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{{hatnote |This is a sub-article to [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)]] and is specifically about the [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] concept of the term.}}
{{other uses |Theology of Twelvers}}
[[File:Kerbela Hussein Moschee.jpg |thumb |right |260px |[[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]], where the [[Battle of Karbala]] took place]]
{{Twelvers|Principles}}
{{Shia Islam |Branches}}
'''Imāmah''' ({{lang-ar|إِمَامَة}}) means "[[Islamic leadership|leadership]]" and is a concept in [[Theology of Twelvers|Twelver theology]]. The [[Twelve Imams]] are the spiritual and political successors to [[Muhammad]], the [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet of Islam]], in the Twelver branch of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]] human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret [[sharia]] and undertake the [[esoteric interpretation of the Quran]]. The [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—[[Nass (Islam)|''nass'']]—through the Prophet.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1979 |p=10}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C}} 173]}}
Shi'a believe that divine wisdom—[['Aql]]—is the source of the souls of the Prophets and Imams and gives them esoteric knowledge—''[[hikmah]]''—and that their suffering is a means by which their devotees may acquire divine grace.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The Imam is not the recipient of [[wahy|divine revelation]], but has a close relationship with God, who guides him, allowing the Imam in turn to guide others. The Imamat, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in Shia Islam and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.{{sfn |Martin |2004}}
According to the Twelvers, an Imam of the Age is always the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law. [[Ali]] was the first Imam in this line and in the view of Twelvers the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by the male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter [[Fatimah]]. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], who was the brother of [[Hasan ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} The twelfth and final Imam is [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], who is believed by the Twelvers to be alive and [[The Occultation#Major Occultation|in hiding]].{{sfn |Martin |2004}}
==Function of imam==
The office of imamate is bestowed upon the figure of imam ({{lit|leader|master}}),{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1p=20|2a1=Gleave|2y=2004|2p=350}} whose function in [[Sunni Islam]] is to implement the divine law and manage the community affairs.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Gleave|2y=2004|3a=Yücesoy|3y=2013|3pp=247, 249}} In this sense, imam is synonymous to [[caliph]] in Sunni Islam as the highest temporal authority.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=6|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=20|4a1=Momen|4y=1985|4p=147}}
In [[Shia Islam]], the figure of imam dominates the belief system.{{sfnm |1a1=Nasr |1a2=Dabashi |1a3=Nasr |1y=1989 |1p=2|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]],{{sfnm|1a1=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}} imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=62|2a1=Modarressi|2y=1993|2p=6}} for the two were combined in Muhammad.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=249}} Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.{{sfnm|1a=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}}
In [[Twelver Shi’ism]], Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,{{sfnm|1a1=Ayoub|1y=1984|1p=155}} their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=290|3a=Madelung|3y=2012}} as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=147}} Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who reigned from 661 [[common era|CE]] until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 665.{{Sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=110{{ndash}}111|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=62|3a1=Gleave|3y=|3p=350}} This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=67|2a1=Nasr|2a2=Dabashi|2a3=Nasr|2y=1989|2p=4|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=27}}
===Exoteric function===
Whereas Muhammad brought divine revelation and taught divine law to his followers, the twelve imams interpreted the revelation and safeguarded the religion against innovations in their capacity as law-givers and guardians of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1y=2005|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=7|3a1=Nasr|3y=1972|3p=160}} At this exoteric level, many teachings of these imams are general enough to be accepted by Sunnis, who regard many of the imams as outstanding religious scholars.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=66|2a=Amir-Moezzi|2y=2005}}
===Esoteric function===
In addition to their exoteric function,{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=186|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=247|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as {{transl|ar|walaya}} or {{transl|ar|wilaya}}, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Corbin|1y=2006|1p=43|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=72|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3p=157}} for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=157|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2y=1994|2p=29}} More broadly, {{transl|ar|walaya}} denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=40}} {{transl|ar|Walaya}} is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.{{sfnm|1a=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=73}}
<!--Prophecy and imamate may be joined in a person.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=185}} That is, some prophets, including the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were also imams in that they too possessed the esoteric knowledge of religion. Yet not every imam was a prophet for some did not receive revelation,{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1y=1994|1p=29}} even though they are all thought to have been divinely-inspired.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=350}} Imamate is ranked higher than prophethood, citing the Quranic verse 2:118.{{Sfnm|1a1=Donaldson|1y=1933|1p=306|2a1=Ayoub|2y=1984|2p=155}}-->
To sum, in Twelver Shi'ism, the twelve imams hold the ultimate religious authority, both in matters of law and spiritual guidance, as an extension of Muhammad’s authority.{{sfnm|1a1=Jafri|1y=1979|1pp=291, 294|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2pp=4, 11}} In particular, imams taught the hidden aspects of the revelation and authoritatively interpreted the ambiguous verses of the [[Quran]].{{sfnm|1a1=Jafri|1y=1979|1p=291|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2pp=150, 159|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=65}} <!--and he is an example whose words and deeds are to be emulated.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1984|p=155}}-->
At an even more esoteric level, imams are often regarded as intermediaries between God and mankind,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1y=1972|1p=163|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=51}} In this world, they are thought to be the source of sustenance and divine blessings for the creation and, in the [[hereafter]], they [[Shafa'a|intercede]] for their followers ,{{sfnm|1a1=Mavani|1y=2013|1pp=51, 55|2a1=Nasr |2a2=Dabashi |2a3=Nasr |2y=1989 |2p=2|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3pp=148, 157}} whereas the prerogative of intercession is limited to the Islamic prophet in Sunni Islam. {{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=103|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2p=339}} <!--In addition, imams are the [[theopany|revealed Face of God]], the light of God, through whom God can be known.{{sfnm|1a1=Mavani|1y=2013|1pp=48, 57|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2pp=65, 68, 72}}--> However, some Shia scholars reject such supernatural functions.{{sfnm|1a1=Modarressi|1y=1993|1pp=21, 42{{ndash}}50|2a1=Crone|2y=2005|2p=112}}
==Necessity of imamate==
Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012}} one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=102}} Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=248|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2pp=107{{ndash}}108}} Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace ({{transl|ar|lutf wajib}}), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1pp=98, 103|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2pp=42{{ndash}}43}} Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=351}} Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1pp=184{{ndash}}185|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2p=43}}}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012|3a1=Tabatabai|3y=1975|3p=185}}
<!--[[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam, explaining why the Imams are needed, states: "So that the world may remain in righteousness, thus Allah withholds chastisement from the world while a Prophet or Imam is upon it, for Allah has said 'Allah will not chastise them while you are among them' [http://tanzil.net/#8:33 8:33] and the Prophet had said ' the stars are safety for the people of the heaven and the members of my family are safety for the people of the earth. By ''members of my family'' is meant the Imams....Through them Allah gives sustenance ([[Rizq]]) to His servants and through them His lands prosper and the rain falls from the heaven and the earth gives out its blessings".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} The prophetic mission must be followed by a keeper of the [[Quran]] because it contains esoteric depth, superficial contradictions and hidden meaning. The meaning can be manifested not by ordinary knowledge, but by an inspired heir who is the Hujjah of Allah. Divine knowledge is attainable only through divine revelation or inspiration.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=46}} While the prophet was a "legislative prophet" (nabi al-tashri), the continuation of the "esoteric prophecy" (nubuwah al-batiniyah) is through [[walayah]]. The role of the Imam in society is equivalent to the role of the mind in the body.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}-->
== Qualifications ==
According to Shia theology, Imam must display three attributes: divine appointment (nass), wisdom (hikmah), superiority (afdaliyyah). This right to authority is derived from the prophet and Quran and thereby [[Allah]].{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=4}}
===Divinely-sanctioned designation ({{transl|ar|nass}}) ===
In Twelver doctrine, imamate is confined to descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the marriage of his daughter [[Fatima]] to his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib.{{Sfn|Kohlberg|2012}} Every imam is believed to have been designated by his predecessor, following a divine mandate, going back successively to the announcement of Muhammad about Ali ibn Abi Talib at the [[Ghadir Khumm]].{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=59|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=77}} The authority of imams has therefore been legitimized through “apostolic succession,” rather than political leadership.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=59}} Indeed, except the first three of them, the imams were largely apolitical,{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=111}} even though most likely they all had claims to political leadership.{{Sfnm|1a1=Arjomand|1y=1988|1p=4}} However, this latter point has been rejected by some.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=111, 113|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=64}} Crucially, the hereditary nature of imamate closed the field to outside claimants.{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1pp=58{{ndash}}83|2a1=Takim|2y=2006|2p=27}} {{transl|ar|Nass}} is often accompanied in Shia sources by inheritance of secret religious scrolls and the prophet's weapons.{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1p=78|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=293|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=28}} The latter paralleled the [[Ark of the Covenant]] for the [[Israelites]].{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=78}}
Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.{{sfn|Momen |1985 |pp=154{{ndash}}155}} Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.{{sfnm |1a1=Momen |1y=1985 |1pp=154{{ndash}}155|2a1=Donaldson |2y=1984|2p=314|3a1=Sachedina|3y=1988|3p=59}}
<!--One of the fundamental principles of Shia is that Imam is designated by the prophet and every Imam nominates his successor by divine designation ([[Nass (Islam)|nass]]).{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=314}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=147}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=153}} Al-Baqir stated that the prophet was commanded by Allah, before his death, to grant to [[Ali]] his knowledge, his faith and the Great Name (al-Ism al-A'zam), as well as the legacy of knowledge and prophethood so that the Divine Heritage would be continued through the prophet's progeny. So one of the fundamentals in the principle of Imamate was nass al-Jali (explicit designation) which was hereditary.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=77}} Shia Muslims believe that Allah appointed leaders for those who practice the religion of Allah. When the prophet had taught the people the religion, he would then appoint a leader, in accordance with the orders of Allah, to guide believers towards perfection. Imamate is a universal authority and this right is derived from (niyabah) the prophet.{{sfn |Mashita |2013 |p=}} Allamah Majlesi stated that from the time of Adam, every prophet had a successor.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=316}} Imam can not be distinguished except by designation.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=101}} Following verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124] of [[Quran]], Shia believe that Imamah is something that is given by Allah and must be appointed by Him. The earth never can be without a true Imam.{{sfn |Ayoub |1984 |p=156,157}}{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=98}} The Shia idea that the succession should continue in the descendants of the prophet originates from the Quran as verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:54 4:54].{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=312}}-->
===Ismah===
{{Main |Ismah}}
Shia believe that Ismah is a logical prerequisite of Imamah as Allah has made their obedience necessary and the verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:33 33:33] proves Ismah of the fourteen infallible. Ismah in addition to sinlessness means infallibility, without error.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Imam by virtue of Nass based on Hikmah (wisdom) and Nur (light) becomes Ma'sum ([[The Fourteen Infallible|Infallible]]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=82}}
===Hikmah (wisdom)===
The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=156}} The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.{{sfn |Martin |2004 |p=625}} Some [[Hadith]]s state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=149}} The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.{{sfn |Arjomand |1988 |p=26}} According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including [[Al-Jafr (book)|Al-Jafr]] (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), [[Al-Jamia]] (The Compilation), [[Book of Fatimah]] and a codex of [[Quran]] and its commentary ([[Mus'haf of Ali]]) written by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]].{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=73,74}} He has the knowledge of the [[Names of God in Islam#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]] of [[Allah]].{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=73}} As [[Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to [[Ali]] of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=78}} Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."{{sfn |Afsaruddin |2015}} Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands [[Quran]] and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=5}}
===Afdaliyyah (superiority)===
As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=71 }} In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=20}} Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:6 33:6] which its interpretation refers to the descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=68}} He added that the light that is mentioned in verse [http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8] refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=80}} Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=21}} Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=140}}
===Theological aspect===
{{Aqidah |Shia}}
====Station of Imams====
Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=30}} Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} By verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=306}} Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} so he should be infallible and chosen by God.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} [[Allamah al-Majlisi]], a Shia scholar of the [[Safavid Empire|Safawid]] era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called [[Ulu'l azm prophets|ulul-‘Azm]] (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."{{sfn |Majlisi |pp=267–318–88}}{{reliable source?|date=July 2024}} Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.{{sfn |Lalani |2010 |p=33}} The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).{{sfn |Madelung |2015}} Shi'a Twelver believes that five ''Messengers'' achieved the rank of Leadership: [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], and [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
====Vicegerent (Khalifat Allah)====
The Imam as vicegerent is the representative of all of God's attributes, whom he manifests. The Imam is God's image and face.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=424,425}} It is the highest position for man that is mentioned, ([http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30]) which causes the [[angels]] to prostrate themselves before him ([http://tanzil.net/#15:30 15:30]).{{sfn |Javadi Amoli |2008 |p=92}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}} Khalifah is God's appointee ([http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/38:26 38:26]).{{sfn |Askari |1998 |p=71}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}} As God's best representative and sign, the vicegerent in the best way can contribute to God's goals. So every attribute which God owns by His [[Essence]], the vicegerent also owns by [[accident]]. The vicegerent is the epiphany (mazhar){{efn |like a mirror in which the image appears without being incarnate in it}} of God's divine names. In fact he is the soul of the universe which can cause [[Ontology|ontological]] changes in it.{{sfn |Javadi Amoli |2008 |p=93}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}}
====Mediator====
[[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi|Allamah al-Majlisi]] states that the Imams are mediators between [[Allah|God]] and humankind and that through their intercession, man can escape the punishment of the last day. In addition to [[Muhammad]]'s role as intermediate between God and man, he is also a mediator before God on behalf of his followers. According to [[Shia]] belief, this idea of a religious mediator includes the Imams.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=103}} [[Ibn Babawayh|Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] has recorded a tradition that the prophet told [[Ali]]: "There are three things that I swear to be true. The first is that you and your descendants are mediators for mankind, as they will not be able to know Allah except through your introduction. The second is that you are to present to Allah those who may enter Paradise, i.e. those who recognize you and those whom you recognize. The third is that you are the absolute mediators, for those who will go to Hell will only be those who do not recognize you and whom you do not recognize." [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Al-Baqir]] said, "through us God is known and is worshiped by human kind...whoever calls Allah through our mediation is blessed".{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=344,345}} Without Imam, [[Theophany|theophanic]] form (mazhar) and Face of Allah, no one can know Allah because through him, Allah manifests himself.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} [[Mulla Sadra]] explains that as the Imam is the perfect man—''insan al-Kamel''—is a higher-degree creature and the existence of the lower depends upon the higher degree, so the existence of the Imam is necessary.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=179}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}
====Wali====
{{main |Walayah (Twelver doctrine)}}
Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]) and esoteric ([[Batin (Islam)|batin]]). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran]](Ta'wil).{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=29 }} As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=27}} Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=38}} The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their [[walayah]], not the basis for their walayah.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=61}} According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" ([http://tanzil.net/#58:22 58:22]): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=63}} Shia theologians refer to the verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |p=58}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse [http://tanzil.net/#13:7 13:7] refers to Imam.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=308,309}} A [[hadith]] narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=168}} but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170,171}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177,178}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=316}}
====Hujjah====
{{see also |Hujja}}
The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=40}} Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} From the Time of [[Adam]], Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=83}} Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to
conduct affairs, all his deeds, actions and sayings constitute a proof for the Muslims. If someone commits an offense, will be made to the ‘proof’ for adducing evidence and formulating the charge. If the ‘proof’ commands you to perform a certain act, to implement the penal provisions of the law in a certain way, or to spend the income derived from booty,
zakat and sadaqa in a certain manner and if you fail to obey him in any of these respects, then God Almighty will advance a ‘proof’ against you on the day of Judgment".{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=55}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
===Political aspect===
The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=56}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.{{sfn |Madelung |2015}} According to verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55], because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |pp=58,59}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
==The necessity of recognizing Imams==
According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}} Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}}
==The necessity of obeying Imams==
If the Imamate of Imams is not affirmed, one can not enter into heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}} Al-Baqir states that according to verse [http://tanzil.net/#42:23 42:23], the believers must both obey and love the Imams.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=66}} Shia believe that Imamah is inseparable from Wilayah, which involves loving [[ahl al-Bayt]] (Imams), obeying them in their commands and prohibitions, recognising their rights and believing in their Imamat and that this is one of the five principles (usul) of Shia.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}} According to al-Khu'i: "the wilayat and imamate in the meaning of succession (khilafat) is an essential part (dharuriy) of Shi'ism; anyone who rejects this dimension of the wilayat would not be considered as a Shia".{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}} Muhammad Baqir Majlisi states: "All the Imamis agree that the spiritual validity of deeds and Allah's approval of them are conditioned by faith (Imam); this point is as integral a part of faith as is love for the Twelve Imams and their imamate."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=169}} Sajjad, the fourth Imam, states that the religion is attained only through submission and whoever submits to the Imams is guided and blissful. Obeying the Imams is obligatory because Allah has thus commanded.{{sfn |al-Qarashi |2014 |p=86,87}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
===Guidance is only through Imams===
According to Tabatabaei ([http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73], [http://tanzil.net/#32:24 32:24]) the word guidance is used side by side by the word Imamah and is followed by "our command", a kind of guidance with a divine command that conveys humankind to the final truth, not just showing the way.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=78,79}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Mesbahyazdi, while Allah is the Creator, all praise is due to Him and He is the only ontological (takwini) and legislative (tashri'e) Lord. So everyone who wishes to be a servant and a monotheist should accept His legislative laws and accept the executer of His laws, because this is His Will (Iradah).{{sfn |Mesbahyazdi |2014}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} A mutawatir hadith narrates that loving the prophet's family (Ahl al-Bayt) is the sign of faith and enmity towards them is the sign of hypocrisy.{{sfn |Sobhani |2001 |p=114}} According to Mottahari, everyone who does not accept walayah, he is in enmity with walayah which causes his deeds to be worthless ([http://tanzil.net/#6:88 6:88], [http://tanzil.net/#18:105 18:105], [http://tanzil.net/#14:18 14:18],[http://tanzil.net/#3:117 3:117], [http://tanzil.net/#25:23 25:23]), because he is not humble before the Truth which is the basis of a pure deed.{{sfn |Motahhari |2003 |p=43}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Many hadith introduce Imam as the Guide because there is no knowledge of Allah accessible to man without the knowledge of Imam.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177}} Through hadiths, in order to reach to Allah, man must pass the Path (Sirat) who are the Imams.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=184}}
==Imamate and revelation (Wahy)==
As Muhammad was the last person to receive revelation, the Imams receive divine inspiration (elham) and, as such, are in contact with the holy source of knowledge.{{sfn |Dabashi |1989 |p=116}} A hadith narrates that "Imam hears the voice of the Angel, but does not have his vision, either in sleep or in waking".{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=306}} Imams get Revelation but not like the prophets. They are called [[Hadith studies|Muhaddath]]<nowiki/>t and are spoken to by angels via sounds through their ears and are supported by the Holy Spirit. They receive additional information on the Night of Power [[Laylat al-Qadr]]. They make Spiritual Ascension to the Divine Throne on Friday to add their knowledge.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=52,53}}
==Arguments==
<!-- To-do: Probably, this section can be merged with earlier ones.-->
===Shia view of Quran===
Shias claim the verse of Light ([http://tanzil.net/#24:35 24:35]) is attributed to [[The Fourteen Infallible]].{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, [[H al-Baqir]] emphasizes that verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] refers to [[Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=58}} According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32 35:32], Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=65}} Shias mind verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:59 4:59], which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) ([http://tanzil.net/#79:20 79:20]), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) ([http://tanzil.net/#16:60 16:60]), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) ([http://tanzil.net/#2:256 2:256]), ([http://tanzil.net/#31:22 31:22]).{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah ([http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8], [http://tanzil.net/#57:28 57:28]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=67,68}} These verses ([http://tanzil.net/#28:68 28:68], [http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30], [http://tanzil.net/#38:26 38:26], [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], [http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73]) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=43–46}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Madelung, regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of [[Ali]] for his succession.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=33}} Regarding verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=83}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
===By reason===
Al-Baqir states that while people need a guide for their journey to a strange place, their journey to heaven is stranger and more in need of a guide.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=75}} Al-Mufid states that an Imam is necessary for defining the exact laws that are obligatory upon the Muslims.{{sfn |McDermott |1978 |p=385}} Many verses in Quran are ambiguous, revelation of Quran without further explanation is unlikely from Allah.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}} While Imamate brings the people nearer to obedience and away from disobedience, it is Grace (Lutf) that is incumbent of Allah.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=12}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Regarding rejecting the Imamah-doctrine, {{PresentScholar |Allamah Al-Hilli|14th |Shi'a |Twelver}}, writes: "Imamah is a universal grace (lutf ‘amm) while Nubuwwah (prophethood) is a special grace (lutf khass), it is possible that a specific period in time can be void of a living Nabi while the same is not true for the Imam. To reject universal grace is worse than to reject any special grace.<ref>al-Alfayn pp.3 by [[Allamah Al-Hilli|Ibn Mutahhar al-Hilli]] (al-Maktabah al-Haydariyyah, Najaf, 3rd ed. 1388)</ref>{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} The prophet founded an eternal Shari'ah for all the times and this eternal religion could not continue without a leader.{{sfn |Sobhani |2015}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
==History==
{{main |The Twelve Imams}}In the period of Minor Occultation, theologians like Ibn Qube Razi, Newbakhtis, al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Seyyed Morteza and al-Shaykh al-Tusi rebuild the theological school of Imamiyah.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=137}} In the second and third century of [[Migration to Abyssinia|Hijra]], a Ma'sum (infallible) and divinely chosen leader of the religion was more focused than the political role of the Imams by the theologians.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=138}} Although Imamiyah believed that most of the works on the early Islamic centuries argue that Shi'ism began as a political movement rather than a religious group.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} However this does not mean that religious sentiments were absent in the first century.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=4}}
Dakake believes that the doctrine of Imamate was established in the time of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], while Kohlberg states that the Twelver Shi'ism dates back not much before the beginning of the [[The Occultation#Major Occultation|"Major_Occultation"]].{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=2}}
Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] (i.e., his tribe) and that [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|12 "Imams" shall succeed him]]. Sunni and [[Shiite]] [[sect]]s differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}}{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=49}} The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where [[Joshua#In Islam|Joshua son of Nun]] is declared [[Moses]]’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
*Before conception, the preceding the Imam is sent through a heavenly syrup which he drinks.
