People" by Arjun Ghosh; Published by SAGE Publications India, New Delhi; 2012</i></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Theatre" title="Template:Theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Theatre" title="Template talk:Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Theatre&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Medieval</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age#Lope_de_Vega_and_Spanish_drama" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">French Classicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_drama" title="Augustan drama">Augustan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_theatre" title="Postmodern theatre">Postmodern</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth-century_theatre" title="Nineteenth-century theatre">19th century</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">20th century</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_twentieth-century_theatre" title="Timeline of twentieth-century theatre">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Korea">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Poland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">Stagecraft</a> /<br /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_(theatrical)" title="Cue (theatrical)">Cue</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtain Call">Curtain Call</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">Stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_constraints" title="Theatrical constraints">Theatrical constraints</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_rehearsal" title="Technical rehearsal">Technical rehearsal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_week" title="Technical week">Technical week</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting design">Lighting design</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">Set construction</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_property" title="Theatrical property">Theatrical property</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume construction">Costume construction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theatre_personnel" title="List of theatre personnel">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage management</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_management_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Production management (theater)">production management</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_management" title="House management">house management</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Company management">company management</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Carpenter (theatre)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician_(theatre)" title="Electrician (theatre)">Electrician (theatre)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnician" title="Pyrotechnician">Pyrotechnician</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotlight_operator" title="Spotlight operator">Spotlight operator</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical Technician">Theatrical Technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_crew" title="Technical crew">Technical crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_designer" title="Lighting designer">Lighting designer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenic designer">Scenic designer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_crew" title="Running crew">Running crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_boy_(theatre)" title="Call boy (theatre)">Call boy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_management_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Production management (theater)">Production manager</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage manager</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_technician" title="Theatrical technician">Theatrical technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Carpenter</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician_(theatre)" title="Electrician (theatre)">Electrician</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_board_operator" title="Light board operator">Light board operator</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotlight_operator" title="Spotlight operator">Spotlight operator</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_(theater)" title="A2 (theater)">A2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresser_(theatre)" title="Dresser (theatre)">Dresser</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theatre" title="Category:Theatre">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theatre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theatre">Commons</a></li>
<li><img alt="Wiktionary page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wiktionary page" width="16" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Theatre" class="extiw" title="wikt:Theatre">Wiktionary</a></li>
<li><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Theatre" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Theatre">WikiProject</a></li>
<li><img alt="Outline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_theatre" title="Outline of theatre">Outline of theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatre_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatre_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Theatre of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Cambodia" title="Theatre of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_China" title="Theatre of China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Lebanon" title="Theatre of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Vietnam" title="Theatre of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theatre_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Asia" title="Book:Asia">Book</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengali_Theatre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bengali_theatre" title="Template:Bengali theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_theatre" title="Template talk:Bengali theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Bengali_theatre&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengali_Theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Bengali Theatre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theatre_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Theatre