Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '2A06:63C1:9904:E900:EC22:E043:F3A1:C510' |
Type of the user account (user_type) | 'ip' |
Time email address was confirmed (user_emailconfirm) | null |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | true |
Global edit count of the user (global_user_editcount) | 0 |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 26152 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Romani people' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Romani people' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Itse, Eesti!',
1 => 'Ficaia',
2 => '90.255.187.21',
3 => 'Jdcomix',
4 => 'Ggytoaster',
5 => 'Ded Meem',
6 => 'Mathglot',
7 => 'Urban Versis 32',
8 => '2600:6C50:7EF0:C3F0:19A:2264:8581:67F9',
9 => 'InternetArchiveBot'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 714044374 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 56888 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Romanians]] or [[Roman people|Romans]]}}
{{other uses|Romani (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{redirect-multi|4|Gypsy|Gypsies|Gipsy|Gipsies|other uses|Gypsy (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Romani people
| image = [[File:Romani people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| image_caption =
| flag = Roma flag.svg
| flag_caption = [[Flag of the Romani people|Romani flag]] created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 [[World Romani Congress]]
| pop = 2–12 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmy |format=online |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=M. Paul |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=16th |place=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL |quote=[[Ian Hancock]]'s 1987 estimate for 'all Gypsies in the world' was 6 to 11 million. |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12977975 |work=BBC News |title=EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty |date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Roma |url=http://www.nationalia.info/new/8761/peoples-and-nations-today-the-roma |publisher=Nationalia |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom |title=Rom |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=... estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million. |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref>
| region2 = [[United States]]
| pop2 = 1,000,000 estimated with Romani ancestry{{efn|5,400 per [[2000 US census|2000 census]].}}<ref>Smith, J. (2008). The marginalization of shadow minorities (Roma) and its impact on opportunities (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University).</ref>
| ref2 = <ref name="time">{{cite news |author=Kayla Webley |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2025316,00.html |title=Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile |agency=Time |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=3 October 2015 |quote=Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million.}}</ref>
| region3 = [[Brazil]]
| pop3 = 800,000 (0.4%)
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |trans-title=Lack of public policy for Romani is a challenge for the administration |url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html |language=pt |title=Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é desafio para o governo |publisher=R7 |year=2011 |access-date=22 January 2012 |quote=The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101119/http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Spain]]
| pop4 = 750,000–1,500,000 (1.9–3.7%)
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in Spain |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-spain_en |website=European Commission |language=en |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Cite news |author= |url=http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |title=Estimated by the Society for Threatened Peoples |newspaper= |publisher=[[Society for Threatened Peoples]] |date=2007-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213211/http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |archive-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf |title=The Situation of Roma in Spain |publisher=Open Society Institute |year=2002 |quote=The Spanish government estimates the number of ''Gitanos'' to be a maximum of 650,000. |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana – CIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |title=Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España: Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007 |website=mscbs.gob.es |year=2007 |quote=Tabla 1. La comunidad gitana de España en el contexto de la población romaní de la Unión Europea. Población Romaní: 750.000{{nbsp}}[...] Por 100 habitantes: 1.87%{{nbsp}}[...] se podrían llegar a barajar cifras{{nbsp}}[...] de 1.100.000 personas |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120335/http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>
| region5 = [[Romania]]
| pop5 = 569,500–1,850,000 (3.4–8.32%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-25994251-primele-rezultate-ale-recensamantului-2022-populatia-romaniei-scazut-19-053-815-locuitori.htm/amp|title=Primele rezultate ale Recensământului 2022: Populația României a scăzut la 19.053.815 locuitori|trans-title=The first results of the 2022 Census: Romania's population decreased to 19,053,815 inhabitants|language=ro|website=[[HotNews]]|date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en|title=Romania|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref>
| region6 = [[Turkey]]
| pop6 = 500,000–2,750,000 (3.8%)
| ref6 = <ref name=immigration>{{cite web <!--|format=PDF --> |url=http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680088ea9 |title=Roma and Travellers Team. Tools and Texts of Reference. Estimates on Roma population in European countries (excel spreadsheet) |work=rm.coe.int Council of Europe Roma and Travellers Division}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |title=Roma rights organizations work to ease prejudice in Turkey |first=Yigal |last=Schleifer |date=22 July 2005 |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211734/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Turkey">{{cite web |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi-/yasam/magazindetay/06.06.2008/873452/default.htm |title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı! |trans-title=The number of Kurds in Turkey! |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=2 January 2016 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Türkiye'deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor. 2, hatta 5 milyon gibi rakamlar dolaşıyor Çingenelerin arasında |url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp |newspaper=Hurriyet |place=[[Turkey|TR]] |language=tr |date=8 May 2005 |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007144251/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region7 = [[Bulgaria]]
| pop7 = 325,343{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 736,981 (10% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. In a Bulgarian government report on the census, the ethnic results are identified as a "gross manipulation".<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=Critical report on Population and Housing Census, Conducted as of 1 February 2011| url= https://nsi.bg/bg/content/12037/basic-page/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B8-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC-1-%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8-2011-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0 |title=Критичен доклад относно Преброяването на населението и жилищния фонд, проведено към 1 февруари 2011 година|date=2011|publisher=[[National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian National Statistical Institute]]|language=bg}}</ref>}}–750,000 (4.9–10.3%)
| ref7 = <ref name="NSI">{{cite web |url=http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx |script-title=bg:Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група |trans-title=Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group |language=bg |publisher=[[National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian National Statistical Institute]] |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602032148/http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2012}} Self declared</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-249_en.htm |title=Roma Integration – 2014 Commission Assessment: Questions and Answers |publisher=European Commission |location=Brussels |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2016}} EU and Council of Europe estimates</ref>
| region8 = [[Hungary]]
| pop8 = 309,632{{efn|This is a census figure. There was an option to declare multiple ethnicities, so this figure includes Romani of multiple backgrounds. According to the 2016 microcensus 99.1% of Hungarian Romani declared Hungarian ethnic identity also.}}–870,000 (3.21–8.8%)
| ref8 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=János |first1=Pénzes |last2=Patrik |first2=Tátrai |last3=Zoltán |first3=Pásztor István|title=A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben |trans-title=Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades |language=hu|journal=Területi Statisztika |year=2018 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=3–26 |doi=10.15196/TS580101 |s2cid=197566729 |url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf}}</ref>
| region9 = [[France]]
| pop9 = 300,000–1,200,000 (0.21%)
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euractiv.com/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507 |title=Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions |publisher=EurActiv Network |quote=According to the report, the settled Gypsy population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000, although other estimates say that the actual figure is much closer to 1.2 million. |date=7 December 2005 |access-date=21 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="350000 en France en 2010">{{cite news |first=Bernard |last=Gorce |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/France/Roms-gens-du-voyage-deux-realites-differentes-_NG_-2010-07-22-603910 |title=Roms, gens du voyage, deux réalités différentes |newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=21 October 2016 |quote=<small>[Manual Translation]</small> The ban prevents statistics on ethnicity to give a precise figure of French Roma, but we often quote the number 350,000. For travellers, the administration counted 160,000 circulation titles in 2006 issued to people aged 16 to 80 years. Among the travellers, some have chosen to buy a family plot where they dock their caravans around a local section (authorized since the Besson Act of 1990).}}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/france_en |title=France - European Commission |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/roma_in_europe_briefing.pdf |title=Human Rights on the Margins Roma in Europe |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Argentina]]
| pop10 = 300,000
| ref10 = {{efn|Approximate estimate.}}<ref name="Hazel Marsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.latinolife.co.uk/node/289 |title=The Roma Gypsies of Latin America |author=Hazel Marsh |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=www.latinolife.co.uk |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164035/https://www.latinolife.co.uk/node/289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/emerging-romani-voices-from-latin-america|title=Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America|publisher=European Roma Rights Centre|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>
| region11 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop11 = 225,000 (0.4%)
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in the United Kingdom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-united-kingdom_en |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Citation |contribution=RME |contribution-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rme |title=Ethnologue}}</ref>
| region12 = [[Russia]]
| pop12 = 205,007{{efn|name=census|This is a census figure.}}–825,000 (0.6%)
| ref12 = <ref name=immigration />
| region13 = [[Serbia]]
| pop13 = 147,604{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 368,136 (5.1% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.}}–600,000 (2.1–8.2%)
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf |script-title=sr:Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Национална припадност |trans-title=Census of population. Households and apartments in 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity |language=sr |publisher=State Statistical Service of the Republic of Serbia |page=8 |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=17 July 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708082957/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/serbia-country-profile-2011-2012.pdf |title=Serbia: Country Profile 2011–2012 |publisher=European Roma Rights Centre |page=7 |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=immigration />
| region14 = [[Italy]]
| pop14 = 120,000–180,000 (0.3%)
| ref14 = <ref name=DiGiacomo>{{cite web |url=http://www.21luglio.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Rapporto-annuale-Associazione-21-luglio.pdf |title=Giornata Internazionale dei rom e sinti: presentato il Rapporto Annuale 2014 (PDF) |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203064522/http://www.21luglio.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Rapporto-annuale-Associazione-21-luglio.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=immigration />
| region15 = [[Greece]]
| pop15 = 111,000–300,000 (2.7%)
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Premier Tsipras Hosts Roma Delegation for International Romani Day |website=greekreporter – place |date=9 April 2019|publisher=Nick Kampouris |url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2019/04/09/premier-tsipras-hosts-roma-delegation-for-international-romani-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greece NGO |newspaper=Greek Helsinki Monitor |place=LV |publisher=Minelres |url=http://www.minelres.lv/reports/greece/greece_NGO.htm}}</ref>
| region16 = [[Germany]]
| pop16 = 105,000 (0.1%)
| ref16 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Citation |contribution=Roma in Deutschland |contribution-url=http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/roma-in-deutschland.html |publisher=Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung |title=Regionale Dynamik |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429055947/http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/roma-in-deutschland.html}}</ref>
| region17 = [[Slovakia]]
| pop17 = 105,738{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 408,777 (7.5% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.}}–490,000 (2.1–9.0%)
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in Slovakia |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-slovakia_en |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Statistics |place=[[Slovakia|SK]] |url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715152521/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2007 |title=Population and Housing Census. Resident population by nationality}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=SME |place=SK |url=http://romovia.sme.sk/c/6947495/po-deviatich-rokoch-spocitali-romov-na-slovensku-ich-zije-viac-ako-400-tisic.html |title=Po deviatich rokoch spočítali Rómov, na Slovensku ich žije viac ako 400-tisíc |language=sk |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |publisher=SITA}}</ref>
| region18 = [[Albania]]
| pop18 = 100,000-140,000 (3.62%-5.06%)
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Albania/Rom-d-Albania-76445|title=Rom d'Albania|language=it|date=18 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
| region19 = [[Iran]]
| pop19 = 2,000–110,000
| ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Gypsy |url=http://www.iranian.com/SaeedTavakkol/2005/October/Gypsy/index.html |work=www.iranian.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515170948/http://www.iranian.com/SaeedTavakkol/2005/October/Gypsy/index.html |archive-date=15 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i#:~:text=The%20identity%20of%20these%20groups%20being%20uncertain%2C%20there,p.%202%29.%20Their%20origins%20are%20just%20as%20obscure |title=GYPSY i. Gypsies of Persia |date=12 Dec 2002 |work=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref>
| region20 = [[North Macedonia]]
| pop20 = 46,433 (2.53%)
| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/2022/POPIS_DZS_web_EN.pdf |title=Total resident population, households and dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, census 2021 |publisher=State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia |pages=32–33 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
| region21 = [[Sweden]]
| pop21 = 50,000–100,000
| ref21 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Citation |contribution-url=http://minoritet.prod3.imcms.net/1013 |title=Minoritet |contribution=Sametingen. Information about minorities in Sweden |language=sv |publisher=IMCMS |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326075902/http://minoritet.prod3.imcms.net/1013}}</ref>
| region22 = [[Ukraine]]
| pop22 = 47,587{{efn|This is a census figure. Less than 1% of the population did not declare any ethnicity.}}–260,000 (0.6%)
| ref22 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 |script-title=uk:Всеукраїнський перепис населення '2001: Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою |trans-title=Ukrainian Census, 2001: Distribution of population by nationality and mother tongue |language=uk |publisher=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |place=[[Ukraine|UA]] |date=2003 |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>
| region23 = [[Portugal]]
| pop23 = 52,000 (0.5%)
| ref23 = <ref name=immigration /><ref name="minorityrights.org">[http://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-127-RomaGypsies-A-European-Minority.pdf Roma /Gypsies: A European Minority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515231943/https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-127-RomaGypsies-A-European-Minority.pdf |date=15 May 2020}}, Minority Rights Group International.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067
|title=Comunidade cigana em Portugal|date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
| region24 = [[Austria]]
| pop24 = 40,000–50,000 (0.6%)
| ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/04/05/etwa-40-000-roma-und-sinti-leben-in-osterreich/|title=Etwa 40.000 Roma und Sinti leben in Österreich|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062645/http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/04/05/etwa-40-000-roma-und-sinti-leben-in-osterreich/|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>
| region25 = [[Kosovo]]
| pop25 = 36,000{{efn|This is a census figure including Romani, [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians]].}} (2%)
| ref25 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5 |last1=Kenrick |first1=Donald |year=2007 |page=142}}</ref>
| region26 = [[Netherlands]]
| pop26 = 32,000–40,000 (0.2%)
| ref26 = <ref name=immigration />
| region27 = [[Poland]]
| pop27 = 17,049{{efn|name=census}}–32,500 (0.1%)
| ref27 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/poland/32.htm |title=Poland – Gypsies |website=Country studies |place=US |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref>
| region28 = [[Croatia]]
| pop28 = 16,975{{efn|name=census}}–35,000 (0.8%)
| ref28 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Croatian Census 2011 |url=http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_05/E01_01_05.html |title=Population by Ethnicity – Delailed Classification |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>
| region29 = [[Mexico]]
| pop29 = 15,850
| ref29 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/10/gypsies-or-how-to-be-invisible-in-mexico |author=Emilio Godoy |title=Gypsies, or How to Be Invisible in Mexico |date=12 October 2010 |publisher=Inter Press Service |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>
| region30 = [[Chile]]
| pop30 = 15,000–20,000
| ref30 = <ref name="Hazel Marsh" />
| region31 = [[Moldova]]
| pop31 = 12,778{{efn|name=census}}–250,000 (3.0%–7.05%)
| ref31 = <ref>[https://minorityrights.org/minorities/roma-22/ Roma - Minority Rights Group]</ref>
| region32 = [[Finland]]
| pop32 = 10,000–12,000 est. (0.2%)
| ref32 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/74503/suomen_romanit.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Suomen romanit – Finitiko romaseele |publisher=Government of Finland |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201802/https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/74503/suomen_romanit.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region33 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| pop33 = 8,864{{efn|name=census}}–58,000 (1.5%)
| ref33 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>1991 census</ref>
| region34 = [[Colombia]]
| pop34 = 2,649–8,000
| ref34 = <ref name="Hazel Marsh" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Población Gitana o Rrom de Colombia Resultados del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 |trans-title=Gypsy or Rom Population of Colombia Results of the National Population and Housing Census 2018 |language=es |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/grupos-etnicos/presentacion-grupos-etnicos-poblacion-gitana-rrom-2019.pdf |work=dane.gov.co |place=Bogota |date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
| region35 = [[Belarus]]
| pop35 = 7,316{{efn|name=census}}–47,500 (0.5%)
| ref35 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Republic of Belarus, 2009 Census: Population by Ethnicity and Native Language |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918165045/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>
| region36 = [[Latvia]]
| pop36 = 7,193{{efn|name=census}}–12,500 (0.6%)
| ref36 = <ref name=immigration />
| region37 = [[Canada]]
| pop37 = 5,255–80,000
| ref37 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.cogeco.ca/~rcctoronto/pdfs/fs08canada.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614111814/http://home.cogeco.ca/~rcctoronto/pdfs/fs08canada.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |title=Roma in Canada fact sheet |publisher=home.cogeco.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |author=Statistics Canada |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=11 February 2014 |author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
| region38 = [[Montenegro]]
| pop38 = 5,251{{efn|name=census}}–20,000 (3.7%)
| ref38 = <ref name="monstat1">{{cite web |url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf |title=Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011 |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
<!-- The template supports only up to 40 regions-->| region39 = [[Czech Republic]]
| pop39 = 5,199{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 25% of the population did not declare any ethnicity.}}–40,370{{efn|name=census}} ([[Romani language|Romani speakers]])–250,000 (1.9%)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30718&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void= |title=Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů |publisher=czso.cz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in the Czech Republic |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-czech-republic_en |publisher=European Commission |language=en}}</ref>
| region40 = [[Australia]]
| pop40 = 5,000–25,000
| ref40 = <ref>{{cite web |author=Yvonne Slee |url=https://open.abc.net.au/explore/15645 |title=A History of Australian Romanies, now and then |publisher=Open ABC |place=Australia |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042839/https://open.abc.net.au/explore/15645}}</ref>
| region41 = [[Slovenia]]
| pop41 = 3,246
| ref41 = <ref name=immigration />
| region42 = [[Lithuania]]
| pop42 = 2,571
| ref42 = <ref name=immigration />
| region43 = [[Denmark]]
| pop43 = 5,500
| ref43 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/denmark_en#factsandfigures|title=Denmark|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
| region44 = [[Ireland]]
| pop44 = 22,435
| ref44 = <ref name=immigration />
| region45 = [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| pop45 = 1,200
| ref45 = <ref name=immigration />
| region46 = [[Belgium]]
| pop46 = 30,000
| ref46 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/belgium_en|title=Belgium|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref>
| region47 = [[Cyprus]]
| pop47 = 1,250
| ref47 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/cyprus_en|title=Cyprus|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref>
| region48 = [[Switzerland]]
| pop48 = 25,000–35,000
| ref48 = <ref name=immigration />
| languages = [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Para-Romani]] varieties, languages of native regions
| religions = Predominantly Christianity<ref name="Gall, Timothy L. 1998 pp. 316, 318">{{Citation |editor-last=Gall |editor-first=Timothy L |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life |volume=4. Europe |place=Cleveland, OH |publisher=Eastword |year=1998 |pages=316, 318 |quote='Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)'; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari. ... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort...}}</ref><br />[[Islam]]<ref name="Gall, Timothy L. 1998 pp. 316, 318" /><br />[[Shaktism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]<ref name="Gall, Timothy L. 1998 pp. 316, 318" /><br />[[Romani folklore|Romani mythology]]<br />[[Buddhism]] (minority)<ref name="vish">{{cite web |last1=Vishvapani |title=Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination |url=https://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2011/11/29/gypsy-buddhists/ |website=www.wiseattention.org |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="bhal">{{cite journal |last1=Bhalesain |first1=Pravin |title=Gypsies embracing Buddhism:A step forward for Building a Harmonious Society in Europe |journal=Undv.org/Vesak2011/Panel2 |date=2011 |url=http://www.undv.org/vesak2011/panel2/14PBhalesainFINAL.pdf |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><br /> [[Judaism]] (conversion through marriage to Jewish spouses)<ref>{{cite book|title= Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays|page=112|isbn=978-1-902806-99-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmYJiVui9UC&pg=PA112 |last1=Hancock |first1=Ian |date=10 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press}}</ref>
| related-c = [[Ghorbati]], [[Dom people|Doms]], [[Lom people|Lom]], [[Dom (caste)|Ḍoma]], [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians]]; other [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
{{Romani people}}
The '''Romani''', also spelled '''Romany''' or '''Rromani''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROH|mə|nee}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee}}) and colloquially known as the '''Roma''' ({{singular}}: '''Rom'''), are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=2022-11-08 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=2023-08-07 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse |language=en-US |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=2022-11-05 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}}</ref> who traditionally lived a [[Nomad|nomadic]], [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]] lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in particular the region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ |title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.}}|{{harvp|Hancock|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20 xx]|ps=: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}|{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=8 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147]}}|{{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49 |title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora |date=2012-05-24 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |pages=49 |language=en}}|{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=260 |language=en}}}}</ref> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred {{circa|1000 CE}}.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=9|ps=: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'}}<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Matras|author-first=Yaron|author-link=Yaron Matras|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith|chapter=Romani|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|year=2005|edition=2|chapter-url=https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-08-054784-8|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|title=Roma|page=297|location=United Kingdom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC}}</ref> Their original name is from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang-sa|डोम|ḍoma|label=none}} and means a member of the [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables' |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community| isbn=978-81-85880-70-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community | last1=Sharma | first1=Rama | date=28 January 1995 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref> The Roma population moved west into the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and later into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |title=Migrations of the Romani People}}</ref> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |page=xxxvii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5}}</ref> Although they are [[Romani diaspora|widely dispersed]], their most concentrated populations are located in [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Turkey]].
In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] '''Gypsies''' or '''Gipsies''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gipsies |volume=12 |pages=37–43 |first=Moses |last=Gaster}}</ref> which most Roma consider a [[list of ethnic slurs|racial slur]].<ref name="Randall">{{cite web |last=Randall |first=Kay |title=What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group |url=http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205135317/http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html |archive-date=5 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bambauer |first=Nikki |title=The Plight of the Romani People-Europe's Most Persecuted Minority |publisher=JFCS Holocaust Center |url=https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/plight-romani-people/ |date=August 2, 2018 |quote=The Romani people are frequently referred to as "gypsies," but many of them consider this exonym a derogatory term.}}</ref> The attendees of the first [[World Romani Congress]] in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Romani, including "Gypsy".<ref name="pickering">{{cite web |last=Pickering |title=The Romani |year=2010 |publisher=[[Northern Michigan University]] |url=https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2021 |page=1 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524174552/https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas. There are an estimated 1{{nbsp}}million [[Romani Americans|Roma in the United States]]<ref name="time" /> and between 800,000 and 1{{nbsp}}million in [[Romani people in Brazil|Brazil]], most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from eastern Europe. Brazilian Romani are mostly descendant from German/Italian [[Sinti]] (in the South/Southeast regions), and Roma and Calon people. Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from Sinti and Roma deportees from the [[Portuguese Empire]] during the [[Portuguese Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Corrêa Teixeira |first=Rodrigo |title=A história dos ciganos no Brasil |url=http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |format=PDF |website=Dhnet.org.br |access-date=9 November 2017 }}</ref> In migrations since the late 19th century, Romani have also moved to other countries in South America and Canada. Though often confused with [[Irish Travellers]] and the [[Yenish people]] in western Europe, the Romani are culturally different.<ref>{{cite book |last=Matras |first=Yaron |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfQ9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=The Romani Gypsies |page=27 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36838-5}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sutherland|1986|page=14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Romani|title=Romani - World History Encyclopedia|website=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
The [[Romani language]] is an Indo-Aryan language with strong Balkan and Greek influence.{{sfn|Matras|2002|page=2240}} It is divided into several [[dialect]]s, which together are estimated to have more than two million speakers.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=239}} Because the language has traditionally been oral, many Romani are native speakers of the [[Lingua franca|dominant language]] in their country of residence, or else of [[mixed language]]s combining the dominant language with a dialect of Romani in [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] sometimes called [[para-Romani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |title=Romani |website=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=30 August 2009 |page=1 |quote=In some regions of Europe, especially the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula), Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as Para-Romani varieties. |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Population and subgroups ==
=== Romani populations ===
There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm "European effort spotlights plight of the Roma"], ''USA Today'', 1 February 2005</ref> Many Romani refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for a variety of reasons, such as fear of discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chiriac |first=Marian |date=29 September 2004 |title=It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma |url=http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915070340/http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Other-news.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57C04G/|title=FACTBOX: Eastern Europe's Roma people|date=13 August 2009|work=Reuters}}</ref> Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who do not identify as Romani at all. Then, too, some countries do not collect data by ethnicity.
Despite these challenges to getting an accurate picture of the Romani dispersal, there were an estimated 10 million in Europe (as of 2019),<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma integration in the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu_en |publisher=European Commission |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> although some Romani organizations have given earlier estimates as high as 14 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |title=Compilation of population estimates |publisher=Council of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622154153/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006045453/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp|date=6 October 2009|title="Roma Travellers Statistics"}}, Council of Europe, compilation of population estimates. Archived from [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp the original], 6 October 2009.</ref> Significant Romani populations are found in the [[Balkans]], in some central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the [[European Union]], there are an estimated 6 million Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html |work=[[El País]] |date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
Outside Europe there may be several million more Romani, in particular in the Middle East and the Americas.<ref name="PanPfeil2003">{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRU_AQAAIAAJ |title=National Minorities in Europe: Handbook |last2=Pfeil |first2=Beate Sibylle |publisher=Braumüller |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-7003-1443-1 |page=27f}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Liégois |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Roms en Europe |year=2007 |publisher=Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe}}</ref>
===Romani subgroups===
[[File:Kolme romaninaista.jpg|thumb|Three [[Finnish Kale|Finnish Romani]] women in [[Helsinki]], Finland, in the 1930s]]
The Romani may identify as distinct ethnicities based in part on territorial, cultural and [[dialect]]al differences, and self-designation.{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=2}}{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=5}}<ref name="Names of the Romani People">{{cite web |last=Dosoftei |first=Alin |date=24 December 2007 |title=Names of the Romani People |url=http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070621/http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php |archive-date=7 May 2008 |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=Desicritics}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bessonov |first1=N |title=Ethnic groups of Gypsies |url=http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429083140/http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm |place=[[Russia|RU]] |publisher=Zigane |archive-date=29 April 2007 |last2=Demeter |first2=N}}</ref>
Like the Roma in general, many different [[ethnonym]]s are given to subgroups of Roma. Sometimes a subgroup uses more than one [[endonym]], is commonly known by an [[exonym]] or erroneously by the endonym of another subgroup. The only name approaching an all-encompassing self-description is ''Rom''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}} Even when subgroups do not use the name, they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy between themselves and ''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|Gadjo]]'' (non-Roma).{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}} For instance, while the main group of Roma in [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|German-speaking countries]] refer to themselves as [[Sinti]], their name for their original language is ''Romanes''.
Subgroups have been described as, in part, a result of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of ''Rom'' almost certainly experienced in their south Asian ''[[urheimat]]''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Horvátová |first=Jana |title=Kapitoly z dějin Romů |publisher=Lidové noviny |place=Praha |url= http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312184629/http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2005 |year=2002 |language=cs |page=12 |quote=Mnohočetnost romských skupin je patrně pozůstatkem diferenciace Romů do původních indických kast a podkast. [The multitude of Roma groups is apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and subcastes.]}}</ref>
[[File:Debret casa ciganos.jpg|thumb|{{Citation |title = Interior of a gipsy's house in Brazil |year = c. 1820 |author-link = Jean-Baptiste Debret |last = Debret |first = Jean-Baptiste }}]]
[[File:Gypsies camping - probably Swansea (8678055650).jpg|thumb|''Gypsies camping''. [[Kale (Welsh Roma)|Kalá]] Roma near [[Swansea]] in Wales, 1953]]
Many groups use names derived from the Romani word ''kalo'' or ''calo'', meaning "black" or "absorbing all light". This closely resembles words for "black" or "dark" in [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (e.g., [[Sanskrit]] काल [[Kāla (time)#Etymology|''kāla'']]: "black", "of a dark colour").{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}} Likewise, the name of the [[Domba|Dom]] or Domba people of north India—with whom the Roma have genetic,<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 N. Rai et al., 2012, "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations"] (23 September 2016)</ref> cultural and linguistic links—has come to imply "dark-skinned" in some Indian languages.<ref>Isabel Fonseca, ''Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and their Journey'', Random House, p. 100.</ref> Hence, names such as ''kale'' and ''calé'' may have originated as an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] or a [[euphemism]] for ''Roma''.
[[File:Romi z medvedom v Šmarci leta 1934.jpg|thumb|[[Ursari]] Roma in [[Šmarca]], Slovenia, 1934]]
Other endonyms for Romani include, for example:
* ''[[Arlije]]'' (also ''Erlides'', ''Yerli'', meaning "local", from the Turkish word ''Yerli'') in the [[Balkans]] and Turkey to describe sedentary Muslim Roma.