*The Imam is born pure and circumcised. ([http://tanzil.net/#93:5 93:5])
*The Imam's mother experiences light and noises before the birth of the Imam.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Shias believe that just as Moses appointed Aaron as his successor on Bani-Israel, ([[Hadith of position]]), in accordance with God's order, Muhammad, the final prophet, appointed [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] to be the leader of the believers.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The [[Shi'a]] [[Twelver]] [[religious denomination|denomination]] of [[Islam]] consider it to be the highest level of responsibility given by God to a human.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
==List of the Twelve Imams==
#[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
#[[Hasan ibn Ali]]
#[[Husayn ibn Ali]]
#[[Ali ibn Husayn]]
#[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]
#[[Jafar al-Sadiq]]
#[[Musa al-Kadhim]]
#[[Ali al-Rida]]
#[[Muhammad al-Jawad]]
#[[Ali al-Hadi]]
#[[Hasan al-Askari]]
#[[Muhammad al-Mahdi]]
== See also ==
* [[Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi|Sayyid imam Muhammad al-Askari al-Baaj Saba' al-dujail]]
*[[Hadith of Mubahela]]
*[[Hadith of position]]
*[[Ahl al-Kisa#Hadith of The Cloak|Hadith of The Cloak - Hadith Al Kisa]]
<!-- **[[Hadith of the Current Imam]] -->
*[[Hadith of the pond of Khumm]]
*[[Hadith of the Twelve Successors]]
*[[Islamic leadership]]
*[[Theology of Twelvers]]
*[[Signs of the reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi]]
*[[Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==Footnotes==
{{reflist |20em}}
==References==
*{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Authority, Relligious |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445 |last=Afsaruddin |first=A. |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=K. |edition=Three |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445 |issn=1573-3912 |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart}}
*{{Cite book |last=Akhtar Rizvi |first=Sayyed Saeed |title=Imamate (The Vicegerency of the Prophet) |publisher=WOFIS |year=1985 |location=Tehran}}
*{{Cite book |last=Akhtar Rizvi |first=Sayyid Saeed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=0f2qAgAAQBAJ|page=1}} |title=Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania |year=1988 |isbn=978-9976-956-13-9}}
*{{Cite book |last=al-Qarashi |first=Bāqir Sharif |title=The life of Imām Zayn al 'Abidin (A.S.) |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub |year=2014 |isbn=9781496121837}}
*{{Cite book |last=al-Shaykh al-Saduq |first=Abu Ja'far |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=qM8CoQEACAAJ}} |title=A Shiite Creed |date=24 February 2014 |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub |isbn=978-1-4960-1959-2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Amir Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=Guide divin dans le Shi'isme originel |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0791421228 |location=Albany |translator-last=Streight |translator-first=D. |trans-title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kohlberg |first=E. |title=Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1988 |isbn=0887066380 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=S.A. |pages=25{{ndash}}53 |chapter=Imam and Community in the Pre-Ghayba Period}}
*{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=S.A.|title=Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism|publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1988 |isbn=0887066380 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=S.A. |pages=1{{ndash}}24 |chapter=Introduction: Shi'ism, Authority, and Political Culture}}
*{{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Sayed Murtaza |title=Infallibility of the Prophets & Messengers |publisher=World Islamic Network (WIN) |year=1998}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayoub |first=M. |title=The Qur'an and Its Interpreters |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1984 |isbn=087395727X}}
*{{Cite book |last=Corbin |first=H. |author-link=Henry Corbin |title=History of Islamic Philosophy |publisher=Kegan Paul International |year=2006 |translator-last=Sherrard |translator-first=L. |translator-last2=Sherrard |translator-first2=P.}}{{no isbn}}
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* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Imamate |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0002unse/page/690/mode/2up |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=R.C. |volume=1 |pages=350{{ndash}}351 |isbn=0028656059 |author-first=R. |author-last=Gleave |url-access=registration}}
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*{{Cite web |last=Mesbahyazdi |year=2014 |title=Walayah the base of monotheism |url=http://mesbahyazdi.ir/node/761 |access-date=2014-11-27 |website=mesbahyazdi.ir}}
*{{Cite book |last=Momen |first=M. |author-link=Moojan Momen |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1985 |isbn=9780300035315}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |title=Islamic spirituality |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-44262-6 |location=USA}}
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*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HosseinNasr/Nasr%2C%20Seyyed%20Hossein%20-%20Expectation%20of%20the%20Millennium%2C%20Shi%27ism%20in%20History%20%281989%29%20%5Bhtml%5D/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1989 |isbn=9780585078496 |editor-last=Nasr |editor-first=S.H. |location=Albany |editor-last2=Dabashi |editor-first2=H. |editor-last3=Nasr |editor-first3=S.V.R. |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1988 |title=Imamate |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Center of Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=10 |last2=Ansari |last3=Naji |last1=Pakatchi}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rafia'a |first=Muhammad b Heydar |url=http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/17333 |title=Al-Hashiyah ala al-Usul al-Kafi |last2=Derayati |date=2003 |publisher=Dar al-Hadith |location=Qom |language=ar}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=mWGwoQEACAAJ}} |title=Shi'ism: Imamate & Wilayat |date=27 September 2014 |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub |isbn=978-1-5025-1633-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Muhammad |title=Shīʻism : imāmate & wilāyat |publisher=Al-Ma'arif Books |year=2000 |isbn=9780920675113 |location=Richmond Hill, ON}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=A.A. |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0195119150}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Shi'ite |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067367/Shiite |access-date=2007-11-06 |last=Britannica}}
*{{Cite web |last=Sobhani |first=Ja'far |author-link=Ja'far Sobhani |year=2015 |title=Imamate and succession |url=http://imamsadeq.com/fa/persian/articleView?articleId=2285 |website=imamsadeq.com}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sobhani |first=Ja'far |title=Doctrines of Shi'i Islam |publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=186064-780-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=S.M.H. |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba/page/174/mode/1up |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1975 |isbn=0873953908 |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=S.H. |translator-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |last=Tabatabaei |first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |title=Al-Mizan |publisher=WOFIS |year=1973 |volume=2}} Revised in 2008
*{{Cite book |last=Vaezi |first=Ahmad |title=Shia Political Thought |publisher=Islamic Centre of England |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-904934-01-1 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crone |first=P. |title=Medieval Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0748621946}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haider |first=N. |title=Shi'i Islam: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781107031432}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=What is Shi'i Islam: An Introduction |last2=Jambet |first2=C. |author-link2=Christian Jambet |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=9781138093737 |translator-last=Casler |translator-first=K. |translator-last2=Ormsby |translator-first2=E.}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title=Imamate |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/ |last=Yücesoy |first=H. |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=G. |pages=247{{ndash}}250 |isbn=9780691134840}}
* {{Cite book |last=Modarressi |first=S.H. |title=Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shī'ite Islam: Abu Ja'far ibn Qiba al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmi Shī'ite Thought |publisher=Darwin Press |year=1993 |isbn=0878500952}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jafri |first=S.H.M. |author-link=Husain Mohammad Jafri |url=https://archive.org/details/originsearlydeve0000jafr/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam |publisher=Longman |year=1979 |isbn=0582780802 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|title=The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam|author-first=L.N.|author-last=Takim|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2006|isbn=9780791467381}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Kohlberg|author1-first=E. |title=Muḥammad b. 'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346|year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346 |isbn=9789004161214 |url-access=subscription}}
==External links==
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine Shi'ite Doctorine] by MOHAMMAD ALI AMIR-MOEZZI an article in Encyclopædia Iranica
*[http://slaveofali.wordpress.com/2008/09/06/imamah-in-the-quran-p1-introduction/ Imamah in the Qur'an]
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hojjat Hujjat] by Maria Dakake an article in Encyclopædia Iranica
*[http://al-islam.org/twelve/7.htm A brief introduction of Twelve Imams]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080329020223/http://www.balagh.net/english/shia/shia/10.htm#00011 A Brief History Of The Lives Of The Twelve Imams] a chapter of [[Shi'a Islam (book)]] by [[Allameh Tabatabaei]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010422001750/http://www.geocities.com/ahlulbayt14/12imams.html The Twelve Imams] Taken From "A Shi'ite Anthology" By [[Allameh Tabatabaei]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618012237/http://www.ummah.net/khoei/imam.htm#12 A Short History of the Lives of The Twelve Imams]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211091253/http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/creed_of_shia_explained/en/chap6.php The Shi'a concept of Imamate]
*[http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter6b/9.html Imamat vs. Prophethood (Part II)]
{{Islamic Theology |state=uncollapsed |schools}}
{{Islam topics |state=collapsed}}
{{Shia Imams}}
[[Category:Twelver theology]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Concept in the largest branch of Shia Islam}}
{{hatnote |This is a sub-article to [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)]] and is specifically about the [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] concept of the term.}}
{{other uses |Theology of Twelvers}}
[[File:Kerbela Hussein Moschee.jpg |thumb |right |260px |[[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]], where the [[Battle of Karbala]] took place]]
{{Twelvers|Principles}}
{{Shia Islam |Branches}}
'''Imāmah''' ({{lang-ar|إِمَامَة}}) means "[[Islamic leadership|leadership]]" and is a concept in [[Theology of Twelvers|Twelver theology]]. The [[Twelve Imams]] are the spiritual and political successors to [[Muhammad]], the [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet of Islam]], in the Twelver branch of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]] human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret [[sharia]] and undertake the [[esoteric interpretation of the Quran]]. The [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—[[Nass (Islam)|''nass'']]—through the Prophet.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1975|p=10}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C}} 173]}}
Shi'a believe that divine wisdom—[['Aql]]—is the source of the souls of the Prophets and Imams and gives them esoteric knowledge—''[[hikmah]]''—and that their suffering is a means by which their devotees may acquire divine grace.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The Imam is not the recipient of [[wahy|divine revelation]], but has a close relationship with God, who guides him, allowing the Imam in turn to guide others. The Imamat, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in Shia Islam and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.{{sfn |Martin |2004}}
According to the Twelvers, an Imam of the Age is always the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law. [[Ali]] was the first Imam in this line and in the view of Twelvers the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by the male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter [[Fatimah]]. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], who was the brother of [[Hasan ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} The twelfth and final Imam is [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], who is believed by the Twelvers to be alive and [[The Occultation#Major Occultation|in hiding]].{{sfn |Martin |2004}}
==Function of imam==
The office of imamate is bestowed upon the figure of imam ({{lit|leader|master}}),{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1p=20|2a1=Gleave|2y=2004|2p=350}} whose function in [[Sunni Islam]] is to implement the divine law and manage the community affairs.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Gleave|2y=2004|3a=Yücesoy|3y=2013|3pp=247, 249}} In this sense, imam is synonymous to [[caliph]] in Sunni Islam as the highest temporal authority.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=6|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=20|4a1=Momen|4y=1985|4p=147}}
In [[Shia Islam]], the figure of imam dominates the belief system.{{sfnm |1a1=Nasr |1a2=Dabashi |1a3=Nasr |1y=1989 |1p=2|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]],{{sfnm|1a1=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}} imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=62|2a1=Modarressi|2y=1993|2p=6}} for the two were combined in Muhammad.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=249}} Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.{{sfn|Zaman|2004|349}}
In [[Twelver Shi’ism]], Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,{{sfnm|1a1=Ayoub|1y=1984|1p=155}} their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=290|3a=Madelung|3y=2012}} as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=147}} Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who reigned from 661 [[common era|CE]] until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 665.{{Sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=110{{ndash}}111|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=62|3a1=Gleave|3y=2004|3p=350}} This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=67|2a1=Nasr|2a2=Dabashi|2a3=Nasr|2y=1989|2p=4|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=27}}
===Exoteric function===
Whereas Muhammad brought divine revelation and taught divine law to his followers, the twelve imams interpreted the revelation and safeguarded the religion against innovations in their capacity as law-givers and guardians of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1y=2005|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=7|3a1=Nasr|3y=1972|3p=160}} At this exoteric level, many teachings of these imams are general enough to be accepted by Sunnis, who regard many of the imams as outstanding religious scholars.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=66|2a=Amir-Moezzi|2y=2005}}
===Esoteric function===
In addition to their exoteric function,{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=186|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=247|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as {{transl|ar|walaya}} or {{transl|ar|wilaya}}, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Corbin|1y=2006|1p=43|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=72|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3p=157}} for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=157|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2y=1994|2p=29}} More broadly, {{transl|ar|walaya}} denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=40}} {{transl|ar|Walaya}} is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=73}}
<!--Prophecy and imamate may be joined in a person.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=185}} That is, some prophets, including the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were also imams in that they too possessed the esoteric knowledge of religion. Yet not every imam was a prophet for some did not receive revelation,{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1y=1994|1p=29}} even though they are all thought to have been divinely-inspired.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=350}} Imamate is ranked higher than prophethood, citing the Quranic verse 2:118.{{Sfnm|1a1=Donaldson|1y=1933|1p=306|2a1=Ayoub|2y=1984|2p=155}}-->
To sum, in Twelver Shi'ism, the twelve imams hold the ultimate religious authority, both in matters of law and spiritual guidance, as an extension of Muhammad’s authority.{{sfnm|1a1=Jafri|1y=1979|1pp=291, 294|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2pp=4, 11}} In particular, imams taught the hidden aspects of the revelation and authoritatively interpreted the ambiguous verses of the [[Quran]].{{sfnm|1a1=Jafri|1y=1979|1p=291|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2pp=150, 159|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=65}} <!--and he is an example whose words and deeds are to be emulated.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1984|p=155}}-->
At an even more esoteric level, imams are often regarded as intermediaries between God and mankind,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1y=1972|1p=163|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=51}} In this world, they are thought to be the source of sustenance and divine blessings for the creation and, in the [[hereafter]], they [[Shafa'a|intercede]] for their followers ,{{sfnm|1a1=Mavani|1y=2013|1pp=51, 55|2a1=Nasr |2a2=Dabashi |2a3=Nasr |2y=1989 |2p=2|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3pp=148, 157}} whereas the prerogative of intercession is limited to the Islamic prophet in Sunni Islam. {{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=103|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2p=339}} <!--In addition, imams are the [[theopany|revealed Face of God]], the light of God, through whom God can be known.{{sfnm|1a1=Mavani|1y=2013|1pp=48, 57|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2pp=65, 68, 72}}--> However, some Shia scholars reject such supernatural functions.{{sfnm|1a1=Modarressi|1y=1993|1pp=21, 42{{ndash}}50|2a1=Crone|2y=2005|2p=112}}
==Necessity of imamate==
Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012}} one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=102}} Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=248|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2pp=107{{ndash}}108}} Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace ({{transl|ar|lutf wajib}}), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1pp=98, 103|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2pp=42{{ndash}}43}} Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=351}} Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1pp=184{{ndash}}185|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2p=43}}}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012|3a1=Tabatabai|3y=1975|3p=185}}
<!--[[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam, explaining why the Imams are needed, states: "So that the world may remain in righteousness, thus Allah withholds chastisement from the world while a Prophet or Imam is upon it, for Allah has said 'Allah will not chastise them while you are among them' [http://tanzil.net/#8:33 8:33] and the Prophet had said ' the stars are safety for the people of the heaven and the members of my family are safety for the people of the earth. By ''members of my family'' is meant the Imams....Through them Allah gives sustenance ([[Rizq]]) to His servants and through them His lands prosper and the rain falls from the heaven and the earth gives out its blessings".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} The prophetic mission must be followed by a keeper of the [[Quran]] because it contains esoteric depth, superficial contradictions and hidden meaning. The meaning can be manifested not by ordinary knowledge, but by an inspired heir who is the Hujjah of Allah. Divine knowledge is attainable only through divine revelation or inspiration.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=46}} While the prophet was a "legislative prophet" (nabi al-tashri), the continuation of the "esoteric prophecy" (nubuwah al-batiniyah) is through [[walayah]]. The role of the Imam in society is equivalent to the role of the mind in the body.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}-->
== Qualifications ==
According to Shia theology, Imam must display three attributes: divine appointment (nass), wisdom (hikmah), superiority (afdaliyyah). This right to authority is derived from the prophet and Quran and thereby [[Allah]].{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=4}}
===Divinely-sanctioned designation ({{transl|ar|nass}}) ===
In Twelver doctrine, imamate is confined to descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the marriage of his daughter [[Fatima]] to his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib.{{Sfn|Kohlberg|2012}} Every imam is believed to have been designated by his predecessor, following a divine mandate, going back successively to the announcement of Muhammad about Ali ibn Abi Talib at the [[Ghadir Khumm]].{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=59|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=77}} The authority of imams has therefore been legitimized through “apostolic succession,” rather than political leadership.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=59}} Indeed, except the first three of them, the imams were largely apolitical,{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=111}} even though most likely they all had claims to political leadership.{{Sfnm|1a1=Arjomand|1y=1988|1p=4}} However, this latter point has been rejected by some.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=111, 113|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=64}} Crucially, the hereditary nature of imamate closed the field to outside claimants.{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1pp=58{{ndash}}83|2a1=Takim|2y=2006|2p=27}} {{transl|ar|Nass}} is often accompanied in Shia sources by inheritance of secret religious scrolls and the prophet's weapons.{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1p=78|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=293|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=28}} The latter paralleled the [[Ark of the Covenant]] for the [[Israelites]].{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=78}}
Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.{{sfn|Momen |1985 |pp=154{{ndash}}155}} Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.{{sfnm |1a1=Momen |1y=1985 |1pp=154{{ndash}}155|2a1=Donaldson |2y=1933|2p=314|3a1=Sachedina|3y=1988|3p=59}}
<!--One of the fundamental principles of Shia is that Imam is designated by the prophet and every Imam nominates his successor by divine designation ([[Nass (Islam)|nass]]).{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=314}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=147}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=153}} Al-Baqir stated that the prophet was commanded by Allah, before his death, to grant to [[Ali]] his knowledge, his faith and the Great Name (al-Ism al-A'zam), as well as the legacy of knowledge and prophethood so that the Divine Heritage would be continued through the prophet's progeny. So one of the fundamentals in the principle of Imamate was nass al-Jali (explicit designation) which was hereditary.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=77}} Shia Muslims believe that Allah appointed leaders for those who practice the religion of Allah. When the prophet had taught the people the religion, he would then appoint a leader, in accordance with the orders of Allah, to guide believers towards perfection. Imamate is a universal authority and this right is derived from (niyabah) the prophet.{{sfn |Mashita |2013 |p=}} Allamah Majlesi stated that from the time of Adam, every prophet had a successor.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=316}} Imam can not be distinguished except by designation.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=101}} Following verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124] of [[Quran]], Shia believe that Imamah is something that is given by Allah and must be appointed by Him. The earth never can be without a true Imam.{{sfn |Ayoub |1984 |p=156,157}}{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=98}} The Shia idea that the succession should continue in the descendants of the prophet originates from the Quran as verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:54 4:54].{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=312}}-->
===Ismah===
{{Main |Ismah}}
Shia believe that Ismah is a logical prerequisite of Imamah as Allah has made their obedience necessary and the verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:33 33:33] proves Ismah of the fourteen infallible. Ismah in addition to sinlessness means infallibility, without error.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Imam by virtue of Nass based on Hikmah (wisdom) and Nur (light) becomes Ma'sum ([[The Fourteen Infallible|Infallible]]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=82}}
===Hikmah (wisdom)===
The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=156}} The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.{{sfn |Martin |2004 |p=625}} Some [[Hadith]]s state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=149}} The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.{{sfn |Arjomand |1988 |p=26}} According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including [[Al-Jafr (book)|Al-Jafr]] (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), [[Al-Jamia]] (The Compilation), [[Book of Fatimah]] and a codex of [[Quran]] and its commentary ([[Mus'haf of Ali]]) written by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]].{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=73,74}} He has the knowledge of the [[Names of God in Islam#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]] of [[Allah]].{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=73}} As [[Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to [[Ali]] of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=78}} Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."{{sfn |Afsaruddin |2011}} Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands [[Quran]] and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=5}}
===Afdaliyyah (superiority)===
As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=71 }} In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=20}} Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:6 33:6] which its interpretation refers to the descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=68}} He added that the light that is mentioned in verse [http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8] refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=80}} Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=21}} Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=140}}
===Theological aspect===
{{Aqidah |Shia}}
====Station of Imams====
Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=30}} Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} By verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=306}} Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} so he should be infallible and chosen by God.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} [[Allamah al-Majlisi]], a Shia scholar of the [[Safavid Empire|Safawid]] era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called [[Ulu'l azm prophets|ulul-‘Azm]] (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."{{sfn |Majlisi |pp=267–318–88}}{{reliable source?|date=July 2024}} Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.{{sfn |Lalani |2010 |p=33}} The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).{{sfn |Madelung |2012}} Shi'a Twelver believes that five ''Messengers'' achieved the rank of Leadership: [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], and [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
====Vicegerent (Khalifat Allah)====
The Imam as vicegerent is the representative of all of God's attributes, whom he manifests. The Imam is God's image and face.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=424,425}} It is the highest position for man that is mentioned, ([http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30]) which causes the [[angels]] to prostrate themselves before him ([http://tanzil.net/#15:30 15:30]).{{sfn |Javadi Amoli |2008 |p=92}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}} Khalifah is God's appointee ([http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/38:26 38:26]).{{sfn |Askari |1998 |p=71}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}} As God's best representative and sign, the vicegerent in the best way can contribute to God's goals. So every attribute which God owns by His [[Essence]], the vicegerent also owns by [[accident]]. The vicegerent is the epiphany (mazhar){{efn |like a mirror in which the image appears without being incarnate in it}} of God's divine names. In fact he is the soul of the universe which can cause [[Ontology|ontological]] changes in it.{{sfn |Javadi Amoli |2008 |p=93}}{{unreliable source?|date=July 2024}}
====Mediator====
[[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi|Allamah al-Majlisi]] states that the Imams are mediators between [[Allah|God]] and humankind and that through their intercession, man can escape the punishment of the last day. In addition to [[Muhammad]]'s role as intermediate between God and man, he is also a mediator before God on behalf of his followers. According to [[Shia]] belief, this idea of a religious mediator includes the Imams.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=103}} [[Ibn Babawayh|Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] has recorded a tradition that the prophet told [[Ali]]: "There are three things that I swear to be true. The first is that you and your descendants are mediators for mankind, as they will not be able to know Allah except through your introduction. The second is that you are to present to Allah those who may enter Paradise, i.e. those who recognize you and those whom you recognize. The third is that you are the absolute mediators, for those who will go to Hell will only be those who do not recognize you and whom you do not recognize." [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Al-Baqir]] said, "through us God is known and is worshiped by human kind...whoever calls Allah through our mediation is blessed".{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=344,345}} Without Imam, [[Theophany|theophanic]] form (mazhar) and Face of Allah, no one can know Allah because through him, Allah manifests himself.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} [[Mulla Sadra]] explains that as the Imam is the perfect man—''insan al-Kamel''—is a higher-degree creature and the existence of the lower depends upon the higher degree, so the existence of the Imam is necessary.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=179}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}
====Wali====
{{main |Walayah (Twelver doctrine)}}
Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]) and esoteric ([[Batin (Islam)|batin]]). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran]](Ta'wil).{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=29 }} As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.{{sfn |Corbin |2006|p=27}} Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=38}} The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their [[walayah]], not the basis for their walayah.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=61}} According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" ([http://tanzil.net/#58:22 58:22]): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=63}} Shia theologians refer to the verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |p=58}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse [http://tanzil.net/#13:7 13:7] refers to Imam.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=308,309}} A [[hadith]] narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=168}} but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170,171}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177,178}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=316}}
====Hujjah====
{{see also |Hujja}}
The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=40}} Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} From the Time of [[Adam]], Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=83}} Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to
conduct affairs, all his deeds, actions and sayings constitute a proof for the Muslims. If someone commits an offense, will be made to the ‘proof’ for adducing evidence and formulating the charge. If the ‘proof’ commands you to perform a certain act, to implement the penal provisions of the law in a certain way, or to spend the income derived from booty,
zakat and sadaqa in a certain manner and if you fail to obey him in any of these respects, then God Almighty will advance a ‘proof’ against you on the day of Judgment".{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=55}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
===Political aspect===
The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=56}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.{{sfn |Madelung |2012}} According to verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55], because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |pp=58,59}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
==The necessity of recognizing Imams==
According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}} Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=353}}
==The necessity of obeying Imams==
If the Imamate of Imams is not affirmed, one can not enter into heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}} Al-Baqir states that according to verse [http://tanzil.net/#42:23 42:23], the believers must both obey and love the Imams.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=66}} Shia believe that Imamah is inseparable from Wilayah, which involves loving [[ahl al-Bayt]] (Imams), obeying them in their commands and prohibitions, recognising their rights and believing in their Imamat and that this is one of the five principles (usul) of Shia.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}} According to al-Khu'i: "the wilayat and imamate in the meaning of succession (khilafat) is an essential part (dharuriy) of Shi'ism; anyone who rejects this dimension of the wilayat would not be considered as a Shia".{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}} Muhammad Baqir Majlisi states: "All the Imamis agree that the spiritual validity of deeds and Allah's approval of them are conditioned by faith (Imam); this point is as integral a part of faith as is love for the Twelve Imams and their imamate."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=169}} Sajjad, the fourth Imam, states that the religion is attained only through submission and whoever submits to the Imams is guided and blissful. Obeying the Imams is obligatory because Allah has thus commanded.{{sfn |al-Qarashi |2014 |p=86,87}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
===Guidance is only through Imams===
According to Tabatabaei ([http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73], [http://tanzil.net/#32:24 32:24]) the word guidance is used side by side by the word Imamah and is followed by "our command", a kind of guidance with a divine command that conveys humankind to the final truth, not just showing the way.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=78,79}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Mesbahyazdi, while Allah is the Creator, all praise is due to Him and He is the only ontological (takwini) and legislative (tashri'e) Lord. So everyone who wishes to be a servant and a monotheist should accept His legislative laws and accept the executer of His laws, because this is His Will (Iradah).{{sfn |Mesbahyazdi |2014}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} A mutawatir hadith narrates that loving the prophet's family (Ahl al-Bayt) is the sign of faith and enmity towards them is the sign of hypocrisy.{{sfn |Sobhani |2001 |p=114}} According to Mottahari, everyone who does not accept walayah, he is in enmity with walayah which causes his deeds to be worthless ([http://tanzil.net/#6:88 6:88], [http://tanzil.net/#18:105 18:105], [http://tanzil.net/#14:18 14:18],[http://tanzil.net/#3:117 3:117], [http://tanzil.net/#25:23 25:23]), because he is not humble before the Truth which is the basis of a pure deed.{{sfn |Motahhari |2003 |p=43}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Many hadith introduce Imam as the Guide because there is no knowledge of Allah accessible to man without the knowledge of Imam.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177}} Through hadiths, in order to reach to Allah, man must pass the Path (Sirat) who are the Imams.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=184}}
==Imamate and revelation (Wahy)==
As Muhammad was the last person to receive revelation, the Imams receive divine inspiration (elham) and, as such, are in contact with the holy source of knowledge.{{sfn |Dabashi |1989 |p=116}} A hadith narrates that "Imam hears the voice of the Angel, but does not have his vision, either in sleep or in waking".{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=306}} Imams get Revelation but not like the prophets. They are called [[Hadith studies|Muhaddath]]<nowiki/>t and are spoken to by angels via sounds through their ears and are supported by the Holy Spirit. They receive additional information on the Night of Power [[Laylat al-Qadr]]. They make Spiritual Ascension to the Divine Throne on Friday to add their knowledge.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=52,53}}
==Arguments==
<!-- To-do: Probably, this section can be merged with earlier ones.-->
===Shia view of Quran===
Shias claim the verse of Light ([http://tanzil.net/#24:35 24:35]) is attributed to [[The Fourteen Infallible]].{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=48}} According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, [[H al-Baqir]] emphasizes that verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] refers to [[Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=58}} According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32 35:32], Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=65}} Shias mind verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:59 4:59], which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) ([http://tanzil.net/#79:20 79:20]), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) ([http://tanzil.net/#16:60 16:60]), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) ([http://tanzil.net/#2:256 2:256]), ([http://tanzil.net/#31:22 31:22]).{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah ([http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8], [http://tanzil.net/#57:28 57:28]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=67,68}} These verses ([http://tanzil.net/#28:68 28:68], [http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30], [http://tanzil.net/#38:26 38:26], [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], [http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73]) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=43–46}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} [[Wilferd Madelung]], regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of [[Ali]] for his succession.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=33}} Regarding verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=83}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
===By reason===
Al-Baqir states that while people need a guide for their journey to a strange place, their journey to heaven is stranger and more in need of a guide.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=75}} Al-Mufid states that an Imam is necessary for defining the exact laws that are obligatory upon the Muslims.{{sfn |McDermott |1978 |p=385}} Many verses in Quran are ambiguous, revelation of Quran without further explanation is unlikely from Allah.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}} While Imamate brings the people nearer to obedience and away from disobedience, it is Grace (Lutf) that is incumbent of Allah.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=12}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Regarding rejecting the Imamah-doctrine, {{PresentScholar |Allamah Al-Hilli|14th |Shi'a |Twelver}}, writes: "Imamah is a universal grace (lutf ‘amm) while Nubuwwah (prophethood) is a special grace (lutf khass), it is possible that a specific period in time can be void of a living Nabi while the same is not true for the Imam. To reject universal grace is worse than to reject any special grace.<ref>al-Alfayn pp.3 by [[Allamah Al-Hilli|Ibn Mutahhar al-Hilli]] (al-Maktabah al-Haydariyyah, Najaf, 3rd ed. 1388)</ref>{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} The prophet founded an eternal Shari'ah for all the times and this eternal religion could not continue without a leader.{{sfn |Sobhani |2015}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
==History==
{{main |The Twelve Imams}}In the period of Minor Occultation, theologians like Ibn Qube Razi, Newbakhtis, al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Seyyed Morteza and al-Shaykh al-Tusi rebuild the theological school of Imamiyah.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=137}} In the second and third century of [[Migration to Abyssinia|Hijra]], a Ma'sum (infallible) and divinely chosen leader of the religion was more focused than the political role of the Imams by the theologians.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=138}} Although Imamiyah believed that most of the works on the early Islamic centuries argue that Shi'ism began as a political movement rather than a religious group.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} However this does not mean that religious sentiments were absent in the first century.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=4}}
Dakake believes that the doctrine of Imamate was established in the time of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], while Kohlberg states that the Twelver Shi'ism dates back not much before the beginning of the [[The Occultation#Major Occultation|"Major_Occultation"]].{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=2}}
Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] (i.e., his tribe) and that [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|12 "Imams" shall succeed him]]. Sunni and [[Shiite]] [[sect]]s differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}}{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=49}} The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where [[Joshua#In Islam|Joshua son of Nun]] is declared [[Moses]]’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
*Before conception, the preceding the Imam is sent through a heavenly syrup which he drinks.
*The Imam is born pure and circumcised. ([http://tanzil.net/#93:5 93:5])
*The Imam's mother experiences light and noises before the birth of the Imam.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Shias believe that just as Moses appointed Aaron as his successor on Bani-Israel, ([[Hadith of position]]), in accordance with God's order, Muhammad, the final prophet, appointed [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] to be the leader of the believers.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The [[Shi'a]] [[Twelver]] [[religious denomination|denomination]] of [[Islam]] consider it to be the highest level of responsibility given by God to a human.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
==List of the Twelve Imams==
#[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
#[[Hasan ibn Ali]]
#[[Husayn ibn Ali]]
#[[Ali ibn Husayn]]
#[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]
#[[Jafar al-Sadiq]]
#[[Musa al-Kadhim]]
#[[Ali al-Rida]]
#[[Muhammad al-Jawad]]
#[[Ali al-Hadi]]
#[[Hasan al-Askari]]
#[[Muhammad al-Mahdi]]
== See also ==
* [[Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi|Sayyid imam Muhammad al-Askari al-Baaj Saba' al-dujail]]
*[[Hadith of Mubahela]]
*[[Hadith of position]]
*[[Ahl al-Kisa#Hadith of The Cloak|Hadith of The Cloak - Hadith Al Kisa]]
<!-- **[[Hadith of the Current Imam]] -->
*[[Hadith of the pond of Khumm]]
*[[Hadith of the Twelve Successors]]
*[[Islamic leadership]]
*[[Theology of Twelvers]]
*[[Signs of the reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi]]
*[[Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==Footnotes==
{{reflist |20em}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Crone |first=P. |title=Medieval Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0748621946}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haider |first=N. |title=Shi'i Islam: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781107031432}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=What is Shi'i Islam: An Introduction |last2=Jambet |first2=C. |author-link2=Christian Jambet |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=9781138093737 |translator-last=Casler |translator-first=K. |translator-last2=Ormsby |translator-first2=E.}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title=Imamate |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/ |last=Yücesoy |first=H. |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=G. |pages=247{{ndash}}250 |isbn=9780691134840}}
* {{Cite book |last=Modarressi |first=S.H. |title=Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shī'ite Islam: Abu Ja'far ibn Qiba al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmi Shī'ite Thought |publisher=Darwin Press |year=1993 |isbn=0878500952}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jafri |first=S.H.M. |author-link=Husain Mohammad Jafri |url=https://archive.org/details/originsearlydeve0000jafr/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam |publisher=Longman |year=1979 |isbn=0582780802 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|title=The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam|author-first=L.N.|author-last=Takim|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2006|isbn=9780791467381}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Kohlberg|author1-first=E. |title=Muḥammad b. 'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346|year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346 |isbn=9789004161214 |url-access=subscription}}
==External links==
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine Shi'ite Doctorine] by MOHAMMAD ALI AMIR-MOEZZI an article in Encyclopædia Iranica
*[http://slaveofali.wordpress.com/2008/09/06/imamah-in-the-quran-p1-introduction/ Imamah in the Qur'an]
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hojjat Hujjat] by Maria Dakake an article in Encyclopædia Iranica
*[http://al-islam.org/twelve/7.htm A brief introduction of Twelve Imams]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080329020223/http://www.balagh.net/english/shia/shia/10.htm#00011 A Brief History Of The Lives Of The Twelve Imams] a chapter of [[Shi'a Islam (book)]] by [[Allameh Tabatabaei]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010422001750/http://www.geocities.com/ahlulbayt14/12imams.html The Twelve Imams] Taken From "A Shi'ite Anthology" By [[Allameh Tabatabaei]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618012237/http://www.ummah.net/khoei/imam.htm#12 A Short History of the Lives of The Twelve Imams]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211091253/http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/creed_of_shia_explained/en/chap6.php The Shi'a concept of Imamate]
*[http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter6b/9.html Imamat vs. Prophethood (Part II)]
{{Islamic Theology |state=uncollapsed |schools}}
{{Islam topics |state=collapsed}}
{{Shia Imams}}
[[Category:Twelver theology]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@
{{Twelvers|Principles}}
{{Shia Islam |Branches}}
-'''Imāmah''' ({{lang-ar|إِمَامَة}}) means "[[Islamic leadership|leadership]]" and is a concept in [[Theology of Twelvers|Twelver theology]]. The [[Twelve Imams]] are the spiritual and political successors to [[Muhammad]], the [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet of Islam]], in the Twelver branch of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]] human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret [[sharia]] and undertake the [[esoteric interpretation of the Quran]]. The [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—[[Nass (Islam)|''nass'']]—through the Prophet.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1979 |p=10}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C}} 173]}}
+'''Imāmah''' ({{lang-ar|إِمَامَة}}) means "[[Islamic leadership|leadership]]" and is a concept in [[Theology of Twelvers|Twelver theology]]. The [[Twelve Imams]] are the spiritual and political successors to [[Muhammad]], the [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet of Islam]], in the Twelver branch of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]] human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret [[sharia]] and undertake the [[esoteric interpretation of the Quran]]. The [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—[[Nass (Islam)|''nass'']]—through the Prophet.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1975|p=10}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C}} 173]}}
Shi'a believe that divine wisdom—[['Aql]]—is the source of the souls of the Prophets and Imams and gives them esoteric knowledge—''[[hikmah]]''—and that their suffering is a means by which their devotees may acquire divine grace.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The Imam is not the recipient of [[wahy|divine revelation]], but has a close relationship with God, who guides him, allowing the Imam in turn to guide others. The Imamat, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in Shia Islam and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.{{sfn |Martin |2004}}
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@
The office of imamate is bestowed upon the figure of imam ({{lit|leader|master}}),{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1p=20|2a1=Gleave|2y=2004|2p=350}} whose function in [[Sunni Islam]] is to implement the divine law and manage the community affairs.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Gleave|2y=2004|3a=Yücesoy|3y=2013|3pp=247, 249}} In this sense, imam is synonymous to [[caliph]] in Sunni Islam as the highest temporal authority.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=6|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=20|4a1=Momen|4y=1985|4p=147}}
-In [[Shia Islam]], the figure of imam dominates the belief system.{{sfnm |1a1=Nasr |1a2=Dabashi |1a3=Nasr |1y=1989 |1p=2|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]],{{sfnm|1a1=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}} imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=62|2a1=Modarressi|2y=1993|2p=6}} for the two were combined in Muhammad.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=249}} Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.{{sfnm|1a=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}}
+In [[Shia Islam]], the figure of imam dominates the belief system.{{sfnm |1a1=Nasr |1a2=Dabashi |1a3=Nasr |1y=1989 |1p=2|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]],{{sfnm|1a1=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}} imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=62|2a1=Modarressi|2y=1993|2p=6}} for the two were combined in Muhammad.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=249}} Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.{{sfn|Zaman|2004|349}}
-In [[Twelver Shi’ism]], Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,{{sfnm|1a1=Ayoub|1y=1984|1p=155}} their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=290|3a=Madelung|3y=2012}} as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=147}} Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who reigned from 661 [[common era|CE]] until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 665.{{Sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=110{{ndash}}111|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=62|3a1=Gleave|3y=|3p=350}} This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=67|2a1=Nasr|2a2=Dabashi|2a3=Nasr|2y=1989|2p=4|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=27}}
+In [[Twelver Shi’ism]], Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,{{sfnm|1a1=Ayoub|1y=1984|1p=155}} their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=290|3a=Madelung|3y=2012}} as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=147}} Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who reigned from 661 [[common era|CE]] until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 665.{{Sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=110{{ndash}}111|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=62|3a1=Gleave|3y=2004|3p=350}} This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=67|2a1=Nasr|2a2=Dabashi|2a3=Nasr|2y=1989|2p=4|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=27}}
===Exoteric function===
Whereas Muhammad brought divine revelation and taught divine law to his followers, the twelve imams interpreted the revelation and safeguarded the religion against innovations in their capacity as law-givers and guardians of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1y=2005|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=7|3a1=Nasr|3y=1972|3p=160}} At this exoteric level, many teachings of these imams are general enough to be accepted by Sunnis, who regard many of the imams as outstanding religious scholars.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=66|2a=Amir-Moezzi|2y=2005}}
===Esoteric function===
-In addition to their exoteric function,{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=186|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=247|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as {{transl|ar|walaya}} or {{transl|ar|wilaya}}, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Corbin|1y=2006|1p=43|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=72|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3p=157}} for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=157|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2y=1994|2p=29}} More broadly, {{transl|ar|walaya}} denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=40}} {{transl|ar|Walaya}} is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.{{sfnm|1a=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=73}}
+In addition to their exoteric function,{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=186|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=247|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as {{transl|ar|walaya}} or {{transl|ar|wilaya}}, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Corbin|1y=2006|1p=43|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=72|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3p=157}} for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=157|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2y=1994|2p=29}} More broadly, {{transl|ar|walaya}} denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=40}} {{transl|ar|Walaya}} is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=73}}