in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Theatre<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abayab_Nattyadal" title="Abayab Nattyadal">Abayab Nattyadal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anannya_Nattya_Goshthi" title="Anannya Nattya Goshthi">Anannya Nattya Goshthi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushilan_Natyadal" title="Anushilan Natyadal">Anushilan Natyadal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahurupi_Natya_Sangstha" title="Bahurupi Natya Sangstha">Bahurupi Natya Sangstha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattokendro" title="Nattokendro">Nattokendro</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padatik_Nattya_Sangsad" title="Padatik Nattya Sangsad">Padatik Nattya Sangsad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandimukh" title="Nandimukh">Nandimukh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Theatre<br />personalities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al_Mamun_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al Mamun (actor)">Abdullah Al Mamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kader_(actor)" title="Abdul Kader (actor)">Abdul Kader</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Hayat" title="Abul Hayat">Abul Hayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Khair_(actor)" title="Abul Khair (actor)">Abul Khair</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsana_Mimi" title="Afsana Mimi">Afsana Mimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Rubel" title="Ahmed Rubel">Ahmed Rubel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aly_Zaker" title="Aly Zaker">Aly Zaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaduzzaman_Noor" title="Asaduzzaman Noor">Asaduzzaman Noor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashish_Khandaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashish Khandaker (page does not exist)">Ashish Khandaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizul_Hakim" title="Azizul Hakim">Azizul Hakim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijori_Barkatullah" title="Bijori Barkatullah">Bijori Barkatullah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejajul_Islam" title="Ejajul Islam">Ejajul Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamul_Haque_(actor)" title="Enamul Haque (actor)">Enamul Haque</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdousi_Mazumder" title="Ferdousi Mazumder">Ferdousi Mazumder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golam_Mustafa" title="Golam Mustafa">Golam Mustafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hridi_Haq" title="Hridi Haq">Hridi Haque</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun_Faridi" title="Humayun Faridi">Humayun Faridi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairul_Alam_Sabuj" title="Khairul Alam Sabuj">Khairul Alam Sabuj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KS_Firoz" title="KS Firoz">KS Firoz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_Hasan" title="Laila Hasan">Laila Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litu_Anam" title="Litu Anam">Litu Anam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Enam" title="Lucky Enam">Lucky Enam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutfun_Nahar_Lata" title="Lutfun Nahar Lata">Lutfun Nahar Lata</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Bhowmick" title="Malay Bhowmick">Malay Bhowmick</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamunur_Rashid" title="Mamunur Rashid">Mamunur Rashid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masud_Ali_Khan" title="Masud Ali Khan">Masud Ali Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozammel_Hossain_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozammel Hossain (actor) (page does not exist)">Mozammel Hossain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momtazuddin_Ahmed_(dramatist)" title="Momtazuddin Ahmed (dramatist)">Momtazuddin Ahmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munier_Choudhury" title="Munier Choudhury">Munier Choudhury</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazma_Anwar" title="Nazma Anwar">Nazma Anwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazmul_Huda_Bachchu" title="Nazmul Huda Bachchu">Nazmul Huda Bachchu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurul_Momen" title="Nurul Momen">Nurul Momen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahmat_Ali_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahmat Ali (actor) (page does not exist)">Rahmat Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Zaker" title="Sara Zaker">Sara Zaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Ahmed_(actor)" title="Saleh Ahmed (actor)">Saleh Ahmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabnam" title="Shabnam">Shabnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahiduzzaman_Selim" title="Shahiduzzaman Selim">Shahiduzzaman Selim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamima_Nazneen" title="Shamima Nazneen">Shamima Nazneen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanta_Islam" title="Shanta Islam">Shanta Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Abu_Zafar" title="Sikandar Abu Zafar">Sikandar Abu Zafar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_Al_Deen" title="Selim Al Deen">Selim Al Deen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Dutta" title="Subhash Dutta">Subhash Dutta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborna_Mustafa" title="Suborna Mustafa">Suborna Mustafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamalika_Karmakar" title="Tamalika Karmakar">Tamalika Karmakar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahida_Mollick_Jolly" title="Wahida Mollick Jolly">Wahida Mollick Jolly</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Dramas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%27r_Cycle" title="Che'r Cycle">Che'r Cycle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Theatre auditoriums</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Road,_Dhaka#Guide_House_Auditorium" title="Bailey Road, Dhaka">Guide House auditorium</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahila_Samity_auditorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahila Samity auditorium (page does not exist)">Mahila Samity auditorium</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Theatre<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneek_theatre_group" title="Aneek theatre group">Aneek theatre group</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Theatre" title="Anya