* ''Bashaldé'' – [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian-Slovak]] Roma diaspora in the US from the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Hancock |title=Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HOycWJwdyLgC&pg=PA130 |year=2010 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-907396-30-4 |pages=130– }}</ref>
* ''[[Bergitka Roma]]'' (also ''Carpathian Roma''), Poland, mainly [[Gorals|Goral]] lands. {{See also|Romani people in Poland}}
* ''Çerge'' also ''Čergarja'' ([[nomad]]), Nomadic Lifestyle Muslim Roma in the [[Balkans]] and Turkey.
* ''Calé'', the [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] used by both the [[Gitanos|Spanish Roma]] ({{lang|es|gitanos}}) and [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese Roma]] (''ciganos'').<ref name="jurova_endonyma" /> [[Caló language|Caló]] is the language spoken by the Calé.
* ''Dasikane'' or ''Daskane'', meaning "slaves" or "servants"; a [[religionym and confessionym]] for Orthodox Christian Roma in the Balkans.{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Garachi]]'' Shia Islam followers Roma people in [[Azerbaijan]]
* ''[[Gurbeti]]'' Muslim Roma in [[Northern Cyprus]], Turkey and Balkans.
* ''Horahane'' or ''Xoraxai'', also known as "Turkish Roma" or "Muslim Roma", a [[religionym and confessionym]] in the Balkans for [[Muslim Romani people|Muslim Romani]].{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Finnish Kale|Kaale]]'', in Finland and Sweden.<ref name="jurova_endonyma" />{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Kale (Welsh Romanies)|Kale]]'', ''Kalá'', or ''Valshanange'' – a [[Welsh English]] endonym used by some Roma clans in [[Wales]].{{efn|The [[Welsh orthography|Welsh language alphabet]] lacks the letter ''k''.}} ([[Romanichal]] also live in Wales.) Romani in Spain are also attributed to the Kale.<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana – CIS" />
* ''Lalleri'', from Austria, Germany, and the western [[Czech Republic]] (including the former [[Sudetenland]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=RomArchive |url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wisely |first=Andrew |title=War against "Internal Enemies": Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945 |year=2019 |journal=Central European History |volume=52 |issue=4 |access-date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA/S0008938919000852a.pdf/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165350/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/abs/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA |archive-date=20 September 2022 |page=654 |doi=10.1017/S0008938919000852 |s2cid=214237801 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |date=April 1999 |title=Himmler and the 'Racially Pure Gypsies' |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200949903400202 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.1177/002200949903400202 |pmid=21977563 |s2cid=37085059 |issn=0022-0094 |quote=One spokesman was to serve the Lalleri Gypsies, a closely-knit tribe originally from the German-speaking part of Bohemia and Moravia that in 1939 had become a German protectorate.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945 |url=https://romacenter.org/en/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Romacenter.org |language=en |quote=In the autumn of 1941, German police authorities deported 5,007 Sinti and Lalleri Gypsies from Austria to the ghetto for Jews in Lodz, where they resided in a segregated section}}</ref>
* ''[[Lovari]]'', chiefly in Central Europe, speaking a [[Romani language|dialect of Romani]] influenced by [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]];<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm |title = Romani language and alphabet |publisher = Omniglot |access-date = 10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606010750/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> known in [[Serbia]] as ''Machvaya'', ''Machavaya'', ''Machwaya'' or ''Macwaia''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Lyuli]]'', in Central Asian countries.
* ''[[Polska Roma]]'', largest Romani subgroup in Poland. {{See also|Romani people in Poland}}
* ''[[Romani people in Italy|Rom]]'' in Italy.
* [[Romani people in Romania|''Roma'']] in Romania, commonly known by ethnic Romanians as ''țigani'', including many subgroups defined by occupation:
** ''Argintari'' "[[silversmiths]]."<ref name="rom3">{{cite web|author= Research Directorate|title= Romania: Traditional Roma name for the various Roma clans and description of their traditional occupations; whether these occupations still exist today; distinguishing characteristics of the clans|location= Canada|publisher= [[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]]|year= 2001|url= https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be9c20.html|access-date= July 27, 2021}}</ref>
** ''Aurari'' "[[goldsmith]]s."<ref name="rom3" />
** ''[[Boyash]]'', also known as ''Băieși'', ''Lingurari'', ''Ludar'', ''Ludari'', or ''Rudari'', who coalesced in the [[Apuseni Mountains]] of [[Transylvania]]. ''Băieși'' is a Romanian word for "miners." ''Lingurari'' means "spoon makers",<ref>{{Cite book |title = A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia |last = Crowe |first = David |publisher = St. Martin's Griffin |year = 1995 |isbn = 978-1-349-60671-9 |location = New York|page = 123 }}</ref> and ''Ludar'' (sing.), ''Ludari'' (pl.), and ''Rudari'' may mean "woodworkers" or "miners".<ref>{{Citation |title= Dicționarul etimologic român |language= ro }}, quoted in {{Citation |url = https://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudar |title= DEX-online }} (see [[Lemma (morphology)|lemma]] ''rudár (sing.), rudári (pl.)'' followed by both definitions: "gold-miner" and "wood crafter").</ref> (There is a semantic overlap due to the [[homophony]] or merging of [[Headword|lemmas]] with different meanings from at least two languages: the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] ''rudar'' "miner", and ''ruda'' "stick", "staff", "rod", "bar", "pole" (in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], ''rúd'',<ref>{{Citation |title = Sztaki |place = HU |url = http://dict.sztaki.hu/dict_search.php?L=ENG%3AHUN%3AEngHunDict&O=ENG&flash=&E=1&sid=86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5&vk=&in_form=1&W=rúd&M=1&P=0&C=1&T=1 }}</ref> and in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], ''rudă'').<ref>{{Citation |url = http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudă |title = Dex online |place = RO }}</ref>
** ''Churari''<ref>{{cite web |url = http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/16036 |title = Vlax Romani: Churari (Speech variety #16036) |publisher = Global recordings |access-date = 10 December 2013 }}</ref> (from Romanian ''ciurari'' "sieve-makers")
** ''Colari'' "carpet dealers"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/factsheets-on-romani-culture-1-7-romani-group-names/1680aac36b|title=Romani group names}}</ref>
** ''Florari'' "[[flower seller|flower-sellers.]]"<ref name="rom3" />
** ''[[Kalderash]]'', from Romanian ''căldărar'', literally "bucket-maker", meaning "kettle-maker", "tinsmith", "tinker"; also in Poland, [[Moldova]] and Ukraine.<ref name= rom3/>
** ''[[Lăutari]]'' "musicians" (lăută = [[lute]]).<ref name= rom3/>
** ''Ungaritza'' ([[blacksmith]]s, [[bladesmith]]s).
** ''[[Ursari]]'' "[[Animal training#Wild animals|"dancing bears" trainers]]" (from Romanian ''urs'' "bear").{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
** ''Zlătari'' "goldsmiths."{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Czech Roma|Roma]]'' or ''Romové'', Czech Republic.
* ''[[Slovak Roma|Roma]]'' or ''Rómovia'', Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gitanos.org/la_comunidad_gitana/roma_community_europe.html.en|title=Roma people in Europe}}</ref>
* ''[[Romanichal]]'', in the United Kingdom,<ref name="jurova_endonyma" />{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}} emigrated also to the [[Roma in the United States|United States]], Canada and Australia.<ref>{{Citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0XPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT492 |title = Exploring Contemporary Migration |first1= Paul |last1= Boyle |first2= Keith H. |last2= Halfacree |first3= Vaughan |last3= Robinson |year= 2014 |publisher = Routledge |isbn= 978-1-317-89086-7 }}</ref>
* [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|''Romanisæl'']], in Norway and Sweden.
* ''[[Romani people in Turkey|Romanlar]]'', Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma in Turkey, also called Çingene or Şopar, with all subgroups, who are named after their professions, like:
** ''Cambazı'' ([[acrobatics]] and [[horse trading]])
** ''Sünnetçi'' ([[Circumcision|circumciser]])
** ''Kuyumcu'' ([[goldsmith]])
** ''Subaşı'' (soldier or butler)
** ''Çiçekçi'' ([[Flower seller|flower-seller]])
** ''Sepetçi'' ([[Basketmaker|basket-maker]])
** ''Ayıcı'' ([[bear-leader]])
** ''Kalaycı'' ([[tinsmith]])
** ''Müzisyen'' (musician)
** ''Şarkıcı'' (singer)
** ''Demirci'' ([[blacksmith]]) etc., but the majority of Turkish Roma work as [[day labor]]ers too.{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}}
* [[Romani people in France|''Roms'']] or ''Manouche'' (from ''manush'', "people" in Romani) in France.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref>{{cite journal |last = Jurová |first= Anna |title = From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures |year = 2003 |journal = Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia |access-date = 7 September 2013 |url = http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |page = 17 |editor1-last = Vaščka |editor1-first = Michal |editor2-first = Martina |editor2-last = Jurásková |editor3-first = Tom |editor3-last = Nicholson |place = Slovak Republic |quote = The word "manush" is also included in all dialects of Romany. It means man, while "Manusha" equals people. This word has the same form and meaning in Sanskrit as well, and is almost identical in other Indian languages. }}</ref>
* ''[[Romungro]]'' or Carpathian Romani from eastern Hungary and neighbouring parts of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians.]]<ref>{{Citation |url = http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf |title = Gypsy Studies – Cigány Tanulmányok |publisher = Forraykatalin |place = HU |access-date = 9 July 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513231913/http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf}}</ref>
* ''Sepečides'', meaning "basket-maker"; Muslim Roma in [[Western Thrace|West Thrace]], Greece.
* ''[[Sinti]]'' or ''Zinti'', predominantly in Germany,<ref name="jurova_endonyma">{{cite journal |last = Jurová |first = Anna |title = From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures |year = 2003 |journal = Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia |access-date = 7 September 2013 |url = http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |page = 17 |editor1-last = Vaščka |editor1-first = Michal |editor2-first = Martina |editor2-last = Jurásková |editor3-first = Tom |editor3-last = Nicholson |place = Slovakia |quote = the Sinti lived in German territory, the Manusha in France, the Romanitsel in England, the Kale in Spain and Portugal, and the Kaale in Finland. |archive-date = 3 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |date=2 April 2001 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[northern Italy]]; ''Sinti'' do not refer to themselves as Roma, although their language is called ''Romanes''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Zargari people]]'', Shia Muslim Roma in Iran, who once came from Rumelia/Southern Bulgaria from the Maritsa Valley in Ottoman times and settled in Persia.
=== Diaspora ===
{{Main|Romani diaspora}}
[[File:Romani people around the world.svg|thumb|Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates.<br />
{{Legend|#004d77|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#007fc6|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#48d0ff|+ 10,000}}|300x300px]]
The Roma people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma, who reached [[Anatolia]] and the [[Balkans]] about the early 12th century from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal |last1=Mendizabal |first1=Isabel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Marigorta |first3=Urko M. |last4=Wollstein |first4=Andreas |last5=Gusmão |first5=Leonor |last6=Ferak |first6=Vladimir |last7=Ioana |first7=Mihai |last8=Jordanova |first8=Albena |last9=Kaneva |first9=Radka |last10=Kouvatsi |first10=Anastasia |last11=Kučinskas |first11=Vaidutis |last12=Makukh |first12=Halyna |last13=Metspalu |first13=Andres |last14=Netea |first14=Mihai G. |last15=de Pablo |first15=Rosario |last16=Pamjav |first16=Horolma |last17=Radojkovic |first17=Dragica |last18=Rolleston |first18=Sarah J.H. |last19=Sertic |first19=Jadranka |last20=Macek |first20=Milan |last21=Comas |first21=David |last22=Kayser |first22=Manfred |title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data |journal=Current Biology |date=December 2012 |volume=22 |issue=24 |pages=2342–2349 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039 |pmid=23219723 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012CBio...22.2342M |hdl=10230/25348 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news |author = Sindya N. Bhanoo |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0 |title = Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = 11 December 2012 }}</ref>
From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló, and, in the 19th and later centuries, to the Americas. The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.{{efn|"Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."}}
In Brazil, the Romani are mainly called ''ciganos'' by non-Romani Brazilians. Most of them belong to the ethnic subgroup ''Calés'' (Kale) of the Iberian peninsula. [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], Brazil's president from 1956 to 1961, was 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline, and [[Washington Luís]], the last president of the [[First Brazilian Republic]] (1926–1930), had [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Caló language|Kale]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romea.cz/en/world/brazil-fatal-altercation-between-police-and-romani-family-launches-campaign-of-mass-murder-against-local-roma/|title=Brazil: Fatal altercation between police and Romani family launches campaign of mass murder against local Roma|date=26 July 2021|website=Romea.cz - Everything about Roma in one place}}</ref>
Persecution against the Romani has led to many of the cultural practices being extinguished, hidden or modified to survive in a country that has excluded them ethnically and culturally. The very common carnivals throughout Brazil are one of the few spaces in which the Romani can still express their cultural traditions, including the so-called "carnival wedding" in which a boy is disguised as a bride and the famous "Romaní dance", picturesquely simulated with the women of the town parading in their traditional attire.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2022-12-10 |date=2014-10-15|first=Fernanda Pattaro|language=es|last=Amaral |publisher=Clube de Autores|title=A Orillas Del Mar |isbn=978-1-5024-2120-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_xJEAAAQBAJ&q=pueblo+gitano+brasil}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
== Origin ==
{{Main|History of the Romani people}}
Genetic findings suggest an Indian origin for Roma.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{Citation |title = Current Biology }}.</ref> Because Romani groups did not keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most hypotheses about early Romani migration are based on linguistic theory.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/hist/origin/origin.en.xml |title = Origin of Roma |first = Milena |last = Hübschmannová |year = 2002 |website = RomBase |publisher = Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz |access-date = 3 September 2013 |archive-date = 7 April 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162014/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fhist%2Forigin%2Forigin.en.xml }}</ref> There is also no known record of Romani migration from India to Europe from medieval times that can be connected indisputably to Roma.{{sfn |Matras|2002|p= 14}}
=== ''Shahnameh'' legend ===
According to a legend reported in the [[Persian language|Persian]] epic poem, the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', the [[Sasanian]] king [[Bahram V|Bahrām V Gōr]] learned towards the end of his reign (421–439) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and so he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand ''[[Lori people|luris]]'', lute-playing experts. When the ''luris'' arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox, a donkey, and a donkey-load of wheat so they could live on agriculture and play music for free for the poor. However, the ''luris'' ate the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks hollowed by hunger. The king, angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags and go wandering around the world on their donkeys.<ref name="GYPSY i">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Digard |first = Jean-Pierre |title = GYPSY i. Gypies of Persia |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date = 22 July 2013 |url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i }}</ref>
=== Linguistic evidence ===
Linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation |last1=Šebková |first1=Hana |last2=Žlnayová |first2=Edita |year=1998 |url=http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |title=Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) |place=Ústí nad Labem |publisher=Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem |page=4 |isbn=978-80-7044-205-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
Romani and [[Domari language|Domari]] share some similarities: [[agglutination]] of postpositions of the second layer (or [[case marking|case-marking]] clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=48}} This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be a "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent—but later research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|central zone]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom, therefore, likely descend from two migration waves from India separated by several centuries.<ref name="Domari">{{cite web |title=What is Domari? |publisher=University of Manchester. Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/atmanchester/projects/domari.shtml |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410044633/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/atmanchester/projects/domari.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ROMANI_ORIGINS>{{cite web |title = On romani origins and identity |url = http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |publisher = Radoc |access-date = 23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140132/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>
In [[phonology]], the Romani language shares several isoglosses with the Central branch of Indo-Aryan languages, especially in the realization of some sounds of the Old Indo-Aryan. However, it also preserves several dental clusters. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the theory of their Central Indian origin and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Though the retention of dental clusters suggests a break from central languages during the transition from Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, the overall morphology suggests that the language participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|New Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name=Elsevier />
{{Rom-Dom numerals}}
=== Genetic evidence ===
[[File:Francisco Iturrino Two Gypsies.jpg|thumb|upright|''Two Gypsies'' by [[Francisco Iturrino]]]]
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html |title = 5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma |website = Live Science |date = 23 October 2013 }}</ref> According to the study, the ancestors of present [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste and scheduled tribe]] populations of [[North India|northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the [[Dom (caste)|Ḍoma]], are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=N Rai |author2=G Chaubey |author3=R Tamang |author4=A K Pathak |author5=V K Singh |year=2012 |title=The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |number=11 |page=e48477 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 |display-authors=etal |pmid=23209554 |pmc=3509117 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748477R |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In December 2012, additional findings appeared to confirm that the "Roma came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago".<ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/492156c | title=Romani have Indian ancestry | journal=Nature | year=2012 | volume=492 | issue=7428 | page=156 | s2cid=256746341 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livescience.com/25294-origin-romani-people.html | title=Origin of the Romani People Pinned Down | website=[[Live Science]] | date=6 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6779411 | year=2019 | last1=Font-Porterias | first1=N. | last2=Arauna | first2=L. R. | last3=Poveda | first3=A. | last4=Bianco | first4=E. | last5=Rebato | first5=E. | last6=Prata | first6=M. J. | last7=Calafell | first7=F. | last8=Comas | first8=D. | title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin | journal=PLOS Genetics | volume=15 | issue=9 | pages=e1008417 | doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417 | pmid=31545809 | doi-access=free }}</ref> They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /> and then spread throughout Europe. The team also found that the Roma displayed genetic isolation, as well as "differential gene flow in time and space with non-Romani Europeans".<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" />
Genetic research published in the ''[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]'' "has revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma".<ref name="auto1">{{Citation |first1=Luba |last1=Kalaydjieva |first2=Francesc |last2 =Calafell |first3=Mark A |last3=Jobling |first4=Dora |last4=Angelicheva |first5=Peter |last5=de Knijff |first6=Zoe H |last6=Rosser |first7=Matthew |last7=Hurles |first8=Peter |last8=Underhill |first9=Ivailo |last9=Tournev |first10=Elena |last10=Marushiakova |first11=Vesselin |last11=Popov |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |url=http://genetics.stanford.edu/hpgl/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209205422/http://genetics.stanford.edu/hpgl/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2014 |year=2011 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid=21432405 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Genetic evidence supports the [[medieval]] migration from India. The Romani have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001"/> while a number of common [[List of Mendelian traits in humans|Mendelian]] disorders among Roma from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and [[founder effect]]".<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001"/> A 2020 whole-genome study confirmed the northwest Indian origins, and also confirmed substantial Balkan and Middle Eastern ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa156 |title=Recent Common Origin, Reduced Population Size, and Marked Admixture Have Shaped European Roma Genomes |year=2020 |last1=Bianco |first1=Erica |last2=Laval |first2=Guillaume |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=García-Fernández |first4=Carla |last5=Dobon |first5=Begoña |last6=Sabido-Vera |first6=Rubén |last7=Sukarova Stefanovska |first7=Emilija |last8=Kučinskas |first8=Vaidutis |last9=Makukh |first9=Halyna |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Quintana-Murci |first11=Lluis |last12=Netea |first12=Mihai G. |last13=Bertranpetit |first13=Jaume |last14=Calafell |first14=Francesc |last15=Comas |first15=David |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=3175–3187 |pmid=32589725 |doi-access=free |hdl=2066/229486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<ref name="David_Gresham">{{Cite journal |last1 = Gresham |first1 = D |last2 = Morar |first2 = B |last3 = Underhill |first3 = PA |last4 = Passarino |first4 = G |last5 = Lin |first5 = AA |last6 = Wise |first6 = C |last7 = Angelicheva |first7 = D |last8 = Calafell |first8 = F |last9 = Oefner |first9 = PJ |title = Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) |journal = American Journal of Human Genetics |volume = 69 |issue = 6 |pages = 1314–31 |year = 2001 |pmid = 11704928 |pmc = 1235543 |doi = 10.1086/324681 |last10 = Shen|first10 = Peidong |last11 = Tournev |first11 = Ivailo |last12 = De Pablo |first12 = Rosario |last13 = Kuĉinskas |first13 = Vaidutis |last14 = Perez-Lezaun |first14 = Anna |last15 = Marushiakova |first15 = Elena |last16 = Popov |first16 = Vesselin |last17 = Kalaydjieva |first17 = Luba }}</ref> The same study found that "a single lineage... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males".<ref name="David_Gresham" /> A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<ref name="Morar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Morar |first1=Bharti |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Angelicheva |first3=Dora |last4=Tournev |first4=Ivailo |last5=Gooding |first5=Rebecca |last6=Guergueltcheva |first6=Velina |last7=Schmidt |first7=Carolin |last8=Abicht |first8=Angela |last9=Lochmüller |first9=Hanns |last10=Tordai |first10=Attila |last11=Kalmár |first11=Lajos |last12=Nagy |first12=Melinda |last13=Karcagi |first13=Veronika |last14=Jeanpierre |first14=Marc |last15=Herczegfalvi |first15=Agnes |last16=Beeson |first16=David |last17=Venkataraman |first17=Viswanathan |last18=Warwick Carter |first18=Kim |last19=Reeve |first19=Jeff |last20=de Pablo |first20=Rosario |last21=Kučinskas |first21=Vaidutis |last22=Kalaydjieva |first22=Luba |title=Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=October 2004 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=596–609 |doi=10.1086/424759 |pmid=15322984 |pmc=1182047 }}</ref>
Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the [[Balkan Romani]] group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.<ref name="Pericic2005"/> [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] is uncommon in Europe but present in the Indian subcontinent and [[Sri Lanka]].