<!--Prophecy and imamate may be joined in a person.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=185}} That is, some prophets, including the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were also imams in that they too possessed the esoteric knowledge of religion. Yet not every imam was a prophet for some did not receive revelation,{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1y=1994|1p=29}} even though they are all thought to have been divinely-inspired.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=350}} Imamate is ranked higher than prophethood, citing the Quranic verse 2:118.{{Sfnm|1a1=Donaldson|1y=1933|1p=306|2a1=Ayoub|2y=1984|2p=155}}-->
To sum, in Twelver Shi'ism, the twelve imams hold the ultimate religious authority, both in matters of law and spiritual guidance, as an extension of Muhammad’s authority.{{sfnm|1a1=Jafri|1y=1979|1pp=291, 294|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2pp=4, 11}} In particular, imams taught the hidden aspects of the revelation and authoritatively interpreted the ambiguous verses of the [[Quran]].{{sfnm|1a1=Jafri|1y=1979|1p=291|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2pp=150, 159|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=65}} <!--and he is an example whose words and deeds are to be emulated.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1984|p=155}}-->
At an even more esoteric level, imams are often regarded as intermediaries between God and mankind,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1y=1972|1p=163|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=51}} In this world, they are thought to be the source of sustenance and divine blessings for the creation and, in the [[hereafter]], they [[Shafa'a|intercede]] for their followers ,{{sfnm|1a1=Mavani|1y=2013|1pp=51, 55|2a1=Nasr |2a2=Dabashi |2a3=Nasr |2y=1989 |2p=2|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3pp=148, 157}} whereas the prerogative of intercession is limited to the Islamic prophet in Sunni Islam. {{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=103|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2p=339}} <!--In addition, imams are the [[theopany|revealed Face of God]], the light of God, through whom God can be known.{{sfnm|1a1=Mavani|1y=2013|1pp=48, 57|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2pp=65, 68, 72}}--> However, some Shia scholars reject such supernatural functions.{{sfnm|1a1=Modarressi|1y=1993|1pp=21, 42{{ndash}}50|2a1=Crone|2y=2005|2p=112}}
==Necessity of imamate==
-Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012}} one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=102}} Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=248|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2pp=107{{ndash}}108}} Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace ({{transl|ar|lutf wajib}}), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1pp=98, 103|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2pp=42{{ndash}}43}} Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=351}} Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1pp=184{{ndash}}185|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2p=43}}}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012|3a1=Tabatabai|3y=1975|3p=185}}
-<!--[[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam, explaining why the Imams are needed, states: "So that the world may remain in righteousness, thus Allah withholds chastisement from the world while a Prophet or Imam is upon it, for Allah has said 'Allah will not chastise them while you are among them' [http://tanzil.net/#8:33 8:33] and the Prophet had said ' the stars are safety for the people of the heaven and the members of my family are safety for the people of the earth. By ''members of my family'' is meant the Imams....Through them Allah gives sustenance ([[Rizq]]) to His servants and through them His lands prosper and the rain falls from the heaven and the earth gives out its blessings".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} The prophetic mission must be followed by a keeper of the [[Quran]] because it contains esoteric depth, superficial contradictions and hidden meaning. The meaning can be manifested not by ordinary knowledge, but by an inspired heir who is the Hujjah of Allah. Divine knowledge is attainable only through divine revelation or inspiration.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=46}} While the prophet was a "legislative prophet" (nabi al-tashri), the continuation of the "esoteric prophecy" (nubuwah al-batiniyah) is through [[walayah]]. The role of the Imam in society is equivalent to the role of the mind in the body.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}-->
+Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012}} one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=102}} Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=248|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2pp=107{{ndash}}108}} Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace ({{transl|ar|lutf wajib}}), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1pp=98, 103|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2pp=42{{ndash}}43}} Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=351}} Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1pp=184{{ndash}}185|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2p=43}}}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012|3a1=Tabatabai|3y=1975|3p=185}}
+<!--[[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam, explaining why the Imams are needed, states: "So that the world may remain in righteousness, thus Allah withholds chastisement from the world while a Prophet or Imam is upon it, for Allah has said 'Allah will not chastise them while you are among them' [http://tanzil.net/#8:33 8:33] and the Prophet had said ' the stars are safety for the people of the heaven and the members of my family are safety for the people of the earth. By ''members of my family'' is meant the Imams....Through them Allah gives sustenance ([[Rizq]]) to His servants and through them His lands prosper and the rain falls from the heaven and the earth gives out its blessings".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} The prophetic mission must be followed by a keeper of the [[Quran]] because it contains esoteric depth, superficial contradictions and hidden meaning. The meaning can be manifested not by ordinary knowledge, but by an inspired heir who is the Hujjah of Allah. Divine knowledge is attainable only through divine revelation or inspiration.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=46}} While the prophet was a "legislative prophet" (nabi al-tashri), the continuation of the "esoteric prophecy" (nubuwah al-batiniyah) is through [[walayah]]. The role of the Imam in society is equivalent to the role of the mind in the body.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}-->
== Qualifications ==
According to Shia theology, Imam must display three attributes: divine appointment (nass), wisdom (hikmah), superiority (afdaliyyah). This right to authority is derived from the prophet and Quran and thereby [[Allah]].{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=4}}
@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@
===Divinely-sanctioned designation ({{transl|ar|nass}}) ===
In Twelver doctrine, imamate is confined to descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the marriage of his daughter [[Fatima]] to his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib.{{Sfn|Kohlberg|2012}} Every imam is believed to have been designated by his predecessor, following a divine mandate, going back successively to the announcement of Muhammad about Ali ibn Abi Talib at the [[Ghadir Khumm]].{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=59|3a1=Lalani|3y=2000|3p=77}} The authority of imams has therefore been legitimized through “apostolic succession,” rather than political leadership.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=59}} Indeed, except the first three of them, the imams were largely apolitical,{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=111}} even though most likely they all had claims to political leadership.{{Sfnm|1a1=Arjomand|1y=1988|1p=4}} However, this latter point has been rejected by some.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=111, 113|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=64}} Crucially, the hereditary nature of imamate closed the field to outside claimants.{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1pp=58{{ndash}}83|2a1=Takim|2y=2006|2p=27}} {{transl|ar|Nass}} is often accompanied in Shia sources by inheritance of secret religious scrolls and the prophet's weapons.{{sfnm|1a1=Lalani|1y=2000|1p=78|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=293|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=28}} The latter paralleled the [[Ark of the Covenant]] for the [[Israelites]].{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=78}}
-Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.{{sfn|Momen |1985 |pp=154{{ndash}}155}} Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.{{sfnm |1a1=Momen |1y=1985 |1pp=154{{ndash}}155|2a1=Donaldson |2y=1984|2p=314|3a1=Sachedina|3y=1988|3p=59}}
-<!--One of the fundamental principles of Shia is that Imam is designated by the prophet and every Imam nominates his successor by divine designation ([[Nass (Islam)|nass]]).{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=314}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=147}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=153}} Al-Baqir stated that the prophet was commanded by Allah, before his death, to grant to [[Ali]] his knowledge, his faith and the Great Name (al-Ism al-A'zam), as well as the legacy of knowledge and prophethood so that the Divine Heritage would be continued through the prophet's progeny. So one of the fundamentals in the principle of Imamate was nass al-Jali (explicit designation) which was hereditary.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=77}} Shia Muslims believe that Allah appointed leaders for those who practice the religion of Allah. When the prophet had taught the people the religion, he would then appoint a leader, in accordance with the orders of Allah, to guide believers towards perfection. Imamate is a universal authority and this right is derived from (niyabah) the prophet.{{sfn |Mashita |2013 |p=}} Allamah Majlesi stated that from the time of Adam, every prophet had a successor.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=316}} Imam can not be distinguished except by designation.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=101}} Following verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124] of [[Quran]], Shia believe that Imamah is something that is given by Allah and must be appointed by Him. The earth never can be without a true Imam.{{sfn |Ayoub |1984 |p=156,157}}{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=98}} The Shia idea that the succession should continue in the descendants of the prophet originates from the Quran as verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:54 4:54].{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=312}}-->
+Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.{{sfn|Momen |1985 |pp=154{{ndash}}155}} Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.{{sfnm |1a1=Momen |1y=1985 |1pp=154{{ndash}}155|2a1=Donaldson |2y=1933|2p=314|3a1=Sachedina|3y=1988|3p=59}}
+<!--One of the fundamental principles of Shia is that Imam is designated by the prophet and every Imam nominates his successor by divine designation ([[Nass (Islam)|nass]]).{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=314}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=147}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=153}} Al-Baqir stated that the prophet was commanded by Allah, before his death, to grant to [[Ali]] his knowledge, his faith and the Great Name (al-Ism al-A'zam), as well as the legacy of knowledge and prophethood so that the Divine Heritage would be continued through the prophet's progeny. So one of the fundamentals in the principle of Imamate was nass al-Jali (explicit designation) which was hereditary.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=77}} Shia Muslims believe that Allah appointed leaders for those who practice the religion of Allah. When the prophet had taught the people the religion, he would then appoint a leader, in accordance with the orders of Allah, to guide believers towards perfection. Imamate is a universal authority and this right is derived from (niyabah) the prophet.{{sfn |Mashita |2013 |p=}} Allamah Majlesi stated that from the time of Adam, every prophet had a successor.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=316}} Imam can not be distinguished except by designation.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=101}} Following verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124] of [[Quran]], Shia believe that Imamah is something that is given by Allah and must be appointed by Him. The earth never can be without a true Imam.{{sfn |Ayoub |1984 |p=156,157}}{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=98}} The Shia idea that the succession should continue in the descendants of the prophet originates from the Quran as verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:54 4:54].{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=312}}-->
===Ismah===
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
===Hikmah (wisdom)===
-The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=156}} The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.{{sfn |Martin |2004 |p=625}} Some [[Hadith]]s state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=149}} The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.{{sfn |Arjomand |1988 |p=26}} According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including [[Al-Jafr (book)|Al-Jafr]] (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), [[Al-Jamia]] (The Compilation), [[Book of Fatimah]] and a codex of [[Quran]] and its commentary ([[Mus'haf of Ali]]) written by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]].{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=73,74}} He has the knowledge of the [[Names of God in Islam#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]] of [[Allah]].{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=73}} As [[Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to [[Ali]] of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=78}} Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."{{sfn |Afsaruddin |2015}} Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands [[Quran]] and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=5}}
+The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=156}} The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.{{sfn |Martin |2004 |p=625}} Some [[Hadith]]s state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=149}} The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.{{sfn |Arjomand |1988 |p=26}} According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including [[Al-Jafr (book)|Al-Jafr]] (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), [[Al-Jamia]] (The Compilation), [[Book of Fatimah]] and a codex of [[Quran]] and its commentary ([[Mus'haf of Ali]]) written by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]].{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=73,74}} He has the knowledge of the [[Names of God in Islam#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]] of [[Allah]].{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=73}} As [[Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to [[Ali]] of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=78}} Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."{{sfn |Afsaruddin |2011}} Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands [[Quran]] and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=5}}
===Afdaliyyah (superiority)===
-As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=71 }} In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=20}} Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:6 33:6] which its interpretation refers to the descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=68}} He added that the light that is mentioned in verse [http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8] refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=80}} Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=21}} Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=140}}
+As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=71 }} In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=20}} Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:6 33:6] which its interpretation refers to the descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=68}} He added that the light that is mentioned in verse [http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8] refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=80}} Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=21}} Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=140}}
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@
====Station of Imams====
-Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=30}} Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} By verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=306}} Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} so he should be infallible and chosen by God.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} [[Allamah al-Majlisi]], a Shia scholar of the [[Safavid Empire|Safawid]] era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called [[Ulu'l azm prophets|ulul-‘Azm]] (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."{{sfn |Majlisi |pp=267–318–88}}{{reliable source?|date=July 2024}} Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.{{sfn |Lalani |2010 |p=33}} The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).{{sfn |Madelung |2015}} Shi'a Twelver believes that five ''Messengers'' achieved the rank of Leadership: [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], and [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=30}} Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} By verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=306}} Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} so he should be infallible and chosen by God.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} [[Allamah al-Majlisi]], a Shia scholar of the [[Safavid Empire|Safawid]] era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called [[Ulu'l azm prophets|ulul-‘Azm]] (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."{{sfn |Majlisi |pp=267–318–88}}{{reliable source?|date=July 2024}} Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.{{sfn |Lalani |2010 |p=33}} The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).{{sfn |Madelung |2012}} Shi'a Twelver believes that five ''Messengers'' achieved the rank of Leadership: [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], and [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
====Vicegerent (Khalifat Allah)====
@@ -60,17 +60,17 @@
====Wali====
{{main |Walayah (Twelver doctrine)}}
-Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]) and esoteric ([[Batin (Islam)|batin]]). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran]](Ta'wil).{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=29 }} As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=27}} Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=38}} The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their [[walayah]], not the basis for their walayah.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=61}} According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" ([http://tanzil.net/#58:22 58:22]): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=63}} Shia theologians refer to the verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |p=58}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse [http://tanzil.net/#13:7 13:7] refers to Imam.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=308,309}} A [[hadith]] narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=168}} but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170,171}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177,178}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=316}}
+Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]) and esoteric ([[Batin (Islam)|batin]]). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran]](Ta'wil).{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=29 }} As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.{{sfn |Corbin |2006|p=27}} Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=38}} The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their [[walayah]], not the basis for their walayah.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=61}} According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" ([http://tanzil.net/#58:22 58:22]): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=63}} Shia theologians refer to the verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |p=58}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse [http://tanzil.net/#13:7 13:7] refers to Imam.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=308,309}} A [[hadith]] narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=168}} but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170,171}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177,178}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=316}}
====Hujjah====
{{see also |Hujja}}
-The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=40}} Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} From the Time of [[Adam]], Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=83}} Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to
+The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=40}} Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} From the Time of [[Adam]], Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=83}} Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to
conduct affairs, all his deeds, actions and sayings constitute a proof for the Muslims. If someone commits an offense, will be made to the ‘proof’ for adducing evidence and formulating the charge. If the ‘proof’ commands you to perform a certain act, to implement the penal provisions of the law in a certain way, or to spend the income derived from booty,
zakat and sadaqa in a certain manner and if you fail to obey him in any of these respects, then God Almighty will advance a ‘proof’ against you on the day of Judgment".{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=55}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}}
===Political aspect===
-The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=56}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.{{sfn |Madelung |2015}} According to verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55], because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |pp=58,59}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
+The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=56}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.{{sfn |Madelung |2012}} According to verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55], because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |pp=58,59}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
==The necessity of recognizing Imams==
-According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}} Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}}
+According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}} Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=353}}
==The necessity of obeying Imams==
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
===Shia view of Quran===
-Shias claim the verse of Light ([http://tanzil.net/#24:35 24:35]) is attributed to [[The Fourteen Infallible]].{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, [[H al-Baqir]] emphasizes that verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] refers to [[Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=58}} According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32 35:32], Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=65}} Shias mind verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:59 4:59], which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
+Shias claim the verse of Light ([http://tanzil.net/#24:35 24:35]) is attributed to [[The Fourteen Infallible]].{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=48}} According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, [[H al-Baqir]] emphasizes that verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] refers to [[Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=58}} According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32 35:32], Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=65}} Shias mind verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:59 4:59], which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}
-Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) ([http://tanzil.net/#79:20 79:20]), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) ([http://tanzil.net/#16:60 16:60]), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) ([http://tanzil.net/#2:256 2:256]), ([http://tanzil.net/#31:22 31:22]).{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah ([http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8], [http://tanzil.net/#57:28 57:28]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=67,68}} These verses ([http://tanzil.net/#28:68 28:68], [http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30], [http://tanzil.net/#38:26 38:26], [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], [http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73]) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=43–46}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Madelung, regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of [[Ali]] for his succession.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=33}} Regarding verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=83}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) ([http://tanzil.net/#79:20 79:20]), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) ([http://tanzil.net/#16:60 16:60]), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) ([http://tanzil.net/#2:256 2:256]), ([http://tanzil.net/#31:22 31:22]).{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah ([http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8], [http://tanzil.net/#57:28 57:28]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=67,68}} These verses ([http://tanzil.net/#28:68 28:68], [http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30], [http://tanzil.net/#38:26 38:26], [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], [http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73]) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=43–46}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} [[Wilferd Madelung]], regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of [[Ali]] for his succession.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=33}} Regarding verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=83}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
===By reason===
@@ -98,5 +98,5 @@
Dakake believes that the doctrine of Imamate was established in the time of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], while Kohlberg states that the Twelver Shi'ism dates back not much before the beginning of the [[The Occultation#Major Occultation|"Major_Occultation"]].{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=2}}
-Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] (i.e., his tribe) and that [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|12 "Imams" shall succeed him]]. Sunni and [[Shiite]] [[sect]]s differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}}{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=49}} The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where [[Joshua#In Islam|Joshua son of Nun]] is declared [[Moses]]’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] (i.e., his tribe) and that [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|12 "Imams" shall succeed him]]. Sunni and [[Shiite]] [[sect]]s differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}}{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=49}} The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where [[Joshua#In Islam|Joshua son of Nun]] is declared [[Moses]]’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
*Before conception, the preceding the Imam is sent through a heavenly syrup which he drinks.
