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'{{short description|Proposed HTTP header field that requests web applications to disable individual user tracking}} {{HTTP}} '''Do Not Track''' ('''DNT''') was a proposed [[List of HTTP header fields|HTTP header field]], designed to allow internet users to [[opt-out]] of [[web tracking|tracking]] by websites—which includes the collection of data regarding a user's activity across multiple distinct contexts, and the retention, use, or sharing of data derived from that activity outside the context in which it occurred. The Do Not Track header was originally proposed in 2009 by researchers [[Christopher Soghoian]], Sid Stamm, and [[Dan Kaminsky]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paranoia.dubfire.net/2011/01/history-of-do-not-track-header.html|title=The History of the Do Not Track Header|work=Slight Paranoia|last=Soghoian|first=Christopher|accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> Efforts to standardize Do Not Track by the [[W3C]] in the Tracking Preference Expression (DNT) Working Group did not make it past the Candidate Recommendation stage and ended in September 2018<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Tracking Protection Working Group|url=https://www.w3.org/2011/tracking-protection/|website=www.w3.org|language=en}}</ref> due to insufficient deployment and support.<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-tracking/2018Nov/0003.html |title=Final version of the note |mailing-list=public-tracking |date=6 November 2018 |last=Schunter |first=Matthias}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tracking Preference Expression (DNT)|url=https://w3c.github.io/dnt/drafts/tracking-dnt.html|website=w3c.github.io|language=en}}</ref> [[Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]]<ref name="online">{{cite news | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704213404576100441609997236 | title = Web Tool On Firefox To Deter Tracking | author = [[Julia Angwin]] | work = Wall Street Journal | date = 2011-01-21 | accessdate = 22 February 2012 }}</ref> became the first browser to implement the feature, while [[Internet Explorer]],<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2010/12/07/ie9-and-privacy-introducing-tracking-protection-v8.aspx | title = IE9 and Privacy: Introducing Tracking Protection | author = IEBlog | date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]],<ref name="Nick Wingfield">{{Cite journal | title = Apple Adds Do-Not-Track Tool to New Browser | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703551304576261272308358858 | author = Nick Wingfield | journal = Wall Street Journal | accessdate = 2011-04-14 | date=2011-04-14 }}</ref> [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]]<ref name="Opera Desktop Team">{{Cite web |author=Opera Desktop Team |title=Core update with Do Not Track, and mail and theme fixes |url=http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blog/2012/02/10/core-dnt-mail-themes |publisher=Opera.com |accessdate=2012-02-10 |authorlink=Opera Desktop Team |date=2012-02-11 }}</ref> and [[Google Chrome]]<ref>{{Cite document |title=Longer battery life and easier website permissions |url=http://chrome.blogspot.com/2012/11/longer-battery-life-and-easier-website.html |accessdate=2012-11-06 |date=2012-11-06 }}</ref> all later added support. DNT is not widely adopted by the industry, with companies citing the lack of legal mandates for its use, as well as unclear standards and guidelines for how websites are to interpret the header. Thus, it is not guaranteed that enabling DNT will actually have any effect at all.<ref name="gizmodo-doesntdoanything"/> The W3C disbanded its DNT working group in January 2019, citing insufficient support and adoption.<ref name="GitHub note W3C DNT disbanded"></ref> Apple discontinued support for DNT the following month.<ref name="Gizmodo Apple Removing Do Not Track"></ref> == Operation == The DNT header accepted three values: <code>1</code> in case the user does not want to be tracked ''(opt out)'', <code>0</code> in case the user consents to being tracked ''(opt in)'', or ''null'' (no header sent) if the user has not expressed a preference. The default behavior required by the standard is not to send the header unless the user enables the setting via their browser or their choice is implied by use of that specific browser.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Do Not Track- Universal Web Tracking Opt-Out | url = http://donottrack.us/ | accessdate = 2011-04-11 }}</ref> == History == In 2007, several consumer advocacy groups asked the U.S. [[Federal Trade Commission]] to create a Do Not Track list for online advertising. The proposal would have required that online advertisers submit their information to the FTC, which would compile a machine-readable list of the domain names used by those companies to place cookies or otherwise track consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdt.org/privacy/20071031consumerprotectionsbehavioral.pdf|title=The History of the Do Not Track Header|work=Center for Democracy and Technology|date=2007-10-31|accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> In July 2009, researchers Christopher Soghoian and Sid Stamm created a prototype add-on for the Firefox web browser, implementing support for the Do Not Track header. Stamm was, at the time, a privacy engineer at Mozilla, while Soghoian soon afterward started working at the [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/08/soghoian-joins-ftc/ | title=Outspoken Privacy Advocate Joins FTC | work=Wired News | first=Kim| last=Zetter| date=2009-08-17 | accessdate=2009-11-20}}</ref> One year later, during a U.S. Senate privacy hearing, FTC Chairman Jon Leibowitz told the Senate Commerce Committee that the commission was exploring the idea of proposing a "do-not-track" list.