A study of 444 people representing three ethnic groups in North Macedonia found mtDNA haplogroups M5a1 and H7a1a were dominant in Romanies (13.7% and 10.3%, respectively).<ref>{{cite journal |title = Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis of three ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia |journal = Forensic Science International. Genetics |date = 16 June 2016 |pmc = 4234079 |pmid = 25051224 |doi = 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.013 |volume = 13 |pages = 1–2 |last1 = Jankova-Ajanovska |first1 = R |last2 = Zimmermann |first2 = B |last3 = Huber |first3 = G |last4 = Röck |first4 = AW |last5 = Bodner |first5 = M |last6 = Jakovski |first6 = Z |last7 = Janeska |first7 = B |last8 = Duma |first8 = A |last9 = Parson |first9 = W }}</ref>
Y-DNA composition of [[Muslim Romani people|Muslim Romani]] from [[Šuto Orizari Municipality]] in [[North Macedonia]], based on 57 samples:<ref name="Pericic2005">{{cite journal |last1=Peričić |first1=Marijana |last2=Lauc |first2=Lovorka Barać |last3=Klarić |first3=Irena Martinović |last4=Rootsi |first4=Siiri |last5=Janićijević |first5=Branka |last6=Rudan |first6=Igor |last7=Terzić |first7=Rifet |last8=Čolak |first8=Ivanka |last9=Kvesić |first9=Ante |last10=Popović |first10=Dan |last11=Šijački |first11=Ana |last12=Behluli |first12=Ibrahim |last13=Đorđević |first13=Dobrivoje |last14=Efremovska |first14=Ljudmila |last15=Bajec |first15=Đorđe D. |last16=Stefanović |first16=Branislav D. |last17=Villems |first17=Richard |last18=Rudan |first18=Pavao |title=High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=October 2005 |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–1975 |pmid=15944443 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] – 59.6%
* [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E]] – 29.8%
* [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] – 5.3%
* [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R]] – 3.%, of which the half are [[R1b]] and many are [[R1a]]
* [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup G]] – 1.8%
[[File:Bihari Sándor Bíró előtt.jpg|thumb|A [[Romani people in Hungary|Roma]] makes a complaint to a local magistrate in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], by [[Sándor Bihari]], 1886]]
Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Romani at frequencies 7–70%. Unlike ethnic Hungarians, among Hungarian and Slovakian Romani subpopulations [[Haplogroup E-V68|Haplogroup E-M78]] and [[Haplogroup I1|I1]] usually occur above 10% and sometimes over 20%, while among Slovakian and [[Tiszavasvari]] Romani, the dominant haplogroup is H1a; among [[Tokaj]] Romani it is [[Haplogroup J2]]a (23%); and among [[Taktaharkány]] Romani, it is [[Haplogroup I-M438|Haplogroup I2a]] (21%).<ref name="s009.radikal.ru">{{cite web |url = http://s009.radikal.ru/i308/1411/9e/fcf1cc38d1fa.png |format = PDF |title = Y chromosonal haplogroup distributionanddiversities in seven populations investigated |website = S009.radikal.ru |access-date = 20 December 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926061221/http://s009.radikal.ru/i308/1411/9e/fcf1cc38d1fa.png }}</ref>
Five rather consistent founder lineages throughout the subpopulations were found among Romani – J-M67 and J-M92 (J2), H-M52 (H1a1), and I-P259 (I1). Haplogroup I-P259 as H is not found at frequencies of over 3% among host populations, while haplogroups E and I are absent in south Asia. The lineages E-V13, I-P37 (I2a) and R-M17 (R1a) may represent gene flow from the host populations. Bulgarian, Romanian and Greek Romani are dominated by Haplogroup H-M82 (H1a1), while among Spanish Romani J2 is prevalent.<ref name="roman">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Mendizabal |first2=Isabel |last3=Harmant |first3=Christine |last4=de Pablo |first4=Rosario |last5=Ioana |first5=Mihai |last6=Angelicheva |first6=Dora |last7=Kouvatsi |first7=Anastasia |last8=Makukh |first8=Halyna |last9=Netea |first9=Mihai G |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Zalán |first11=Andrea |last12=Tournev |first12=Ivailo |last13=Marushiakova |first13=Elena |last14=Popov |first14=Vesselin |last15=Bertranpetit |first15=Jaume |last16=Kalaydjieva |first16=Luba |last17=Quintana-Murci |first17=Lluis |last18=Comas |first18=David |title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=June 2016 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=937–943 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.201 |pmid=26374132 |pmc=4867443 }}</ref> In [[Serbia]] among [[Kosovo]] and [[Belgrade]] Romani Haplogroup H prevails, while among [[Vojvodina]] Romani, H drops to 7 percent and E-V13 rises to a prevailing level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueiro |first1=Maria |last2=Stanojevic |first2=Aleksandar |last3=Chennakrishnaiah |first3=Shilpa |last4=Rivera |first4=Luis |last5=Varljen |first5=Tatjana |last6=Alempijevic |first6=Djordje |last7=Stojkovic |first7=Oliver |last8=Simms |first8=Tanya |last9=Gayden |first9=Tenzin |last10=Herrera |first10=Rene J. |title=Divergent patrilineal signals in three Roma populations |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=January 2011 |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=80–91 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21372 |pmid=20878647 }}</ref>
Among non-Roma Europeans, Haplogroup H is extremely rare, peaking at 7% among [[Albanians]] from [[Tirana]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=E. |last2=Calafell |first2=F. |last3=Gonzalez-Neira |first3=A. |last4=Flaiz |first4=C. |last5=Mateu |first5=E. |last6=Scheil |first6=H.-G. |last7=Huckenbeck |first7=W. |last8=Efremovska |first8=L. |last9=Mikerezi |first9=I. |last10=Xirotiris |first10=N. |last11=Grasa |first11=C. |last12=Schmidt |first12=H. |last13=Comas |first13=D. |title=Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=July 2006 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=459–487 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x |pmid=16759179 |s2cid=23156886 }}</ref> and 11% among [[Bulgarian Turks#Genetic origins|Bulgarian Turks]]. It occurs at 5% among [[Hungarians]],<ref name="s009.radikal.ru" /> although the carriers might be of Romani origin.<ref name="roman" /> Among non-Roma-speaking Europeans, it occurs at 2% among [[Slovaks]],<ref name="Petrejcíková et al 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Petrejcíková |first1=Eva |last2=Soták |first2=Miroslav |last3=Bernasovská |first3=Jarmila |last4=Bernasovský |first4=Ivan |last5=Sovicová |first5=Adriana |last6=Bôziková |first6=Alexandra |last7=Boronová |first7=Iveta |last8=Gabriková |first8=Dana |last9=Švícková |first9=Petra |last10=Maceková |first10=Sona |last11=Cverhová |first11=Valéria |title=The genetic structure of the Slovak population revealed by Y-chromosome polymorphisms |journal=Anthropological Science |date=2010 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.1537/ase.090203 |s2cid=83899895 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 2% among [[Croats]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.draganprimorac.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Croatian-national-reference-Y-STR-haplotype-database_.-Molecular-biology-reports-2012.pdf |title = Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database |website = Draganprimorac.com |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> 1% among Macedonians from Skopje, 3% among [[Macedonian Albanians]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bjmg.edu.mk/UploadedImages/pdf/11-18.pdf |title = Y Chromosome Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Typing by SNaPshot Minisequencing |website = Bjmg.edu.mk |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> 1% among [[Serbs]] from [[Belgrade]],<ref name="Pericic2005" /> 3% among Bulgarians from Sofia,<ref>{{cite journal |pmc = 3590186 |pmid = 23483890 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056779 |volume = 8 |issue = 3 |title = Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry |year = 2013 |journal = PLOS ONE |pages = e56779 |last1 = Karachanak |first1 = S |last2 = Grugni |first2 = V |last3 = Fornarino |first3 = S |last4 = Nesheva |first4 = D |last5 = Al-Zahery |first5 = N |last6 = Battaglia |first6 = V |last7 = Carossa |first7 = V |last8 = Yordanov |first8 = Y |last9 = Torroni |first9 = A | last10 = Galabov | first10 = AS |last11 = Toncheva |first11 = D |last12 = Semino |first12 = O |bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856779K |doi-access = free }}</ref> 1% among Austrians and Swiss,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eupedia.com/europe/germany_austria_switzerland_dna_project.shtml |title = Participate to the DNA ancestry project for Germany, Austria and Switzerland |website = Eupedia.com |date = 10 January 2014 |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> 3% among Romanians from [[Ploiești]], and 1% among [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref name="Petrejcíková et al 2010" />
The Ottoman occupation of the Balkans also left a significant genetic mark on the Y-DNA of the Romani there, creating a higher frequency of Haplogroups J and E3b in Roma populations from the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Melegh |first2=Béla I. |last3=Sümegi |first3=Katalin |last4=Hadzsiev |first4=Kinga |last5=Miseta |first5=Attila |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |title=Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=13 June 2019 |volume=10 |page=558 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 |pmid=31263480 |pmc=6585392 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==== Full genome analysis ====
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}
[[File:Haplogroup H map.png|thumb|The most common paternal haplogroup among Romani is the South Asian Y-chromosome H, most commonly found among [[Dravidian peoples]].<ref name="Pericic2005"/>]]
A full genome autosomal DNA study on 186 Roma samples from Europe in 2019 found that modern Roma people are characterized by a common [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|south Asian]] origin and a complex admixture from [[Balkans|Balkan]], Middle East, and [[Caucasus]]-derived ancestries. The autosomal genetic data links the proto-Roma to groups in northwest India (specifically [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] samples), as well as, [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian-speaking]] groups in [[South India|southeastern India]] (specifically [[Irula people|Irula]]). The paternal lineages of Roma are most common in southern and central India among Dravidian-speaking populations. The authors argue that this may point to a [[founder effect]] among the early Romani during their ethnogenesis or shortly after they migrated out of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, they theorized of a possible low-[[Caste system in India|caste]] ([[Dalit]]) origin for the Proto-Roma, since they were genetically closer to the Punjabi cluster that lacks a common marker characteristic of high castes, which is West Euroasian admixing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Font-Porterias |first1=Neus |last2=Arauna |first2=Lara R. |last3=Poveda |first3=Alaitz |last4=Bianco |first4=Erica |last5=Rebato |first5=Esther |last6=Prata |first6=Maria Joao |last7=Calafell |first7=Francesc |last8=Comas |first8=David |date=2019-09-23 |title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008417 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=6779411 |pmid=31545809 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Possible migration route ===
[[File:Movimiento gitano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|The migration of the Roma through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe]]
The Romani may have emerged from what is the modern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], migrating to the northwest (the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]) around 250 BCE.{{sfn|Marinov|2019}} Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about 500 CE.<ref name="Comas" />
It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press"/> The author [[Ralph Lilley Turner]] theorised a central Indian origin of Romani followed by a migration to northwest India as it shares a number of ancient [[isogloss]]es with [[central Indo-Aryan languages]] in relation to realization of some sounds of [[Indo-Aryan languages#Old Indo-Aryan|Old Indo-Aryan]]. This is lent further credence by its sharing exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] through the adoption of [[Oblique case|oblique]] [[clitic|enclitic]] pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|New Indo-Aryan languages]], thus indicating that the proto-Romani did not leave the Indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first millennium.<ref name=Elsevier>{{cite web |title = Romani |url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |website = Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |publisher = Oxford: Elsevier |access-date = 30 August 2009 |archive-date = 11 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Another Darkness Another Dawn |last = Taylor |first = Becky |publisher = Reaktion Books Ltd. |year = 2014 |location = London UK |pages = 22 |isbn = 978-1-78023-257-7 }}</ref>
The first Romani people are believed to have arrived in Europe via the [[Balkans]] in the 13th or 14th century. Romani people began migrating to other parts of the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Migrations of the Romani People |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=The National Geographic Society}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Arienne |date=2023 |title=Romani Migration in the Middle Ages |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16922/map-of-romani-migration-in-the-middle-ages/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]], [[Sushma Swaraj]] stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.india.com/news/india/romas-are-indias-children-sushma-swaraj-943499/7/ |title = Romas are India's children: Sushma Swaraj |publisher = India.com |date = 12 February 2016 |access-date = 3 September 2017 }}</ref> The conference ended with a recommendation to the [[government of India]] to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web |title = Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora? |publisher = khaleejtimes.com |url = http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora |date = 29 February 2016 |access-date = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
== Names ==
{{Main|Names of the Romani people}}
=== Romani-language endonyms ===
''Rom'' literally means husband in the [[Romani language]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecultural.me/romromni-romanoromani-453391|title=Rom/Romni, Romano/Romani | The Cultural Me|website=thecultural.me}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom|title=Roma | People, Meaning, History, Language, Lifestyle, & Facts | Britannica|date=3 December 2023|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> with the plural ''Roma''. The feminine of ''Rom'' in the Romani language is ''Romni/Romli/Romnije or Romlije''. However, in most cases, in other languages ''Rom'' is now used for individuals regardless of gender.<ref name="words">{{Citation |contribution-url = http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma |contribution = Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma |title = In Other Words project |publisher = Web Observatory & Review for Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005191238/http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> It has the variants ''dom'' and ''lom'', which may be related to the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] words ''dam-pati'' (lord of the house, husband), ''dama'' (to subdue), ''lom'' (hair), ''lomaka'' (hairy), ''loman'', ''roman'' (hairy), ''romaça'' (man with beard and long hair).<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Cherata |first1 = Lucian |title = ETIMOLOGIA CUVINTELOR "ȚIGAN" sI "(R)ROM" |url = http://www.scritub.com/sociologie/ETIMOLOGIA-CUVINTELOR-TIGAN-SI2053142415.php#_ftn38 |website = Scritube| language=ro |access-date = 17 February 2017 }}</ref> Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम ''[[Doms|doma]]'' (member of a [[caste system in India|low caste]] of travelling musicians and dancers). Despite their presence in the country and neighboring nations, the word is not related in any way to the name of Romania.
''Romani'' is the feminine adjective, while ''Romano'' is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use ''Rom'' or ''Roma'' as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-description for the entire ethnic group.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xix}}
Sometimes, ''rom'' and ''romani'' are spelled with a double ''r'', i.e., ''rrom'' and ''rromani''. In this case ''rr'' is used to represent the [[phoneme]] [[Uvular trill|{{IPA|/ʀ/|cat=no}}]] (also written as ''ř'' and ''rh''), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single ''r''. The ''rr'' spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales|INALCO Institute]] in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g., Romania, to distinguish from the [[endonym]]/[[homonym]] for [[Romanians]] (''sg. român, pl. români'').{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xxi}}
In Norway, ''Romani'' is used exclusively for an older [[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]-speaking population (which arrived in the 16th century) while ''Rom/Romanes'' is used to describe [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]-speaking groups which have arrived since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romani og romanes |url=https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Minoritetssprak/romani-og-romanes/ |website=Språkrådet |language=nb}}</ref>
=== English-language endonyms ===
[[File:Gypsy wagon, Grandborough Fields - geograph.org.uk - 1256879.jpg|thumb|A Romani wagon pictured in 2009 in [[Grandborough]] Fields in Warwickshire. Grandborough Fields Road is a popular spot for travelling people.]]
In the English language (according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]), ''Rom'' is both a noun (with the plural ''Roma'' or ''Roms'') and an adjective. Similarly, ''Romani'' (''Romany'') is both a noun (with the plural ''Romani'', ''the Romani'', ''Romanies'', or ''Romanis'') and an adjective. Both ''Rom'' and ''Romani'' have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for ''Gypsy''.<ref>[[OED]] "Romany" first use 1812 in a slang dictionary; "Rom" and "Roma" as plural, first uses by [[George Burrow]] in the Introduction to his ''[[The Zincali]]'' (1846 edition), also using "Rommany"</ref> ''Romani'' was sometimes spelled ''Rommany'', but more often ''Romany'', while today ''Romani'' is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double ''r'' spelling (e.g., ''Rroma'', ''Rromani'') mentioned above is also encountered in English texts.
The term ''Roma'' is increasingly encountered<ref>{{Citation |page = 52 |first1 = Elena |last1 = Marushiakova |first2 = Vesselin |last2 = Popov |contribution = Historical and ethnographic background; gypsies, Roma, Sinti |editor-first = Will |editor-last = Guy |title = Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock] |year = 2001 |place = UK |publisher = University of Hertfordshire Press }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |page = 13 |first1 = Illona |last1 = Klimova-Alexander |title = The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State Actors |year = 2005 |place = Burlington, VT |publisher = Ashgate }}</ref> as a generic term for the Romani.<ref>{{cite web |first = Xavier |last = Rothéa |title = Les Roms, une nation sans territoire? |url = http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Rothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html |website = Theyliewedie.org |access-date = 31 July 2008 |language = fr }}</ref><ref name="Garner">{{cite book |first = Bryan A |last = Garner |title = Dictionary of Legal Usage |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YwLiALrHLCEC&pg=PA400 |year = 2011 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-538420-8 |pages = 400– }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = O'Nions |first = Helen |title = Minority rights protection in international law: the Roma of Europe |year = 2007 |publisher = Ashgate |isbn = 978-1-4094-9092-0 |page = 6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lN1Nj_IjUiUC&pg=PA6 }}</ref>
Because not all Romani use the word ''Romani'' as an adjective, the term became a noun for the entire ethnic group.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xx}} Today, the term ''Romani'' is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xxi}} However, the [[Council of Europe]] and other organizations consider that ''Roma'' is the correct term referring to all related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend that ''Romani'' be restricted to the language and culture: [[Romani language]], [[Romani society and culture|Romani culture]].<ref name="words" /> The United Kingdom government uses the term "Roma" as a sub-group of "[[White people|White]]" in its ethnic classification system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of ethnic groups |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/style-guide/ethnic-groups#2021-census |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref>
The standard assumption is that the [[demonym]]s of the Romani, [[Lom people|Lom]] and [[Dom people|Dom]], share the same origin.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523142528/http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml |archive-date=23 May 2007 |title = Dom: The Gypsy community in Jerusalem |publisher = The Institute for Middle East Understanding |date = 13 February 2007 |access-date = 17 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Romany |title=Etymology of Romani |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |first=Douglas |last=Harper |date=13 February 2007 |access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref>
=== Other designations ===
{{Main|Names of the Romani people}}
[[File:Visiting Romani - The Australasian 1898.png|thumb|"Visiting Gipsies", article from Australian newspaper, ''[[The Australasian]]'', 1898]]
The English term ''Gypsy'' (or ''Gipsy'') originates from the [[Middle English]] ''gypcian'', short for ''Egipcien''. The Spanish term ''Gitano'' and French ''Gitan'' have similar etymologies. They are ultimately derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Αιγύπτιοι}} (''Aigyptioi''), meaning Egyptian, via [[Latin]]. This designation owes its existence to the belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Romani, or some related group (such as the middle eastern [[Dom people]]), were itinerant Egyptians.<ref name=Soulis>{{Citation |last=Soulis |first=G |year=1961 |title=The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages |series=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Trustees for Harvard University |pages=15, 141–165}}</ref><ref name="White 1999">{{cite journal |url=http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html |title=Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine empire |first=Karin |last=White |year=1999 |journal=Golden Horn |volume=7 |issue=2 |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010320210002/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html |archive-date=20 March 2001}}</ref> This belief appears to be derived from verses in the [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Book of Ezekiel]] (29: 6 and 12–13) which refer to the Egyptians being scattered among the nations by an angry God. According to one narrative, they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for allegedly harbouring the [[Child Jesus|infant Jesus]].{{sfn|Fraser|1992}} In his book ''[[The Zincali|The Zincali: an account of the Gypsies of Spain]]'', [[George Borrow]] notes that when they first appeared in Germany, it was under the character of Egyptians doing penance for their having refused hospitality to Mary and her son. As described in [[Victor Hugo]]'s novel ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'', the medieval French referred to the Romanies as ''Egyptiens''.
This [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an [[ethnic group]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Hancock |title=A Handbook of Vlax Romani |publisher=Slavica Publishers |year=1995 |page=17 }}</ref> However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative and stereotypical associations.<ref name="Garner" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Pocket guide to English usage |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-87779-514-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersp00merr/page/178 178] |publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersp00merr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wedeck |first1=H.E. |last2=Baskin |first2=Wade |title=Dictionary of gypsy life and lore |publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8065-2985-1 |year=1973}}</ref><ref name=RomaReport>{{Citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000222/http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013 |publisher=Pavee point |url=http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf |title=Report in Roma Educational Needs in Ireland}}</ref> The Council of Europe consider that "Gypsy" or equivalent terms, as well as administrative terms such as "Gens du Voyage" are not in line with European recommendations.<ref name="words" /> In Britain, many Romani proudly identify as "Gypsies",<ref>{{cite web |title=Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities |last=House of Commons Women & Equalities Committee |date=5 April 2019|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/360/full-report.html#heading-6 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> and, as part of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller grouping, this is the name used to describe all para-Romani groups in official contexts.<ref name="uk gov">{{cite web |title=Gypsy, Roma and Irish Traveller ethnicity summary |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/gypsy-roma-irish-traveller#the-gypsy-roma-traveller-group |website=gov.uk |publisher=His Majesty's Government |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> In North America, the word ''Gypsy'' is most commonly used as a reference to Romani ethnicity, though lifestyle and fashion are at times also referenced by using this word.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gypsy |website=The Free Dictionary |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy}}</ref>
Another designation of the Romani is ''Cingane'' (alt. Çingene, Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner, Tschingaren), likely deriving from the Persian word {{lang|fa|چنگانه}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|chingane}}), derived from the Turkic word {{lang|trk|çıgañ}}, meaning poor person.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/%C3%A7ingene |title=Etymology of the Turkish word Çingene |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> It is also possible that the origin of this word is ''[[Athinganoi]]'', the name of a Christian sect with whom the Romani (or some related group) could have become associated in the past.<ref name="White 1999" /><ref name=Starr>{{Citation |last=Starr |first=J. |year=1936 |title=An Eastern Christian Sect: the Athinganoi |series=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Trustees for Harvard University |pages=29, 93–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html |title=A Brief History of the Rom |first=Karina |last=Bates |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810161445/http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html |archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/9Y2PJM6YAYT1UVHW.pdf |title=Book Reviews |journal=Population Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |date=July 1994 |pages=365–72 |doi=10.1080/0032472031000147856 }}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of the Romani people}}
{{See also| Timeline of Romani history}}
=== Arrival in Europe ===
According to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans as early as the 12th century.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /> A document of 1068, describing an event in Constantinople, mentions "Atsingani", probably referring to Romani.<ref name="THiM">{{cite book |last1=Bereznay |first1=András |title=Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps |date=2021 |publisher=Méry Ratio|isbn=978-615-6284-10-5 |page=18/1}}</ref>
Later historical records of the Romani reaching southeastern Europe are from the 14th century: in 1322, after leaving Ireland on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Irish [[Franciscan]] friar [[Symon Semeonis]] encountered a migrant group of Romani outside the town of Candia (modern [[Heraklion]]), in [[Crete]], calling them "the [[Kenites|descendants]] of [[Cain]]"; his account is the earliest surviving description by a western chronicler of the Romani in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/arrival-in-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1908|title=Arrival in Europe}}</ref>
In 1350, [[Ludolph of Saxony]] mentioned a similar people with a unique language whom he called ''Mandapolos'', a word possibly derived from the Greek word ''mantes'' (meaning prophet or fortune teller).<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=gypsies |first=Linda |last=Anfuso |date=24 February 1994 |newsgroup=rec.org.sca |message-id=PaN9Hc2w165w@tinhat.stonemarche.org |url=http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824232640/http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html |archive-date=24 August 2007}}</ref>
In the 14th century, Romani are recorded in Venetian territories, including [[Methoni, Messenia|Methoni]] and [[Nafplio]] in the [[Peloponnese]], and Corfu.<ref name="THiM" /> Around 1360, a [[fiefdom]] called the ''[[Feudum Acinganorum]]'' was established in [[Corfu]], which mainly used Romani serfs and to which the Romani on the island were subservient.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Charles |last1=Keil |first2=Dick |last2=Blau |first3=Angeliki |last3=Keil |first4=Steven |last4=Feld |title=Bright Balkan Morning: Romani Lives and the Power of Music in Greek Macedonia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPxA6JA49B4C&pg=PA50 |date=9 December 2002 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6488-7 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
By the 1440s, they were recorded in Germany;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee5eOkd62BEC&pg=PA11 |title=Ethnicity and Education in England and Europe: Gangstas, Geeks and Gorjas |author1=Dr Ian Law |author2=Dr Sarah Swann |page=11 |date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |access-date=20 December 2016 |isbn=978-1-4094-9484-3}}</ref> and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQ4iFhXx4YC&pg=PA42 |title=Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies |author=Ernst Hĺkon Jahr |page=42 |access-date=20 December 2016 |isbn=978-3-11-012802-4 |year=1992 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref> Some Romani migrated from [[Persia]] through north Africa, reaching the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the 15th century. The two currents met in France.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |publisher=Rough Guides |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/148 148] |access-date=20 December 2016 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |year=1999}}</ref>
[[File:Spiezer Schilling 749.jpg|thumb|upright|right|First arrival of the Romanies outside [[Bern]] in the 15th century, described by the chronicler as ''getoufte heiden'' ("baptized heathens") and wearing [[Saracen]]-style clothing and weapons.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spiezer Schilling |title-link=Spiezer Schilling |place=Bern |date=1480s |last=Schilling |first=Diebold the Elder |author-link=Diebold Schilling the Elder |page=749}}</ref>]]
=== Early modern history ===
[[File:Carl d´Unker-Gipsy Family in Prison.jpg|thumb|upright|''Gypsy Family in Prison'', 1864 painting by [[Carl d´Unker]]. An actual imprisoned family in Germany served as the models. The reason for their imprisonment remains unknown.]]
Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in [[Wallachia]], they were issued safe conduct by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund]] in 1417. Roma were ordered expelled from the [[Margraviate of Meissen|Meissen region]] of Germany in 1416, [[Lucerne]] in 1471, [[Milan]] in 1493, France in 1504, [[Catalonia]] in 1512, Sweden in 1525, [[Kingdom of England|England]] in 1530 (see [[Egyptians Act 1530]]), and Denmark in 1536. From 1510 onwards, any Romani found in Switzerland were to be executed; while in England (beginning in 1554) and Denmark (beginning of 1589) any Romani which did not leave within a month were to be executed. [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] began deportations of Roma to its [[Colonial Brazil|colonies]] in 1538.<ref name="kenrick">{{Cite book |first=Donald |last=Kenrick |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanis) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |pages=xx–xxii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofgypsiesrom0000unse}}</ref>
A 1596 English statute gave Roma special privileges that other wanderers lacked. France passed a similar law in 1683. [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great of Russia]] declared the Roma "crown slaves" (a status superior to [[serfs]]), but also kept them out of certain parts of [[St. Petersburg, Russia|the capital]].<ref name="Norman Davies 1996 387–388">{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Davies |title=Europe: A History |author-link=Norman Davies |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |year=1996 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/387 387–88] |title-link=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> In 1595, [[Ștefan Răzvan]] overcame his birth into slavery, and became the [[Voivode]] ([[List of Moldavian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Moldavia]].<ref name="kenrick" />
Since a royal edict by [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]] in 1695, Spanish Roma had been restricted to certain towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/roma/Source/FS2/3.3_roundup-spain_english.pdf |author=Antonio Gómez Alfaro |title=The Great "Gypsy" Round-up in Spain |page=4}}</ref> An official edict in 1717 restricted them to only 75 towns and districts, so that they would not be concentrated in any one region. In the [[Great Gypsy Round-up]], Romani were arrested and imprisoned by the [[Spanish Monarchy]] in 1749.
During the latter part of the 17th century, around the [[Franco-Dutch War]], both France and the Dutch Republic needed thousands of men to fight. Some recruitment took the form of rounding up vagrants and the poor to work the galleys and provide the armies' labour force. With this background, Roma were targets of both the French and the Dutch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/western-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19e4|title=Western Europe}}</ref>
After the wars, and into the first decade of the 18th century, Roma were slaughtered with impunity throughout the Dutch Republic. Roma, called 'heiden' by the Dutch, wandered throughout the rural areas of Europe and became the societal pariahs of the age. ''Heidenjachten'', translated as "heathen hunt" happened throughout the Dutch Republic in an attempt to eradicate them.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Another Darkness Another Dawn |last=Taylor |first=Becky |publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd. |year=2014 |location=London UK |pages=72 |isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}</ref>
Although some Romani could be kept as slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia until [[abolitionism|abolition]] in 1856, the majority traveled as free nomads with their wagons, as alluded to in the spoked wheel symbol in the [[Flag of the Romani people|Romani flag]].{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=25}} Elsewhere in Europe, they were subjected to [[ethnic cleansing]], abduction of their children, and [[Forced labor|forced labour]]. In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or hanged; in France, they were branded, and their heads were shaved; in [[Moravia]] and [[Bohemia]], the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the East, toward [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], which was more tolerant, and [[Ruska Roma|Russia]], where the Romani were treated more fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8136812.stm |first=Delia |last=Radu |title='On the Road': Centuries of Roma History |publisher=BBC |newspaper=World Service |date=8 July 2009}}</ref>
=== Modern history ===
[[File:Romani palm reading, Santiago, Chile, 1944.png|thumb|upright|Romani woman conducting a [[palm reading]] in [[Chile]], 1944]]
Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in [[Virginia]] and [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]]. Larger-scale [[Roma in the United States|Roma emigration to the United States]] began in the 1860s, with Romanichal groups from Great Britain. The most significant number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of [[Kalderash]]. Many Romani also settled in South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.sas.upenn.edu/earlyamericanstudies/2022/03/16/romani-history-is-american-history|title=Romani History is American History|website=EAS Miscellany|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
==== World War II ====
{{Main|Romani Holocaust}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-52, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Sinti]] and other Romani about to be deported from Germany, 22 May 1940]]
During [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] committed a systematic [[genocide]] against the Romani. In the [[Romani language]], this genocide is known as the ''Porajmos''.<ref name="Milton estimates">{{cite web |url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true |title=Romanies and the holocaust: a reevaluation and an overview |website=Radoc.net |first=Ian |last=Hancock |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105001/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in [[concentration camp]]s. They were often killed on sight, especially by the [[Einsatzgruppen]] (paramilitary death squads) on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 and 1,500,000.<ref name="hancock2005">{{Cite book |chapter=True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview |chapter-url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles= |last=Hancock |first=Ian |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6 |pages=383–96 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609233028/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=}}</ref>
The Romani were also persecuted in Nazi [[puppet state]]s. In the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the [[Ustaša]] killed almost the entire Roma population of 25,000. The concentration camp system of [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]], run by the Ustaša militia and the Croat political police, was responsible for the deaths of between 15,000 and 20,000 Roma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 |title=GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945 |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>
==== Post-1945 ====
In [[Czechoslovakia]], they were labeled a "socially degraded stratum", and Romani women [[Sterilization of Romani women|were sterilized]] as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, with threats of denying future welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs.{{Sfn |Silverman |1995}}{{Sfn |Helsinki Watch |1991}}
An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practised an assimilation policy towards Roma, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community. The problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said the Czech Public Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected between 1973 and 1991.<ref name="Denysenko 2007">{{cite news |date=12 March 2007 |first=Marina |last=Denysenko |title=Sterilised Roma accuse Czechs |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> New cases were revealed up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland "all have histories of coercive sterilization of minorities and other groups".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html |first=Jeffrey |last=Thomas |date=16 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213203349/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html |archive-date=13 February 2008 |title=Coercive Sterilization of Romani Women Examined at Hearing: New report focuses on Czech Republic and Slovakia |website=Washington File |publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
== Society and traditional culture ==
{{Main|Romani society and culture}}
[[File:A Gipsy Family Fac simile of a Woodcut in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552 (no caption).png|right|thumb|[[Sebastian Münster|Münster, Sebastian]] (1552), "A Gipsy Family", The [[Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)|''Cosmographia'']] (facsimile of a woodcut), Basle]]
[[File:Auguste Raffet, Famille tsigane en voyage en Moldavie, 1837.jpg|thumb|Nomadic Roma family travelling in [[Moldavia]], 1837]]
The traditional Romanies place a high value on the [[extended family]]. Traditionally, [[virginity]] is essential in unmarried women. However, Eastern European Roma people are more likely to find it acceptable for girls to have sex before marriage compared to other Eastern Europeans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Želinský |first1=Tomáš |last2=Gorard |first2=Stephen |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Nadia |date=2021-05-19 |title=Increasing understanding of the aspirations and expectations of Roma students |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1872366 |journal=British Journal of Sociology of Education |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=588–606 |doi=10.1080/01425692.2021.1872366 |issn=0142-5692}}</ref> Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of [[child marriage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-02 |title=Gypsy child couple separated |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3159818.stm |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref> Romani law establishes that the man's family must pay a [[bride price]] to the bride's parents, but only traditional families still follow it.
Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs and take care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men, in general, have more authority than women. Women gain respect and power as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Surdu |first1=Laura |last2=Surdu |first2=Mihai |date=2006 |title=Family Life |journal=Broadening the Agenda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27094.9 |pages=31–42}}</ref>
Traditionally, as can be seen on paintings and photos, some Roma men wear shoulder-length hair and a mustache, as well as an earring. Roma women generally have long hair, and Xoraxane Roma women often dye it blonde with henna.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1niHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87|title=Gypsies, Roma and Travellers: A Contemporary Analysis|first=Declan|last=Henry|date=7 September 2022|publisher=Critical Publishing|isbn=978-1-915080-05-9 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
Romani [[social behavior]] has traditionally been regulated by Indian social customs<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQT2Gp16j68C&pg=PA210 |title=Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture |page=210 |first=Walter Otto |last=Weyrauch |year=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22186-4|quote=Rom have preserved and modified Indian caste system}}</ref> ("[[marime]]" or "marhime") which are still respected by most Roma (and by most older generations of [[Sinti]]). This regulation affects many aspects of life and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of [[Human anatomy|the human body]] are considered impure: the [[Sex organ|genital organs]] (because they produce emissions) and the rest of the lower body. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of [[Menstruation|menstruating]] women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is deemed to be impure for forty days after giving birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM192.pdf|title=INTRODUCTION TO ROMA CULTURE}}</ref>
Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of [[cremation|cremating]] the dead, Romani dead must be buried.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm |title=Romani Customs and Traditions: Death Rituals and Customs |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022337/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007}}</ref> Cremation and burial are both known from the time of the [[Rigveda]], and both are widely practiced in [[Hinduism]] today (the general tendency is for Hindus to practice cremation, though some communities in modern-day south India tend to bury their dead).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/ |title=The Journey of a Lifebody |publisher=hindugateway.com |date=1991 |access-date=26 May 2008 |first=David M. |last=Knipe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930232759/http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/ |archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> Animals that are considered to be having unclean habits are not eaten by the community.{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=81}}
=== Belonging and exclusion ===
{{Main|Romanipen|Gadjo (non-Romani)}}
In Romani philosophy, ''Romanipen'' (also ''romanypen'', ''romanipe'', ''romanype'', ''romanimos'', ''romaimos'', ''romaniya'') is the totality of the Romani spirit, [[Romani society and culture|Romani culture]], [[Kris (Romani court)|Romani Law]], being a Romani, a set of Romani strains.<ref>{{cite book|title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|author=Aleksandar G. Marinov| date=3 October 2019 | publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2}}</ref>
An ethnic Romani is considered a [[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadjo]] in the Romani society if they have no ''Romanipen''. Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered a Romani if they do have ''Romanipen''. Usually this is an adopted child. It has been hypothesized that this owes more to a [[Cultural framework|framework of culture]] than a simple adherence to historically received rules.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saul |first1=Nicholas |first2=Susan |last2=Tebbut |title=The Role of the Romanies: Images and Counter-Images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European Cultures |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor1-last=Saul |editor2-first=Susan |editor2-last=Tebbutt |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2005 |pages=218–219 |isbn=978-0-85323-689-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQw6qOCNj-UC&pg=PA218}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
[[File:Tziganes aux Saintes-Maries de la Mer.jpg|thumb|Christian Romanies during the pilgrimage to [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]] in France, 1980s]]
[[File:Two Gypsies in Cluj-Napoka, Romania.jpg|thumb|Two Orthodox Christian Romanies in [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Romania]]]]
[[File:Gipsy and bear.jpg|thumb|Romani and bear ([[Belgrade]], Banovo brdo, 1980s)]]
Most Romani are [[Christians|Christian]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2018 |edition=8th |location=New York, NY |via=Credo Reference}}</ref> but many are [[Muslim Romani people|Muslims]]; some retained their ancient faith of [[Hinduism]] from their original homeland of India, while others have their own religion and political organization.<ref>{{citation |author=G. L. Lewis |contribution=ČINGĀNE |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |volume=2 |publisher=Brill |year=1991 |pages=40a–41b |isbn=978-90-04-07026-4 |title-link=The Encyclopaedia of Islam}}</ref> [[Theravada Buddhism]] influenced by the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] have become popular in recent times among Hungarian Roma.<ref name="vish" /><ref name="bhal" /> In parts of the Balkans, particularly in Bulgaria, many Roma who are Muslim identify as ethnic Turks, and over generations have adopted the [[Turkish language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Vesselin |date=2018 |title=Roma Communities on the Balkans: History and Identities |url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15711/MarushiakovaPopov_2018_Balkania_Roma_ENG.pdf;jsessionid=577200CD1437859B3389B0C9E020CD3E?sequence=1 |pages=13–14}}</ref>
Some Roma practice [[witchcraft]] and [[palmistry]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpfSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice|isbn=978-1-119-57210-7 |last1=Palmer |first1=Michael D. |last2=Burgess |first2=Stanley M. |date=13 April 2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>
==== Beliefs ====
The modern-day Romani often adopted Christianity or Islam depending on which was the dominant religion in the regions through which they had migrated.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008–2012 |title=Restless Beings Project: Roma Engage |url=http://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/roma-gypsies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101021139/http://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/roma-gypsies |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=26 December 2012 |publisher=Restless Beings}}</ref> It is likely that the adherence to differing religions prevented families from engaging in intermarriage.<ref name="Boretzky2">{{cite book |last1=Boretzky |first1=Norbert |title=Romani in Contact: The History, Structure and Sociology of a Language |date=1995 |publisher=John Benjamins |location=Amsterdam, [[Netherlands|NL]] |page=70}}</ref> [[Muslim Roma]] are predominantly found in Turkey, the Balkans (particularly in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece,{{efn|Muslim Romas were excluded from the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Deportation of Muslims]] from Greece's new conquered territory following the [[First Balkan War]] and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population.}} North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia and Bulgaria), [[Crimea]], the Middle East, Egypt, [[Iraq]] and Iran. In Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Serbia, most Romani inhabitants follow the practice of [[Orthodoxy]], while in Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia, most practice [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]].[[File:Gitanos - Trono.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[:es:Cofradía de los Gitanos (Málaga)|Cofradía de los Gitanos]] parading the "throne" of Mary of the O during the [[Holy Week in Malaga]], Spain]]
==== Deities and saints ====
[[Ceferino Giménez Malla|Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla]] is recently considered a patron saint of the Romani in Roman Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blessed Ceferino Gimenez Malla 1861–1936 |url=http://www.savior.org/saints/malla.htm |website=Visit the Saviour |publisher=Voveo |access-date=26 December 2012 |date=December 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205130932/http://www.savior.org/saints/malla.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Saint Sarah]], or Sara e Kali, has also been venerated as a patron saint in her shrine at [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]], France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=La Bas |first1=Damian |title=The Stopping Places: A journey through Gypsy Britain |date=2018 |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |isbn=9781784741037 |pages=179 & 190}}</ref> Since the turn of the 21st century, [[Sara e Kali]] is understood to have been [[Kali]], an Indian deity brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people; as the Roma became Christianized, she was absorbed in a syncretic way and venerated as a saint.<ref name="lee" />
[[File:Antoni Kozakiewicz - Kartomantka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Gypsy [[Fortune-telling|fortune-teller]] in Poland, by [[Antoni Kozakiewicz]], 1884]]
Saint Sarah is now increasingly being considered as "a Romani Goddess, the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother India".<ref name="lee">{{cite web |title=The Romani Goddess Kali Sara |url=http://kopachi.com/articles/the-romani-goddess-kali-sara-ronald-lee/ |website=Romano Kapachi |access-date=26 December 2012 |first=Ronald |last=Lee |year=2002 }}</ref><ref name="radoc.net">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true |author=Ian Hancock |date=2001 |chapter=Romani ("Gypsy") Religion |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature |editor1=Jeff Kaplan |editor2=Bron Taylor |editor3=Samuel S. Hill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925154755/http://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=25 September 2011 |via=Radoc |access-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==== The Balkans/Southeast Europe ====
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Studio Shot of European in Gypsy Costume One of 274 Vintage Photographs.jpg|thumb|Costume of a Romani woman]]
[[File:Stanisław Masłowski (1853-1926) Gypsy Woman Cyganka, watercolour akwarela 3, twice corrected.jpg|thumb|''Gipsy Woman'', [[Stanisław Masłowski]], [[watercolour]], [[1877]]]]
For the Roma communities that have resided in [[Southeast Europe]] for numerous centuries, the following apply with regard to religious beliefs:
* Bosnia and Herzegovina – The majority of the Roma population in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* Bulgaria – The majority of the Roma population in Bulgaria is Christian (mostly Orthodox). In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Christianity is the dominant faith among the Romani, and a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity among the Romani has occurred. In southeastern Bulgaria, Islam is the dominant religion among the Romani, with a smaller section of the Romani declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.<ref name="Roma">{{cite web |title =Roma Muslims in the Balkans |url=http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |website=Education of Roma Children in Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=26 December 2012 |first1=Elena |last1=Marushiakova |first2=Veselin |last2=Popov |year=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413184328/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |archive-date=13 April 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg|thumb|right|Margarita Cansino (later known as [[Rita Hayworth]]) with her father and dance partner [[Eduardo Cansino]], 1933]]
* Croatia – The majority of the Roma population in Croatia is Christian (mostly Catholic). After the [[Second World War]], a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia, the majority moving from Kosovo. Their language differs from those living in Međimurje and those who survived [[Romani Holocaust]].<ref name="Roma" />
* Greece – The majority of the Roma population in Greece is Christian.{{efn|Muslim Romas were excluded from the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Deportation of Muslims]] from Greece's new conquered territory following the [[First Balkan War]] and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population.}} The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]] are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece.<ref name="Roma" />
* Hungary – The majority of the Roma population in Hungary is Christian.<ref>Kozubik M, Bobakova DF, Mojtova M, Tokovska M, van Dijk JP. Roma Religion: 1775 and 2018 Compared over Time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 15;19(18):11645. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811645. PMID: 36141906; PMCID: PMC9517071.</ref>
[[File:Muslim Gypsies from Bosnia, illustration, 1901.jpg|thumb|upright|Muslim Romanies in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (around 1900)]]
* Kosovo – The majority of the Roma population in Kosovo is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* Montenegro – The majority of the Roma population in Montenegro is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* North Macedonia –The majority of the Roma population in North Macedonia is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* Romania – Romania – The majority of the Roma population in Romania is Christian (mostly Orthodox).<ref>[http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol1/tabele/t51a.pdf Census 2002, by religion]. (PDF). INS. Retrieved on 2024-05-29.</ref> In [[Dobruja]], there is a small community that are [[Islam in Romania|Muslim]] and also speak Turkish.<ref name="Roma3">{{cite web |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Veselin |year=2012 |title=Roma Muslims in the Balkans |url=http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413184328/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |website=Education of Roma Children in Europe |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref>
* Serbia – The majority of the Roma population in Serbia is Christian (mostly Orthodox). There are some Muslim Roma in southern Serbia, who are mainly refugees from Kosovo.<ref name="Roma" />
* Slovenia – The majority of the Roma population in Slovenia is Christian (mostly Catholic), although a sizeable proportion are Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stropnik |first=Nada |date=2011 |title=Promoting Social Inclusion of Roma |url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=8971&langId=en |website=Peer Review Social Inclusion EU |page=6 |format=PDF}}</ref>
==== Other regions ====
In Ukraine and Russia, the Roma populations are also Muslim as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but some migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align with and the people are recognized for their staunch preservation of the Romani language and identity.<ref name="Roma" />
In Poland and Slovakia, Romani populations are Roman Catholic, many times adopting and following local, cultural Catholicism as a [[Religious syncretism|syncretic]] system of belief that incorporates distinct Roma beliefs and cultural aspects. For example, many Polish Roma delay their Church wedding due to the belief that sacramental marriage is accompanied by divine ratification, creating a virtually indissoluble union until the couple consummate, after which the sacramental marriage is dissoluble only by the death of a spouse. Therefore, for Polish Roma, once married, one can't ever divorce. Another aspect of Polish Roma's Catholicism is a tradition of pilgrimage to the [[Jasna Góra Monastery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niedźwiecka |first=Dorota |title=Wiara po romsku |url=https://www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl/Archiwum/2016/Przewodnik-Katolicki-40-2016/Wiara-i-Kosciol/Wiara-po-romsku}}</ref>
Most Eastern European Romanies are [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], or [[Muslim]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7l-fGIA2ZkC&pg=PA89 |title=Roma, Gypsies, Travellers |isbn=978-92-871-2349-7 |last1=Liégeois |first1=Jean-Pierre |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=Council of Europe }}</ref> Those in Western Europe and the [[Roma in the United States|United States]] are mostly Roman Catholic or [[Protestant]]{{snd}} in southern Spain, many Romanies are [[pentecostalism|Pentecostal]], but this is a small minority that has emerged in contemporary times. In Egypt, the Romani are split into Christian and Muslim populations.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUX4C0qrDmUC&pg=PA460 |title=Gypsy Council |page=460 |first=Nicholas C |last=Eliopoulos |year=2006 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4653-3036-9 }}</ref>
=== Music ===
{{Main|Romani music}}
[[File:20090627 Fanfare Ciocarlia group live in Athens at Restistance Festival by KOE 2.jpg|thumb|27 June 2009: [[Fanfare Ciocărlia]] live in [[Athens]]]]
[[File:Khamoro Roma Festival 2007 Prague.jpg|thumb|right|Street performance during the [[Khamoro]] [[World Roma Festival]] in Prague, 2007]]
Romani music plays an important role in central and eastern European countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced European [[List of classical music composers|classical composers]] such as [[Franz Liszt]] and [[Johannes Brahms]]. The ''[[lăutari]]'' who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani.<ref>{{cite book|title=Area Handbook for Romania – Volume 550, Issue 160|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity}}</ref>
Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in the ''lăutari'' tradition are [[Taraful Haiducilor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348596804|title="Perverting the Taste of the People": Lăutari and the Balkan Question in Romania}}</ref> Bulgaria's popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani musicians such as [[Ivo Papasov]], a virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian pop-folk singer [[Azis]].
Many famous classical musicians, such as the [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] pianist [[Georges Cziffra]], are Romani, as are many prominent performers of [[manele]]. [[Zdob și Zdub]], one of the most prominent rock bands in [[Moldova]], although not Romanies themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do [[Spitalul de Urgență]] in Romania, [[Shantel]] in Germany, [[Goran Bregović]] in Serbia, [[Darko Rundek]] in Croatia, [[Beirut (band)|Beirut]] and [[Gogol Bordello]] in the United States.
Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani [[brass band]], with such notable practitioners as [[Boban Marković]] of Serbia, and the brass ''lăutari'' groups [[Fanfare Ciocărlia]] and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gypsy Music: The Balkans and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHRdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|author=Alan Ashton-Smith |year=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-865-4}}</ref>
The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced [[bolero]], [[jazz]], and [[flamenco]] (especially ''[[cante jondo]]'') in Spain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rethinking (In)Security in the European Union: The Migration-Identity-Security Nexus|page=148}}</ref>
Dances such as the flamenco and bolero of Spain were influenced by the Romani.<ref name="Gypsy dance origin">{{Citation |last1=Martinez |first1=Emma |title=Flamenco: All You Wanted to Know |date=24 February 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1CTtnjS8C&pg=PA21 |page=21 |publisher=Mel Bay Publications |format=[[Google books]] |isbn=978-1-60974-470-0}}</ref> [[Antonio Cansino]] blended Romani and Spanish flamenco and is credited with creating modern-day Spanish dance.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=129}} [[The Dancing Cansinos]] popularized flamenco and bolero dancing in the United States. Famous dancer and actress, [[Rita Hayworth]], is the granddaughter of Antonio Cansino.
European-style [[gypsy jazz]] ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist [[Django Reinhardt]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing}}</ref> Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include [[Stochelo Rosenberg]], [[Biréli Lagrène]], [[Jimmy Rosenberg]], [[Paulus Schäfer]] and [[Tchavolo Schmitt]].
The [[Romani people in Turkey|Romani in Turkey]] have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the [[goblet drum|darbuka]], [[clarinet|gırnata]] and [[cümbüş]].<ref name="family">{{Citation |title=Cümbüş means fun, Birger Gesthuisen investigates the short history of a 20th-century folk instrument |url=http://www.rootsworld.com/turkey/cumbus.html |publisher=RootsWorld}}</ref>
==Folklore==
{{Main|Romani mythology}}
''Paramichia'' is a term used to refer to Romani legends and folktales. A popular legend among the Vlach Roma is of the hero Mundro Salamon, also known by other Roma subgroups as Wise Solomon or O Godjiaver Yanko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gypsies |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
Some Roma believe in the ''mulo'' or ''mullo,'' meaning the "one who is dead"; the Romani version of the [[vampire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2010 |title=Gypsy Legends on Vampires |url=https://blogs.bgsu.edu/lotag/2010/04/17/gypsy-legends-on-vampires/ |website=BGSU Blogs}}</ref>
==Cuisine==
{{Main|Romani cuisine}}
The Roma believe that some foods are auspicious, or lucky (''baxtalo''), such as foods with pungent tastes like garlic, lemon, tomato, and peppers, and fermented foods such as sauerkraut, pickles and sour cream.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/i-am-the-first-generation/|title=Romani Cuisine and Cultural Persistence|website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=27 June 2016 }}</ref> Hedgehogs are a delicacy among some Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gypsies |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
== Contemporary art and culture ==
Romani contemporary art emerged at the climax of the process that began in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] in the late 1980s, when the interpretation of the cultural practice of minorities was enabled by a paradigm shift, commonly referred to in specialist literature as the "[[cultural turn]]". The idea of the cultural turn was introduced; and this was also the time when the notion of cultural democracy became crystallized in the debates carried on at various public forums. [[Civil society]] gained strength, and civil politics appeared, which is a prerequisite for cultural democracy. This shift of attitude in scholarly circles derived from concerns specific not only to ethnicity but also to society, gender and class.<ref>{{cite news |title = Meet Your Neighbors |url = https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/neighbours_20090615.pdf |work = opensourcefoundations.org }}</ref>
== Language ==
{{Main|Romani language}}
Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the [[Romani language]],<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |title = Comparative-Historical Linguistics |isbn = 978-90-272-7698-8 |last1 = Brogyanyi |first1 = Bela |last2 = Lipp |first2 = Reiner |date = 6 May 1993 |publisher = John Benjamins }}</ref> an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language, with roots in Sanskrit. They also often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate [[loanword]]s and [[calque]]s into Romani from the languages of those countries and especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the ''Ciganos'' of Portugal, the {{Lang|es|[[Gitanos]]}} of Spain, the [[Romanichal]] of the UK, and [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|Scandinavian Travellers]] have lost their [[knowledge]] of pure Romani, and speak the [[mixed language]]s [[Caló (Spanish Romani)|Caló]],<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmq |chapter = Caló: A language of Spain |publisher = SIL International |editor-first = Raymond G Jr. |editor-last = Gordon |year = 2005 |title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition = 15th |location = Dallas, [[Texas|TX]] |isbn = 978-1-55671-159-6 }}</ref> [[Angloromany]], and [[Scandoromani]], respectively. Most of the Romani language-speaking communities in these regions consist of later immigrants from eastern or central Europe.<ref name="Manchester_Rom">{{cite web |last = Matras |first = Yaron |title = Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects |url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/whatis/status/numbers.shtml |website = Humanities |publisher = The University of Manchester |access-date = 24 February 2015 |archive-date = 6 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106012338/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//whatis/status/numbers.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref>
There are no concrete statistics for the number of Romani speakers, both in Europe and globally. However, a conservative estimate is 3.5 million speakers in Europe and a further 500,000 elsewhere,<ref name="Manchester_Rom"/> though the actual number may be considerably higher. This makes Romani the second-largest [[minority language]] in Europe, behind [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name="Manchester_Rom" />
In regards to the diversity of dialects, Romani works in the same way as most other European languages.<ref name="The status of Romani in Europe">{{cite journal |last = Matras |first = Yaron |title = The status of Romani in Europe |journal = Report Submitted to the Council of Europe's Language Policy Division |date = October 2005 |page = 4 |url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/1/statusofromani.pdf |access-date = 4 March 2015 |archive-date = 3 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190503035937/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/1/statusofromani.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> Cross-dialect communication is dominated by the following features:
* All Romani speakers are [[bilingual]], accustomed to borrowing words or phrases from a [[second language]]; this makes it difficult to communicate with Roma from different countries
* Romani was traditionally a [[language]] shared between extended family and a close-knit community. This has resulted in the inability to comprehend [[dialects]] from other countries, and is why Romani is sometimes considered to be several different languages.
* There is no tradition or literary standard for Romani speakers to use as a guideline for their language use.<ref name="The status of Romani in Europe" />
== Persecutions ==
{{Main|Anti-Romani sentiment}}
=== Historical persecution ===
[[File:Romani women in jail, Los Angeles, California, 1940.jpg|thumb|Romani women in [[Lincoln Heights Jail]], Los Angeles, California, 1940]]
One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani was their enslavement. [[Slavery in medieval Europe|Slavery was widely practiced in medieval Europe]], including the territory of present-day [[Romania]] from before the founding of the principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] in the 13th–14th centuries.{{sfn|Achim|2004|p=27}} Legislation decreed that all the Romani living in these states, as well as any others who immigrated there, were classified as slaves.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Istoria și tradițiile minorității rromani |page=36 |year=2005 |publisher=Sigma |location=Bucharest |author1-link=Delia Grigore |last1=Grigore |first1=Delia |first2=Petre |last2=Petcuț |first3=Mariana |last3=Sandu |language=ro}}</ref> Slavery was gradually [[Abolitionism|abolished]] during the 1840s and 1850s.{{sfn|Achim|2004|p=27}}
The exact origins of [[Slavery in Romania|slavery]] in the [[Danubian Principalities]] are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani came to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or were brought there as slaves. Historian [[Nicolae Iorga]] associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 [[Mongol invasion of Europe]] and he also considered their enslavement a vestige of that era, in which the [[Romanians]] took the Roma from the [[Mongols]] and preserved their status as slaves so they could use their labor. Other historians believe that the Romani were enslaved while they were being captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] may have also been adopted from the Mongols.{{sfn|Achim|2004|p=27}}
Some Romani may have been slaves of the Mongols or the Tatars or they may have served as auxiliary troops in the Mongol or Tatar armies, but most of them migrated from south of the [[Danube]] at the end of the 14th century, some time after the [[founding of Wallachia]]. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and it was possibly established in both principalities. After the Roma migrated into the area, slavery became a widespread practice among the majority of the population. The [[Tatars|Tatar]] slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population.<ref>{{Citation |first=Ștefan |last=Ștefănescu |title=Istoria medie a României |volume=I |publisher=Editura Universității din București |place=Bucharest |year=1991 |language=ro}}</ref>
Some branches of the Romani reached western Europe in the 15th century, fleeing from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest of the Balkans as refugees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/western-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19e4|title=Western Europe}}</ref> Although the Romani were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were often suspected of being associated with the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman invasion]] by certain populations in the West because their physical appearance was exotic. (The [[Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)#The Reichstag in the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Diet]] at Landau and Freiburg in 1496–1498 declared that the Romani were spies for the Turks). In western Europe, such suspicions and discrimination against people who constituted a visible minority resulted in persecution, often violent, with attempts to commit [[ethnic cleansing]] until the modern era. In times of social tension, the Romani suffered as scapegoats; for instance, they were accused of bringing the plague during times of [[epidemics]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |title=Timeline of Romani History |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111142247/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm |archive-date=11 November 2007}}</ref>
On 30 July 1749, Spain conducted [[The Great Roundup of Gypsies (1749)|''The Great Roundup'']] of [[Romani people in Spain|Romani]] (Gitanos) in its territory. The Spanish Crown ordered a nationwide raid that led to the break-up of families because all able-bodied men were interned in forced labor camps in an attempt to commit ethnic cleansing. The measure was eventually reversed and the Romani were freed as protests began to erupt in different communities, sedentary Romani were highly esteemed and protected in rural Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.jet.es/gea21/mteorico/apuntes/anexo3.htm |title=Cap. 2: 2.1 Apuntes sobre la situación de la comunidad gitana en la sociedad Española – Anexo III. 'Gitanos malos, gitanos buenos' |trans-title=Chap. 2: 2.1 Notes on the situation of the gypsy community in Spanish society – Affix III. 'Bad gypsies, good gypsies' |language=es |publisher=The Barañí Project – Roma Women |date=29 February 2000 |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010712072449/http://web.jet.es/gea21/mteorico/apuntes/anexo3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Another Darkness Another Dawn |last=Taylor |first=Becky |publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd. |year=2014 |location=London UK |pages=105 |isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}</ref>
Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world. In 1880, Argentina prohibited immigration by Roma, as did the United States in 1885.<ref name="timeline" />
=== Forced assimilation ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-48, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|Deportation of Roma from [[Asperg]], Germany, 1940 (photograph by the ''Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle'')]]
In the [[Habsburg monarchy]] under [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to integrate the Romanies to get them to [[sedentism|permanently settle]], removed their rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754) to reduce citizen-mobility, renamed them "New Citizens" and obliged Romani boys into military service just as any other citizens were if they had no trade (1761, and Revision 1770), required them to register with the local authorities (1767), and another decree prohibited marriages between Romanies (1773) to integrate them into the local population. Her successor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Josef II]] prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing along with the use of the [[Romani language]], both of which were punishable by flogging.<ref name="samer" /> During this time, the schools were obliged to register and integrate Romani children; this policy was the first of the modern policies of integration. In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when the Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the [[Romani language]] was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children were sent to orphanages. [[Charles III of Spain|King Charles III]] took a more progressive approach to Gitano assimilation, proclaiming that they had the same rights as Spanish citizens and ending the official denigration of them which was based on their [[Race (human categorization)|race]]. While he prohibited their nomadic lifestyle, their use of the [[Caló (Spanish Romani)|Calo language]], the manufacture and wearing of Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades, he also forbade any form of discrimination against them and he also forbade the guilds from barring them. The use of the word ''gitano'' was also forbidden to further their assimilation, it was replaced with "New Castilian", a designation which was also applied to former [[History of the Jews in Spain|Jews]] and [[Islam in Spain|Muslims]].<ref>{{ cite book |first=Angus |surname=Fraser |title=Los gitanos|publisher=Ariel|year=2005|isbn=978-84-344-6780-4}}</ref><ref>Texto de la pragmática en la [https://books.google.com/books?id=UnBFAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22Declaro+que+los+que+llaman+y+se+dicen+gitanos+no+lo+son+por+origen+ni+por+naturaleza%2C+ni+provienen+de+raiz+infecta+alguna%22&pg=PA367 ''Novísima Recopilación''. Ley XI], pg. 367 y ss.</ref>
Most historians believe that Charles III's [[Pragmatic sanction|pragmática]] failed for three main reasons, reasons which were ultimately derived from its implementation outside major cities as well as in marginal areas: The difficulty which the Gitano community faced in changing its nomadic lifestyle, the marginal lifestyle to which the community had been driven by society and the serious difficulties of applying the pragmática in the fields of education and work. One author ascribes its failure to the overall rejection of the integration of the Gitanos by the wider population.<ref name="samer">{{cite web |url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml |title=Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism |publisher=Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz |website=Rombase |date=December 2001 |first=Helmut |last=Samer |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406004922/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Gitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html |title=Gitanos. History and Cultural Relations |publisher=World Culture Encyclopedia |access-date=26 August 2007}}</ref>
Other policies of forced assimilation were implemented in other countries, one of these countries was Norway, where a law which permitted the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions was passed in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Roma in Norway |url=http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429054318/http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/central-committee/2002/the-church-of-norway-and-the-roma-of-norway |title=The Church of Norway and the Roma of Norway |publisher=[[World Council of Churches]] |date=3 September 2002}}</ref>
=== Porajmos (Romani Holocaust) ===
{{Main|Romani Holocaust}}