@@ -147,5 +147,5 @@
*{{Cite book |last=al-Qarashi |first=Bāqir Sharif |title=The life of Imām Zayn al 'Abidin (A.S.) |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub |year=2014 |isbn=9781496121837}}
*{{Cite book |last=al-Shaykh al-Saduq |first=Abu Ja'far |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=qM8CoQEACAAJ}} |title=A Shiite Creed |date=24 February 2014 |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub |isbn=978-1-4960-1959-2}}
-*{{Cite book |last=Amir Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=Guide divin dans le Shi'isme originel |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0791421228 |location=Albany |translator-last=Streight |translator-first=D. |trans-title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam}}
+*{{Cite book |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=Guide divin dans le Shi'isme originel |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0791421228 |location=Albany |translator-last=Streight |translator-first=D. |trans-title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kohlberg |first=E. |title=Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1988 |isbn=0887066380 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=S.A. |pages=25{{ndash}}53 |chapter=Imam and Community in the Pre-Ghayba Period}}
*{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=S.A.|title=Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism|publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1988 |isbn=0887066380 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=S.A. |pages=1{{ndash}}24 |chapter=Introduction: Shi'ism, Authority, and Political Culture}}
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0 => ''''Imāmah''' ({{lang-ar|إِمَامَة}}) means "[[Islamic leadership|leadership]]" and is a concept in [[Theology of Twelvers|Twelver theology]]. The [[Twelve Imams]] are the spiritual and political successors to [[Muhammad]], the [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet of Islam]], in the Twelver branch of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]] human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret [[sharia]] and undertake the [[esoteric interpretation of the Quran]]. The [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—[[Nass (Islam)|''nass'']]—through the Prophet.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1975|p=10}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C}} 173]}}',
1 => 'In [[Shia Islam]], the figure of imam dominates the belief system.{{sfnm |1a1=Nasr |1a2=Dabashi |1a3=Nasr |1y=1989 |1p=2|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]],{{sfnm|1a1=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}} imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=62|2a1=Modarressi|2y=1993|2p=6}} for the two were combined in Muhammad.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=249}} Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.{{sfn|Zaman|2004|349}}',
2 => 'In [[Twelver Shi’ism]], Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,{{sfnm|1a1=Ayoub|1y=1984|1p=155}} their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=290|3a=Madelung|3y=2012}} as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=147}} Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who reigned from 661 [[common era|CE]] until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 665.{{Sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=110{{ndash}}111|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=62|3a1=Gleave|3y=2004|3p=350}} This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=67|2a1=Nasr|2a2=Dabashi|2a3=Nasr|2y=1989|2p=4|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=27}}',
3 => 'In addition to their exoteric function,{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=186|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=247|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as {{transl|ar|walaya}} or {{transl|ar|wilaya}}, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Corbin|1y=2006|1p=43|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=72|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3p=157}} for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=157|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2y=1994|2p=29}} More broadly, {{transl|ar|walaya}} denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=40}} {{transl|ar|Walaya}} is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=73}} ',
4 => 'Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012}} one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=102}} Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=248|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2pp=107{{ndash}}108}} Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace ({{transl|ar|lutf wajib}}), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1pp=98, 103|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2pp=42{{ndash}}43}} Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=351}} Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1pp=184{{ndash}}185|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2p=43}}}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012|3a1=Tabatabai|3y=1975|3p=185}}',
5 => '<!--[[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam, explaining why the Imams are needed, states: "So that the world may remain in righteousness, thus Allah withholds chastisement from the world while a Prophet or Imam is upon it, for Allah has said 'Allah will not chastise them while you are among them' [http://tanzil.net/#8:33 8:33] and the Prophet had said ' the stars are safety for the people of the heaven and the members of my family are safety for the people of the earth. By ''members of my family'' is meant the Imams....Through them Allah gives sustenance ([[Rizq]]) to His servants and through them His lands prosper and the rain falls from the heaven and the earth gives out its blessings".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} The prophetic mission must be followed by a keeper of the [[Quran]] because it contains esoteric depth, superficial contradictions and hidden meaning. The meaning can be manifested not by ordinary knowledge, but by an inspired heir who is the Hujjah of Allah. Divine knowledge is attainable only through divine revelation or inspiration.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=46}} While the prophet was a "legislative prophet" (nabi al-tashri), the continuation of the "esoteric prophecy" (nubuwah al-batiniyah) is through [[walayah]]. The role of the Imam in society is equivalent to the role of the mind in the body.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}-->',
6 => 'Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.{{sfn|Momen |1985 |pp=154{{ndash}}155}} Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.{{sfnm |1a1=Momen |1y=1985 |1pp=154{{ndash}}155|2a1=Donaldson |2y=1933|2p=314|3a1=Sachedina|3y=1988|3p=59}}',
7 => '<!--One of the fundamental principles of Shia is that Imam is designated by the prophet and every Imam nominates his successor by divine designation ([[Nass (Islam)|nass]]).{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=314}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=147}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=153}} Al-Baqir stated that the prophet was commanded by Allah, before his death, to grant to [[Ali]] his knowledge, his faith and the Great Name (al-Ism al-A'zam), as well as the legacy of knowledge and prophethood so that the Divine Heritage would be continued through the prophet's progeny. So one of the fundamentals in the principle of Imamate was nass al-Jali (explicit designation) which was hereditary.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=77}} Shia Muslims believe that Allah appointed leaders for those who practice the religion of Allah. When the prophet had taught the people the religion, he would then appoint a leader, in accordance with the orders of Allah, to guide believers towards perfection. Imamate is a universal authority and this right is derived from (niyabah) the prophet.{{sfn |Mashita |2013 |p=}} Allamah Majlesi stated that from the time of Adam, every prophet had a successor.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=316}} Imam can not be distinguished except by designation.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=101}} Following verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124] of [[Quran]], Shia believe that Imamah is something that is given by Allah and must be appointed by Him. The earth never can be without a true Imam.{{sfn |Ayoub |1984 |p=156,157}}{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=98}} The Shia idea that the succession should continue in the descendants of the prophet originates from the Quran as verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:54 4:54].{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=312}}-->',
8 => 'The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=156}} The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.{{sfn |Martin |2004 |p=625}} Some [[Hadith]]s state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=149}} The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.{{sfn |Arjomand |1988 |p=26}} According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including [[Al-Jafr (book)|Al-Jafr]] (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), [[Al-Jamia]] (The Compilation), [[Book of Fatimah]] and a codex of [[Quran]] and its commentary ([[Mus'haf of Ali]]) written by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]].{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=73,74}} He has the knowledge of the [[Names of God in Islam#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]] of [[Allah]].{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=73}} As [[Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to [[Ali]] of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=78}} Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."{{sfn |Afsaruddin |2011}} Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands [[Quran]] and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=5}}',
9 => 'As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=71 }} In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=20}} Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:6 33:6] which its interpretation refers to the descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=68}} He added that the light that is mentioned in verse [http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8] refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=80}} Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=21}} Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=140}}',
10 => 'Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=30}} Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} By verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=306}} Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} so he should be infallible and chosen by God.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} [[Allamah al-Majlisi]], a Shia scholar of the [[Safavid Empire|Safawid]] era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called [[Ulu'l azm prophets|ulul-‘Azm]] (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."{{sfn |Majlisi |pp=267–318–88}}{{reliable source?|date=July 2024}} Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.{{sfn |Lalani |2010 |p=33}} The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).{{sfn |Madelung |2012}} Shi'a Twelver believes that five ''Messengers'' achieved the rank of Leadership: [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], and [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
11 => 'Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]) and esoteric ([[Batin (Islam)|batin]]). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran]](Ta'wil).{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=29 }} As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.{{sfn |Corbin |2006|p=27}} Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=38}} The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their [[walayah]], not the basis for their walayah.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=61}} According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" ([http://tanzil.net/#58:22 58:22]): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=63}} Shia theologians refer to the verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |p=58}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse [http://tanzil.net/#13:7 13:7] refers to Imam.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=308,309}} A [[hadith]] narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=168}} but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170,171}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177,178}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=316}}',
12 => 'The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=40}} Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} From the Time of [[Adam]], Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=83}} Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to',
13 => 'The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=56}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.{{sfn |Madelung |2012}} According to verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55], because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |pp=58,59}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}',
14 => 'According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}} Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.{{sfn |Donaldson |1933 |p=353}}',
15 => 'Shias claim the verse of Light ([http://tanzil.net/#24:35 24:35]) is attributed to [[The Fourteen Infallible]].{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=48}} According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, [[H al-Baqir]] emphasizes that verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] refers to [[Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=58}} According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32 35:32], Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=65}} Shias mind verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:59 4:59], which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}',
16 => 'Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) ([http://tanzil.net/#79:20 79:20]), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) ([http://tanzil.net/#16:60 16:60]), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) ([http://tanzil.net/#2:256 2:256]), ([http://tanzil.net/#31:22 31:22]).{{sfn |Amir-Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah ([http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8], [http://tanzil.net/#57:28 57:28]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=67,68}} These verses ([http://tanzil.net/#28:68 28:68], [http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30], [http://tanzil.net/#38:26 38:26], [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], [http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73]) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=43–46}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} [[Wilferd Madelung]], regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of [[Ali]] for his succession.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=33}} Regarding verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=83}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
17 => 'Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] (i.e., his tribe) and that [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|12 "Imams" shall succeed him]]. Sunni and [[Shiite]] [[sect]]s differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}}{{sfn |Corbin |2006 |p=49}} The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where [[Joshua#In Islam|Joshua son of Nun]] is declared [[Moses]]’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
18 => '*{{Cite book |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=Guide divin dans le Shi'isme originel |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0791421228 |location=Albany |translator-last=Streight |translator-first=D. |trans-title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam}}'
] |
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0 => ''''Imāmah''' ({{lang-ar|إِمَامَة}}) means "[[Islamic leadership|leadership]]" and is a concept in [[Theology of Twelvers|Twelver theology]]. The [[Twelve Imams]] are the spiritual and political successors to [[Muhammad]], the [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet of Islam]], in the Twelver branch of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn |Britannica |2007}} According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are [[The Fourteen Infallibles|infallible]] human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret [[sharia]] and undertake the [[esoteric interpretation of the Quran]]. The [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—[[Nass (Islam)|''nass'']]—through the Prophet.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1979 |p=10}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C}} 173]}}',
1 => 'In [[Shia Islam]], the figure of imam dominates the belief system.{{sfnm |1a1=Nasr |1a2=Dabashi |1a3=Nasr |1y=1989 |1p=2|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]],{{sfnm|1a1=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}} imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=62|2a1=Modarressi|2y=1993|2p=6}} for the two were combined in Muhammad.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=249}} Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.{{sfnm|1a=Zaman|1y=2004|1p=349}}',
2 => 'In [[Twelver Shi’ism]], Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,{{sfnm|1a1=Ayoub|1y=1984|1p=155}} their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,{{Sfnm|1a1=Sachedina|1y=1988|1p=90|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=290|3a=Madelung|3y=2012}} as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.{{sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1p=110|2a1=Momen|2y=1985|2p=147}} Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who reigned from 661 [[common era|CE]] until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 665.{{Sfnm|1a1=Crone|1y=2005|1pp=110{{ndash}}111|2a1=Sachedina|2y=1988|2p=62|3a1=Gleave|3y=|3p=350}} This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.{{sfnm|1a1=Amir-Moezzi|1a2=Jambet|1y=2018|1p=67|2a1=Nasr|2a2=Dabashi|2a3=Nasr|2y=1989|2p=4|3a1=Takim|3y=2006|3p=27}}',
3 => 'In addition to their exoteric function,{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1p=186|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=66}} the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=247|2a1=Jafri|2y=1979|2p=291}} as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2005}} This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as {{transl|ar|walaya}} or {{transl|ar|wilaya}}, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,{{sfnm|1a1=Corbin|1y=2006|1p=43|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=72|3a1=Momen|3y=1985|3p=157}} for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=157|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2y=1994|2p=29}} More broadly, {{transl|ar|walaya}} denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Mavani|2y=2013|2p=40}} {{transl|ar|Walaya}} is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.{{sfnm|1a=Haider|1y=2014|1p=34|2a1=Amir-Moezzi|2a2=Jambet|2y=2018|2p=73}} ',
4 => 'Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012}} one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.{{sfnm|1a1=Momen|1y=1985|1p=159}} As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1p=102}} Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.{{sfnm|1a1=Yücesoy|1y=2013|1p=248|2a1=Donaldson|2y=1933|2pp=107{{ndash}}108}} Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace ({{transl|ar|lutf wajib}}), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=|1pp=98, 103|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2pp=42{{ndash}}43}} Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.{{sfnm|1a1=Gleave|1y=2004|1p=351}} Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.{{sfnm|1a1=Tabatabai|1y=1975|1pp=184{{ndash}}185|2a1=Haider|2y=2014|2p=43}}}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.{{sfnm|1a1=Nasr|1a2=Dabashi|1a3=Nasr|1y=1989|1p=98|2a1=Madelung|2y=2012|3a1=Tabatabai|3y=1975|3p=185}}',
5 => '<!--[[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam, explaining why the Imams are needed, states: "So that the world may remain in righteousness, thus Allah withholds chastisement from the world while a Prophet or Imam is upon it, for Allah has said 'Allah will not chastise them while you are among them' [http://tanzil.net/#8:33 8:33] and the Prophet had said ' the stars are safety for the people of the heaven and the members of my family are safety for the people of the earth. By ''members of my family'' is meant the Imams....Through them Allah gives sustenance ([[Rizq]]) to His servants and through them His lands prosper and the rain falls from the heaven and the earth gives out its blessings".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} The prophetic mission must be followed by a keeper of the [[Quran]] because it contains esoteric depth, superficial contradictions and hidden meaning. The meaning can be manifested not by ordinary knowledge, but by an inspired heir who is the Hujjah of Allah. Divine knowledge is attainable only through divine revelation or inspiration.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=46}} While the prophet was a "legislative prophet" (nabi al-tashri), the continuation of the "esoteric prophecy" (nubuwah al-batiniyah) is through [[walayah]]. The role of the Imam in society is equivalent to the role of the mind in the body.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=159}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}-->',
6 => 'Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.{{sfn|Momen |1985 |pp=154{{ndash}}155}} Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.{{sfnm |1a1=Momen |1y=1985 |1pp=154{{ndash}}155|2a1=Donaldson |2y=1984|2p=314|3a1=Sachedina|3y=1988|3p=59}}',
7 => '<!--One of the fundamental principles of Shia is that Imam is designated by the prophet and every Imam nominates his successor by divine designation ([[Nass (Islam)|nass]]).{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=314}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=147}}{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=153}} Al-Baqir stated that the prophet was commanded by Allah, before his death, to grant to [[Ali]] his knowledge, his faith and the Great Name (al-Ism al-A'zam), as well as the legacy of knowledge and prophethood so that the Divine Heritage would be continued through the prophet's progeny. So one of the fundamentals in the principle of Imamate was nass al-Jali (explicit designation) which was hereditary.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=77}} Shia Muslims believe that Allah appointed leaders for those who practice the religion of Allah. When the prophet had taught the people the religion, he would then appoint a leader, in accordance with the orders of Allah, to guide believers towards perfection. Imamate is a universal authority and this right is derived from (niyabah) the prophet.{{sfn |Mashita |2013 |p=}} Allamah Majlesi stated that from the time of Adam, every prophet had a successor.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=316}} Imam can not be distinguished except by designation.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=101}} Following verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124] of [[Quran]], Shia believe that Imamah is something that is given by Allah and must be appointed by Him. The earth never can be without a true Imam.{{sfn |Ayoub |1984 |p=156,157}}{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=98}} The Shia idea that the succession should continue in the descendants of the prophet originates from the Quran as verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:54 4:54].{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=312}}-->',
8 => 'The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=156}} The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.{{sfn |Martin |2004 |p=625}} Some [[Hadith]]s state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=149}} The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.{{sfn |Arjomand |1988 |p=26}} According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including [[Al-Jafr (book)|Al-Jafr]] (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), [[Al-Jamia]] (The Compilation), [[Book of Fatimah]] and a codex of [[Quran]] and its commentary ([[Mus'haf of Ali]]) written by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]].{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=73,74}} He has the knowledge of the [[Names of God in Islam#The Greatest Name|Greatest Name]] of [[Allah]].{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=73}} As [[Sayyid Haydar Amuli]] states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to [[Ali]] of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=78}} Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."{{sfn |Afsaruddin |2015}} Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands [[Quran]] and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=5}}',
9 => 'As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=155}} Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=71 }} In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=20}} Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse [http://tanzil.net/#33:6 33:6] which its interpretation refers to the descendants of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=68}} He added that the light that is mentioned in verse [http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8] refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=80}} Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1988 |p=21}} Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.{{sfn |Pakatchi |Ansari |Naji |1988 |p=140}}',
10 => 'Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=30}} Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} By verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=306}} Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} so he should be infallible and chosen by God.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=318}} [[Allamah al-Majlisi]], a Shia scholar of the [[Safavid Empire|Safawid]] era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called [[Ulu'l azm prophets|ulul-‘Azm]] (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."{{sfn |Majlisi |pp=267–318–88}}{{reliable source?|date=July 2024}} Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.{{sfn |Lalani |2010 |p=33}} The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).{{sfn |Madelung |2015}} Shi'a Twelver believes that five ''Messengers'' achieved the rank of Leadership: [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]], and [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
11 => 'Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]) and esoteric ([[Batin (Islam)|batin]]). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran]](Ta'wil).{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=29 }} As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=27}} Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=38}} The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their [[walayah]], not the basis for their walayah.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=61}} According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" ([http://tanzil.net/#58:22 58:22]): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=63}} Shia theologians refer to the verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |p=58}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.{{sfn |Rizvi |2000}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse [http://tanzil.net/#13:7 13:7] refers to Imam.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=308,309}} A [[hadith]] narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=168}} but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=170,171}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=177,178}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.{{sfn |Nasr |2008 |p=316}}',
12 => 'The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=40}} Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=148}} From the Time of [[Adam]], Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=83}} Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to',
13 => 'The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.{{sfn |Dakake |2007 |p=3}} Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=56}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.{{sfn |Madelung |2015}} According to verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55], because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.{{sfn |Vaezi |2004 |pp=58,59}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}',
14 => 'According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...{{sfn |Momen |1985 |p=150}} Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}} Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.{{sfn |Donaldson |1984 |p=353}}',
15 => 'Shias claim the verse of Light ([http://tanzil.net/#24:35 24:35]) is attributed to [[The Fourteen Infallible]].{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=48}} According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, [[H al-Baqir]] emphasizes that verse [http://tanzil.net/#5:55 5:55] refers to [[Ali]].{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=58}} According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32 35:32], Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=65}} Shias mind verse [http://tanzil.net/#4:59 4:59], which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=11}}',
16 => 'Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) ([http://tanzil.net/#79:20 79:20]), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) ([http://tanzil.net/#16:60 16:60]), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) ([http://tanzil.net/#2:256 2:256]), ([http://tanzil.net/#31:22 31:22]).{{sfn |Amir Moezzi |1994 |p=45}} According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah ([http://tanzil.net/#64:8 64:8], [http://tanzil.net/#57:28 57:28]).{{sfn |Lalani |2000 |p=67,68}} These verses ([http://tanzil.net/#28:68 28:68], [http://tanzil.net/#2:30 2:30], [http://tanzil.net/#38:26 38:26], [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], [http://tanzil.net/#21:73 21:73]) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.{{sfn |Akhtar Rizvi |1985 |pp=43–46}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} Madelung, regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of [[Ali]] for his succession.{{sfn |Mavani |2013 |p=33}} Regarding verse [http://tanzil.net/#2:124 2:124], Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.{{sfn |Tabatabaei |1973 |p=83}}{{unreliable source|date=July 2024}} However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
17 => 'Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] (i.e., his tribe) and that [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|12 "Imams" shall succeed him]]. Sunni and [[Shiite]] [[sect]]s differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".{{sfn |Nasr |Dabashi |Nasr |1989 |p=96}}{{sfn |Corbin |1993 |p=49}} The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where [[Joshua#In Islam|Joshua son of Nun]] is declared [[Moses]]’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}',
18 => '*{{Cite book |last=Amir Moezzi |first=M.A. |title=Guide divin dans le Shi'isme originel |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0791421228 |location=Albany |translator-last=Streight |translator-first=D. |trans-title=The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam}}'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in the largest branch of Shia Islam</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a sub-article to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imamah (Shia doctrine)</a> and is specifically about the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> concept of the term.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/260px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/390px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/520px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, where the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> took place</figcaption></figure>
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.mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436761"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436761"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.15em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia view of Fatimah">Fatimah</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;">
The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">al-Kazim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">ar-Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">al-Taqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">al-Naqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">al-Askari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Principles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imamate</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate of the Family</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-Faqih</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-fiqh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Amr bi-l maʿrūf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Nahy ani l-Munkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawalli" title="Tawalli">Tawalli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabarri" title="Tabarri">Tabarri</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Arba'een Pilgrimage</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy cities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other related sects and groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li>
<li>Sufism and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Maraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Maraji">list</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ayatollahs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ayatollahs">list</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hojatoleslam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojatoleslam">Hojatoleslam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hadith collections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">The Four Books</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li>Other hadith collections
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was%C4%81%27il_al-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasā'il al-Shīʿa">Wasā'il al-Shīʿa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Reality of Certainty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafatih_al-Jinan" title="Mafatih al-Jinan">Mafatih al-Jinan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sources of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and jurisprudence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hadith_books#Shia_collections" title="List of hadith books">Hadiths</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Infallibles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijma'">Consensus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">Reason</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Twelver Shia books</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism</a></li></ul>
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<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Twelvers" title="Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Twelvers" title="Template talk:Twelvers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436761"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelver</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Imāmah</b> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِمَامَة</span>) means "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_leadership" title="Islamic leadership">leadership</a>" and is a concept in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Twelver theology</a>. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> are the spiritual and political successors to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Prophet of Islam</a>, in the Twelver branch of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Twelver theology, the successors to Muhammad are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">infallible</a> human beings, who rule justly over the community and maintain and interpret <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> and undertake the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a>. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">words and deeds</a> of Muhammad and the Imams guide the community. For this, the Imams must be free from error and sin and chosen by divine decree—<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)"><i>nass</i></a>—through the Prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197510_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197510-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB0OL5Z8S-V0C_173]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB0OL5Z8S-V0C_173]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shi'a believe that divine wisdom—<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a>—is the source of the souls of the Prophets and Imams and gives them esoteric knowledge—<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmah" title="Hikmah">hikmah</a></i>—and that their suffering is a means by which their devotees may acquire divine grace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Imam is not the recipient of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">divine revelation</a>, but has a close relationship with God, who guides him, allowing the Imam in turn to guide others. The Imamat, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in Shia Islam and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