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.internetnews.com/ec-news/article.php/3895496/FTC+Mulls+BrowserBased+Block+for+Online+Ads.htm | title=FTC Mulls Browser-Based Block for Online Ads | work=Internet News | first=Kenneth| last=Corbin| date=2010-07-28 | accessdate=2009-11-20}}</ref> In December 2010, the FTC issued a privacy report that called for a "do not track" system that would enable people to avoid having their actions monitored online.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704594804575648670826747094|title=FTC Backs Do-Not-Track System for Web|last=Angwin|first=Julia|work= Wall Street Journal|date=2010-12-02|accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> One week later, Microsoft announced that its next browser would include support for Tracking Protection Lists, that block tracking of consumers using blacklists supplied by third parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703296604576005542201534546|title=Microsoft to Add 'Tracking Protection' to Web Browser|last=Angwin|first=Julia|work= Wall Street Journal|date=2010-12-07|accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> In January 2011, Mozilla announced that its Firefox browser would soon provide a Do Not Track solution, via a browser header.<ref name="online" /> Microsoft's Internet Explorer,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703363904576200981919667762|title=Microsoft Adds Do-Not-Track Tool to Browser|last=Angwin|first=Julia|work= Wall Street Journal|date=2011-03-15|accessdate=22 February 2012}}</ref> Apple's Safari,<ref name="Nick Wingfield"/> Opera<ref name="Opera Desktop Team"/> and Google Chrome<ref>{{Cite web | title = Longer battery life and easier website permissions | url = http://chrome.blogspot.de/2012/11/longer-battery-life-and-easier-website.html | accessdate = 2012-11-07 | date = 2012-11-06 }}</ref> all later added support for the header approach. In August 2015 a coalition of privacy groups led by the Electronic Frontier Foundation using W3C's Tracking Preference Expression (DNT) standard proposed that "Do not track" be the goal for advocates to demand of businesses.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/privacy-groups-offer-do-not-track-compromise-will-online-advertisers-and-publishers-accept-it-080615.html |title=Privacy groups offer "Do Not Track" compromise; will online advertisers and publishers accept it? |first=Jennifer |last=Abel |work=consumeraffairs.com |date=6 August 2015 |accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> In January 2019, the W3C Tracking Protection Working Group was disbanded, citing "insufficient deployment of these extensions" and lack of "indications of planned support among user agents, third parties, and the ecosystem at large."<ref name="GitHub note W3C DNT disbanded">{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/w3c/dnt/commit/5d85d6c3d116b5eb29fddc69352a77d87dfd2310|title=WG closed · w3c/dnt@5d85d6c|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Gizmodo Apple Removing Do Not Track">{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/apple-is-removing-do-not-track-from-safari-1832400768|title=Apple Is Removing 'Do Not Track' From Safari|last=Hill|first=Kashmir|website=Gizmodo|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> Beginning the following month, Apple removed DNT support from Safari, citing that it could be used as a "fingerprinting variable" for tracking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/3338152/apple-safari-removing-do-not-track.html|title=Apple is removing the Do Not Track toggle from Safari, but for a good reason|date=2019-02-07|website=Macworld|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> === Internet Explorer 10 default setting controversy === When using the "Express" settings upon installation, a Do Not Track option is enabled by default for [[Internet Explorer 10]] and [[Windows 8]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2412077,00.asp | title = Internet Explorer 10 Released for Windows 7 | accessdate = December 22, 2012 | date = November 13, 2012 | author = November 13, 2012 | work=PC Magazine}}</ref> Microsoft faced criticism for its decision to enable Do Not Track by default<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_on_the_issues/archive/2012/08/07/do-not-track-in-the-windows-8-set-up-experience.aspx"|title=Do Not Track in the Windows 8 Setup Experience|author=Brendon Lynch|date=2012-08-07|work=Microsoft on the issues blog}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> from advertising companies, who say that use of the Do Not Track header should be a choice made by the user and must not be automatically enabled. The companies also said that this decision would violate the Digital Advertising Alliance's agreement with the U.S. government to honor a Do Not Track system, because the coalition said it would only honor such a system if it were not enabled by default by web browsers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft ticks off advertisers with IE10 'Do Not Track' policy|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57445568-75/microsoft-ticks-off-advertisers-with-ie10-do-not-track-policy/|website=CNET|accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref> A Microsoft spokesperson defended its decision however, stating that users would prefer a web browser that automatically respected their privacy.<ref name=dig-msdnt>{{cite news|title=Microsoft's "Do Not Track" Move Angers Advertising Industry|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/05/31/microsofts-do-not-track-move-angers-advertising-industry/|work=Digits|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref> On September 7, 2012, Roy Fielding, an author of the Do Not Track standard, [[Commit (version control)|committed]] a patch to the source code of the [[Apache HTTP Server]], which would make the server explicitly ignore any use of the Do Not Track header by users of Internet Explorer 10. Fielding argued that Microsoft's decision "deliberately violates" the Do Not Track specification because it "does not protect anyone's privacy unless the recipients believe it was set by a real human being, with a real preference for privacy over personalization". The Do Not Track specification did not explicitly mandate that the use of Do Not Track actually be a choice until after the feature was implemented in Internet Explorer 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/08/microsoft-sticks-to-its-guns-keeps-do-not-track-on-by-default-in-ie10/ |title=Microsoft sticks to its guns, keeps Do Not Track on by default in IE10 |website=Ars Technica |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> Fielding pointed out that Microsoft knew its false signals claiming that users had chosen Do Not Track would be ignored, and that its goal was to effectively give an illusion of privacy while still catering to their own interests.