Theatre">Anya Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohurupee" title="Bohurupee">Bohurupee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratyajon" title="Bratyajon">Bratyajon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetana_(theatre_group)" title="Chetana (theatre group)">Chetana</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gananatya" title="Gananatya">Gananatya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandikar" title="Nandikar">Nandikar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natadha" title="Natadha">Natadha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyoshala" title="Natyoshala">Natyoshala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padatik_(Indian_theatre_group)" title="Padatik (Indian theatre group)">Padatik</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancham_Baidik" title="Pancham Baidik">Pancham Baidik</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba_Paschim" title="Purba Paschim">Purba Paschim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritwik_(theatre_group)" title="Ritwik (theatre group)">Ritwik</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanglap_Kolkata" title="Sanglap Kolkata">Sanglap Kolkata</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansriti" title="Sansriti">Sansriti</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayak" title="Sayak">Sayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaram_(theatre_group)" title="Sundaram (theatre group)">Sundaram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapnapheri" title="Swapnapheri">Swapnapheri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapnasandhani" title="Swapnasandhani">Swapnasandhani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Formation_Paribartak" title="Theatre Formation Paribartak">Theatre Formation Paribartak</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Theatre<br />personalities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Major<br />personalities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Bandyopadhyay_(actor)" title="Ajit Bandyopadhyay (actor)">Ajit Bandyopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajitesh_Bandopadhyay" title="Ajitesh Bandopadhyay">Ajitesh Bandopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Lal_Basu" title="Amrita Lal Basu">Amrita Lal Basu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardhendu_Sekhar_Mustafi" title="Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi">Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Mukherjee" title="Arun Mukherjee">Arun Mukherjee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal_Sarkar" title="Badal Sarkar">Badal Sarkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibhash_Chakraborty" title="Bibhash Chakraborty">Bibhash Chakraborty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijon_Bhattacharya" title="Bijon Bhattacharya">Bijon Bhattacharya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratya_Basu" title="Bratya Basu">Bratya Basu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandan_Sen" title="Chandan Sen">Chandan Sen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitra_Sen" title="Chitra Sen">Chitra Sen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debesh_Chattopadhyay" title="Debesh Chattopadhyay">Debesh Chattopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debshankar_Haldar" title="Debshankar Haldar">Debshankar Haldar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangapada_Basu" title="Gangapada Basu">Gangapada Basu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Girish Chandra Ghosh">Girish Chandra Ghosh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goutam_Halder" title="Goutam Halder">Goutam Halder</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Roy" title="Kumar Roy">Kumar Roy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik_Sen" title="Kaushik Sen">Kaushik Sen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Choudhury" title="Khaled Choudhury">Khaled Choudhury</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Mitra" title="Manoj Mitra">Manoj Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghnad_Bhattacharya" title="Meghnad Bhattacharya">Meghnad Bhattacharya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Chattopadhyay" title="Mohit Chattopadhyay">Mohit Chattopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaprasad_Banik" title="Ramaprasad Banik">Ramaprasad Banik</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudraprasad_Sengupta" title="Rudraprasad Sengupta">Rudraprasad Sengupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoli_Mitra" title="Shaoli Mitra">Shaoli Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohini_Sengupta" title="Sohini Sengupta">Sohini Sengupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobha_Sen" title="Shobha Sen">Shobha Sen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombhu_Mitra" title="Sombhu Mitra">Sombhu Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_Mukhopadhyay" title="Suman Mukhopadhyay">Suman Mukhopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatilekha_Sengupta" title="Swatilekha Sengupta">Swatilekha Sengupta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripti_Mitra" title="Tripti Mitra">Tripti Mitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Ganguly" title="Usha Ganguly">Usha Ganguly</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal_Dutt" title="Utpal Dutt">Utpal Dutt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other<br />personalities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churni_Ganguly" title="Churni Ganguly">Churni Ganguly</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baker_(Bengali_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Baker (Bengali actor)">George Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasim_Lebedev" title="Gerasim Lebedev">Gerasim Lebedev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly" title="Kaushik Ganguly">Kaushik Ganguly</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran_Bandopadhyay" title="Paran Bandopadhyay">Paran Bandopadhyay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajatava_Dutta" title="Rajatava Dutta">Rajatava Dutta</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddhi_Sen" title="Riddhi Sen">Riddhi Sen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar_Chatterjee" title="Shekhar Chatterjee">Shekhar Chatterjee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudipta_Chakraborty" title="Sudipta Chakraborty">Sudipta Chakraborty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanima_Sen" title="Tanima Sen">Tanima