According to the Twelvers, an Imam of the Age is always the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was the first Imam in this line and in the view of Twelvers the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by the male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, who was the brother of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twelfth and final Imam is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, who is believed by the Twelvers to be alive and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Occultation#Major_Occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Occultation">in hiding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Function_of_imam"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Function of imam</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Exoteric_function"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Exoteric function</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Esoteric_function"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Esoteric function</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Necessity_of_imamate"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Necessity of imamate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Qualifications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Qualifications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Divinely-sanctioned_designation_(nass)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Divinely-sanctioned designation (<span><i>nass</i></span>)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ismah"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ismah</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hikmah_(wisdom)"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hikmah (wisdom)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Afdaliyyah_(superiority)"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Afdaliyyah (superiority)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Theological_aspect"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Theological aspect</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Station_of_Imams"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Station of Imams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Vicegerent_(Khalifat_Allah)"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vicegerent (Khalifat Allah)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mediator"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mediator</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Wali"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Wali</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hujjah"><span class="tocnumber">3.5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Hujjah</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Political_aspect"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Political aspect</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#The_necessity_of_recognizing_Imams"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The necessity of recognizing Imams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#The_necessity_of_obeying_Imams"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The necessity of obeying Imams</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Guidance_is_only_through_Imams"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Guidance is only through Imams</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Imamate_and_revelation_(Wahy)"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Imamate and revelation (Wahy)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Arguments"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Shia_view_of_Quran"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shia view of Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#By_reason"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">By reason</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#List_of_the_Twelve_Imams"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">List of the Twelve Imams</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_of_imam">Function of imam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Function of imam"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The office of imamate is bestowed upon the figure of imam (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">leader</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">master</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200020Gleave2004350_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200020Gleave2004350-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose function in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is to implement the divine law and manage the community affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Gleave2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Gleave2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, imam is synonymous to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> in Sunni Islam as the highest temporal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004Mavani20136Lalani200020Momen1985147_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004Mavani20136Lalani200020Momen1985147-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, the figure of imam dominates the belief system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19892Amir-MoezziJambet201866_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19892Amir-MoezziJambet201866-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198862Modarressi19936_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198862Modarressi19936-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the two were combined in Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013249_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelver Shi’ism</a>, Muhammad is believed to have been succeeded by a line of twelve imams from his descent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also inherited his divine knowledge of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979291_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979291-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though these twelve imams are thought to have been entitled to temporal authority, that is, management of Muslim affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1984155_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1984155-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their status in Twelver Shi’ism does not depend upon it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979290_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979290-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they owed their status to their divinely-inspired designation by their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Momen1985147_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Momen1985147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, temporal leadership only materialized for the first of the twelve imams, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, who reigned from 661 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a> until <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">his assassination</a> in 665.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110–111Sachedina198862Gleave2004350_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110–111Sachedina198862Gleave2004350-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This divine designation and the above divine knowledge, both of which the imam inherits through his successor from Muhammad, are the key markers of imamate in Twelver Shi'ism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201867NasrDabashiNasr19894Takim200627_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201867NasrDabashiNasr19894Takim200627-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exoteric_function">Exoteric function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Exoteric function"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Whereas Muhammad brought divine revelation and taught divine law to his followers, the twelve imams interpreted the revelation and safeguarded the religion against innovations in their capacity as law-givers and guardians of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005Mavani20137Nasr1972160_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005Mavani20137Nasr1972160-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this exoteric level, many teachings of these imams are general enough to be accepted by Sunnis, who regard many of the imams as outstanding religious scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201866_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201866-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_function">Esoteric function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Esoteric function"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In addition to their exoteric function,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975186Amir-MoezziJambet201866_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975186Amir-MoezziJambet201866-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the twelve imams, by virtue of their divine knowledge, are regarded as the sole authoritative guides toward salvation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013247Jafri1979291_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013247Jafri1979291-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they initiated a small group of their followers into esoteric aspects of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This function of imams, as spiritual leaders after Muhammad, is known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">walaya</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wilaya</i></span>, which is described as the esoteric aspect of prophecy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200643Amir-MoezziJambet201872Momen1985157_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200643Amir-MoezziJambet201872Momen1985157-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Muhammad too, in his capacity as an imam, was a spiritual guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985157Amir-Moezzi199429_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985157Amir-Moezzi199429-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">walaya</i></span> denotes the exclusive religio-political authority of imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Mavani201340_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Mavani201340-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Walaya</i></span> is also the all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty that binds true followers to their imams, a bond that transcends politics and self-interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Amir-MoezziJambet201873_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Amir-MoezziJambet201873-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
To sum, in Twelver Shi'ism, the twelve imams hold the ultimate religious authority, both in matters of law and spiritual guidance, as an extension of Muhammad’s authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291,_294Mavani20134,_11_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291,_294Mavani20134,_11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, imams taught the hidden aspects of the revelation and authoritatively interpreted the ambiguous verses of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291Momen1985150,_159Lalani200065_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291Momen1985150,_159Lalani200065-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
At an even more esoteric level, imams are often regarded as intermediaries between God and mankind,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr1972163Mavani201351_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr1972163Mavani201351-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this world, they are thought to be the source of sustenance and divine blessings for the creation and, in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereafter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereafter">hereafter</a>, they <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafa%27a" title="Shafa'a">intercede</a> for their followers ,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201351,_55NasrDabashiNasr19892Momen1985148,_157_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201351,_55NasrDabashiNasr19892Momen1985148,_157-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the prerogative of intercession is limited to the Islamic prophet in Sunni Islam. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103Donaldson1933339_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103Donaldson1933339-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Shia scholars reject such supernatural functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199321,_42–50Crone2005112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199321,_42–50Crone2005112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Necessity_of_imamate">Necessity of imamate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Necessity of imamate"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Various rational arguments are put forward by Twelvers for the necessity of imamate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of which contends that mankind has a permanent need for a divinely-guided (infallible) leader and an authoritative teacher in religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr98Madelung2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr98Madelung2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one that would expound the divine law and correctly interpret ambiguous verses of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the high custodian of religion, this leader would also uphold the divine law and judge among men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989102_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989102-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a leader, it is argued, is necessary for the welfare and salvation of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013248Donaldson1933107–108_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013248Donaldson1933107–108-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing this figure, called imam, is therefore incumbent upon God, as an obligatory grace (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lutf wajib</i></span>), for He acts in the best interest of the creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998,_103Haider201442–43_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998,_103Haider201442–43-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, absence of such an imam would imply that God is both uncaring, for He has neglected His creation, and unjust, for He would punish men without providing them with right guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004351_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004351-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as it is incumbent upon God to teach mankind the divine knowledge, through prophets, it is incumbent upon Him to preserve and expound this knowledge through imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184–185Haider201443_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184–185Haider201443-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>}} Thus it is argued that imamate is a continuous necessity, that is, Earth has never been devoid of such an imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Madelung2012Tabatabai1975185_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Madelung2012Tabatabai1975185-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Qualifications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>According to Shia theology, Imam must display three attributes: divine appointment (nass), wisdom (hikmah), superiority (afdaliyyah). This right to authority is derived from the prophet and Quran and thereby <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19894_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19894-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divinely-sanctioned_designation_(nass)"><span id="Divinely-sanctioned_designation_.28nass.29"></span>Divinely-sanctioned designation (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nass</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Divinely-sanctioned designation (nass)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In Twelver doctrine, imamate is confined to descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the marriage of his daughter <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a> to his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every imam is believed to have been designated by his predecessor, following a divine mandate, going back successively to the announcement of Muhammad about Ali ibn Abi Talib at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859Lalani200077_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859Lalani200077-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authority of imams has therefore been legitimized through “apostolic succession,” rather than political leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, except the first three of them, the imams were largely apolitical,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005111_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005111-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though most likely they all had claims to political leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand19884_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand19884-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this latter point has been rejected by some.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005111,_113Momen198564_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005111,_113Momen198564-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crucially, the hereditary nature of imamate closed the field to outside claimants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200058–83Takim200627_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200058–83Takim200627-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nass</i></span> is often accompanied in Shia sources by inheritance of secret religious scrolls and the prophet's weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078Jafri1979293Takim200628_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078Jafri1979293Takim200628-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter paralleled the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> for the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Designation is a logical necessity in Twelver doctrine of imamate, in which imams are thought to have been infallible, that is, immune from sin and error.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155Donaldson1933314Sachedina198859_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155Donaldson1933314Sachedina198859-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ismah">Ismah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ismah"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a></div>
<p>Shia believe that Ismah is a logical prerequisite of Imamah as Allah has made their obedience necessary and the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#33:33">33:33</a> proves Ismah of the fourteen infallible. Ismah in addition to sinlessness means infallibility, without error.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imam by virtue of Nass based on Hikmah (wisdom) and Nur (light) becomes Ma'sum (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourteen Infallible">Infallible</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200082_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200082-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hikmah_(wisdom)"><span id="Hikmah_.28wisdom.29"></span>Hikmah (wisdom)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Hikmah (wisdom)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Imam has a perfect knowledge about religion and mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985156_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985156-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imams are the most knowledgeable in religious law and the rewards and punishments of the next world. They understand the literal meaning and the internal meaning (Ta'wil) of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004625_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004625-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> state the link between Allah and the Imams is a pillar descending from the heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985149_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985149-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources of the knowledge of Imam are the transmission from the previous Imam, inherited knowledge, acquired through angels and acquired from books whose contents are known only to the Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand198826_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand198826-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some Hadiths, Imams possess several special books including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jafr_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jafr (book)">Al-Jafr</a> (The Divination), Al-Sahifa (The Book), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jamia">Al-Jamia</a> (The Compilation), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Fatimah" title="Book of Fatimah">Book of Fatimah</a> and a codex of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and its commentary (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%27haf_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus'haf of Ali">Mus'haf of Ali</a>) written by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473,74_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473,74-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has the knowledge of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam#The_Greatest_Name" title="Names of God in Islam">Greatest Name</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Imams are the manifestation of the attributes of act (fi'l) of Allah, their Knowledge is equivalent to the Knowledge of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imams have all the revealed books of the prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a> states: "All the Imams are one and the same Light (nur), one and the same Essence (haqiqah), exemplified in twelve persons."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin199348_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin199348-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hereditary character of nass embodied in itself a kind of exclusive Hikmah for its recipient which was traced back to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> of whom the prophet told "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Babaway states that "the title Amir al-Momenin reserved for Imam indicates that he is the storehouse (mirror) of knowledge (mira't al-ilm) from whom people derived knowledge but he did not derive knowledge from anyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Imam has knowledge of Unseen (Ilm al-Qayb) and fully understands <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and worldly matters, a knowledge that he received from Allah through Muhammad. Only Quran and Imam can truly manifest the Divine Truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19895_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19895-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afdaliyyah_(superiority)"><span id="Afdaliyyah_.28superiority.29"></span>Afdaliyyah (superiority)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Afdaliyyah (superiority)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>As the Imam is infallible (masum), he is the best of his age, otherwise, Allah would choose another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontologically the fourteen infallibles are superior to prophets, since they are created from a nobler matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199471_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199471-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Quran, with respect to kingship (Imamate) and wisdom (hikmah, book), the heirs of the prophets are their descendants and kin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200020_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200020-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Baqir states that Imamate is among the progeny of Imams as indicated in verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#33:6">33:6</a> which its interpretation refers to the descendants of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200068_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200068-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that the light that is mentioned in verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#64:8">64:8</a> refers to Imams who are the light of Allah, this spiritual light which passes from the prophet to Imams is the symbol of eternal knowledge (hikmah). Referring to the light, he stated," the first beings that Allah created were Mohammad and his family, the rightly guided ones and the guides, they were the phantoms of light before Allah".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200080_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200080-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal qualities are known only through Quran or hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198821_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198821-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia believe that Imamate are among the progeny of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988140_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988140-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_aspect">Theological aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Theological aspect"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436761"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a></b><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul>
</div>
<b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></b><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul>
</div>
<b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a></b><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a></b><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul>
</div>
<b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a></b><sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imamah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul>
</div>
<b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a></b><sup>6</sup><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul>
</div>
<b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></b></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></b></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazila</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;">
<p><u>Including:</u><br />
</p>
<div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal">
<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul>
</div>
<p><br />
</p>
<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Station_of_Imams">Station of Imams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Station of Imams"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Before the creation of the world, from His own light, Allah derived a light called light of Nubuwwa (prophethood) or exoteric and from that derived another light called Walaya (Imamah) or esoteric. Allah said "Here is a Light from my Light, its trunk is the prophecy and its branch is the Imamate; prophecy belongs to Muhammad, my servant and messenger and Imamate belongs to Ali, my proof and my friend. Without them, I would have created none of my creation..." The very names of prophecy and Imamate are derived from the names of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199430_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199430-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allah has two kinds of attributes: Essence (Dhat) and Act (Fi'l); attributes of Essence exist in Allah Himself, not having its opposites, but attributes of the act, the Most Beautiful Names of Allah, are those which are manifested in His creatures, these creatures of manifestation of these attributes are Imams.Through these creatures, men could know His attributes.This is His plan to make Himself known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:124">2:124</a>, Shia believe that the position of Imamate is higher than prophethood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933306_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933306-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia believe that Imam is God's Witness for the people, the Gate to God (bāb Allāh) and the Road (sabīl) and the Pillar of His Unity<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008318_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008318-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he should be infallible and chosen by God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008318_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008318-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah_al-Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah al-Majlisi">Allamah al-Majlisi</a>, a Shia scholar of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safawid</a> era, states: "The Imams are superior to the prophets (except Muhammad) and the entire creation. The Covenant of the Imams was taken from the prophets, the angels and the entire creation. The major prophets called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu%27l_azm_prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu'l azm prophets">ulul-‘Azm</a> (Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and ‘Isa ) attained the status of ulul-‘Azm on account of loving the Imams."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajlisi267–318–88_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajlisi267–318–88-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Muḥammad al-Bāqir narrates that God chose Ibraham first as a worshipper (ʿabd), then a prophet (nabī), then a messenger (rasūl), then a friend (khalīl) and finally as an Imam over the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani201033_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani201033-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imams in many passages of Quran are referred as the Light of God (Nur), His Witnesses among mankind (Shuhada), His Signs (Ayat), those firm in the knowledge (Rasikhun), the vicegerents of God on earth (Khulafa), the gates through which he is approached (Abwab), the heirs of the knowledge of the prophet.The Imam is endowed with the holy spirit (Ruh al-Kuds).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi'a Twelver believes that five <i>Messengers</i> achieved the rank of Leadership: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nuh</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Musa</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vicegerent_(Khalifat_Allah)"><span id="Vicegerent_.28Khalifat_Allah.29"></span>Vicegerent (Khalifat Allah)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vicegerent (Khalifat Allah)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Imam as vicegerent is the representative of all of God's attributes, whom he manifests. The Imam is God's image and face.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008424,425_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008424,425-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the highest position for man that is mentioned, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:30">2:30</a>) which causes the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> to prostrate themselves before him (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#15:30">15:30</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200892_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200892-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Khalifah is God's appointee (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/38:26">38:26</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskari199871_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskari199871-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> As God's best representative and sign, the vicegerent in the best way can contribute to God's goals. So every attribute which God owns by His <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a>, the vicegerent also owns by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accident</a>. The vicegerent is the epiphany (mazhar)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of God's divine names. In fact he is the soul of the universe which can cause <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> changes in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200893_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200893-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediator">Mediator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Mediator"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir Majlisi">Allamah al-Majlisi</a> states that the Imams are mediators between <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a> and humankind and that through their intercession, man can escape the punishment of the last day. In addition to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s role as intermediate between God and man, he is also a mediator before God on behalf of his followers. According to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> belief, this idea of a religious mediator includes the Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Al-Shaykh al-Saduq</a> has recorded a tradition that the prophet told <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>: "There are three things that I swear to be true. The first is that you and your descendants are mediators for mankind, as they will not be able to know Allah except through your introduction. The second is that you are to present to Allah those who may enter Paradise, i.e. those who recognize you and those whom you recognize. The third is that you are the absolute mediators, for those who will go to Hell will only be those who do not recognize you and whom you do not recognize." <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Al-Baqir</a> said, "through us God is known and is worshiped by human kind...whoever calls Allah through our mediation is blessed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984344,345_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984344,345-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without Imam, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophanic</a> form (mazhar) and Face of Allah, no one can know Allah because through him, Allah manifests himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a> explains that as the Imam is the perfect man—<i>insan al-Kamel</i>—is a higher-degree creature and the existence of the lower depends upon the higher degree, so the existence of the Imam is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989179_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989179-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wali">Wali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Wali"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walayah_(Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walayah (Twelver doctrine)">Walayah (Twelver doctrine)</a></div>
<p>Shia believe that the Divine Truth or the True Religion has two aspects: exoteric (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a>) and esoteric (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a>). The exoteric side is revealed by the prophet and his Holy Book to the general people but the esoteric side is the mission of Imams and for the believers by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a>(Ta'wil).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199429_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199429-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the exoteric speaks of Shariah and esoteric speaks of Haqiqah, it is not a matter of succession but a matter of simultaneity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200627_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200627-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haqiqah is based on the spiritual meaning of Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200638_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200638-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kinship between the prophet and Imams is the sign of their <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">walayah</a>, not the basis for their walayah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200661_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200661-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shia just those are the real faithful that "Allah has written faith upon their hearts" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#58:22">58:22</a>): only if Walayah is obtained the faith is perfect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200663_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200663-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia theologians refer to the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#5:55">5:55</a> as a proof for the Walayah of Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Motahhari, Walayah has four dimensions: the right of love, loving the Ahl al-Bayt is obligatory for all Muslims, the authority of Alh al-Bayt in spiritual guidance, the authority of Ahl al-Bayt in socio-political guidance and the authority of the universal nature by the grace of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2000_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2000-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> By Shia, in fact, a guardian must protect the religion against any additions or subtractions after the prophet. According to al-Baqir, the prophet has revealed the religion but in every age there must be an Imam who leads to the religion and verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#13:7">13:7</a> refers to Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933308,309_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933308,309-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> narrates that "He who knows himself knows his Lord.",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989168_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989168-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but knowing Allah without His theophanic form (Mazhar), the Face of Allah, is impossible. Imam is the one who carries the human knowledge of Allah, without him we will be trapped in ta'til or metaphysical idolatry (tashbih)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170,171_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170,171-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Numerous Shia hadith narrate: The Quran is the silent Imam, the Imam is the speaking Quran; Imam is the Guide by whom Quran remains alive. Regarding this matter, Mulla Sadra believes that the earth can not be without an Imam otherwise, the Quran will die.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177,178_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177,178-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> By Shia, Wali is the one who has the most love and devotion to God, so God has bestowed His knowledge upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008316_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008316-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hujjah">Hujjah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Hujjah"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></div>
<p>The Hujja means the proof or God's guarantee to men; as the presence of the Hujja, whether hidden or apparent, is necessary for all times, this presence expresses the metaphysical reality of the Hujja and the inseparability of the prophetology from Imamology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200640_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200640-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Baqir stated, "...Imam is the Proof of Allah to His servants and the earth will not remain without the Proof of Allah to His servants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985148_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985148-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Time of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, Allah has sent Imams to guide the people towards Him who are His Hujjah upon His worshippers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200083_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200083-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khomeni described "Proof of Allah" as follows: "A ‘Proof of Allah’ is one whom Allah has designated to
conduct affairs, all his deeds, actions and sayings constitute a proof for the Muslims. If someone commits an offense, will be made to the ‘proof’ for adducing evidence and formulating the charge. If the ‘proof’ commands you to perform a certain act, to implement the penal provisions of the law in a certain way, or to spend the income derived from booty,