During [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], the persecution of the Romani reached a peak during the [[Romani Holocaust]] (the Porajmos), the [[genocide]] which was perpetrated against them by [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1935, the Romani who lived in Germany lost their citizenship when it was stripped from them by the [[Nuremberg laws]], and after that, they were subjected to violence and imprisonment in [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. During the war, the policy was extended to areas under German occupation, and it was also implemented by other axis countries, most notably, by the [[Independent State of Croatia]], [[Romania in World War II|Romania]], and [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]]. From 1942, Romani were subjected to [[genocide]] in [[extermination camp]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945|title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org}}</ref>
Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romani, the actual number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust cannot be assessed. Most estimates of the number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust range from 200,000 to 500,000, but other estimates vary broadly from 90,000 to as high as 4,000,000. Lower estimates do not include those Roma who were killed in all [[Axis powers|Axis]]-controlled countries. A detailed study by Sybil Milton, a former senior historian at the [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] contained an estimate of at least 220,000, possibly as many as 500,000.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409001621/http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2004 |title=Re. Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals |date=11 September 2000}}</ref> [[Ian Hancock]], Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], argues in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000.<ref>{{Citation |type=article |url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en |contribution=Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview |editor-last=Stone |editor-first=D |year=2004 |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |publisher=Palgrave |place=Basingstoke and New York |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113233924/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>
== Contemporary issues ==
{{Main|Anti-Romani sentiment#Contemporary antiziganism}}
[[File:Romani population average estimate.png|thumb|right|upright=1.36|Distribution of the Romani in Europe (2007 [[Council of Europe]] "average estimates", totalling 9.8 million)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |title=Council of Europe website |access-date=6 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221234346/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |archive-date=21 February 2009}} European Roma and Travellers Forum (ERTF). 2007. Archived from [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143 the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021234409/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143 |date=21 October 2013}} on 6 July 2007.</ref>]]
[[File:Sap34.jpg|thumb|Antiziganist protests in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], 2011]]
In Europe, Romani are associated with poverty, high crime rates, and behavior that is considered antisocial or inappropriate by the rest of the European population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/20/sunday-review/are-the-roma-primitive-or-just-poor.html |newspaper=The New York Times |type=review |title=Are the Roma primitive or just poor? |date=19 October 2013 |last1=Bilefsky |first1=Dan}}</ref> Partly for this reason, discrimination against the Romani has continued to be practiced to the present day,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/demolita-bidonille-ponte-mammolo.html |title=Demolita la 'bidonville' di Ponte Mammolo |trans-title=The 'slum' of Mammolo Bridge demolished |language=it |place=[[Italy|IT]] |website=[[il Giornale]] |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Paola |last=Di Caro |url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/07_novembre_04/intervista_fini_impossibile_integrazione_rom.shtml |title=Fini: impossibile integrarsi con chi ruba |trans-title=Fini: it's impossible to integrate those who steal |language=it |work=[[Corriere della Sera]] |date=4 November 2007 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> although efforts are being made to address it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |website=[[USA Today]] |date=1 February 2005 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>
[[Amnesty International]] reports continued to document instances of [[Antiziganism|Antizigan]] discrimination during the late 20th century, particularly in [[Romania]], [[Serbia]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2010/04/europe-must-break-cycle-discrimination-facing-roma/ |title=Europe must break cycle of discrimination facing Roma |agency=Amnesty International |date=7 April 2010 |access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> [[Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma |title=Europe Roma |publisher=Amnesty International |date=February 2002 |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191514/http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma}}</ref> [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Colin Woodard |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html |title=Hungary's anti-Roma militia grows |website=Christian Science Monitor |date=13 February 2008 |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref> [[Slovenia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12 |title=Roma |publisher=Human Rights Press Point |place=SI |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310074602/http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12 |archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Polansky |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Polansky |date=June 2005 |url=http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612 |title=Results of an Enquiry into the Situation of Roma und Ashkali in Kosovo (Dec.2004 to May 2005) – Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: Persecuted, driven out, poisoned |publisher=GFBV |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806163105/http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612 |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref> The European Union has recognized that discrimination against Romani must be addressed, and with the national Roma integration strategy they encourage member states to work towards greater Romani inclusion and upholding the [[Rights of the Roma in the European Union|rights of the Romani in the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Roma Integration Strategies: a first step in the implementation of the EU Framework |url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/com2012_226_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Roma estimate percentage of population in European countries<ref name="Roma-in-Europe">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/romania/10636448/Roma-on-the-rubbish-dump-British-religious-leaders-call-on-Romanian-mayor-to-reverse-forced-evictions.html |title=Roma on the rubbish dump |publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]] |access-date=21 February 2014 |date=17 February 2014 |last1=Alexander |first1=Harriet}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Country'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Bulgaria]]|blue|10.33}}
{{bar percent|[[North Macedonia]]|blue|9.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Slovakia]]|blue|9.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Romania]]|blue|8.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Serbia]]*|blue|8.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|blue|7.05}}
{{bar percent|Turkey|blue|5.97}}
{{bar percent|Spain|blue|3.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Albania]]|blue|3.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Montenegro]]|blue|2.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Moldova]]|blue|2.49}}
{{bar percent|Greece|blue|2.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|blue|1.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Kosovo]]|blue|1.47}}
<small>*projections for Serbia also include up to 97.000 [[IDPs|Roma IDPs]] in Serbia<ref>{{cite journal |first=UN |last=Relief |year=2010 |title=Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1 January 2009 |journal=UN Relief |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/romaidps_desk_review_final.pdf}}</ref></small>
}}
In eastern Europe, Roma children often attend [[Roma Special School]]s, separate from non-Roma children; these schools tend to offer a lower quality of education than the traditional education options accessible by non-Roma children, putting the Roma children at an educational disadvantage.<ref name="Expanding">{{cite book |last1=Ringold |first1=Dena |last2=Orenstein |first2=Mitchell Alexander |last3=Wilkens |first3=Erika |title=Roma in an Expanding Europe – Breaking the Poverty Cycle |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Usd7XU6a29oC |publisher=World Bank |isbn=0-8213-5457-4}}</ref>{{rp|83}}
The [[Romani people in Kosovo|Roma of Kosovo]] have been severely persecuted by [[Kosovo Albanians|ethnic Albanians]] since the end of the [[Kosovo War]], and for the most part, the region's Romani community has been annihilated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cahn |first1=Claude |title=Birth of a Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah Minorities |journal=German Law Journal |date=1 January 2007 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=81–94 |doi=10.1017/S2071832200005423 |s2cid=141025735}}</ref>
[[Czechoslovakia]] carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973.<ref name="Denysenko 2007" /> The dissidents of the [[Charter 77]] denounced it in 1977–78 as a [[genocide]], but the practice continued through the [[Velvet Revolution]] of 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsdesk.org/2006/06/12/for_gypsies_eug/ |first=Mindy Kay |last=Bricker |title=For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern Problem / Czech Practice Dates to Soviet Era |newspaper=[[Newsdesk]] |date=12 June 2006}}</ref> A 2005 report by the [[Czech Republic]]'s independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400 |title=Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures |publisher=The Office of The Public Defender of Rights, Czech Republic |date=23 December 2005 |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128041045/http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400 |archive-date=28 November 2007}}</ref>
In 2008, following the rape and subsequent murder of an Italian woman in [[Rome]] at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/02/italy.international |title=Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to Romanians |work=The Guardian |date=2 November 2007 |location=London |first=John |last=Hooper |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> the Italian government declared that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and it also declared that it was required to take swift action to address the ''emergenza nomadi'' (''nomad emergency'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/30/roma-italy |title=Italy's new ghetto? |work=The Guardian |date=30 March 2009 |location=London |first=Tana |last=de Zulueta |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy fingerprints thousands of Gypsies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25520960 |access-date=2022-07-15 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
The 2008 [[Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic|deaths of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic]], two Roma children who drowned while Italian beach-goers remained unperturbed, brought international attention to the relationship between Italians and the Roma people. Reviewing the situation in 2012, one Belgian magazine observed:{{blockquote|On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, [[Václav Havel]] prophetically remarked that "the treatment of the Roma is a [[litmus test (politics)|litmus test]] for democracy": and democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition to [[capitalism]] have been disastrous for the Roma. Under [[communism]] they had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with [[impunity]].<ref name="MO 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1757331-bleak-horizon |title=Bleak horizon |first=Hellen |last=Kooijman |place=EU |date=6 April 2012 |publisher=Presseurop |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105800/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1757331-bleak-horizon |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
The 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research poll]] found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Roma views, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about Roma. In [[Greece]], 67%, in Hungary 64%, in France 61%, in Spain 49%, in [[Poland]] 47%, in the UK 45%, in Sweden 42%, in Germany 40%, and in the [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-gypsy-in-my-soul-sinti-and-roma-in-the-netherlands/ |title=The gypsy in my soul: Sinti and Roma in the Netherlands |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |date=19 September 1999}}</ref> 37% had an unfavourable view of Roma.<ref>"[http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403224749/https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ |date=3 April 2019 }}". [[Pew Research Center]]. 11 July 2016.</ref> The 2019 Pew Research poll found that 83% of Italians, 76% of Slovaks, 72% of Greeks, 68% of Bulgarians, 66% of Czechs, 61% of Lithuanians, 61% of Hungarians, 54% of Ukrainians, 52% of Russians, 51% of Poles, 44% of French, 40% of Spaniards, and 37% of Germans held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019}}</ref> IRES published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians have a negative opinion about them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sondaj IRES: 7 din 10 români nu au încredere în romi |url=https://romania.europalibera.org/a/sondaj-ires-7-din-10-rom%C3%A2ni-nu-au-%C3%AEncredere-%C3%AEn-romi/30707320.html |work=Radio Free Europe Romania (in Romanian) |date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
As of 2019, reports of anti-Roma incidents are increasing across Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=We need to talk about the rising wave of anti-Roma attacks in Europe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/roma-antiziganist-romani-discrimination-italy-matteo-salvini-ukraine-a9024196.html |work=The Independent |date=28 July 2019}}</ref> Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Kosovo,<ref>{{cite news |title=Unemployment keeps Kosovo's Roma on the margins |url=https://www.dw.com/en/unemployment-keeps-kosovos-roma-on-the-margins/a-42522226 |agency=Deutsche Welle |date=17 February 2018}}</ref> Romania,<ref>{{cite news |title=To Europe's shame, Roma remain stigmatised outsiders – even when they live in mansions |url=http://theconversation.com/to-europes-shame-roma-remain-stigmatised-outsiders-even-when-they-live-in-mansions-95468 |work=The Conversation |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Slovakia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Slovakia says Amnesty International report |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20766918/discrimination-against-roma-remains-widespread-in-slovakia-says-amnesty-international-report.html |work=The Slovak Spectator |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Roma protests take place in Bulgarian city of Gabrovo |url=https://apnews.com/7ade2fc2871e40e7a7396468155a2164 |agency=The Associated Press |date=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Everybody hates us': on Sofia's streets, Roma face racism every day |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/bulgaria-sofia-racism-roma-everybody-hates-us-anti-gypsy-abuse |work=The Guardian |date=20 October 2019}}</ref> and the Czech Republic,<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html |work=[[El País]] |date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zpráva o stavu romské menšiny: V Česku bylo loni podle odhadů 830 ghett se 127 tisíci obyvateli|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/zprava-v-cesku-bylo-loni-podle-odhadu-830-ghett-se-127-tisici-obyvateli_1910121847_miz|access-date=28 July 2020|website=iROZHLAS|date=12 October 2019 |language=cs}}</ref> against which the [[European Court of Human Rights]] has ruled in Romani advocates' favor on the subject of discriminatory and segregationist education and housing practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roma in the Czech Republic |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/roma-5/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Roma communities across Ukraine have been the target of violent attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deadly Attack Escalates Violent Trend Against Ukrainian Roma |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-roma-deadly-attack-escalates-violent-trend/29318822.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Attacked and abandoned: Ukraine's forgotten Roma |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/europe/2018/11/attacked-abandoned-ukraine-forgotten-roma-181121121230852.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
Roma refugees fleeing the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] have faced discrimination in Europe, including in [[Poland]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/10/ukraine-roma-refugees-poland |title='Meet us before you reject us': Ukraine's Roma refugees face closed doors in Poland |work=The Guardian |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> the [[Czech Republic]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://euobserver.com/world/154968 |title=Roma refugees from Ukraine face Czech xenophobia |work=EU Observer |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> and [[Moldova]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjbapq/undocumented-roma-refugees-facing-discrimination-as-they-flee-ukraine |title=Undocumented Roma Refugees Facing Discrimination As They Flee Ukraine |work=Vice |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
Concerning employment, a 2019 report by the [[Fundamental Rights Agency|FRA]] revealed that, across the European states that were surveyed, on average 34% of Roma men and 16% of Roma women were in paid work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Roma women in nine EU Member States |url=https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2019-eu-minorities-survey-roma-women_en.pdf |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |page=27}}</ref>
=== Forced repatriation ===
{{Main|Expulsion of Romani people from France}}
In the summer of 2010, French authorities demolished at least 51 Roma camps and began the [[French Romani repatriation|process of repatriating]] their residents to their countries of origin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11020429 |title=France sends Roma Gypsies back to Romania |date=20 August 2010 |agency=BBC News |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref> This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, which had been heightened after a traveller drove through a French police checkpoint, hit an officer, attempted to hit two more officers, and was then shot and killed by the police. In retaliation a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and burned three cars.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10681796 |title=Troops patrol French village of Saint-Aignan after riot |date=10 July 2010 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=22 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288 |title=Q&A: France Roma expulsions |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.<ref>{{cite news |title=France Begins Controversial Roma Deportations |date=19 August 2010 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/sarkozy-finds-a-scapegoat-france-begins-controversial-roma-deportations-a-712701.html |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=20 August 2010}}</ref> [[European Commissioner for Justice and Consumers|EU Justice Commissioner]] [[Viviane Reding]] stated that the [[European Commission]] should take legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a disgrace". A leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Interior Ministry]] to regional police chiefs, included the instruction: "Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11301307 |title=EU may take legal action against France over Roma |date=14 September 2010 |agency=BBC News |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref>
== Organizations and projects ==
* [[World Romani Congress]]
* [[European Roma Rights Centre]]
* [[Gypsy Lore Society]]<ref name="GLS">{{cite web|title=The Gypsy Lore Society|format=Journal|url=http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/}}</ref>
* [[International Romani Union]]
* [[Decade of Roma Inclusion]], multinational project
* [[International Romani Day]] (8 April)
* [[Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues]]
* [[National Advisory Board on Romani Affairs]] (Finland)
== Artistic representations ==
{{Main|Romani people in fiction}}
Many depictions of the Romani in literature and art present romanticized narratives of the mystical powers of [[fortune telling]] or as people who have an irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality. The Romani were a popular subject in [[Venetian school (art)|Venetian painting]] from the time of [[Giorgione]] at the start of the 16th century. The inclusion of such a figure adds an exotic oriental flavor to scenes. A [[Venice|Venetian]] [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] painting by [[Paris Bordone]] (c. 1530, [[Strasbourg]]) of the [[Holy Family]] in Egypt makes [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Elizabeth]] a Romani [[Fortune-telling|fortune-teller]]; the scene is otherwise located in a distinctly European landscape.<ref>{{cite book |last = Jacquot |first = Dominique |title = Le musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg — Cinq siècles de peinture |date = 2006 |publisher = Éditions des Musées de Strasbourg |location = Strasbourg |isbn = 978-2-901833-78-9 |page = 76 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Muchacha Gitana.jpg|[[Boccaccio Boccaccino]]: ''Gypsy Girl'' (c.1504-1505)
File:The Visit of the Gypsies 01.jpg|An excerpt from ''The Visit of the Gypsies'' (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), [[Currier Museum of Art]]
File:Vouet, Simon - The Fortune Teller.jpg|[[Simon Vouet]]: ''The Fortune Teller'' (1617)
File:David Teniers (II) - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune.jpg|[[David Teniers the Younger|David Teniers]] - ''Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune'' (c.1630-1690)
File:Jan van der Venne - Gypsy family.jpg|[[Jan van de Venne]] - ''Gypsy family'' (c.1631-1651)
File:Sarah Egerton as Meg Merrilies.png|[[Guy Mannering#Characters|Meg Merrilies]] from [[Walter Scott]]'s ''[[Guy Mannering]]'', illustrated 1821
File:Pongrácz F Három cigány.jpg|Ferencz Pongrácz: ''Three Gypsies'' (1836)
File:Alfred Dehodencq A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of the Alcázar.jpg|[[Alfred Dehodencq]]: ''A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar'' (1851)
File:Narcisse Diaz de la Peña - The Gypsy Princesses, San Antonio Museum of Art.jpg|[[Narcisse Virgilio Díaz]]: ''The Gypsy Princesses'' (c.1865-1870), [[San Antonio Museum of Art]]
File:GYPSY Kazimierz Alchimowicz.jpg|[[Kazimierz Alchimowicz]]: ''Gypsy'' (c.1870-1879)
File:Franz von Defregger Halbbildnis eines Zigeunerjungen.jpg|[[Franz Defregger|Franz von Defregger]]: ''Half portrait of a gypsy boy'' (1873, gouache)
File:Gypsy Girl with Mandolin, by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]]: ''Gypsy Girl with Mandolin'' (1874)
File:"Famille de gitanos, a Totana" (19911858846).jpg|[[Gustave Doré]]: ''Family of Gypsies, to Totana'' (1874)
File:Jozef Van Lerius - Moza, the Gypsy woman.jpg|[[Jozef Van Lerius]]: ''Moza, the Gypsy woman'' (1880)
File:La Esmeralda from Victor Hugo and His Time.jpg|[[Esméralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)|Esméralda]], illustrated 1882
File:Gypsy family (1884 by Mihály Munkácsy.jpg|[[Mihály Munkácsy]]: ''Gypsy Family'' (1884, oil on canvas)
File:August von Pettenkofen - Gipsy Children - WGA17393.jpg|[[August von Pettenkofen]]: ''Gypsy Children'' (1885), [[Hermitage Museum]]
File:Carmen (Bibliothèque-Musée de lOpéra) (4568143185).jpg|[[Célestine Galli-Marié]] as [[Carmen (novella)|Carmen]] (1886)
File:Antoni Kozakiewicz - Cygańska Rodzina (01).jpg|[[Antoni Kozakiewicz]]: ''Gypsy Family'' (c.1886)
File:Vincent van Gogh - Les roulottes, campement de bohémiens.jpg|[[Vincent van Gogh]]: ''The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles'' (1888, oil on canvas)
File:Edmund Henry Garrett - Illustration for Jane Eyre.png|Fortune-telling scene from [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', illustrated (1890)
File:Nicolae Grigorescu - Ursăreasa din Bolduri.jpg|[[Nicolae Grigorescu]]: ''Gypsy from Boldu'' (1897), [[Palace of Culture (Iași)|Art Museum of Iași]]
File:Henri - gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg|[[Robert Henri]]: ''Gypsy Girl in White'' (1916)
File:Amedeo Modigliani - Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919).jpg|[[Amedeo Modigliani]]: ''Gypsy Woman with Baby'' (1919)
File:Gypsy, 1928.jpg|[[Felix Nussbaum]]: ''Gypsy'' (1928)
File:Iványi Gypsies at Balatonlelle 1935.jpg|[[Béla Iványi-Grünwald]]: ''Gypsies at Balatonlelle'' (1935)
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[History of the Romani people]]
* [[Gitanos]]
* [[Gypsy Scourge]]
* [[King of the Gypsies]]
* [[Romani studies]]
* [[Romani society and culture]]
* [[Romani literature]]
* [[Romani dress]]
* [[Romani diaspora]]
* [[Racism in Europe]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[Environmental racism in Europe]]
* [[Romani folklore]]
* [[Romani cuisine]]
* [[Sinti |Sinti people]]
* [[The Blond Angel Case]]
'''General'''
* [[Traveler (disambiguation)]]
* [[Itinerant groups in Europe]]
* [[Nomadic tribes in India]]
* [[Dalit]]
'''Lists'''
* [[List of Romani people]]
* [[List of Romani settlements]]
'''Other'''
* [[Dom people]]
* [[Lom people]]
* [[Indian people]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]
* [[Lori people]]
* [[Indo-Roman relations]]
}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last = Achim |first = Viorel |year = 2004 |title = The Roma in Romanian History |place = Budapest |publisher = [[Central European University]] Press |isbn = 978-963-9241-84-8 }}
* {{Citation |last = Fraser |first = Angus |title = The Gypsies |publisher = Blackwell |place = Oxford, UK |year = 1992 |isbn = 978-0-631-15967-4 }}
* {{citation |last = Hancock |first = Ian |year = 2001 |title = Ame sam e rromane džene |publisher = The Open Society Institute |place = New York }}
* {{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian |year = 2002 |orig-date = 2001 |title = Ame Sam E Rromane Dz̆ene |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 }}
* {{Citation |author=Helsinki Watch |publisher=Helsinki Watch |year=1991 |title=Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies |place=New York}}
* {{cite web |last = Hübshmanová |first = Milena |year = 2003 |url = http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml |title = Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups |publisher = Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz |website = Rombase |access-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164439/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml }}
* {{cite book |last = Lemon |first = Alaina |year = 2000 |title = Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism |publisher = Durham: [[Duke University]] Press |isbn = 978-0-8223-2456-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Matras |first1 = Yaron |last2 = Popov |first2 = Vesselin |year = 2001 |title = Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire |publisher = Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press }}
* {{cite book |last = Matras |first = Yaron |year = 2005 |title = Romani: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-02330-6 }}
* {{cite book |last = Matras |first = Yaron |year = 2002 |title = Romani: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-63165-5}}
* {{Citation |title = Gypsies, The World's Outsiders |newspaper = National Geographic |date = April 2001 |pages = 72–101 }}
* {{cite book |last = Nemeth |first = David J. |year = 2002 |title = The Gypsy-American |publisher = Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen }}
* {{cite book |last = Sutherland |first = Ann |title = Gypsies: The Hidden Americans |publisher = Waveland |year = 1986 |isbn = 978-0-88133-235-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XYQfAAAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite journal |last = Silverman |first = Carol |title = Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe |journal = Cultural Survival Quarterly |year = 1995 }}
== Further reading ==
* Bereznay, András. ''Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps'' (Budapest: Méry Ratio, 2021) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=60365 see online review of this book]
* {{cite book | author-last=Taylor | author-first=Becky | title=Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers |year=2014 | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}
* {{cite book |author1 = Kalwant Bhopal |author-link1=Kalwant Bhopal |author2 = Martin Myers |title = Insiders, Outsiders and Others: Gypsies and Identity |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqFBR50PPMC |year = 2008 |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-71-6 }}
* {{cite book |author = Werner Cohn |title = The Gypsies |url = http://www.wernercohn.com/Resources/The_Gypsies.pdf |year = 1973 |publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |isbn = 978-0-201-11362-4 }}
* {{cite report |last1=De Soto |first1=Hermine |last2=Beddies |first2=Sabine |last3=Gedeshi |first3=Ilir |title=Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion |place=Washington, DC |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2005 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/1a560799-6e27-59e8-9e92-aae74c6d3a11}}
* {{cite book |last = Fonseca |first = Isabel |title = Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey |url = https://archive.org/details/burymestandinggy00fons |url-access = registration |place = New York |publisher = AA Knopf |year = 1995 |isbn = 978-0-679-40678-5 }}
* {{cite book |author1 = V. Glajar |author2 = D. Radulescu |title = Gypsies in European Literature and Culture |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LZDFAAAAQBAJ |year = 2008 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn = 978-0-230-61163-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Gray |first1 = RD |last2 = Atkinson |first2 = QD |year = 2003 |title = Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin |journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi = 10.1038/nature02029 |volume = 426 |issue = 6965 |pages = 435–439 |pmid = 14647380 |bibcode = 2003Natur.426..435G |title-link = Indo-European languages |s2cid = 42340 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gresham |first1=David |last2=Morar |first2=Bharti |last3=Underhill |first3=Peter A. |last4=Passarino |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Lin |first5=Alice A. |last6=Wise |first6=Cheryl |last7=Angelicheva |first7=Dora |last8=Calafell |first8=Francesc |last9=Oefner |first9=Peter J. |last10=Shen |first10=Peidong |last11=Tournev |first11=Ivailo |last12=de Pablo |first12=Rosario |last13=Kuĉinskas |first13=Vaidutis |last14=Perez-Lezaun |first14=Anna |last15=Marushiakova |first15=Elena |last16=Popov |first16=Vesselin |last17=Kalaydjieva |first17=Luba |title=Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 2001 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1314–1331 |doi=10.1086/324681 |pmid=11704928 |pmc=1235543 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Jobling |first3=Mark A |last4=Angelicheva |first4=Dora |last5=de Knijff |first5=Peter |last6=Rosser |first6=ZoëH |last7=Hurles |first7=Matthew E |last8=Underhill |first8=Peter |last9=Tournev |first9=Ivailo |last10=Marushiakova |first10=Elena |last11=Popov |first11=Vesselin |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid = 21432405 |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last = Ringold |first = Dena |title = Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: Trends & Challenges |place = Washington, DC |publisher = World Bank |year = 2000 }}.
* {{citation |last = Turner |first = Ralph L |year = 1926 |title = The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan |journal = Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society |series = 3rd |volume = 5 |number = 4 |pages = 145–188 }}
* {{cite book |last = McDowell |first = Bart |title = Gypsies, wanderers of the world |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0heTAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher = National Geographic Society. Special Publications Division |isbn = 978-0-87044-088-5 }}
* Sancar Seckiner's comprehensible book South (Güney), 2013, consists of 12 article and essays. One of them, ''Ikiçeşmelik'', highlights Turkish Romani life. Ref. {{ISBN|978-605-4579-45-7}}.
* Sancar Seckiner' s new book ''Thilda's House'' (Thilda'nın Evi), 2017, underlines the struggle of the Romani in Istanbul who have been swept away from nearby Kadikoy. Ref. {{ISBN|978-605-4160-88-4}}.
* {{cite book |author = Radenez Julien |title = Recherches sur l'histoire des Tsiganes |year=2014 |url = http://www.youscribe.com/catalogue/tous/savoirs/recherches-sur-l-histoire-des-tsiganes-2754759 }}
* {{Citation |last = Auzias |first = Claire |title = Les funambules de l'histoire |place = Baye |publisher=La Digitale |edition = Éditions la Digitale |year = 2002 |language = fr }}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Romani people}}
{{Wikiquote}}
'''European countries Roma links'''
* {{cite web | title=European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture (ERIAC) | url=https://eriac.org}}
* {{Citation |url = http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html |title = History the Roma and Sinti in Germany }}.
* {{Citation |place = [[Austria|AT]] |chapter-url = http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction |title = History of the Roma in Austria |chapter = General introduction |publisher = Uni Graz |access-date = 28 October 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162020/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction }}.
* {{cite web |title=History of the Roma in Czech Republic |url=http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131028133534/http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/ |archive-date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Rommuz |place=CZ}}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation |title=Deportation |publisher=Romas Inti |place=EU |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215131049/http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation |url-status=dead }}. History of some Roma Europeans
* {{Citation |title=Gypsies in France, 1566–2011 |url= http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm |publisher=FYI France |access-date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519025317/http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm |archive-date=19 May 2011}}; The concentration, labor, ghetto camps that the Roma were persecuted in during World War II
* {{Citation |url = http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3 |title = Auschwitz |access-date = 28 October 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120506023540/http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3 |archive-date = 6 May 2012 }}.
* {{Citation |contribution=Hodonin |contribution-url=http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin |title=History: Camps |publisher=Holocaus |place=CZ}}.
* {{Citation |url = http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx |title = History |publisher = Lety memorial |place = CZ |access-date = 28 October 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326075119/http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx }}.
* {{cite web |url = http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071226015809/http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |archive-date=26 December 2007 |publisher = European Parliament |type = resolution |title = The situation of the Roma in the European Union |date = 28 April 2005 }}.
* {{cite web |url = https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=962605&Site=COE |title = Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and travellers in Europe |publisher = The European Commissioner for [[Human rights]] ([[Council of Europe]]) |date = 15 February 2006 }}.
* Shot in remote areas of the Thar desert in west India, {{YouTube|Zirn1H4vE0Y|Jaisalmer Ayo: Gateway of the Gypsies}} captures the lives of vanishing nomadic communities who are believed to share common ancestors with the Roma people{{snd}} released 2004
'''General information'''
* {{cite web | title=RomArchive | language=en, de, rom | url=https://romarchive.eu}} — education on the arts and civil rights movements
* {{cite web | title=Romani Atlantic | url=https://www.romaniatlantic.cz}} — transcontinental perspective
'''International organisations'''
* {{citation |url = https://www.osce.org/odihr/17554 |title = Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area }}.
'''Non-governmental organisations'''
* {{citation |url = http://www.errc.org/ |title = European Roma Rights Centre }}.