<ref name=cnet-apachednt>{{cite web|title=Apache Web software overrides IE10 do-not-track setting|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57508351-93/apache-web-software-overrides-ie10-do-not-track-setting/|website=CNET|accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref> On October 9, 2012, Fielding's patch was commented out, restoring the previous behavior.<ref>{{cite web|title= Apache Won't Override Do-Not-Track Headers |url= http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/184855/apache-wont-override-do-not-track-headers.html |publisher= MediaPost Communications|accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keep this in, but commented out: also provide a little · apache/httpd@3dd6fb6|url=https://github.com/apache/httpd/commit/3dd6fb6882ae2b453c90d51e777e88bc420a0cb1|website = GitHub|accessdate = 4 July 2017}}</ref> On April 3, 2015, Microsoft announced that as of [[Windows 10]], it would comply with the specification and no longer enable Do Not Track as part of the operating system's "Express" default settings, but that the company will "provide customers with clear information on how to turn this feature on in the browser settings should they wish to do so".<ref name=cw-dntdisabledms>{{cite web|title=Microsoft rolls back commitment to Do Not Track|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2905551/microsoft-rolls-back-commitment-to-do-not-track.html|website=Computerworld|publisher=IDG|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> == Adoption == Very few companies actually supported DNT, due to a lack of regulatory or voluntary requirements for its use,<ref name=bi-gapingflaw>{{cite web|title=Here's The Gaping Flaw in Microsoft's 'Do Not Track' System For IE10|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-the-gaping-flaw-in-microsofts-do-not-track-system-for-ie10-2012-8|website=Business Insider|accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref> and unclear standards over how websites should respond to the header. Websites that honor DNT requests include [[Medium (website)|Medium]], [[Reddit]], and [[Pinterest]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bacchus |first1=Arif |title=Millions of People Use 'Do Not Track' Tool Which Does Nothing |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/do-not-tracking-tools-do-nothing/ |website=Digital Trends |publisher=Designtechnica Corporation |accessdate=1 November 2019}}</ref> Despite supporting it in its Chrome web browser, [[Google]] did not implement support for DNT on its websites, and directed users to its online privacy settings and opt-outs for interest-based advertising instead.<ref name="gizmodo-doesntdoanything"/> The Digital Advertising Alliance, Council of Better Business Bureaus and the Direct Marketing Association does not require its members to honor DNT signals.<ref name="DAA-position">{{cite web|title=Digital Advertising Alliance Gives Guidance to Marketers for Microsoft IE10 'DO NOT TRACK' Default Setting|url=http://www.aboutads.info/blog/digital-advertising-alliance-gives-guidance-marketers-microsoft-ie10-%E2%80%98do-not-track%E2%80%99-default-set|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> Use of [[ad blocking]] software to block web trackers and advertising had become increasingly common (with users citing both privacy concerns and performance impact as justification), while Apple and Mozilla began to add privacy enhancements (such as "tracking protection") to their browsers, that are designed to reduce undue cross-site tracking. In addition, laws such as the European Union's [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR) have imposed restrictions on how companies are to store and process personal information.<ref name="gizmodo-doesntdoanything">{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/do-not-track-the-privacy-tool-used-by-millions-of-peop-1828868324|title='Do Not Track' Privacy Tool Doesn't Do Anything|website=Gizmodo|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90308068/how-the-tragic-death-of-do-not-track-ruined-the-web-for-everyone|title=How the tragic death of Do Not Track ruined the web for everyone|last=Fleishman|first=Glenn|date=2019-03-17|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> [[Princeton University]] associate computer science professor [[Jonathan Mayer]], who was a member of the W3C's working group for DNT, argued that the concept was a "failed experiment".<ref name="gizmodo-doesntdoanything"/> == See also == * [[Opt-out]] * [[Do Not Track legislation]] * [[List of HTTP header fields#Common non-standard request headers|Common non-standard request headers]] * {{Slink|HTTP cookie|Privacy and third-party cookies}} * [[Direct marketing association|Direct Marketing Association]] * [[Better Business Bureau]] * [[Evil bit]] * [[DoNotTrackMe]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == * http://donottrack.us/ * [[IETF]] Internet-Draft: [http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mayer-do-not-track-00 Do Not Track: A Universal Third-Party Web Tracking Opt Out], March 7, 2011 * [https://www.eff.org/issues/do-not-track Do Not Track] at [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] * [https://dnt.mozilla.org/ Do Not Track] at [[Mozilla Foundation|Mozilla]] [[Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers]] [[Category:Internet privacy]]'