zakat and sadaqa in a certain manner and if you fail to obey him in any of these respects, then God Almighty will advance a ‘proof’ against you on the day of Judgment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198555_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198555-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_aspect">Political aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Political aspect"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Shia believe that only the divinely chosen one is the legitimate leader of the community who owns some spiritual gifts. The first of these leaders was <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> and his successors were the descendants of the prophet and the heirs of the charisma of Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20073_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20073-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imams possess all the attributes, duties, authorities of the prophet except receiving revelation. They are the political and religious guardians over the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198556_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198556-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Although Imam has a political role, his Imamah does not depend on this role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#5:55">5:55</a>, because absolute authority belongs to Allah, He can grant this authority to whomever He wishes as Guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458,_59_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458,_59-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr stated that the political and spiritual dimensions are inseparable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201311_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201311-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_necessity_of_recognizing_Imams">The necessity of recognizing Imams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: The necessity of recognizing Imams"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>According to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>: " We are the ones to whom Allah has made obedience obligatory. The people will not prosper unless they recognize us and the people will not be excused if they are ignorant of us. He who has recognised us is a believer (Momin) and he who has denied us is an unbeliever (Kafir)"...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Riza remarks that "....whoever tends not to be separated from Allah, he love the household of Mohammad ...and follow his Imam, whoever does this is under the mercy of Allah..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984353_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984353-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulaini, Na'mani attributed a tradition to al-Baqir that those who worship Allah without recognizing his righteous Imam are not accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933353_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933353-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_necessity_of_obeying_Imams">The necessity of obeying Imams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: The necessity of obeying Imams"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>If the Imamate of Imams is not affirmed, one can not enter into heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Baqir states that according to verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#42:23">42:23</a>, the believers must both obey and love the Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200066_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200066-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia believe that Imamah is inseparable from Wilayah, which involves loving <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">ahl al-Bayt</a> (Imams), obeying them in their commands and prohibitions, recognising their rights and believing in their Imamat and that this is one of the five principles (usul) of Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to al-Khu'i: "the wilayat and imamate in the meaning of succession (khilafat) is an essential part (dharuriy) of Shi'ism; anyone who rejects this dimension of the wilayat would not be considered as a Shia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2000_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2000-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad Baqir Majlisi states: "All the Imamis agree that the spiritual validity of deeds and Allah's approval of them are conditioned by faith (Imam); this point is as integral a part of faith as is love for the Twelve Imams and their imamate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989169_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989169-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sajjad, the fourth Imam, states that the religion is attained only through submission and whoever submits to the Imams is guided and blissful. Obeying the Imams is obligatory because Allah has thus commanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Qarashi201486,87_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Qarashi201486,87-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidance_is_only_through_Imams">Guidance is only through Imams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Guidance is only through Imams"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>According to Tabatabaei (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#21:73">21:73</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#32:24">32:24</a>) the word guidance is used side by side by the word Imamah and is followed by "our command", a kind of guidance with a divine command that conveys humankind to the final truth, not just showing the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197378,79_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197378,79-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Mesbahyazdi, while Allah is the Creator, all praise is due to Him and He is the only ontological (takwini) and legislative (tashri'e) Lord. So everyone who wishes to be a servant and a monotheist should accept His legislative laws and accept the executer of His laws, because this is His Will (Iradah).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesbahyazdi2014_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesbahyazdi2014-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> A mutawatir hadith narrates that loving the prophet's family (Ahl al-Bayt) is the sign of faith and enmity towards them is the sign of hypocrisy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2001114_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001114-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mottahari, everyone who does not accept walayah, he is in enmity with walayah which causes his deeds to be worthless (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#6:88">6:88</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#18:105">18:105</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#14:18">14:18</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#3:117">3:117</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#25:23">25:23</a>), because he is not humble before the Truth which is the basis of a pure deed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotahhari200343_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotahhari200343-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Many hadith introduce Imam as the Guide because there is no knowledge of Allah accessible to man without the knowledge of Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through hadiths, in order to reach to Allah, man must pass the Path (Sirat) who are the Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989184_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989184-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imamate_and_revelation_(Wahy)"><span id="Imamate_and_revelation_.28Wahy.29"></span>Imamate and revelation (Wahy)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Imamate and revelation (Wahy)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>As Muhammad was the last person to receive revelation, the Imams receive divine inspiration (elham) and, as such, are in contact with the holy source of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDabashi1989116_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDabashi1989116-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hadith narrates that "Imam hears the voice of the Angel, but does not have his vision, either in sleep or in waking".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984306_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984306-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imams get Revelation but not like the prophets. They are called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Muhaddath</a>t and are spoken to by angels via sounds through their ears and are supported by the Holy Spirit. They receive additional information on the Night of Power <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a>. They make Spiritual Ascension to the Divine Throne on Friday to add their knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201352,53_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201352,53-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments">Arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Arguments"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_view_of_Quran">Shia view of Quran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Shia view of Quran"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Shias claim the verse of Light (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#24:35">24:35</a>) is attributed to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourteen Infallible">The Fourteen Infallible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200648_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200648-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shia sources on the nature and basis of Imamate, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H_al-Baqir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H al-Baqir (page does not exist)">H al-Baqir</a> emphasizes that verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#5:55">5:55</a> refers to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200058_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200058-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to al-Baqir's interpretation of verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/35:32">35:32</a>, Imams are "Then we caused to inherit the Book those We have chosen of Our servants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200065_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200065-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shias mind verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#4:59">4:59</a>, which signifies a perfect love and obedience to divine guides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201311_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201311-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Other Shia sources claim that Imams are expressed in Quran as: "the Supreme Sign" (al-Ayat al-Kobra) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#79:20">79:20</a>), "the August Symbol" (al-Mathal al-a'la) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#16:60">16:60</a>), "the Most Solid Handle" (al-Urwat al-Wuthqa) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:256">2:256</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#31:22">31:22</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to al-Baqir Imams are the Light of Allah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#64:8">64:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#57:28">57:28</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200067,68_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200067,68-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These verses (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#28:68">28:68</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:30">2:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#38:26">38:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:124">2:124</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#21:73">21:73</a>) state that Imamate is a divine appointment and a fallible person can not be an Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198543–46_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198543–46-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a>, regarding the blood ties which is found in Quran, states the superiority of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> for his succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201333_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201333-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:124">2:124</a>, Tabatabaei states that Imamah is a divine status, Imam must be Ma'sum (infallible), the earth can not be without an Imam, Imam have the complete knowledge which is related to this world and the next of the people, Imam excels all people in all virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197383_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197383-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> However it is argued by many scholars that the 12 Shia Imams have not been mentioned in the Quran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_reason">By reason</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: By reason"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Al-Baqir states that while people need a guide for their journey to a strange place, their journey to heaven is stranger and more in need of a guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200075_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200075-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mufid states that an Imam is necessary for defining the exact laws that are obligatory upon the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1978385_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1978385-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many verses in Quran are ambiguous, revelation of Quran without further explanation is unlikely from Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Imamate brings the people nearer to obedience and away from disobedience, it is Grace (Lutf) that is incumbent of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198812_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198812-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Regarding rejecting the Imamah-doctrine, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a>, a 14th century <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a </a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholar</a>, writes: "Imamah is a universal grace (lutf ‘amm) while Nubuwwah (prophethood) is a special grace (lutf khass), it is possible that a specific period in time can be void of a living Nabi while the same is not true for the Imam. To reject universal grace is worse than to reject any special grace.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The prophet founded an eternal Shari'ah for all the times and this eternal religion could not continue without a leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2015_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2015-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a></div><p>In the period of Minor Occultation, theologians like Ibn Qube Razi, Newbakhtis, al-Shaykh al-Mufid, Seyyed Morteza and al-Shaykh al-Tusi rebuild the theological school of Imamiyah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988137_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988137-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second and third century of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">Hijra</a>, a Ma'sum (infallible) and divinely chosen leader of the religion was more focused than the political role of the Imams by the theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988138_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988138-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Imamiyah believed that most of the works on the early Islamic centuries argue that Shi'ism began as a political movement rather than a religious group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20073_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20073-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this does not mean that religious sentiments were absent in the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20074_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20074-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Dakake believes that the doctrine of Imamate was established in the time of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, while Kohlberg states that the Twelver Shi'ism dates back not much before the beginning of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Occultation#Major_Occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Occultation">"Major_Occultation"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20072_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20072-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Muhammad is reported to have said that the Islamic leadership is in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a> (i.e., his tribe) and that <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">12 "Imams" shall succeed him</a>. Sunni and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a> differ as to whom Muhammad was referring. Muhammad stated (authenticated by Sunnis and Shiites), that "Whoever does not know the Imam of his Lifetime (Hadith of the Current Imam: i.e., recognizes same) has died the death of Ignorance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200649_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200649-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of a prophet appointing a successor is found in the Old Testament where <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Joshua son of Nun</a> is declared <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>’ successor or manager of his affairs after his death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Before conception, the preceding the Imam is sent through a heavenly syrup which he drinks.</li>
<li>The Imam is born pure and circumcised. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#93:5">93:5</a>)</li>
<li>The Imam's mother experiences light and noises before the birth of the Imam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul>
<p>Shias believe that just as Moses appointed Aaron as his successor on Bani-Israel, (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of position">Hadith of position</a>), in accordance with God's order, Muhammad, the final prophet, appointed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> to be the leader of the believers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> consider it to be the highest level of responsibility given by God to a human.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_the_Twelve_Imams">List of the Twelve Imams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: List of the Twelve Imams"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ol><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn">Ali ibn Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Sadiq">Jafar al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi">Sayyid imam Muhammad al-Askari al-Baaj Saba' al-dujail</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_Mubahela" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of Mubahela">Hadith of Mubahela</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of position">Hadith of position</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa#Hadith_of_The_Cloak" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Hadith of The Cloak - Hadith Al Kisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Hadith of the pond of Khumm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_leadership" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_of_the_reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi">Signs of the reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi">Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">like a mirror in which the image appears without being incarnate in it</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Footnotes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica2007">Britannica 2007</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197510-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197510_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabaei1975">Tabatabaei 1975</a>, p. 10.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTabatabaei1975 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB0OL5Z8S-V0C_173]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB0OL5Z8S-V0C_173]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C">173</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200020Gleave2004350-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200020Gleave2004350_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>, p. 350.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Gleave2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Gleave2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 98; <a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004Mavani20136Lalani200020Momen1985147-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004Mavani20136Lalani200020Momen1985147_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 147.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19892Amir-MoezziJambet201866-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19892Amir-MoezziJambet201866_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaman2004349_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaman2004">Zaman 2004</a>, p. 349. <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEZaman2004349" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198862Modarressi19936-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198862Modarressi19936_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013249-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013249_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYücesoy2013">Yücesoy 2013</a>, p. 249.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2005">Amir-Moezzi 2005</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979291-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979291_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 291.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1984155-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1984155_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1984">Ayoub 1984</a>, p. 155.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979290-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198890Jafri1979290_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 290.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Momen1985147-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Momen1985147_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, p. 110; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 147.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110–111Sachedina198862Gleave2004350-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110–111Sachedina198862Gleave2004350_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, pp. 110–111; <a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>, p. 350.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201867NasrDabashiNasr19894Takim200627-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201867NasrDabashiNasr19894Takim200627_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFTakim2006">Takim 2006</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005Mavani20137Nasr1972160-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2005Mavani20137Nasr1972160_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2005">Amir-Moezzi 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFNasr1972">Nasr 1972</a>, p. 160.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201866-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201866_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975186Amir-MoezziJambet201866-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975186Amir-MoezziJambet201866_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013247Jafri1979291-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013247Jafri1979291_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYücesoy2013">Yücesoy 2013</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 291.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200643Amir-MoezziJambet201872Momen1985157-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200643Amir-MoezziJambet201872Momen1985157_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 157.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985157Amir-Moezzi199429-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985157Amir-Moezzi199429_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 157; <a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Mavani201340-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Mavani201340_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Amir-MoezziJambet201873-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201434Amir-MoezziJambet201873_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291,_294Mavani20134,_11-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291,_294Mavani20134,_11_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, pp. 291, 294; <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, pp. 4, 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291Momen1985150,_159Lalani200065-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979291Momen1985150,_159Lalani200065_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 291; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 150, 159; <a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr1972163Mavani201351-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr1972163Mavani201351_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr1972">Nasr 1972</a>, p. 163; <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201351,_55NasrDabashiNasr19892Momen1985148,_157-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201351,_55NasrDabashiNasr19892Momen1985148,_157_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, pp. 51, 55; <a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 148, 157.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103Donaldson1933339-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103Donaldson1933339_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 339.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199321,_42–50Crone2005112-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199321,_42–50Crone2005112_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, pp. 21, 42–50; <a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, p. 112.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985159_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr98Madelung2012-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr98Madelung2012_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr</a>, p. 98<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFMadelung2012">Madelung 2012</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989102-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989102_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013248Donaldson1933107–108-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYücesoy2013248Donaldson1933107–108_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYücesoy2013">Yücesoy 2013</a>, p. 248; <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, pp. 107–108.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998,_103Haider201442–43-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998,_103Haider201442–43_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, pp. 98, 103; <a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, pp. 42–43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004351-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004351_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>, p. 351.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184–185Haider201443-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184–185Haider201443_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, pp. 184–185; <a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Madelung2012Tabatabai1975185-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198998Madelung2012Tabatabai1975185_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 98; <a href="#CITEREFMadelung2012">Madelung 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, p. 185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19894-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19894_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2012">Kohlberg 2012</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859Lalani200077-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859Lalani200077_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, p. 110; <a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005110Sachedina198859_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, p. 110; <a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005111-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005111_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, p. 111.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand19884-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand19884_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArjomand1988">Arjomand 1988</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005111,_113Momen198564-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2005111,_113Momen198564_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, pp. 111, 113; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200058–83Takim200627-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200058–83Takim200627_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, pp. 58–83; <a href="#CITEREFTakim2006">Takim 2006</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078Jafri1979293Takim200628-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078Jafri1979293Takim200628_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 293; <a href="#CITEREFTakim2006">Takim 2006</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 154–155.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155Donaldson1933314Sachedina198859-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985154–155Donaldson1933314Sachedina198859_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 154–155; <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 314; <a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 155.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200082-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200082_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985156-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985156_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004625-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004625_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 625.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985149-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985149_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 149.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand198826-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand198826_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArjomand1988">Arjomand 1988</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473,74-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473,74_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 73,74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985150_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199445_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199473_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin199348-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin199348_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin1993">Corbin 1993</a>, p. 48.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCorbin1993 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2011-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2011_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAfsaruddin2011">Afsaruddin 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19895-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr19895_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199471-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199471_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 71.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200020-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200020_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200068-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200068_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200080-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200080_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198821-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198821_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1988">Akhtar Rizvi 1988</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988140-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988140_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakatchiAnsariNaji1988">Pakatchi, Ansari & Naji 1988</a>, p. 140.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199430-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199430_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933306-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933306_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 306.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008318-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008318_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008318_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, p. 318.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajlisi267–318–88-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajlisi267–318–88_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajlisi">Majlisi</a>, pp. 267–318–88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani201033-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani201033_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2010">Lalani 2010</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung2012">Madelung 2012</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008424,425-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008424,425_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, p. 424,425.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200892-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200892_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavadi_Amoli2008">Javadi Amoli 2008</a>, p. 92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskari199871-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskari199871_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAskari1998">Askari 1998</a>, p. 71.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200893-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavadi_Amoli200893_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavadi_Amoli2008">Javadi Amoli 2008</a>, p. 93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989103_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 103.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984344,345-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984344,345_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1984">Donaldson 1984</a>, p. 344,345.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonaldson1984 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 170.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989179-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989179_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 179.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199429-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199429_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200627-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200627_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200638-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200638_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200661-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200661_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200663-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200663_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaezi2004">Vaezi 2004</a>, p. 58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERizvi2000-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2000_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizvi2000_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRizvi2000">Rizvi 2000</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933308,309-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933308,309_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 308,309.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989168-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989168_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 168.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170,171-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989170,171_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 170,171.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177,178-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177,178_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 177,178.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2008316-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2008316_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, p. 316.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200640-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200640_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985148-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985148_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 148.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200083-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200083_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 83.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198555-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198555_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1985">Akhtar Rizvi 1985</a>, pp. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20073-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20073_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20073_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198556-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198556_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1985">Akhtar Rizvi 1985</a>, pp. 56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458,_59-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaezi200458,_59_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaezi2004">Vaezi 2004</a>, pp. 58, 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201311-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201311_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201311_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984353-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984353_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1984">Donaldson 1984</a>, p. 353.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonaldson1984 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933353-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933353_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 353.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200066-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200066_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr198996_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 96.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989169-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989169_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 169.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Qarashi201486,87-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Qarashi201486,87_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Qarashi2014">al-Qarashi 2014</a>, p. 86,87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197378,79-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197378,79_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabaei1973">Tabatabaei 1973</a>, p. 78,79.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesbahyazdi2014-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesbahyazdi2014_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesbahyazdi2014">Mesbahyazdi 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001114-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2001114_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 114.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotahhari200343-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotahhari200343_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMotahhari2003">Motahhari 2003</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989177_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 177.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989184-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasrDabashiNasr1989184_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 184.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDabashi1989116-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDabashi1989116_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDabashi1989">Dabashi 1989</a>, p. 116.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984306-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1984306_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1984">Donaldson 1984</a>, p. 306.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonaldson1984 (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201352,53-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201352,53_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 52,53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200648-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200648_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200058-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200058_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200065-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200065_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200067,68-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200067,68_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 67,68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198543–46-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198543–46_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1985">Akhtar Rizvi 1985</a>, pp. 43–46.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201333-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201333_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197383-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabaei197383_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabaei1973">Tabatabaei 1973</a>, p. 83.