* {{citation |url = http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/ |title = The Gypsy Lore Society }}. Beginning in [https://historydaily.org/60-vintage-photos-from-forgotten-moments-in-history/24 1888], the [[Gypsy Lore Society]] started to publish a journal that was meant to dispel rumors about their lifestyle.
'''Museums and libraries'''
* {{citation |title = Museum of Romani Culture |place = [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic|CZ]] |language = cs |url = http://www.rommuz.cz/ }}.
* {{citation |title=Studii romani |type=specialized library with archive |place=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria|BG]] |url=http://www.studiiromani.org/ |access-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821022409/http://www.studiiromani.org/ |archive-date=21 August 2006}}.
* {{citation |title=Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma |place=[[Heidelberg]], [[Germany|DE]] |url=http://www.sintiundroma.de/content/index.php?sID=2&navID=0&tID=0&aID=0}}.
* {{citation |url=http://www.muzeum.tarnow.pl/ |title=Ethnographic Museum |place=[[Tarnów]], [[Poland|PL]] |language=pl}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.balkanproject.org/roma/index.shtml |title=Who we Were, Who we Are: Kosovo Roma Oral History Collection |date=March 2004 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517115645/http://balkanproject.org/roma/index.shtml |url-status=dead }} The most comprehensive collection of information on [[Kosovo]]'s Roma in existence.
'''Internet Visual Media'''
* Inaugural Romani Studies Conference at UC Berkeley: [http://www.youtube.com/@babeuflives YouTube]
* Florian: [http://www.youtube.com/@florida.florian YouTube] [http://www.tiktok.com/@florida.florian TikTok] - Romani YouTuber & TikToker whose material covers Roma culture, history, and civil rights
{{Romani topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Romani people| ]]
[[Category:Romani| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in North Africa]]
[[Category:Stateless nationalism]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Romanians]] or [[Roman people|Romans]]}}
{{other uses|Romani (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{redirect-multi|4|Gypsy|Gypsies|Gipsy|Gipsies|other uses|Gypsy (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Romani people
| image = [[File:Romani people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| image_caption =
| flag = Roma flag.svg
| flag_caption = [[Flag of the Romani people|Romani flag]] created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 [[World Romani Congress]]
| pop = 2–12 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmy |format=online |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=M. Paul |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=16th |place=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL |quote=[[Ian Hancock]]'s 1987 estimate for 'all Gypsies in the world' was 6 to 11 million. |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12977975 |work=BBC News |title=EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty |date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Roma |url=http://www.nationalia.info/new/8761/peoples-and-nations-today-the-roma |publisher=Nationalia |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom |title=Rom |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=... estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million. |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref>
| region2 = [[United States]]
| pop2 = 1,000,000 estimated with Romani ancestry{{efn|5,400 per [[2000 US census|2000 census]].}}<ref>Smith, J. (2008). The marginalization of shadow minorities (Roma) and its impact on opportunities (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University).</ref>
| ref2 = <ref name="time">{{cite news |author=Kayla Webley |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2025316,00.html |title=Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile |agency=Time |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=3 October 2015 |quote=Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million.}}</ref>
| region3 = [[Brazil]]
| pop3 = 800,000 (0.4%)
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |trans-title=Lack of public policy for Romani is a challenge for the administration |url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html |language=pt |title=Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é desafio para o governo |publisher=R7 |year=2011 |access-date=22 January 2012 |quote=The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101119/http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Spain]]
| pop4 = 750,000–1,500,000 (1.9–3.7%)
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in Spain |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-spain_en |website=European Commission |language=en |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Cite news |author= |url=http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |title=Estimated by the Society for Threatened Peoples |newspaper= |publisher=[[Society for Threatened Peoples]] |date=2007-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213211/http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |archive-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf |title=The Situation of Roma in Spain |publisher=Open Society Institute |year=2002 |quote=The Spanish government estimates the number of ''Gitanos'' to be a maximum of 650,000. |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana – CIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |title=Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España: Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007 |website=mscbs.gob.es |year=2007 |quote=Tabla 1. La comunidad gitana de España en el contexto de la población romaní de la Unión Europea. Población Romaní: 750.000{{nbsp}}[...] Por 100 habitantes: 1.87%{{nbsp}}[...] se podrían llegar a barajar cifras{{nbsp}}[...] de 1.100.000 personas |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120335/http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>
| region5 = [[Romania]]
| pop5 = 569,500–1,850,000 (3.4–8.32%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-25994251-primele-rezultate-ale-recensamantului-2022-populatia-romaniei-scazut-19-053-815-locuitori.htm/amp|title=Primele rezultate ale Recensământului 2022: Populația României a scăzut la 19.053.815 locuitori|trans-title=The first results of the 2022 Census: Romania's population decreased to 19,053,815 inhabitants|language=ro|website=[[HotNews]]|date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en|title=Romania|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref>
| region6 = [[Turkey]]
| pop6 = 500,000–2,750,000 (3.8%)
| ref6 = <ref name=immigration>{{cite web <!--|format=PDF --> |url=http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680088ea9 |title=Roma and Travellers Team. Tools and Texts of Reference. Estimates on Roma population in European countries (excel spreadsheet) |work=rm.coe.int Council of Europe Roma and Travellers Division}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |title=Roma rights organizations work to ease prejudice in Turkey |first=Yigal |last=Schleifer |date=22 July 2005 |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211734/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Turkey">{{cite web |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi-/yasam/magazindetay/06.06.2008/873452/default.htm |title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı! |trans-title=The number of Kurds in Turkey! |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=2 January 2016 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Türkiye'deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor. 2, hatta 5 milyon gibi rakamlar dolaşıyor Çingenelerin arasında |url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp |newspaper=Hurriyet |place=[[Turkey|TR]] |language=tr |date=8 May 2005 |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007144251/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region7 = [[Bulgaria]]
| pop7 = 325,343{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 736,981 (10% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. In a Bulgarian government report on the census, the ethnic results are identified as a "gross manipulation".<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=Critical report on Population and Housing Census, Conducted as of 1 February 2011| url= https://nsi.bg/bg/content/12037/basic-page/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B8-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC-1-%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8-2011-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0 |title=Критичен доклад относно Преброяването на населението и жилищния фонд, проведено към 1 февруари 2011 година|date=2011|publisher=[[National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian National Statistical Institute]]|language=bg}}</ref>}}–750,000 (4.9–10.3%)
| ref7 = <ref name="NSI">{{cite web |url=http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx |script-title=bg:Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група |trans-title=Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group |language=bg |publisher=[[National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian National Statistical Institute]] |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602032148/http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2012}} Self declared</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-249_en.htm |title=Roma Integration – 2014 Commission Assessment: Questions and Answers |publisher=European Commission |location=Brussels |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2016}} EU and Council of Europe estimates</ref>
| region8 = [[Hungary]]
| pop8 = 309,632{{efn|This is a census figure. There was an option to declare multiple ethnicities, so this figure includes Romani of multiple backgrounds. According to the 2016 microcensus 99.1% of Hungarian Romani declared Hungarian ethnic identity also.}}–870,000 (3.21–8.8%)
| ref8 = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=János |first1=Pénzes |last2=Patrik |first2=Tátrai |last3=Zoltán |first3=Pásztor István|title=A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben |trans-title=Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades |language=hu|journal=Területi Statisztika |year=2018 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=3–26 |doi=10.15196/TS580101 |s2cid=197566729 |url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf}}</ref>
| region9 = [[France]]
| pop9 = 300,000–1,200,000 (0.21%)
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euractiv.com/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507 |title=Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions |publisher=EurActiv Network |quote=According to the report, the settled Gypsy population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000, although other estimates say that the actual figure is much closer to 1.2 million. |date=7 December 2005 |access-date=21 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="350000 en France en 2010">{{cite news |first=Bernard |last=Gorce |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/France/Roms-gens-du-voyage-deux-realites-differentes-_NG_-2010-07-22-603910 |title=Roms, gens du voyage, deux réalités différentes |newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=21 October 2016 |quote=<small>[Manual Translation]</small> The ban prevents statistics on ethnicity to give a precise figure of French Roma, but we often quote the number 350,000. For travellers, the administration counted 160,000 circulation titles in 2006 issued to people aged 16 to 80 years. Among the travellers, some have chosen to buy a family plot where they dock their caravans around a local section (authorized since the Besson Act of 1990).}}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/france_en |title=France - European Commission |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/roma_in_europe_briefing.pdf |title=Human Rights on the Margins Roma in Europe |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Argentina]]
| pop10 = 300,000
| ref10 = {{efn|Approximate estimate.}}<ref name="Hazel Marsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.latinolife.co.uk/node/289 |title=The Roma Gypsies of Latin America |author=Hazel Marsh |access-date=27 November 2017 |publisher=www.latinolife.co.uk |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164035/https://www.latinolife.co.uk/node/289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/emerging-romani-voices-from-latin-america|title=Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America|publisher=European Roma Rights Centre|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>
| region11 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop11 = 225,000 (0.4%)
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in the United Kingdom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-united-kingdom_en |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Citation |contribution=RME |contribution-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rme |title=Ethnologue}}</ref>
| region12 = [[Russia]]
| pop12 = 205,007{{efn|name=census|This is a census figure.}}–825,000 (0.6%)
| ref12 = <ref name=immigration />
| region13 = [[Serbia]]
| pop13 = 147,604{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 368,136 (5.1% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.}}–600,000 (2.1–8.2%)
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf |script-title=sr:Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Национална припадност |trans-title=Census of population. Households and apartments in 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity |language=sr |publisher=State Statistical Service of the Republic of Serbia |page=8 |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=17 July 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708082957/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/serbia-country-profile-2011-2012.pdf |title=Serbia: Country Profile 2011–2012 |publisher=European Roma Rights Centre |page=7 |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=immigration />
| region14 = [[Italy]]
| pop14 = 120,000–180,000 (0.3%)
| ref14 = <ref name=DiGiacomo>{{cite web |url=http://www.21luglio.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Rapporto-annuale-Associazione-21-luglio.pdf |title=Giornata Internazionale dei rom e sinti: presentato il Rapporto Annuale 2014 (PDF) |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203064522/http://www.21luglio.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Rapporto-annuale-Associazione-21-luglio.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=immigration />
| region15 = [[Greece]]
| pop15 = 111,000–300,000 (2.7%)
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Premier Tsipras Hosts Roma Delegation for International Romani Day |website=greekreporter – place |date=9 April 2019|publisher=Nick Kampouris |url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2019/04/09/premier-tsipras-hosts-roma-delegation-for-international-romani-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greece NGO |newspaper=Greek Helsinki Monitor |place=LV |publisher=Minelres |url=http://www.minelres.lv/reports/greece/greece_NGO.htm}}</ref>
| region16 = [[Germany]]
| pop16 = 105,000 (0.1%)
| ref16 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Citation |contribution=Roma in Deutschland |contribution-url=http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/roma-in-deutschland.html |publisher=Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung |title=Regionale Dynamik |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429055947/http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/roma-in-deutschland.html}}</ref>
| region17 = [[Slovakia]]
| pop17 = 105,738{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 408,777 (7.5% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.}}–490,000 (2.1–9.0%)
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in Slovakia |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-slovakia_en |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Statistics |place=[[Slovakia|SK]] |url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715152521/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2007 |title=Population and Housing Census. Resident population by nationality}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=SME |place=SK |url=http://romovia.sme.sk/c/6947495/po-deviatich-rokoch-spocitali-romov-na-slovensku-ich-zije-viac-ako-400-tisic.html |title=Po deviatich rokoch spočítali Rómov, na Slovensku ich žije viac ako 400-tisíc |language=sk |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |publisher=SITA}}</ref>
| region18 = [[Albania]]
| pop18 = 100,000-140,000 (3.62%-5.06%)
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Albania/Rom-d-Albania-76445|title=Rom d'Albania|language=it|date=18 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
| region19 = [[Iran]]
| pop19 = 2,000–110,000
| ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Gypsy |url=http://www.iranian.com/SaeedTavakkol/2005/October/Gypsy/index.html |work=www.iranian.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515170948/http://www.iranian.com/SaeedTavakkol/2005/October/Gypsy/index.html |archive-date=15 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i#:~:text=The%20identity%20of%20these%20groups%20being%20uncertain%2C%20there,p.%202%29.%20Their%20origins%20are%20just%20as%20obscure |title=GYPSY i. Gypsies of Persia |date=12 Dec 2002 |work=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref>
| region20 = [[North Macedonia]]
| pop20 = 46,433 (2.53%)
| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/2022/POPIS_DZS_web_EN.pdf |title=Total resident population, households and dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, census 2021 |publisher=State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia |pages=32–33 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
| region21 = [[Sweden]]
| pop21 = 50,000–100,000
| ref21 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Citation |contribution-url=http://minoritet.prod3.imcms.net/1013 |title=Minoritet |contribution=Sametingen. Information about minorities in Sweden |language=sv |publisher=IMCMS |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326075902/http://minoritet.prod3.imcms.net/1013}}</ref>
| region22 = [[Ukraine]]
| pop22 = 47,587{{efn|This is a census figure. Less than 1% of the population did not declare any ethnicity.}}–260,000 (0.6%)
| ref22 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 |script-title=uk:Всеукраїнський перепис населення '2001: Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою |trans-title=Ukrainian Census, 2001: Distribution of population by nationality and mother tongue |language=uk |publisher=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |place=[[Ukraine|UA]] |date=2003 |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>
| region23 = [[Portugal]]
| pop23 = 52,000 (0.5%)
| ref23 = <ref name=immigration /><ref name="minorityrights.org">[http://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-127-RomaGypsies-A-European-Minority.pdf Roma /Gypsies: A European Minority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515231943/https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-127-RomaGypsies-A-European-Minority.pdf |date=15 May 2020}}, Minority Rights Group International.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067
|title=Comunidade cigana em Portugal|date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
| region24 = [[Austria]]
| pop24 = 40,000–50,000 (0.6%)
| ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/04/05/etwa-40-000-roma-und-sinti-leben-in-osterreich/|title=Etwa 40.000 Roma und Sinti leben in Österreich|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062645/http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/04/05/etwa-40-000-roma-und-sinti-leben-in-osterreich/|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>
| region25 = [[Kosovo]]
| pop25 = 36,000{{efn|This is a census figure including Romani, [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians]].}} (2%)
| ref25 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5 |last1=Kenrick |first1=Donald |year=2007 |page=142}}</ref>
| region26 = [[Netherlands]]
| pop26 = 32,000–40,000 (0.2%)
| ref26 = <ref name=immigration />
| region27 = [[Poland]]
| pop27 = 17,049{{efn|name=census}}–32,500 (0.1%)
| ref27 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/poland/32.htm |title=Poland – Gypsies |website=Country studies |place=US |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref>
| region28 = [[Croatia]]
| pop28 = 16,975{{efn|name=census}}–35,000 (0.8%)
| ref28 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>{{Croatian Census 2011 |url=http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_05/E01_01_05.html |title=Population by Ethnicity – Delailed Classification |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>
| region29 = [[Mexico]]
| pop29 = 15,850
| ref29 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/10/gypsies-or-how-to-be-invisible-in-mexico |author=Emilio Godoy |title=Gypsies, or How to Be Invisible in Mexico |date=12 October 2010 |publisher=Inter Press Service |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>
| region30 = [[Chile]]
| pop30 = 15,000–20,000
| ref30 = <ref name="Hazel Marsh" />
| region31 = [[Moldova]]
| pop31 = 12,778{{efn|name=census}}–250,000 (3.0%–7.05%)
| ref31 = <ref>[https://minorityrights.org/minorities/roma-22/ Roma - Minority Rights Group]</ref>
| region32 = [[Finland]]
| pop32 = 10,000–12,000 est. (0.2%)
| ref32 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/74503/suomen_romanit.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Suomen romanit – Finitiko romaseele |publisher=Government of Finland |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201802/https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/74503/suomen_romanit.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region33 = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| pop33 = 8,864{{efn|name=census}}–58,000 (1.5%)
| ref33 = <ref name=immigration /><ref>1991 census</ref>
| region34 = [[Colombia]]
| pop34 = 2,649–8,000
| ref34 = <ref name="Hazel Marsh" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Población Gitana o Rrom de Colombia Resultados del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 |trans-title=Gypsy or Rom Population of Colombia Results of the National Population and Housing Census 2018 |language=es |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/grupos-etnicos/presentacion-grupos-etnicos-poblacion-gitana-rrom-2019.pdf |work=dane.gov.co |place=Bogota |date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
| region35 = [[Belarus]]
| pop35 = 7,316{{efn|name=census}}–47,500 (0.5%)
| ref35 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |title=Republic of Belarus, 2009 Census: Population by Ethnicity and Native Language |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918165045/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>
| region36 = [[Latvia]]
| pop36 = 7,193{{efn|name=census}}–12,500 (0.6%)
| ref36 = <ref name=immigration />
| region37 = [[Canada]]
| pop37 = 5,255–80,000
| ref37 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.cogeco.ca/~rcctoronto/pdfs/fs08canada.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614111814/http://home.cogeco.ca/~rcctoronto/pdfs/fs08canada.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |title=Roma in Canada fact sheet |publisher=home.cogeco.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |author=Statistics Canada |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=11 February 2014 |author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
| region38 = [[Montenegro]]
| pop38 = 5,251{{efn|name=census}}–20,000 (3.7%)
| ref38 = <ref name="monstat1">{{cite web |url=http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf |title=Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011 |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
<!-- The template supports only up to 40 regions-->| region39 = [[Czech Republic]]
| pop39 = 5,199{{efn|This is a census figure. Some 25% of the population did not declare any ethnicity.}}–40,370{{efn|name=census}} ([[Romani language|Romani speakers]])–250,000 (1.9%)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30718&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void= |title=Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů |publisher=czso.cz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma integration in the Czech Republic |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-czech-republic_en |publisher=European Commission |language=en}}</ref>
| region40 = [[Australia]]
| pop40 = 5,000–25,000
| ref40 = <ref>{{cite web |author=Yvonne Slee |url=https://open.abc.net.au/explore/15645 |title=A History of Australian Romanies, now and then |publisher=Open ABC |place=Australia |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042839/https://open.abc.net.au/explore/15645}}</ref>
| region41 = [[Slovenia]]
| pop41 = 3,246
| ref41 = <ref name=immigration />
| region42 = [[Lithuania]]
| pop42 = 2,571
| ref42 = <ref name=immigration />
| region43 = [[Denmark]]
| pop43 = 5,500
| ref43 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/denmark_en#factsandfigures|title=Denmark|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
| region44 = [[Ireland]]
| pop44 = 22,435
| ref44 = <ref name=immigration />
| region45 = [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| pop45 = 1,200
| ref45 = <ref name=immigration />
| region46 = [[Belgium]]
| pop46 = 30,000
| ref46 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/belgium_en|title=Belgium|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref>
| region47 = [[Cyprus]]
| pop47 = 1,250
| ref47 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/cyprus_en|title=Cyprus|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref>
| region48 = [[Switzerland]]
| pop48 = 25,000–35,000
| ref48 = <ref name=immigration />
| languages = [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Para-Romani]] varieties, languages of native regions
| religions = Predominantly Christianity<ref name="Gall, Timothy L. 1998 pp. 316, 318">{{Citation |editor-last=Gall |editor-first=Timothy L |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life |volume=4. Europe |place=Cleveland, OH |publisher=Eastword |year=1998 |pages=316, 318 |quote='Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)'; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari. ... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort...}}</ref><br />[[Islam]]<ref name="Gall, Timothy L. 1998 pp. 316, 318" /><br />[[Shaktism]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]<ref name="Gall, Timothy L. 1998 pp. 316, 318" /><br />[[Romani folklore|Romani mythology]]<br />[[Buddhism]] (minority)<ref name="vish">{{cite web |last1=Vishvapani |title=Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination |url=https://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2011/11/29/gypsy-buddhists/ |website=www.wiseattention.org |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="bhal">{{cite journal |last1=Bhalesain |first1=Pravin |title=Gypsies embracing Buddhism:A step forward for Building a Harmonious Society in Europe |journal=Undv.org/Vesak2011/Panel2 |date=2011 |url=http://www.undv.org/vesak2011/panel2/14PBhalesainFINAL.pdf |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><br /> [[Judaism]] (conversion through marriage to Jewish spouses)<ref>{{cite book|title= Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays|page=112|isbn=978-1-902806-99-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmYJiVui9UC&pg=PA112 |last1=Hancock |first1=Ian |date=10 November 2023 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press}}</ref>
| related-c = [[Ghorbati]], [[Dom people|Doms]], [[Lom people|Lom]], [[Dom (caste)|Ḍoma]], [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians]]; other [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}
{{Romani people}}
The Fuc'''k Heads''', also spelled '''Scammers''' or '''Walletstealers''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROH|mə|nee}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee}}) and colloquially known as the '''Niggers''' ({{singular}}: '''Nigger'''), are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=2022-11-08 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=2023-08-07 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse |language=en-US |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=2022-11-05 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}}</ref> who traditionally lived a [[Nomad|nomadic]], [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]] lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in particular the region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ |title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.}}|{{harvp|Hancock|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20 xx]|ps=: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}|{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=8 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147]}}|{{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49 |title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora |date=2012-05-24 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |pages=49 |language=en}}|{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=260 |language=en}}}}</ref> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred {{circa|1000 CE}}.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=9|ps=: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'}}<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Matras|author-first=Yaron|author-link=Yaron Matras|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith|chapter=Romani|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|year=2005|edition=2|chapter-url=https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-08-054784-8|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|title=Roma|page=297|location=United Kingdom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC}}</ref> Their original name is from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang-sa|डोम|ḍoma|label=none}} and means a member of the [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables' |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community| isbn=978-81-85880-70-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community | last1=Sharma | first1=Rama | date=28 January 1995 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref> The Roma population moved west into the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and later into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |title=Migrations of the Romani People}}</ref> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |page=xxxvii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5}}</ref> Although they are [[Romani diaspora|widely dispersed]], their most concentrated populations are located in [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Turkey]].
In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] '''Gypsies''' or '''Gipsies''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gipsies |volume=12 |pages=37–43 |first=Moses |last=Gaster}}</ref> which most Roma consider a [[list of ethnic slurs|racial slur]].<ref name="Randall">{{cite web |last=Randall |first=Kay |title=What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group |url=http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205135317/http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html |archive-date=5 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bambauer |first=Nikki |title=The Plight of the Romani People-Europe's Most Persecuted Minority |publisher=JFCS Holocaust Center |url=https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/plight-romani-people/ |date=August 2, 2018 |quote=The Romani people are frequently referred to as "gypsies," but many of them consider this exonym a derogatory term.}}</ref> The attendees of the first [[World Romani Congress]] in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Romani, including "Gypsy".<ref name="pickering">{{cite web |last=Pickering |title=The Romani |year=2010 |publisher=[[Northern Michigan University]] |url=https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2021 |page=1 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524174552/https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas. There are an estimated 1{{nbsp}}million [[Romani Americans|Roma in the United States]]<ref name="time" /> and between 800,000 and 1{{nbsp}}million in [[Romani people in Brazil|Brazil]], most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from eastern Europe. Brazilian Romani are mostly descendant from German/Italian [[Sinti]] (in the South/Southeast regions), and Roma and Calon people. Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from Sinti and Roma deportees from the [[Portuguese Empire]] during the [[Portuguese Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Corrêa Teixeira |first=Rodrigo |title=A história dos ciganos no Brasil |url=http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |format=PDF |website=Dhnet.org.br |access-date=9 November 2017 }}</ref> In migrations since the late 19th century, Romani have also moved to other countries in South America and Canada. Though often confused with [[Irish Travellers]] and the [[Yenish people]] in western Europe, the Romani are culturally different.<ref>{{cite book |last=Matras |first=Yaron |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfQ9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=The Romani Gypsies |page=27 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36838-5}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sutherland|1986|page=14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Romani|title=Romani - World History Encyclopedia|website=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
The [[Romani language]] is an Indo-Aryan language with strong Balkan and Greek influence.{{sfn|Matras|2002|page=2240}} It is divided into several [[dialect]]s, which together are estimated to have more than two million speakers.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=239}} Because the language has traditionally been oral, many Romani are native speakers of the [[Lingua franca|dominant language]] in their country of residence, or else of [[mixed language]]s combining the dominant language with a dialect of Romani in [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] sometimes called [[para-Romani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |title=Romani |website=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=30 August 2009 |page=1 |quote=In some regions of Europe, especially the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula), Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as Para-Romani varieties. |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Population and subgroups ==
=== Romani populations ===
There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm "European effort spotlights plight of the Roma"], ''USA Today'', 1 February 2005</ref> Many Romani refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for a variety of reasons, such as fear of discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chiriac |first=Marian |date=29 September 2004 |title=It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma |url=http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915070340/http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Other-news.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57C04G/|title=FACTBOX: Eastern Europe's Roma people|date=13 August 2009|work=Reuters}}</ref> Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who do not identify as Romani at all. Then, too, some countries do not collect data by ethnicity.
Despite these challenges to getting an accurate picture of the Romani dispersal, there were an estimated 10 million in Europe (as of 2019),<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma integration in the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu_en |publisher=European Commission |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> although some Romani organizations have given earlier estimates as high as 14 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |title=Compilation of population estimates |publisher=Council of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622154153/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006045453/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp|date=6 October 2009|title="Roma Travellers Statistics"}}, Council of Europe, compilation of population estimates. Archived from [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp the original], 6 October 2009.</ref> Significant Romani populations are found in the [[Balkans]], in some central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the [[European Union]], there are an estimated 6 million Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html |work=[[El País]] |date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
Outside Europe there may be several million more Romani, in particular in the Middle East and the Americas.<ref name="PanPfeil2003">{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRU_AQAAIAAJ |title=National Minorities in Europe: Handbook |last2=Pfeil |first2=Beate Sibylle |publisher=Braumüller |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-7003-1443-1 |page=27f}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Liégois |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Roms en Europe |year=2007 |publisher=Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe}}</ref>
===Romani subgroups===
[[File:Kolme romaninaista.jpg|thumb|Three [[Finnish Kale|Finnish Romani]] women in [[Helsinki]], Finland, in the 1930s]]
The Romani may identify as distinct ethnicities based in part on territorial, cultural and [[dialect]]al differences, and self-designation.{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=2}}{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=5}}<ref name="Names of the Romani People">{{cite web |last=Dosoftei |first=Alin |date=24 December 2007 |title=Names of the Romani People |url=http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070621/http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php |archive-date=7 May 2008 |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=Desicritics}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bessonov |first1=N |title=Ethnic groups of Gypsies |url=http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429083140/http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm |place=[[Russia|RU]] |publisher=Zigane |archive-date=29 April 2007 |last2=Demeter |first2=N}}</ref>
Like the Roma in general, many different [[ethnonym]]s are given to subgroups of Roma. Sometimes a subgroup uses more than one [[endonym]], is commonly known by an [[exonym]] or erroneously by the endonym of another subgroup. The only name approaching an all-encompassing self-description is ''Rom''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}} Even when subgroups do not use the name, they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy between themselves and ''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|Gadjo]]'' (non-Roma).{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}} For instance, while the main group of Roma in [[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|German-speaking countries]] refer to themselves as [[Sinti]], their name for their original language is ''Romanes''.