Sen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Dramas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade_(Bengali_drama)" title="Barricade (Bengali drama)">Barricade</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biley" class="mw-redirect" title="Biley">Biley</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bireswar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bireswar">Bireswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birpurush_(drama)" title="Birpurush (drama)">Birpurush</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisarjan_(drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisarjan (drama)">Bisarjan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_(drama)" title="Meghe Dhaka Tara (drama)">Meghe Dhaka Tara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabanna_(drama)" title="Nabanna (drama)">Nabanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_Darpan" title="Nil Darpan">Nil Darpan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinki_Buli" title="Pinki Buli">Pinki Buli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poshu_Khamar" title="Poshu Khamar">Poshu Khamar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Learned societies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Banga_Natya_Akademi" title="Paschim Banga Natya Akademi">Paschim Banga Natya Akademi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Theatre<br />auditoriums</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta">Academy of Fine Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Mancha" title="Girish Mancha">Girish Mancha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Theatre" title="Hindu Theatre">Hindu Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhusudan_Mancha" title="Madhusudan Mancha">Madhusudan Mancha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajati_Sadan" title="Mahajati Sadan">Mahajati Sadan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Theatre,_Kolkata" title="Minerva Theatre, Kolkata">Minerva Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Sadan" title="Rabindra Sadan">Rabindra Sadan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramgopal_Mancha" title="Ramgopal Mancha">Ramgopal Mancha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisir_Mancha" title="Sisir Mancha">Sisir Mancha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujata_Sadan" title="Sujata Sadan">Sujata Sadan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Theatre,_Kolkata" title="Star Theatre, Kolkata">Star Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Marathi_Natya_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natya_Aaradhana_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natya Aaradhana group (page does not exist)">Natya Aaradhana group</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annasaheb_Kirloskar" title="Annasaheb Kirloskar">Annasaheb Kirloskar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gandharva" title="Bal Gandharva">Bal Gandharva</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deenanath_Mangeshkar" title="Deenanath Mangeshkar">Deenanath Mangeshkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Ballal_Deval" title="Govind Ballal Deval">Govind Ballal Deval</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_Amonkar" title="Ravindra Amonkar">Ravindra Amonkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krushnaji_Prabhakar_Khadilkar" title="Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar">Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Ganesh_Gadkari" title="Ram Ganesh Gadkari">Ram Ganesh Gadkari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnudas_Bhave" title="Vishnudas Bhave">Vishnudas Bhave</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Male_actors_in_Marathi_theatre" title="Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre">other actors</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Marathi_theatre" title="Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre">other actresses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors and <br /> playwrights</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrakant_Kulkarni" title="Chandrakant Kulkarni">Chandrakant Kulkarni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Elkunchwar" title="Mahesh Elkunchwar">Mahesh Elkunchwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purushottam_Laxman_Deshpande" title="Purushottam Laxman Deshpande">Purushottam Laxman Deshpande</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar" title="Vijay Tendulkar">Vijay Tendulkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_Mehta" title="Vijaya Mehta">Vijaya Mehta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auditoriums</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gandharva_Ranga_Mandir" title="Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir">Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji_Mandir" title="Shivaji Mandir">Shivaji Mandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilak_Smarak_Ranga_Mandir" title="Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir">Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan_Natya_Gruha" title="Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha">Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghashiram_Kotwal" title="Ghashiram Kotwal">Ghashiram Kotwal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyar_Kaljat_Ghusali_(play)" title="Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (play)">Katyar Kaljat Ghusali</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krushnaji_Prabhakar_Khadilkar#Kichak_Vadh" title="Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar">Kichak Vadh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Nathuram_Godse_Boltoy" title="Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy">Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrachi_Goshta" title="Mitrachi Goshta">Mitrachi Goshta</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruchi_Mavshi" title="Moruchi Mavshi">Moruchi Mavshi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharam_Binder" title="Sakharam Binder">Sakharam Binder</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Sharada" title="Sangeet Sharada">Sangeet Sharada</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantata!_Court_Chalu_Aahe" title="Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe">Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Natak" title="Sangeet Natak">Sangeet Natak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natya_Sangeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya Sangeet">Natya Sangeet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1612139763 |