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200075-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200075_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1978385-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1978385_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott1978">McDermott 1978</a>, p. 385.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198812-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkhtar_Rizvi198812_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1988">Akhtar Rizvi 1988</a>, p. 12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Alfayn pp.3 by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Ibn Mutahhar al-Hilli</a> (al-Maktabah al-Haydariyyah, Najaf, 3rd ed. 1388)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2015-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2015_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2015">Sobhani 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988137-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988137_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakatchiAnsariNaji1988">Pakatchi, Ansari & Naji 1988</a>, p. 137.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988138-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchiAnsariNaji1988138_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakatchiAnsariNaji1988">Pakatchi, Ansari & Naji 1988</a>, p. 138.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20074-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20074_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20072-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake20072_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200649-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbin200649_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin2006">Corbin 2006</a>, p. 49.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Afsaruddin, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445">"Authority, Relligious"</a>. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i> (Three ed.). Brill. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authority%2C+Relligious&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1985" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyed Saeed (1985). <i>Imamate (The Vicegerency of the Prophet)</i>. Tehran: WOFIS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imamate+%28The+Vicegerency+of+the+Prophet%29&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Akhtar+Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyed+Saeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar_Rizvi1988" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0f2qAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet</i></a>. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9976-956-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9976-956-13-9"><bdi>978-9976-956-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imamate%3A+The+vicegerency+of+the+Holy+Prophet&rft.pub=Bilal+Muslim+Mission+of+Tanzania&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-9976-956-13-9&rft.aulast=Akhtar+Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0f2qAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qarashi2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Qarashi, Bāqir Sharif (2014). <i>The life of Imām Zayn al 'Abidin (A.S.)</i>. Createspace Independent Pub. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496121837" title="Special:BookSources/9781496121837"><bdi>9781496121837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Im%C4%81m+Zayn+al+%27Abidin+%28A.S.%29&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Pub&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781496121837&rft.aulast=al-Qarashi&rft.aufirst=B%C4%81qir+Sharif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Shaykh_al-Saduq2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Abu Ja'far (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qM8CoQEACAAJ"><i>A Shiite Creed</i></a>. Createspace Independent Pub. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4960-1959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4960-1959-2"><bdi>978-1-4960-1959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shiite+Creed&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Pub&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4960-1959-2&rft.aulast=al-Shaykh+al-Saduq&rft.aufirst=Abu+Ja%27far&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqM8CoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994" class="citation book cs1">Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (1994). <i>Guide divin dans le Shi'isme originel</i> [<i>The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam</i>]. Translated by Streight, D. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791421228" title="Special:BookSources/0791421228"><bdi>0791421228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+divin+dans+le+Shi%27isme+originel&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0791421228&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Kohlberg, E. (1988). "Imam and Community in the Pre-Ghayba Period". In Arjomand, S.A. (ed.). <i>Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism</i>. State University of New York Press. pp. 25–53. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887066380" title="Special:BookSources/0887066380"><bdi>0887066380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imam+and+Community+in+the+Pre-Ghayba+Period&rft.btitle=Authority+and+Political+Culture+in+Shi%27ism&rft.pages=25-53&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0887066380&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjomand1988" class="citation book cs1">Arjomand, S.A. (1988). "Introduction: Shi'ism, Authority, and Political Culture". In Arjomand, S.A. (ed.). <i>Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism</i>. State University of New York Press. pp. 1–24. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887066380" title="Special:BookSources/0887066380"><bdi>0887066380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Shi%27ism%2C+Authority%2C+and+Political+Culture&rft.btitle=Authority+and+Political+Culture+in+Shi%27ism&rft.pages=1-24&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0887066380&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskari1998" class="citation book cs1">Askari, Sayed Murtaza (1998). <i>Infallibility of the Prophets & Messengers</i>. World Islamic Network (WIN).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infallibility+of+the+Prophets+%26+Messengers&rft.pub=World+Islamic+Network+%28WIN%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Askari&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Murtaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub1984" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, M. (1984). <i>The Qur'an and Its Interpreters</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/087395727X" title="Special:BookSources/087395727X"><bdi>087395727X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+Its+Interpreters&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=087395727X&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, H.</a> (2006). <i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i>. Translated by Sherrard, L.; Sherrard, P. Kegan Paul International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:No_isbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:No isbn (page does not exist)">Template:No isbn</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a> (1989). <i>Authority in Islam : from the rise of Muhammad to the establishment of the Umayyads</i>. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-288-8"><bdi>978-0-88738-288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authority+in+Islam+%3A+from+the+rise+of+Muhammad+to+the+establishment+of+the+Umayyads&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-288-8&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakake2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Massi_Dakake" title="Maria Massi Dakake">Dakake, M.M.</a> (2007). <i>The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791470336" title="Special:BookSources/9780791470336"><bdi>9780791470336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charismatic+Community%3A+Shi%27ite+Identity+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780791470336&rft.aulast=Dakake&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1933" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, D.M. (1933). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217724/page/n5/mode/1up"><i>The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak</i></a></span>. Luzac & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27ite+Religion%3A+A+History+of+Islam+in+Persia+and+Irak&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+Company&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.217724%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:No_isbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:No isbn (page does not exist)">Template:No isbn</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine">"Shi'ite Doctrine"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> (online ed.). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%27ite+Doctrine&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshiite-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0"><bdi>0-02-865604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world%3B+vol.1&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.isbn=0-02-865604-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa</i>. Gale Group. 2004. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865769-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865769-1"><bdi>978-0-02-865769-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865769-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavadi_Amoli2008" class="citation book cs1">Javadi Amoli, abd Allah (2008). <i>Adabe Fanaye Moqaraban</i>. Qom: Isra. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-5984-58-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-5984-58-6"><bdi>978-964-5984-58-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adabe+Fanaye+Moqaraban&rft.place=Qom&rft.pub=Isra&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-964-5984-58-6&rft.aulast=Javadi+Amoli&rft.aufirst=abd+Allah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2010" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, Arzina R. (2010). <i>Degrees of Excellence</i>. London [u.a.]: Tauris. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-145-8"><bdi>978-1-84511-145-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degrees+of+Excellence&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-145-8&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=Arzina+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, A.R. (2000). <i>Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850435928" title="Special:BookSources/1850435928"><bdi>1850435928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Sh%C4%AB%27%C4%AB+Thought%3A+The+Teachings+of+Imam+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-B%C4%81qir&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1850435928&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, W.</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0369">"Imāma"</a></span>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0369">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0369</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im%C4%81ma&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0369&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajlisi" class="citation book cs1">Majlisi, Allamah Mohammad Baqer. <i>Bihar al-Anwar v.26</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+al-Anwar+v.26&rft.aulast=Majlisi&rft.aufirst=Allamah+Mohammad+Baqer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world</i>. New York [u.a.]: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA%2C+Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865604-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, R. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0002unse/page/690/mode/2up">"Imamate"</a></span>. In Martin, R.C. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 350–351. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656059" title="Special:BookSources/0028656059"><bdi>0028656059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=350-351&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656059&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0002unse%2Fpage%2F690%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zaman, M.Q. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0002unse/page/690/mode/2up">"Imam"</a></span>. In Martin, R.C. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 349–350. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656059" title="Special:BookSources/0028656059"><bdi>0028656059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imam&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=349-350&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656059&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=M.Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0002unse%2Fpage%2F690%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMashita2013" class="citation book cs1">Mashita, Hiroyuki (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQcSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Theology, Ethics and Metaphysics: Royal Asiatic Society Classics of Islam</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87205-1"><bdi>978-1-136-87205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology%2C+Ethics+and+Metaphysics%3A+Royal+Asiatic+Society+Classics+of+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87205-1&rft.aulast=Mashita&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQcSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavani2013" class="citation book cs1">Mavani, H. (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/"><i>Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203694282" title="Special:BookSources/9780203694282"><bdi>9780203694282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Authority+and+Political+Thought+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism%3A+From+Ali+to+Post-Khomeini&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780203694282&rft.aulast=Mavani&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousauthori0000mava%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1978" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Martin J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvFiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Theology of Al-Shaikh Al-Mufīd</i></a>. Dar el-Machreq éditeurs. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7214-5601-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7214-5601-4"><bdi>978-2-7214-5601-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Al-Shaikh+Al-Muf%C4%ABd&rft.pub=Dar+el-Machreq+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-2-7214-5601-4&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvFiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesbahyazdi2014" class="citation web cs1">Mesbahyazdi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mesbahyazdi.ir/node/761">"Walayah the base of monotheism"</a>. <i>mesbahyazdi.ir</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mesbahyazdi.ir&rft.atitle=Walayah+the+base+of+monotheism&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Mesbahyazdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fmesbahyazdi.ir%2Fnode%2F761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, M.</a> (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300035315" title="Special:BookSources/9780300035315"><bdi>9780300035315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780300035315&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahhari1982" class="citation book cs1">Motahhari, Morteza (1982). <i>Wilayah the Station of the Master</i>. Tehran: WOFIS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilayah+the+Station+of+the+Master&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Motahhari&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahhari2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Motahhari, Morteza (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mortezamotahari.com/fa/bookview.html?BookId=6579&BookArticleID=134937"><i>The Notes of Motahhari</i></a> (in Persian). Vol. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notes+of+Motahhari&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Motahhari&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fmortezamotahari.com%2Ffa%2Fbookview.html%3FBookId%3D6579%26BookArticleID%3D134937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusavi_IsfahaniHaeri_Qazvini2006" class="citation book cs1">Musavi Isfahani, Muhammad Taqi; Haeri Qazvini (2006). <i>Mekyal al-Makarim</i>. Qom: Intisharat Masjed Moqaddas Jamkaran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mekyal+al-Makarim&rft.place=Qom&rft.pub=Intisharat+Masjed+Moqaddas+Jamkaran&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Musavi+Isfahani&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Taqi&rft.au=Haeri+Qazvini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2008" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2008). <i>Islamic spirituality</i>. USA: Routledge. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44262-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44262-6"><bdi>978-0-415-44262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+spirituality&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44262-6&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr1972" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, S.H. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idealsrealitieso0000nasr/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Ideals and Realities of Islam</i></a></span>. Beacon Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807011312" title="Special:BookSources/0807011312"><bdi>0807011312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideals+and+Realities+of+Islam&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0807011312&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidealsrealitieso0000nasr%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, S.H.; Dabashi, H.; Nasr, S.V.R., eds. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HosseinNasr/Nasr%2C%20Seyyed%20Hossein%20-%20Expectation%20of%20the%20Millennium%2C%20Shi%27ism%20in%20History%20%281989%29%20%5Bhtml%5D/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History</i></a></span>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585078496" title="Special:BookSources/9780585078496"><bdi>9780585078496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expectation+of+the+Millennium%3A+Shi%27ism+in+History&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780585078496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHosseinNasr%2FNasr%252C%2520Seyyed%2520Hossein%2520-%2520Expectation%2520of%2520the%2520Millennium%252C%2520Shi%2527ism%2520in%2520History%2520%25281989%2529%2520%255Bhtml%255D%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakatchiAnsariNaji1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pakatchi; Ansari; Naji (1988). "Imamate". <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 10. Center of Encyclopedia of Islam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Center+of+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Pakatchi&rft.au=Ansari&rft.au=Naji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafia'aDerayati2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rafia'a, Muhammad b Heydar; Derayati (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/17333"><i>Al-Hashiyah ala al-Usul al-Kafi</i></a> (in Arabic). Qom: Dar al-Hadith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hashiyah+ala+al-Usul+al-Kafi&rft.place=Qom&rft.pub=Dar+al-Hadith&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rafia%27a&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+b+Heydar&rft.au=Derayati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.noorlib.ir%2FView%2Ffa%2FBook%2FBookView%2FImage%2F17333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2014" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Sayyid Muhammad (27 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWGwoQEACAAJ"><i>Shi'ism: Imamate & Wilayat</i></a>. Createspace Independent Pub. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5025-1633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5025-1633-6"><bdi>978-1-5025-1633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ism%3A+Imamate+%26+Wilayat&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Pub&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-5025-1633-6&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWGwoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2000" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Sayyid Muhammad (2000). <i>Shīʻism : imāmate & wilāyat</i>. Richmond Hill, ON: Al-Ma'arif Books. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780920675113" title="Special:BookSources/9780920675113"><bdi>9780920675113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C4%AB%CA%BBism+%3A+im%C4%81mate+%26+wil%C4%81yat&rft.place=Richmond+Hill%2C+ON&rft.pub=Al-Ma%27arif+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780920675113&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, A.A.</a> (1988). <i>The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195119150" title="Special:BookSources/0195119150"><bdi>0195119150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Just+Ruler+in+Shi%27ite+Islam%3A+The+Comprehensive+Authority+of+the+Jurist+in+Imamite+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0195119150&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Britannica (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067367/Shiite">"Shi'ite"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%27ite&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9067367%2FShiite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhani2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'far</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imamsadeq.com/fa/persian/articleView?articleId=2285">"Imamate and succession"</a>. <i>imamsadeq.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imamsadeq.com&rft.atitle=Imamate+and+succession&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fimamsadeq.com%2Ffa%2Fpersian%2FarticleView%3FarticleId%3D2285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhani2001" class="citation book cs1">Sobhani, Ja'far (2001). <i>Doctrines of Shi'i Islam</i>. London: I.B.Tauris Publishers. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/186064-780-4" title="Special:BookSources/186064-780-4"><bdi>186064-780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=186064-780-4&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabai, S.M.H.</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba/page/174/mode/1up"><i>Shi'ite Islam</i></a></span>. Translated by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, S.H.</a> State University of New York Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873953908" title="Special:BookSources/0873953908"><bdi>0873953908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0873953908&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=S.M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiiteislam0000taba%2Fpage%2F174%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabaei1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1973). <i>Al-Mizan</i>. Vol. 2. WOFIS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Mizan&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Tabatabaei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> Revised in 2008</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmad (2004). <i>Shia Political Thought</i>. London: Islamic Centre of England. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1"><bdi>978-1-904934-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+Political+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904934-01-1&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation book cs1">Crone, P. (2005). <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748621946" title="Special:BookSources/0748621946"><bdi>0748621946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0748621946&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2014" class="citation book cs1">Haider, N. (2014). <i>Shi'i Islam: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107031432" title="Special:BookSources/9781107031432"><bdi>9781107031432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Islam%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107031432&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018" class="citation book cs1">Amir-Moezzi, M.A.; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jambet" title="Christian Jambet">Jambet, C.</a> (2018). <i>What is Shi'i Islam: An Introduction</i>. Translated by Casler, K.; Ormsby, E. Routledge. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138093737" title="Special:BookSources/9781138093737"><bdi>9781138093737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781138093737&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Jambet%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYücesoy2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yücesoy, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/">"Imamate"</a>. In Bowering, G. (ed.). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 247–250. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691134840" title="Special:BookSources/9780691134840"><bdi>9780691134840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=247-250&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691134840&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BCcesoy&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincetonencyclo0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModarressi1993" class="citation book cs1">Modarressi, S.H. (1993). <i>Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shī'ite Islam: Abu Ja'far ibn Qiba al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmi Shī'ite Thought</i>. Darwin Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878500952" title="Special:BookSources/0878500952"><bdi>0878500952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Consolidation+in+the+Formative+Period+of+Sh%C4%AB%27ite+Islam%3A+Abu+Ja%27far+ibn+Qiba+al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB+and+His+Contribution+to+Im%C4%81mi+Sh%C4%AB%27ite+Thought&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0878500952&rft.aulast=Modarressi&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri, S.H.M.</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsearlydeve0000jafr/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582780802" title="Special:BookSources/0582780802"><bdi>0582780802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shi%27a+Islam&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0582780802&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=S.H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsearlydeve0000jafr%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakim2006" class="citation book cs1">Takim, L.N. (2006). <i>The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791467381" title="Special:BookSources/9780791467381"><bdi>9780791467381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+the+Prophet%3A+Charisma+and+Religious+Authority+in+Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780791467381&rft.aulast=Takim&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohlberg, E. (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346">"Muḥammad b. 'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn"</a></span>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+Zayn+al-%27%C4%80bid%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImamate+in+Twelver+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiite-doctrine">Shi'ite Doctorine</a> by MOHAMMAD ALI AMIR-MOEZZI an article in Encyclopædia Iranica</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slaveofali.wordpress.com/2008/09/06/imamah-in-the-quran-p1-introduction/">Imamah in the Qur'an</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hojjat">Hujjat</a> by Maria Dakake an article in Encyclopædia Iranica</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/twelve/7.htm">A brief introduction of Twelve Imams</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329020223/http://www.balagh.net/english/shia/shia/10.htm#00011">A Brief History Of The Lives Of The Twelve Imams</a> a chapter of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam (book)">Shi'a Islam (book)</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Allameh Tabatabaei</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010422001750/http://www.geocities.com/ahlulbayt14/12imams.html">The Twelve Imams</a> Taken From "A Shi'ite Anthology" By <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Allameh Tabatabaei</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618012237/http://www.ummah.net/khoei/imam.htm#12">A Short History of the Lives of The Twelve Imams</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter6b/9.html">Imamat vs. Prophethood (Part II)</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li>
<li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li>
<li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li>
<li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li>
<li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li>
<li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li>
<li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li>
<li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li>
<li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li>
<li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
<ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li>
<li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li>
<li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li>
<li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a>
<ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Imamiyyah</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailiyyah</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafi_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wafi Ahmad">Ibn Maymūn</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Ibn Ismāʿīl</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ's Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Arwa al-Sulayhi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiy%C4%81ma_(Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB_Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%C4%AB_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiyāma (Nizārī Ismāʿīlī doctrine)">Nizārī Ismāʿīlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Tawhid">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li>
<li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kullabiyya
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imami</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a>
<ul><li>Hārbīyya
<ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li>
<li>Janāhiyya
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li>
<li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li>
<li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li>
<li>Sam‘ānīyya
<ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a>
<ul><li>Rezāmīyya
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a>
<ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ajardi
<ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li>
<li>Maymunīyyah</li>
<li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Bayhasīyyah
<ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
<ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li>
<li>Dhīmmīyya</li>
<li>Hakāiqīyya</li>
<li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li>
<li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li>
<li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li>
<li>Maʿīyya</li>
<li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li>
<li>Nūnīyya</li>
<li>Razīnīyya</li>
<li>Sauwāqīyya</li>
<li>Sūramīyya</li>
<li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li>
<li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li>
<li>Wāhidīyya</li>
<li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Gaylānīyya
<ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li>
<li>Yūnusīyya
<ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li>
<li>Gassānīyya
<ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li>
<li>Tūmanīyya
<ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li>
<li>Sawbānīyya
<ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li>
<li>Sālehīyya
<ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li>
<li>Shamrīyya
<ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li>
<li>Ubaydīyya
<ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li>
<li>Ziyādīyya
<ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li>
<li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li>
<li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li>
<li>Sābit Kutna</li>
<li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li>
<li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li>
<li>Umar ibn Zar</li>
<li>Salm ibn Sālem</li>
<li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li>
<li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li>
<li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li>
<li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li>
<li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Jawārībīyya
<ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li>
<li>Hāshwīyya</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li>
<li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a>
<ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li>
<li>Muʿāmmarīyya
<ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li>
<li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
<ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li>
<li>Mānsūrīyya
<ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li>
<li>Mukhāmmīsa</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li>
<li>Saba'īyya
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mā’marīyya
<ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a>
<ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li>
<li>Huzaylīyya
<ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
<ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Ikhshīdiyya</li>
<li>Nazzāmīyya
<ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li>
<li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li>
<li>Hābītīyya
<ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Sumamīyya
<ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li>
<li>Kā‘bīyya
<ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li>
<li>Other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭarīqah">Ṭarīqah</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_leadership" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamophobic_incidents" title="List of Islamophobic incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shia_Imams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Imams" title="Template talk:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shia_Imams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ol><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a><sup>§</sup></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<i>"Asās"</i> or <i>"Wāsih"</i> of <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a></i> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul>
<ol><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">Isma'il al-Zafir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">Isa al-Fa'iz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Abdallah al-Adid</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoud_ibn_al-Adid" title="Daoud ibn al-Adid">Dawud al-Hamid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Daoud" title="Sulayman ibn Daoud">Sulayman Badr al-Din</a></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<i>"Asās"</i> or <i>"Wāsih"</i> of <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a></i> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul>
<ol><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a><br />(Qasim-Shahi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ol><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Qahir" title="Hasan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li>
<li>Qasim Shah</li>
<li>Islam Shah</li>
<li>Muhammad ibn Islam Shah</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah_II_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Mustansir Billah II (Nizari imam)">Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Salam_Shah" title="Abd al-Salam Shah">Abd al-Salam Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharib_Mirza" title="Gharib Mirza">Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dharr_Ali" title="Abu Dharr Ali">Abu Dharr Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_Mirza" title="Murad Mirza">Murad Mirza</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Allah_I" title="Khalil Allah I">Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Dahr_Ali" title="Nur al-Dahr Ali">Nur al-Dahr Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Allah_II_Ali" title="Khalil Allah II Ali">Khalil Allah II Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Nizar_II" title="Shah Nizar II">Shah Nizar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Ali_(Nizari_imam)" title="Sayyid Ali (Nizari imam)">Sayyid Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Hasan_Ali" title="Sayyid Hasan Ali">Sayyid Hasan Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qasim_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim Ali (page does not exist)">Qasim Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Hasan Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Khalil_Allah_III" title="Shah Khalil Allah III">Shah Khalil Allah III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_I" title="Aga Khan I">Aga Khan I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_II" title="Aga Khan II">Aga Khan II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a><br />(Mu'mini)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ol><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Qahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a><sup>‡</sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ala_al-Din_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shah_ibn_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shah ibn Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Muhammad Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Muhammad_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Muhammad Shah (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahir_ibn_Radi_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahir ibn Radi al-Din (page does not exist)">Tahir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Tahir (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Tahir" title="Shah Tahir">Shah Tahir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Shah_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Shah Tahir (page does not exist)">Haydar I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadr_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr al-Din Muhammad ibn Haydar (page does not exist)">Sadr al-Din Miuhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Sadr_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Sadr al-Din (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atiyyat_Allah_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atiyyat Allah ibn Mu'in al-Din (page does not exist)">Atiyyat Allah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Shah_ibn_Atiyyat_Allah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Shah ibn Atiyyat Allah (page does not exist)">Aziz Shah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Aziz_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Aziz Shah (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din_al-Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Mu'in al-Din al-Musharraf (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Muhammad_al-Mutahhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Muhammad al-Mutahhar (page does not exist)">Haydar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar_al-Baqir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Haydar al-Baqir (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad II</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ol>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup>§</sup> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a></li>
<li><sup>#</sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliphs</li>
<li><sup>‡</sup> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">concealment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1724247832' |