Subgroups have been described as, in part, a result of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of ''Rom'' almost certainly experienced in their south Asian ''[[urheimat]]''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Horvátová |first=Jana |title=Kapitoly z dějin Romů |publisher=Lidové noviny |place=Praha |url= http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312184629/http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2005 |year=2002 |language=cs |page=12 |quote=Mnohočetnost romských skupin je patrně pozůstatkem diferenciace Romů do původních indických kast a podkast. [The multitude of Roma groups is apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and subcastes.]}}</ref>
[[File:Debret casa ciganos.jpg|thumb|{{Citation |title = Interior of a gipsy's house in Brazil |year = c. 1820 |author-link = Jean-Baptiste Debret |last = Debret |first = Jean-Baptiste }}]]
[[File:Gypsies camping - probably Swansea (8678055650).jpg|thumb|''Gypsies camping''. [[Kale (Welsh Roma)|Kalá]] Roma near [[Swansea]] in Wales, 1953]]
Many groups use names derived from the Romani word ''kalo'' or ''calo'', meaning "black" or "absorbing all light". This closely resembles words for "black" or "dark" in [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (e.g., [[Sanskrit]] काल [[Kāla (time)#Etymology|''kāla'']]: "black", "of a dark colour").{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}} Likewise, the name of the [[Domba|Dom]] or Domba people of north India—with whom the Roma have genetic,<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 N. Rai et al., 2012, "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations"] (23 September 2016)</ref> cultural and linguistic links—has come to imply "dark-skinned" in some Indian languages.<ref>Isabel Fonseca, ''Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and their Journey'', Random House, p. 100.</ref> Hence, names such as ''kale'' and ''calé'' may have originated as an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] or a [[euphemism]] for ''Roma''.
[[File:Romi z medvedom v Šmarci leta 1934.jpg|thumb|[[Ursari]] Roma in [[Šmarca]], Slovenia, 1934]]
Other endonyms for Romani include, for example:
* ''[[Arlije]]'' (also ''Erlides'', ''Yerli'', meaning "local", from the Turkish word ''Yerli'') in the [[Balkans]] and Turkey to describe sedentary Muslim Roma.
* ''Bashaldé'' – [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian-Slovak]] Roma diaspora in the US from the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Hancock |title=Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HOycWJwdyLgC&pg=PA130 |year=2010 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-907396-30-4 |pages=130– }}</ref>
* ''[[Bergitka Roma]]'' (also ''Carpathian Roma''), Poland, mainly [[Gorals|Goral]] lands. {{See also|Romani people in Poland}}
* ''Çerge'' also ''Čergarja'' ([[nomad]]), Nomadic Lifestyle Muslim Roma in the [[Balkans]] and Turkey.
* ''Calé'', the [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] used by both the [[Gitanos|Spanish Roma]] ({{lang|es|gitanos}}) and [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese Roma]] (''ciganos'').<ref name="jurova_endonyma" /> [[Caló language|Caló]] is the language spoken by the Calé.
* ''Dasikane'' or ''Daskane'', meaning "slaves" or "servants"; a [[religionym and confessionym]] for Orthodox Christian Roma in the Balkans.{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Garachi]]'' Shia Islam followers Roma people in [[Azerbaijan]]
* ''[[Gurbeti]]'' Muslim Roma in [[Northern Cyprus]], Turkey and Balkans.
* ''Horahane'' or ''Xoraxai'', also known as "Turkish Roma" or "Muslim Roma", a [[religionym and confessionym]] in the Balkans for [[Muslim Romani people|Muslim Romani]].{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Finnish Kale|Kaale]]'', in Finland and Sweden.<ref name="jurova_endonyma" />{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Kale (Welsh Romanies)|Kale]]'', ''Kalá'', or ''Valshanange'' – a [[Welsh English]] endonym used by some Roma clans in [[Wales]].{{efn|The [[Welsh orthography|Welsh language alphabet]] lacks the letter ''k''.}} ([[Romanichal]] also live in Wales.) Romani in Spain are also attributed to the Kale.<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana – CIS" />
* ''Lalleri'', from Austria, Germany, and the western [[Czech Republic]] (including the former [[Sudetenland]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=RomArchive |url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wisely |first=Andrew |title=War against "Internal Enemies": Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945 |year=2019 |journal=Central European History |volume=52 |issue=4 |access-date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA/S0008938919000852a.pdf/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165350/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/abs/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA |archive-date=20 September 2022 |page=654 |doi=10.1017/S0008938919000852 |s2cid=214237801 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |date=April 1999 |title=Himmler and the 'Racially Pure Gypsies' |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200949903400202 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.1177/002200949903400202 |pmid=21977563 |s2cid=37085059 |issn=0022-0094 |quote=One spokesman was to serve the Lalleri Gypsies, a closely-knit tribe originally from the German-speaking part of Bohemia and Moravia that in 1939 had become a German protectorate.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945 |url=https://romacenter.org/en/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Romacenter.org |language=en |quote=In the autumn of 1941, German police authorities deported 5,007 Sinti and Lalleri Gypsies from Austria to the ghetto for Jews in Lodz, where they resided in a segregated section}}</ref>
* ''[[Lovari]]'', chiefly in Central Europe, speaking a [[Romani language|dialect of Romani]] influenced by [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]];<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm |title = Romani language and alphabet |publisher = Omniglot |access-date = 10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606010750/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> known in [[Serbia]] as ''Machvaya'', ''Machavaya'', ''Machwaya'' or ''Macwaia''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Lyuli]]'', in Central Asian countries.
* ''[[Polska Roma]]'', largest Romani subgroup in Poland. {{See also|Romani people in Poland}}
* ''[[Romani people in Italy|Rom]]'' in Italy.
* [[Romani people in Romania|''Roma'']] in Romania, commonly known by ethnic Romanians as ''țigani'', including many subgroups defined by occupation:
** ''Argintari'' "[[silversmiths]]."<ref name="rom3">{{cite web|author= Research Directorate|title= Romania: Traditional Roma name for the various Roma clans and description of their traditional occupations; whether these occupations still exist today; distinguishing characteristics of the clans|location= Canada|publisher= [[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]]|year= 2001|url= https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be9c20.html|access-date= July 27, 2021}}</ref>
** ''Aurari'' "[[goldsmith]]s."<ref name="rom3" />
** ''[[Boyash]]'', also known as ''Băieși'', ''Lingurari'', ''Ludar'', ''Ludari'', or ''Rudari'', who coalesced in the [[Apuseni Mountains]] of [[Transylvania]]. ''Băieși'' is a Romanian word for "miners." ''Lingurari'' means "spoon makers",<ref>{{Cite book |title = A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia |last = Crowe |first = David |publisher = St. Martin's Griffin |year = 1995 |isbn = 978-1-349-60671-9 |location = New York|page = 123 }}</ref> and ''Ludar'' (sing.), ''Ludari'' (pl.), and ''Rudari'' may mean "woodworkers" or "miners".<ref>{{Citation |title= Dicționarul etimologic român |language= ro }}, quoted in {{Citation |url = https://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudar |title= DEX-online }} (see [[Lemma (morphology)|lemma]] ''rudár (sing.), rudári (pl.)'' followed by both definitions: "gold-miner" and "wood crafter").</ref> (There is a semantic overlap due to the [[homophony]] or merging of [[Headword|lemmas]] with different meanings from at least two languages: the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] ''rudar'' "miner", and ''ruda'' "stick", "staff", "rod", "bar", "pole" (in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], ''rúd'',<ref>{{Citation |title = Sztaki |place = HU |url = http://dict.sztaki.hu/dict_search.php?L=ENG%3AHUN%3AEngHunDict&O=ENG&flash=&E=1&sid=86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5&vk=&in_form=1&W=rúd&M=1&P=0&C=1&T=1 }}</ref> and in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], ''rudă'').<ref>{{Citation |url = http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudă |title = Dex online |place = RO }}</ref>
** ''Churari''<ref>{{cite web |url = http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/16036 |title = Vlax Romani: Churari (Speech variety #16036) |publisher = Global recordings |access-date = 10 December 2013 }}</ref> (from Romanian ''ciurari'' "sieve-makers")
** ''Colari'' "carpet dealers"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/factsheets-on-romani-culture-1-7-romani-group-names/1680aac36b|title=Romani group names}}</ref>
** ''Florari'' "[[flower seller|flower-sellers.]]"<ref name="rom3" />
** ''[[Kalderash]]'', from Romanian ''căldărar'', literally "bucket-maker", meaning "kettle-maker", "tinsmith", "tinker"; also in Poland, [[Moldova]] and Ukraine.<ref name= rom3/>
** ''[[Lăutari]]'' "musicians" (lăută = [[lute]]).<ref name= rom3/>
** ''Ungaritza'' ([[blacksmith]]s, [[bladesmith]]s).
** ''[[Ursari]]'' "[[Animal training#Wild animals|"dancing bears" trainers]]" (from Romanian ''urs'' "bear").{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
** ''Zlătari'' "goldsmiths."{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Czech Roma|Roma]]'' or ''Romové'', Czech Republic.
* ''[[Slovak Roma|Roma]]'' or ''Rómovia'', Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gitanos.org/la_comunidad_gitana/roma_community_europe.html.en|title=Roma people in Europe}}</ref>
* ''[[Romanichal]]'', in the United Kingdom,<ref name="jurova_endonyma" />{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}} emigrated also to the [[Roma in the United States|United States]], Canada and Australia.<ref>{{Citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0XPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT492 |title = Exploring Contemporary Migration |first1= Paul |last1= Boyle |first2= Keith H. |last2= Halfacree |first3= Vaughan |last3= Robinson |year= 2014 |publisher = Routledge |isbn= 978-1-317-89086-7 }}</ref>
* [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|''Romanisæl'']], in Norway and Sweden.
* ''[[Romani people in Turkey|Romanlar]]'', Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma in Turkey, also called Çingene or Şopar, with all subgroups, who are named after their professions, like:
** ''Cambazı'' ([[acrobatics]] and [[horse trading]])
** ''Sünnetçi'' ([[Circumcision|circumciser]])
** ''Kuyumcu'' ([[goldsmith]])
** ''Subaşı'' (soldier or butler)
** ''Çiçekçi'' ([[Flower seller|flower-seller]])
** ''Sepetçi'' ([[Basketmaker|basket-maker]])
** ''Ayıcı'' ([[bear-leader]])
** ''Kalaycı'' ([[tinsmith]])
** ''Müzisyen'' (musician)
** ''Şarkıcı'' (singer)
** ''Demirci'' ([[blacksmith]]) etc., but the majority of Turkish Roma work as [[day labor]]ers too.{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}}
* [[Romani people in France|''Roms'']] or ''Manouche'' (from ''manush'', "people" in Romani) in France.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref>{{cite journal |last = Jurová |first= Anna |title = From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures |year = 2003 |journal = Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia |access-date = 7 September 2013 |url = http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |page = 17 |editor1-last = Vaščka |editor1-first = Michal |editor2-first = Martina |editor2-last = Jurásková |editor3-first = Tom |editor3-last = Nicholson |place = Slovak Republic |quote = The word "manush" is also included in all dialects of Romany. It means man, while "Manusha" equals people. This word has the same form and meaning in Sanskrit as well, and is almost identical in other Indian languages. }}</ref>
* ''[[Romungro]]'' or Carpathian Romani from eastern Hungary and neighbouring parts of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians.]]<ref>{{Citation |url = http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf |title = Gypsy Studies – Cigány Tanulmányok |publisher = Forraykatalin |place = HU |access-date = 9 July 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513231913/http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf}}</ref>
* ''Sepečides'', meaning "basket-maker"; Muslim Roma in [[Western Thrace|West Thrace]], Greece.
* ''[[Sinti]]'' or ''Zinti'', predominantly in Germany,<ref name="jurova_endonyma">{{cite journal |last = Jurová |first = Anna |title = From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures |year = 2003 |journal = Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia |access-date = 7 September 2013 |url = http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |page = 17 |editor1-last = Vaščka |editor1-first = Michal |editor2-first = Martina |editor2-last = Jurásková |editor3-first = Tom |editor3-last = Nicholson |place = Slovakia |quote = the Sinti lived in German territory, the Manusha in France, the Romanitsel in England, the Kale in Spain and Portugal, and the Kaale in Finland. |archive-date = 3 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |date=2 April 2001 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[northern Italy]]; ''Sinti'' do not refer to themselves as Roma, although their language is called ''Romanes''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Zargari people]]'', Shia Muslim Roma in Iran, who once came from Rumelia/Southern Bulgaria from the Maritsa Valley in Ottoman times and settled in Persia.
=== Diaspora ===
{{Main|Romani diaspora}}
[[File:Romani people around the world.svg|thumb|Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates.<br />
{{Legend|#004d77|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#007fc6|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#48d0ff|+ 10,000}}|300x300px]]
The Roma people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma, who reached [[Anatolia]] and the [[Balkans]] about the early 12th century from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal |last1=Mendizabal |first1=Isabel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Marigorta |first3=Urko M. |last4=Wollstein |first4=Andreas |last5=Gusmão |first5=Leonor |last6=Ferak |first6=Vladimir |last7=Ioana |first7=Mihai |last8=Jordanova |first8=Albena |last9=Kaneva |first9=Radka |last10=Kouvatsi |first10=Anastasia |last11=Kučinskas |first11=Vaidutis |last12=Makukh |first12=Halyna |last13=Metspalu |first13=Andres |last14=Netea |first14=Mihai G. |last15=de Pablo |first15=Rosario |last16=Pamjav |first16=Horolma |last17=Radojkovic |first17=Dragica |last18=Rolleston |first18=Sarah J.H. |last19=Sertic |first19=Jadranka |last20=Macek |first20=Milan |last21=Comas |first21=David |last22=Kayser |first22=Manfred |title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data |journal=Current Biology |date=December 2012 |volume=22 |issue=24 |pages=2342–2349 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039 |pmid=23219723 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012CBio...22.2342M |hdl=10230/25348 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news |author = Sindya N. Bhanoo |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0 |title = Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = 11 December 2012 }}</ref>
From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló, and, in the 19th and later centuries, to the Americas. The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.{{efn|"Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."}}
In Brazil, the Romani are mainly called ''ciganos'' by non-Romani Brazilians. Most of them belong to the ethnic subgroup ''Calés'' (Kale) of the Iberian peninsula. [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], Brazil's president from 1956 to 1961, was 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline, and [[Washington Luís]], the last president of the [[First Brazilian Republic]] (1926–1930), had [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Caló language|Kale]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romea.cz/en/world/brazil-fatal-altercation-between-police-and-romani-family-launches-campaign-of-mass-murder-against-local-roma/|title=Brazil: Fatal altercation between police and Romani family launches campaign of mass murder against local Roma|date=26 July 2021|website=Romea.cz - Everything about Roma in one place}}</ref>
Persecution against the Romani has led to many of the cultural practices being extinguished, hidden or modified to survive in a country that has excluded them ethnically and culturally. The very common carnivals throughout Brazil are one of the few spaces in which the Romani can still express their cultural traditions, including the so-called "carnival wedding" in which a boy is disguised as a bride and the famous "Romaní dance", picturesquely simulated with the women of the town parading in their traditional attire.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2022-12-10 |date=2014-10-15|first=Fernanda Pattaro|language=es|last=Amaral |publisher=Clube de Autores|title=A Orillas Del Mar |isbn=978-1-5024-2120-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_xJEAAAQBAJ&q=pueblo+gitano+brasil}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
== Origin ==
{{Main|History of the Romani people}}
Genetic findings suggest an Indian origin for Roma.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{Citation |title = Current Biology }}.</ref> Because Romani groups did not keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most hypotheses about early Romani migration are based on linguistic theory.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/hist/origin/origin.en.xml |title = Origin of Roma |first = Milena |last = Hübschmannová |year = 2002 |website = RomBase |publisher = Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz |access-date = 3 September 2013 |archive-date = 7 April 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162014/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fhist%2Forigin%2Forigin.en.xml }}</ref> There is also no known record of Romani migration from India to Europe from medieval times that can be connected indisputably to Roma.{{sfn |Matras|2002|p= 14}}
=== ''Shahnameh'' legend ===
According to a legend reported in the [[Persian language|Persian]] epic poem, the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', the [[Sasanian]] king [[Bahram V|Bahrām V Gōr]] learned towards the end of his reign (421–439) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and so he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand ''[[Lori people|luris]]'', lute-playing experts. When the ''luris'' arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox, a donkey, and a donkey-load of wheat so they could live on agriculture and play music for free for the poor. However, the ''luris'' ate the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks hollowed by hunger. The king, angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags and go wandering around the world on their donkeys.<ref name="GYPSY i">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Digard |first = Jean-Pierre |title = GYPSY i. Gypies of Persia |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date = 22 July 2013 |url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i }}</ref>
=== Linguistic evidence ===
Linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation |last1=Šebková |first1=Hana |last2=Žlnayová |first2=Edita |year=1998 |url=http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |title=Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) |place=Ústí nad Labem |publisher=Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem |page=4 |isbn=978-80-7044-205-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
Romani and [[Domari language|Domari]] share some similarities: [[agglutination]] of postpositions of the second layer (or [[case marking|case-marking]] clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=48}} This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be a "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent—but later research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|central zone]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom, therefore, likely descend from two migration waves from India separated by several centuries.<ref name="Domari">{{cite web |title=What is Domari? |publisher=University of Manchester. Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects |url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/atmanchester/projects/domari.shtml |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410044633/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/atmanchester/projects/domari.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ROMANI_ORIGINS>{{cite web |title = On romani origins and identity |url = http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |publisher = Radoc |access-date = 23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140132/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>
In [[phonology]], the Romani language shares several isoglosses with the Central branch of Indo-Aryan languages, especially in the realization of some sounds of the Old Indo-Aryan. However, it also preserves several dental clusters. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the theory of their Central Indian origin and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Though the retention of dental clusters suggests a break from central languages during the transition from Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, the overall morphology suggests that the language participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|New Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name=Elsevier />
{{Rom-Dom numerals}}
=== Genetic evidence ===
[[File:Francisco Iturrino Two Gypsies.jpg|thumb|upright|''Two Gypsies'' by [[Francisco Iturrino]]]]
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html |title = 5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma |website = Live Science |date = 23 October 2013 }}</ref> According to the study, the ancestors of present [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste and scheduled tribe]] populations of [[North India|northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the [[Dom (caste)|Ḍoma]], are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=N Rai |author2=G Chaubey |author3=R Tamang |author4=A K Pathak |author5=V K Singh |year=2012 |title=The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |number=11 |page=e48477 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 |display-authors=etal |pmid=23209554 |pmc=3509117 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748477R |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In December 2012, additional findings appeared to confirm that the "Roma came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago".<ref name="Comas" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/492156c | title=Romani have Indian ancestry | journal=Nature | year=2012 | volume=492 | issue=7428 | page=156 | s2cid=256746341 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livescience.com/25294-origin-romani-people.html | title=Origin of the Romani People Pinned Down | website=[[Live Science]] | date=6 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6779411 | year=2019 | last1=Font-Porterias | first1=N. | last2=Arauna | first2=L. R. | last3=Poveda | first3=A. | last4=Bianco | first4=E. | last5=Rebato | first5=E. | last6=Prata | first6=M. J. | last7=Calafell | first7=F. | last8=Comas | first8=D. | title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin | journal=PLOS Genetics | volume=15 | issue=9 | pages=e1008417 | doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417 | pmid=31545809 | doi-access=free }}</ref> They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /> and then spread throughout Europe. The team also found that the Roma displayed genetic isolation, as well as "differential gene flow in time and space with non-Romani Europeans".<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /><ref name="Comas" />
Genetic research published in the ''[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]'' "has revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma".<ref name="auto1">{{Citation |first1=Luba |last1=Kalaydjieva |first2=Francesc |last2 =Calafell |first3=Mark A |last3=Jobling |first4=Dora |last4=Angelicheva |first5=Peter |last5=de Knijff |first6=Zoe H |last6=Rosser |first7=Matthew |last7=Hurles |first8=Peter |last8=Underhill |first9=Ivailo |last9=Tournev |first10=Elena |last10=Marushiakova |first11=Vesselin |last11=Popov |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |url=http://genetics.stanford.edu/hpgl/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209205422/http://genetics.stanford.edu/hpgl/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2014 |year=2011 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid=21432405 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Genetic evidence supports the [[medieval]] migration from India. The Romani have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001"/> while a number of common [[List of Mendelian traits in humans|Mendelian]] disorders among Roma from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and [[founder effect]]".<ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001"/> A 2020 whole-genome study confirmed the northwest Indian origins, and also confirmed substantial Balkan and Middle Eastern ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa156 |title=Recent Common Origin, Reduced Population Size, and Marked Admixture Have Shaped European Roma Genomes |year=2020 |last1=Bianco |first1=Erica |last2=Laval |first2=Guillaume |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=García-Fernández |first4=Carla |last5=Dobon |first5=Begoña |last6=Sabido-Vera |first6=Rubén |last7=Sukarova Stefanovska |first7=Emilija |last8=Kučinskas |first8=Vaidutis |last9=Makukh |first9=Halyna |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Quintana-Murci |first11=Lluis |last12=Netea |first12=Mihai G. |last13=Bertranpetit |first13=Jaume |last14=Calafell |first14=Francesc |last15=Comas |first15=David |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=3175–3187 |pmid=32589725 |doi-access=free |hdl=2066/229486 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<ref name="David_Gresham">{{Cite journal |last1 = Gresham |first1 = D |last2 = Morar |first2 = B |last3 = Underhill |first3 = PA |last4 = Passarino |first4 = G |last5 = Lin |first5 = AA |last6 = Wise |first6 = C |last7 = Angelicheva |first7 = D |last8 = Calafell |first8 = F |last9 = Oefner |first9 = PJ |title = Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) |journal = American Journal of Human Genetics |volume = 69 |issue = 6 |pages = 1314–31 |year = 2001 |pmid = 11704928 |pmc = 1235543 |doi = 10.1086/324681 |last10 = Shen|first10 = Peidong |last11 = Tournev |first11 = Ivailo |last12 = De Pablo |first12 = Rosario |last13 = Kuĉinskas |first13 = Vaidutis |last14 = Perez-Lezaun |first14 = Anna |last15 = Marushiakova |first15 = Elena |last16 = Popov |first16 = Vesselin |last17 = Kalaydjieva |first17 = Luba }}</ref> The same study found that "a single lineage... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males".<ref name="David_Gresham" /> A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<ref name="Morar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Morar |first1=Bharti |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Angelicheva |first3=Dora |last4=Tournev |first4=Ivailo |last5=Gooding |first5=Rebecca |last6=Guergueltcheva |first6=Velina |last7=Schmidt |first7=Carolin |last8=Abicht |first8=Angela |last9=Lochmüller |first9=Hanns |last10=Tordai |first10=Attila |last11=Kalmár |first11=Lajos |last12=Nagy |first12=Melinda |last13=Karcagi |first13=Veronika |last14=Jeanpierre |first14=Marc |last15=Herczegfalvi |first15=Agnes |last16=Beeson |first16=David |last17=Venkataraman |first17=Viswanathan |last18=Warwick Carter |first18=Kim |last19=Reeve |first19=Jeff |last20=de Pablo |first20=Rosario |last21=Kučinskas |first21=Vaidutis |last22=Kalaydjieva |first22=Luba |title=Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=October 2004 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=596–609 |doi=10.1086/424759 |pmid=15322984 |pmc=1182047 }}</ref>
Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the [[Balkan Romani]] group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.<ref name="Pericic2005"/> [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] is uncommon in Europe but present in the Indian subcontinent and [[Sri Lanka]].
A study of 444 people representing three ethnic groups in North Macedonia found mtDNA haplogroups M5a1 and H7a1a were dominant in Romanies (13.7% and 10.3%, respectively).<ref>{{cite journal |title = Mitochondrial DNA control region analysis of three ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia |journal = Forensic Science International. Genetics |date = 16 June 2016 |pmc = 4234079 |pmid = 25051224 |doi = 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.013 |volume = 13 |pages = 1–2 |last1 = Jankova-Ajanovska |first1 = R |last2 = Zimmermann |first2 = B |last3 = Huber |first3 = G |last4 = Röck |first4 = AW |last5 = Bodner |first5 = M |last6 = Jakovski |first6 = Z |last7 = Janeska |first7 = B |last8 = Duma |first8 = A |last9 = Parson |first9 = W }}</ref>
Y-DNA composition of [[Muslim Romani people|Muslim Romani]] from [[Šuto Orizari Municipality]] in [[North Macedonia]], based on 57 samples:<ref name="Pericic2005">{{cite journal |last1=Peričić |first1=Marijana |last2=Lauc |first2=Lovorka Barać |last3=Klarić |first3=Irena Martinović |last4=Rootsi |first4=Siiri |last5=Janićijević |first5=Branka |last6=Rudan |first6=Igor |last7=Terzić |first7=Rifet |last8=Čolak |first8=Ivanka |last9=Kvesić |first9=Ante |last10=Popović |first10=Dan |last11=Šijački |first11=Ana |last12=Behluli |first12=Ibrahim |last13=Đorđević |first13=Dobrivoje |last14=Efremovska |first14=Ljudmila |last15=Bajec |first15=Đorđe D. |last16=Stefanović |first16=Branislav D. |last17=Villems |first17=Richard |last18=Rudan |first18=Pavao |title=High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=October 2005 |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–1975 |pmid=15944443 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] – 59.6%
* [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E]] – 29.8%
* [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] – 5.3%
* [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R]] – 3.%, of which the half are [[R1b]] and many are [[R1a]]
* [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup G]] – 1.8%
[[File:Bihari Sándor Bíró előtt.jpg|thumb|A [[Romani people in Hungary|Roma]] makes a complaint to a local magistrate in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], by [[Sándor Bihari]], 1886]]
Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Romani at frequencies 7–70%. Unlike ethnic Hungarians, among Hungarian and Slovakian Romani subpopulations [[Haplogroup E-V68|Haplogroup E-M78]] and [[Haplogroup I1|I1]] usually occur above 10% and sometimes over 20%, while among Slovakian and [[Tiszavasvari]] Romani, the dominant haplogroup is H1a; among [[Tokaj]] Romani it is [[Haplogroup J2]]a (23%); and among [[Taktaharkány]] Romani, it is [[Haplogroup I-M438|Haplogroup I2a]] (21%).<ref name="s009.radikal.ru">{{cite web |url = http://s009.radikal.ru/i308/1411/9e/fcf1cc38d1fa.png |format = PDF |title = Y chromosonal haplogroup distributionanddiversities in seven populations investigated |website = S009.radikal.ru |access-date = 20 December 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926061221/http://s009.radikal.ru/i308/1411/9e/fcf1cc38d1fa.png }}</ref>
Five rather consistent founder lineages throughout the subpopulations were found among Romani – J-M67 and J-M92 (J2), H-M52 (H1a1), and I-P259 (I1). Haplogroup I-P259 as H is not found at frequencies of over 3% among host populations, while haplogroups E and I are absent in south Asia. The lineages E-V13, I-P37 (I2a) and R-M17 (R1a) may represent gene flow from the host populations. Bulgarian, Romanian and Greek Romani are dominated by Haplogroup H-M82 (H1a1), while among Spanish Romani J2 is prevalent.<ref name="roman">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Mendizabal |first2=Isabel |last3=Harmant |first3=Christine |last4=de Pablo |first4=Rosario |last5=Ioana |first5=Mihai |last6=Angelicheva |first6=Dora |last7=Kouvatsi |first7=Anastasia |last8=Makukh |first8=Halyna |last9=Netea |first9=Mihai G |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Zalán |first11=Andrea |last12=Tournev |first12=Ivailo |last13=Marushiakova |first13=Elena |last14=Popov |first14=Vesselin |last15=Bertranpetit |first15=Jaume |last16=Kalaydjieva |first16=Luba |last17=Quintana-Murci |first17=Lluis |last18=Comas |first18=David |title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=June 2016 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=937–943 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.201 |pmid=26374132 |pmc=4867443 }}</ref> In [[Serbia]] among [[Kosovo]] and [[Belgrade]] Romani Haplogroup H prevails, while among [[Vojvodina]] Romani, H drops to 7 percent and E-V13 rises to a prevailing level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueiro |first1=Maria |last2=Stanojevic |first2=Aleksandar |last3=Chennakrishnaiah |first3=Shilpa |last4=Rivera |first4=Luis |last5=Varljen |first5=Tatjana |last6=Alempijevic |first6=Djordje |last7=Stojkovic |first7=Oliver |last8=Simms |first8=Tanya |last9=Gayden |first9=Tenzin |last10=Herrera |first10=Rene J. |title=Divergent patrilineal signals in three Roma populations |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=January 2011 |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=80–91 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21372 |pmid=20878647 }}</ref>
Among non-Roma Europeans, Haplogroup H is extremely rare, peaking at 7% among [[Albanians]] from [[Tirana]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=E. |last2=Calafell |first2=F. |last3=Gonzalez-Neira |first3=A. |last4=Flaiz |first4=C. |last5=Mateu |first5=E. |last6=Scheil |first6=H.-G. |last7=Huckenbeck |first7=W. |last8=Efremovska |first8=L. |last9=Mikerezi |first9=I. |last10=Xirotiris |first10=N. |last11=Grasa |first11=C. |last12=Schmidt |first12=H. |last13=Comas |first13=D. |title=Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=July 2006 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=459–487 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x |pmid=16759179 |s2cid=23156886 }}</ref> and 11% among [[Bulgarian Turks#Genetic origins|Bulgarian Turks]]. It occurs at 5% among [[Hungarians]],<ref name="s009.radikal.ru" /> although the carriers might be of Romani origin.<ref name="roman" /> Among non-Roma-speaking Europeans, it occurs at 2% among [[Slovaks]],<ref name="Petrejcíková et al 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Petrejcíková |first1=Eva |last2=Soták |first2=Miroslav |last3=Bernasovská |first3=Jarmila |last4=Bernasovský |first4=Ivan |last5=Sovicová |first5=Adriana |last6=Bôziková |first6=Alexandra |last7=Boronová |first7=Iveta |last8=Gabriková |first8=Dana |last9=Švícková |first9=Petra |last10=Maceková |first10=Sona |last11=Cverhová |first11=Valéria |title=The genetic structure of the Slovak population revealed by Y-chromosome polymorphisms |journal=Anthropological Science |date=2010 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.1537/ase.090203 |s2cid=83899895 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 2% among [[Croats]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.draganprimorac.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Croatian-national-reference-Y-STR-haplotype-database_.-Molecular-biology-reports-2012.pdf |title = Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database |website = Draganprimorac.com |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> 1% among Macedonians from Skopje, 3% among [[Macedonian Albanians]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bjmg.edu.mk/UploadedImages/pdf/11-18.pdf |title = Y Chromosome Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Typing by SNaPshot Minisequencing |website = Bjmg.edu.mk |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> 1% among [[Serbs]] from [[Belgrade]],<ref name="Pericic2005" /> 3% among Bulgarians from Sofia,<ref>{{cite journal |pmc = 3590186 |pmid = 23483890 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056779 |volume = 8 |issue = 3 |title = Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry |year = 2013 |journal = PLOS ONE |pages = e56779 |last1 = Karachanak |first1 = S |last2 = Grugni |first2 = V |last3 = Fornarino |first3 = S |last4 = Nesheva |first4 = D |last5 = Al-Zahery |first5 = N |last6 = Battaglia |first6 = V |last7 = Carossa |first7 = V |last8 = Yordanov |first8 = Y |last9 = Torroni |first9 = A | last10 = Galabov | first10 = AS |last11 = Toncheva |first11 = D |last12 = Semino |first12 = O |bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856779K |doi-access = free }}</ref> 1% among Austrians and Swiss,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eupedia.com/europe/germany_austria_switzerland_dna_project.shtml |title = Participate to the DNA ancestry project for Germany, Austria and Switzerland |website = Eupedia.com |date = 10 January 2014 |access-date = 20 December 2016 }}</ref> 3% among Romanians from [[Ploiești]], and 1% among [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref name="Petrejcíková et al 2010" />
The Ottoman occupation of the Balkans also left a significant genetic mark on the Y-DNA of the Romani there, creating a higher frequency of Haplogroups J and E3b in Roma populations from the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Melegh |first2=Béla I. |last3=Sümegi |first3=Katalin |last4=Hadzsiev |first4=Kinga |last5=Miseta |first5=Attila |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |title=Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=13 June 2019 |volume=10 |page=558 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 |pmid=31263480 |pmc=6585392 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==== Full genome analysis ====
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}
[[File:Haplogroup H map.png|thumb|The most common paternal haplogroup among Romani is the South Asian Y-chromosome H, most commonly found among [[Dravidian peoples]].<ref name="Pericic2005"/>]]
A full genome autosomal DNA study on 186 Roma samples from Europe in 2019 found that modern Roma people are characterized by a common [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|south Asian]] origin and a complex admixture from [[Balkans|Balkan]], Middle East, and [[Caucasus]]-derived ancestries. The autosomal genetic data links the proto-Roma to groups in northwest India (specifically [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] samples), as well as, [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian-speaking]] groups in [[South India|southeastern India]] (specifically [[Irula people|Irula]]). The paternal lineages of Roma are most common in southern and central India among Dravidian-speaking populations. The authors argue that this may point to a [[founder effect]] among the early Romani during their ethnogenesis or shortly after they migrated out of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, they theorized of a possible low-[[Caste system in India|caste]] ([[Dalit]]) origin for the Proto-Roma, since they were genetically closer to the Punjabi cluster that lacks a common marker characteristic of high castes, which is West Euroasian admixing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Font-Porterias |first1=Neus |last2=Arauna |first2=Lara R. |last3=Poveda |first3=Alaitz |last4=Bianco |first4=Erica |last5=Rebato |first5=Esther |last6=Prata |first6=Maria Joao |last7=Calafell |first7=Francesc |last8=Comas |first8=David |date=2019-09-23 |title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008417 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=6779411 |pmid=31545809 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Possible migration route ===
[[File:Movimiento gitano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|The migration of the Roma through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe]]
The Romani may have emerged from what is the modern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], migrating to the northwest (the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]) around 250 BCE.{{sfn|Marinov|2019}} Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about 500 CE.<ref name="Comas" />
It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press"/> The author [[Ralph Lilley Turner]] theorised a central Indian origin of Romani followed by a migration to northwest India as it shares a number of ancient [[isogloss]]es with [[central Indo-Aryan languages]] in relation to realization of some sounds of [[Indo-Aryan languages#Old Indo-Aryan|Old Indo-Aryan]]. This is lent further credence by its sharing exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] through the adoption of [[Oblique case|oblique]] [[clitic|enclitic]] pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of [[Indo-Aryan languages#New Indo-Aryan|New Indo-Aryan languages]], thus indicating that the proto-Romani did not leave the Indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first millennium.<ref name=Elsevier>{{cite web |title = Romani |url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |website = Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |publisher = Oxford: Elsevier |access-date = 30 August 2009 |archive-date = 11 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Another Darkness Another Dawn |last = Taylor |first = Becky |publisher = Reaktion Books Ltd. |year = 2014 |location = London UK |pages = 22 |isbn = 978-1-78023-257-7 }}</ref>
The first Romani people are believed to have arrived in Europe via the [[Balkans]] in the 13th or 14th century. Romani people began migrating to other parts of the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Migrations of the Romani People |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=The National Geographic Society}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Arienne |date=2023 |title=Romani Migration in the Middle Ages |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16922/map-of-romani-migration-in-the-middle-ages/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]], [[Sushma Swaraj]] stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.india.com/news/india/romas-are-indias-children-sushma-swaraj-943499/7/ |title = Romas are India's children: Sushma Swaraj |publisher = India.com |date = 12 February 2016 |access-date = 3 September 2017 }}</ref> The conference ended with a recommendation to the [[government of India]] to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web |title = Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora? |publisher = khaleejtimes.com |url = http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora |date = 29 February 2016 |access-date = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
== Names ==
{{Main|Names of the Romani people}}
=== Romani-language endonyms ===
''Rom'' literally means husband in the [[Romani language]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecultural.me/romromni-romanoromani-453391|title=Rom/Romni, Romano/Romani | The Cultural Me|website=thecultural.me}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom|title=Roma | People, Meaning, History, Language, Lifestyle, & Facts | Britannica|date=3 December 2023|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> with the plural ''Roma''. The feminine of ''Rom'' in the Romani language is ''Romni/Romli/Romnije or Romlije''. However, in most cases, in other languages ''Rom'' is now used for individuals regardless of gender.<ref name="words">{{Citation |contribution-url = http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma |contribution = Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma |title = In Other Words project |publisher = Web Observatory & Review for Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005191238/http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> It has the variants ''dom'' and ''lom'', which may be related to the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] words ''dam-pati'' (lord of the house, husband), ''dama'' (to subdue), ''lom'' (hair), ''lomaka'' (hairy), ''loman'', ''roman'' (hairy), ''romaça'' (man with beard and long hair).<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Cherata |first1 = Lucian |title = ETIMOLOGIA CUVINTELOR "ȚIGAN" sI "(R)ROM" |url = http://www.scritub.com/sociologie/ETIMOLOGIA-CUVINTELOR-TIGAN-SI2053142415.php#_ftn38 |website = Scritube| language=ro |access-date = 17 February 2017 }}</ref> Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम ''[[Doms|doma]]'' (member of a [[caste system in India|low caste]] of travelling musicians and dancers). Despite their presence in the country and neighboring nations, the word is not related in any way to the name of Romania.
''Romani'' is the feminine adjective, while ''Romano'' is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use ''Rom'' or ''Roma'' as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-description for the entire ethnic group.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xix}}
Sometimes, ''rom'' and ''romani'' are spelled with a double ''r'', i.e., ''rrom'' and ''rromani''. In this case ''rr'' is used to represent the [[phoneme]] [[Uvular trill|{{IPA|/ʀ/|cat=no}}]] (also written as ''ř'' and ''rh''), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single ''r''. The ''rr'' spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales|INALCO Institute]] in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g., Romania, to distinguish from the [[endonym]]/[[homonym]] for [[Romanians]] (''sg. român, pl. români'').{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xxi}}
In Norway, ''Romani'' is used exclusively for an older [[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]-speaking population (which arrived in the 16th century) while ''Rom/Romanes'' is used to describe [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]-speaking groups which have arrived since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romani og romanes |url=https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Minoritetssprak/romani-og-romanes/ |website=Språkrådet |language=nb}}</ref>
=== English-language endonyms ===
[[File:Gypsy wagon, Grandborough Fields - geograph.org.uk - 1256879.jpg|thumb|A Romani wagon pictured in 2009 in [[Grandborough]] Fields in Warwickshire. Grandborough Fields Road is a popular spot for travelling people.]]
In the English language (according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]), ''Rom'' is both a noun (with the plural ''Roma'' or ''Roms'') and an adjective. Similarly, ''Romani'' (''Romany'') is both a noun (with the plural ''Romani'', ''the Romani'', ''Romanies'', or ''Romanis'') and an adjective. Both ''Rom'' and ''Romani'' have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for ''Gypsy''.<ref>[[OED]] "Romany" first use 1812 in a slang dictionary; "Rom" and "Roma" as plural, first uses by [[George Burrow]] in the Introduction to his ''[[The Zincali]]'' (1846 edition), also using "Rommany"</ref> ''Romani'' was sometimes spelled ''Rommany'', but more often ''Romany'', while today ''Romani'' is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double ''r'' spelling (e.g., ''Rroma'', ''Rromani'') mentioned above is also encountered in English texts.
The term ''Roma'' is increasingly encountered<ref>{{Citation |page = 52 |first1 = Elena |last1 = Marushiakova |first2 = Vesselin |last2 = Popov |contribution = Historical and ethnographic background; gypsies, Roma, Sinti |editor-first = Will |editor-last = Guy |title = Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock] |year = 2001 |place = UK |publisher = University of Hertfordshire Press }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |page = 13 |first1 = Illona |last1 = Klimova-Alexander |title = The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State Actors |year = 2005 |place = Burlington, VT |publisher = Ashgate }}</ref> as a generic term for the Romani.<ref>{{cite web |first = Xavier |last = Rothéa |title = Les Roms, une nation sans territoire? |url = http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Rothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html |website = Theyliewedie.org |access-date = 31 July 2008 |language = fr }}</ref><ref name="Garner">{{cite book |first = Bryan A |last = Garner |title = Dictionary of Legal Usage |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YwLiALrHLCEC&pg=PA400 |year = 2011 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-538420-8 |pages = 400– }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = O'Nions |first = Helen |title = Minority rights protection in international law: the Roma of Europe |year = 2007 |publisher = Ashgate |isbn = 978-1-4094-9092-0 |page = 6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lN1Nj_IjUiUC&pg=PA6 }}</ref>
Because not all Romani use the word ''Romani'' as an adjective, the term became a noun for the entire ethnic group.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xx}} Today, the term ''Romani'' is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=xxi}} However, the [[Council of Europe]] and other organizations consider that ''Roma'' is the correct term referring to all related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend that ''Romani'' be restricted to the language and culture: [[Romani language]], [[Romani society and culture|Romani culture]].<ref name="words" /> The United Kingdom government uses the term "Roma" as a sub-group of "[[White people|White]]" in its ethnic classification system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of ethnic groups |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/style-guide/ethnic-groups#2021-census |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref>
The standard assumption is that the [[demonym]]s of the Romani, [[Lom people|Lom]] and [[Dom people|Dom]], share the same origin.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523142528/http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml |archive-date=23 May 2007 |title = Dom: The Gypsy community in Jerusalem |publisher = The Institute for Middle East Understanding |date = 13 February 2007 |access-date = 17 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Romany |title=Etymology of Romani |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |first=Douglas |last=Harper |date=13 February 2007 |access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref>
=== Other designations ===
{{Main|Names of the Romani people}}
[[File:Visiting Romani - The Australasian 1898.png|thumb|"Visiting Gipsies", article from Australian newspaper, ''[[The Australasian]]'', 1898]]
The English term ''Gypsy'' (or ''Gipsy'') originates from the [[Middle English]] ''gypcian'', short for ''Egipcien''. The Spanish term ''Gitano'' and French ''Gitan'' have similar etymologies. They are ultimately derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Αιγύπτιοι}} (''Aigyptioi''), meaning Egyptian, via [[Latin]]. This designation owes its existence to the belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Romani, or some related group (such as the middle eastern [[Dom people]]), were itinerant Egyptians.<ref name=Soulis>{{Citation |last=Soulis |first=G |year=1961 |title=The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages |series=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Trustees for Harvard University |pages=15, 141–165}}</ref><ref name="White 1999">{{cite journal |url=http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html |title=Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine empire |first=Karin |last=White |year=1999 |journal=Golden Horn |volume=7 |issue=2 |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010320210002/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html |archive-date=20 March 2001}}</ref> This belief appears to be derived from verses in the [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Book of Ezekiel]] (29: 6 and 12–13) which refer to the Egyptians being scattered among the nations by an angry God. According to one narrative, they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for allegedly harbouring the [[Child Jesus|infant Jesus]].{{sfn|Fraser|1992}} In his book ''[[The Zincali|The Zincali: an account of the Gypsies of Spain]]'', [[George Borrow]] notes that when they first appeared in Germany, it was under the character of Egyptians doing penance for their having refused hospitality to Mary and her son. As described in [[Victor Hugo]]'s novel ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'', the medieval French referred to the Romanies as ''Egyptiens''.
This [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an [[ethnic group]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Ian |last=Hancock |title=A Handbook of Vlax Romani |publisher=Slavica Publishers |year=1995 |page=17 }}</ref> However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative and stereotypical associations.<ref name="Garner" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Pocket guide to English usage |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-87779-514-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersp00merr/page/178 178] |publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersp00merr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wedeck |first1=H.E. |last2=Baskin |first2=Wade |title=Dictionary of gypsy life and lore |publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8065-2985-1 |year=1973}}</ref><ref name=RomaReport>{{Citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000222/http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013 |publisher=Pavee point |url=http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf |title=Report in Roma Educational Needs in Ireland}}</ref> The Council of Europe consider that "Gypsy" or equivalent terms, as well as administrative terms such as "Gens du Voyage" are not in line with European recommendations.<ref name="words" /> In Britain, many Romani proudly identify as "Gypsies",<ref>{{cite web |title=Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities |last=House of Commons Women & Equalities Committee |date=5 April 2019|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/360/full-report.html#heading-6 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> and, as part of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller grouping, this is the name used to describe all para-Romani groups in official contexts.<ref name="uk gov">{{cite web |title=Gypsy, Roma and Irish Traveller ethnicity summary |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/gypsy-roma-irish-traveller#the-gypsy-roma-traveller-group |website=gov.uk |publisher=His Majesty's Government |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> In North America, the word ''Gypsy'' is most commonly used as a reference to Romani ethnicity, though lifestyle and fashion are at times also referenced by using this word.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gypsy |website=The Free Dictionary |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy}}</ref>
Another designation of the Romani is ''Cingane'' (alt. Çingene, Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner, Tschingaren), likely deriving from the Persian word {{lang|fa|چنگانه}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|chingane}}), derived from the Turkic word {{lang|trk|çıgañ}}, meaning poor person.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/%C3%A7ingene |title=Etymology of the Turkish word Çingene |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> It is also possible that the origin of this word is ''[[Athinganoi]]'', the name of a Christian sect with whom the Romani (or some related group) could have become associated in the past.<ref name="White 1999" /><ref name=Starr>{{Citation |last=Starr |first=J. |year=1936 |title=An Eastern Christian Sect: the Athinganoi |series=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Trustees for Harvard University |pages=29, 93–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html |title=A Brief History of the Rom |first=Karina |last=Bates |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810161445/http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html |archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/9Y2PJM6YAYT1UVHW.pdf |title=Book Reviews |journal=Population Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |date=July 1994 |pages=365–72 |doi=10.1080/0032472031000147856 }}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of the Romani people}}
{{See also| Timeline of Romani history}}
=== Arrival in Europe ===
According to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans as early as the 12th century.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal" /> A document of 1068, describing an event in Constantinople, mentions "Atsingani", probably referring to Romani.<ref name="THiM">{{cite book |last1=Bereznay |first1=András |title=Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps |date=2021 |publisher=Méry Ratio|isbn=978-615-6284-10-5 |page=18/1}}</ref>
Later historical records of the Romani reaching southeastern Europe are from the 14th century: in 1322, after leaving Ireland on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Irish [[Franciscan]] friar [[Symon Semeonis]] encountered a migrant group of Romani outside the town of Candia (modern [[Heraklion]]), in [[Crete]], calling them "the [[Kenites|descendants]] of [[Cain]]"; his account is the earliest surviving description by a western chronicler of the Romani in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/arrival-in-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1908|title=Arrival in Europe}}</ref>
In 1350, [[Ludolph of Saxony]] mentioned a similar people with a unique language whom he called ''Mandapolos'', a word possibly derived from the Greek word ''mantes'' (meaning prophet or fortune teller).<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=gypsies |first=Linda |last=Anfuso |date=24 February 1994 |newsgroup=rec.org.sca |message-id=PaN9Hc2w165w@tinhat.stonemarche.org |url=http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824232640/http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html |archive-date=24 August 2007}}</ref>
In the 14th century, Romani are recorded in Venetian territories, including [[Methoni, Messenia|Methoni]] and [[Nafplio]] in the [[Peloponnese]], and Corfu.<ref name="THiM" /> Around 1360, a [[fiefdom]] called the ''[[Feudum Acinganorum]]'' was established in [[Corfu]], which mainly used Romani serfs and to which the Romani on the island were subservient.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Charles |last1=Keil |first2=Dick |last2=Blau |first3=Angeliki |last3=Keil |first4=Steven |last4=Feld |title=Bright Balkan Morning: Romani Lives and the Power of Music in Greek Macedonia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPxA6JA49B4C&pg=PA50 |date=9 December 2002 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6488-7 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
By the 1440s, they were recorded in Germany;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee5eOkd62BEC&pg=PA11 |title=Ethnicity and Education in England and Europe: Gangstas, Geeks and Gorjas |author1=Dr Ian Law |author2=Dr Sarah Swann |page=11 |date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |access-date=20 December 2016 |isbn=978-1-4094-9484-3}}</ref> and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQ4iFhXx4YC&pg=PA42 |title=Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies |author=Ernst Hĺkon Jahr |page=42 |access-date=20 December 2016 |isbn=978-3-11-012802-4 |year=1992 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref> Some Romani migrated from [[Persia]] through north Africa, reaching the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the 15th century. The two currents met in France.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |publisher=Rough Guides |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/148 148] |access-date=20 December 2016 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |year=1999}}</ref>
[[File:Spiezer Schilling 749.jpg|thumb|upright|right|First arrival of the Romanies outside [[Bern]] in the 15th century, described by the chronicler as ''getoufte heiden'' ("baptized heathens") and wearing [[Saracen]]-style clothing and weapons.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spiezer Schilling |title-link=Spiezer Schilling |place=Bern |date=1480s |last=Schilling |first=Diebold the Elder |author-link=Diebold Schilling the Elder |page=749}}</ref>]]
=== Early modern history ===
[[File:Carl d´Unker-Gipsy Family in Prison.jpg|thumb|upright|''Gypsy Family in Prison'', 1864 painting by [[Carl d´Unker]]. An actual imprisoned family in Germany served as the models. The reason for their imprisonment remains unknown.]]
Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in [[Wallachia]], they were issued safe conduct by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund]] in 1417. Roma were ordered expelled from the [[Margraviate of Meissen|Meissen region]] of Germany in 1416, [[Lucerne]] in 1471, [[Milan]] in 1493, France in 1504, [[Catalonia]] in 1512, Sweden in 1525, [[Kingdom of England|England]] in 1530 (see [[Egyptians Act 1530]]), and Denmark in 1536. From 1510 onwards, any Romani found in Switzerland were to be executed; while in England (beginning in 1554) and Denmark (beginning of 1589) any Romani which did not leave within a month were to be executed. [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] began deportations of Roma to its [[Colonial Brazil|colonies]] in 1538.<ref name="kenrick">{{Cite book |first=Donald |last=Kenrick |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanis) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |pages=xx–xxii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/atozofgypsiesrom0000unse}}</ref>
A 1596 English statute gave Roma special privileges that other wanderers lacked. France passed a similar law in 1683. [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great of Russia]] declared the Roma "crown slaves" (a status superior to [[serfs]]), but also kept them out of certain parts of [[St. Petersburg, Russia|the capital]].<ref name="Norman Davies 1996 387–388">{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Davies |title=Europe: A History |author-link=Norman Davies |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |year=1996 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/387 387–88] |title-link=Europe: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> In 1595, [[Ștefan Răzvan]] overcame his birth into slavery, and became the [[Voivode]] ([[List of Moldavian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Moldavia]].<ref name="kenrick" />
Since a royal edict by [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]] in 1695, Spanish Roma had been restricted to certain towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/roma/Source/FS2/3.3_roundup-spain_english.pdf |author=Antonio Gómez Alfaro |title=The Great "Gypsy" Round-up in Spain |page=4}}</ref> An official edict in 1717 restricted them to only 75 towns and districts, so that they would not be concentrated in any one region. In the [[Great Gypsy Round-up]], Romani were arrested and imprisoned by the [[Spanish Monarchy]] in 1749.
During the latter part of the 17th century, around the [[Franco-Dutch War]], both France and the Dutch Republic needed thousands of men to fight. Some recruitment took the form of rounding up vagrants and the poor to work the galleys and provide the armies' labour force. With this background, Roma were targets of both the French and the Dutch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/western-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19e4|title=Western Europe}}</ref>
After the wars, and into the first decade of the 18th century, Roma were slaughtered with impunity throughout the Dutch Republic. Roma, called 'heiden' by the Dutch, wandered throughout the rural areas of Europe and became the societal pariahs of the age. ''Heidenjachten'', translated as "heathen hunt" happened throughout the Dutch Republic in an attempt to eradicate them.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Another Darkness Another Dawn |last=Taylor |first=Becky |publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd. |year=2014 |location=London UK |pages=72 |isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}</ref>
Although some Romani could be kept as slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia until [[abolitionism|abolition]] in 1856, the majority traveled as free nomads with their wagons, as alluded to in the spoked wheel symbol in the [[Flag of the Romani people|Romani flag]].{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=25}} Elsewhere in Europe, they were subjected to [[ethnic cleansing]], abduction of their children, and [[Forced labor|forced labour]]. In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or hanged; in France, they were branded, and their heads were shaved; in [[Moravia]] and [[Bohemia]], the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the East, toward [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], which was more tolerant, and [[Ruska Roma|Russia]], where the Romani were treated more fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8136812.stm |first=Delia |last=Radu |title='On the Road': Centuries of Roma History |publisher=BBC |newspaper=World Service |date=8 July 2009}}</ref>
=== Modern history ===
[[File:Romani palm reading, Santiago, Chile, 1944.png|thumb|upright|Romani woman conducting a [[palm reading]] in [[Chile]], 1944]]
Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in [[Virginia]] and [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]]. Larger-scale [[Roma in the United States|Roma emigration to the United States]] began in the 1860s, with Romanichal groups from Great Britain. The most significant number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of [[Kalderash]]. Many Romani also settled in South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.sas.upenn.edu/earlyamericanstudies/2022/03/16/romani-history-is-american-history|title=Romani History is American History|website=EAS Miscellany|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>
==== World War II ====
{{Main|Romani Holocaust}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-52, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|[[Sinti]] and other Romani about to be deported from Germany, 22 May 1940]]
During [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] committed a systematic [[genocide]] against the Romani. In the [[Romani language]], this genocide is known as the ''Porajmos''.<ref name="Milton estimates">{{cite web |url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true |title=Romanies and the holocaust: a reevaluation and an overview |website=Radoc.net |first=Ian |last=Hancock |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105001/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in [[concentration camp]]s. They were often killed on sight, especially by the [[Einsatzgruppen]] (paramilitary death squads) on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 and 1,500,000.<ref name="hancock2005">{{Cite book |chapter=True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview |chapter-url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles= |last=Hancock |first=Ian |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6 |pages=383–96 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609233028/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=}}</ref>
The Romani were also persecuted in Nazi [[puppet state]]s. In the [[Independent State of Croatia]], the [[Ustaša]] killed almost the entire Roma population of 25,000. The concentration camp system of [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]], run by the Ustaša militia and the Croat political police, was responsible for the deaths of between 15,000 and 20,000 Roma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 |title=GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945 |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>
==== Post-1945 ====
In [[Czechoslovakia]], they were labeled a "socially degraded stratum", and Romani women [[Sterilization of Romani women|were sterilized]] as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, with threats of denying future welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs.{{Sfn |Silverman |1995}}{{Sfn |Helsinki Watch |1991}}
An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practised an assimilation policy towards Roma, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community. The problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said the Czech Public Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected between 1973 and 1991.<ref name="Denysenko 2007">{{cite news |date=12 March 2007 |first=Marina |last=Denysenko |title=Sterilised Roma accuse Czechs |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> New cases were revealed up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland "all have histories of coercive sterilization of minorities and other groups".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html |first=Jeffrey |last=Thomas |date=16 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213203349/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html |archive-date=13 February 2008 |title=Coercive Sterilization of Romani Women Examined at Hearing: New report focuses on Czech Republic and Slovakia |website=Washington File |publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
== Society and traditional culture ==
{{Main|Romani society and culture}}
[[File:A Gipsy Family Fac simile of a Woodcut in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster in folio Basle 1552 (no caption).png|right|thumb|[[Sebastian Münster|Münster, Sebastian]] (1552), "A Gipsy Family", The [[Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)|''Cosmographia'']] (facsimile of a woodcut), Basle]]
[[File:Auguste Raffet, Famille tsigane en voyage en Moldavie, 1837.jpg|thumb|Nomadic Roma family travelling in [[Moldavia]], 1837]]
The traditional Romanies place a high value on the [[extended family]]. Traditionally, [[virginity]] is essential in unmarried women. However, Eastern European Roma people are more likely to find it acceptable for girls to have sex before marriage compared to other Eastern Europeans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Želinský |first1=Tomáš |last2=Gorard |first2=Stephen |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Nadia |date=2021-05-19 |title=Increasing understanding of the aspirations and expectations of Roma students |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1872366 |journal=British Journal of Sociology of Education |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=588–606 |doi=10.1080/01425692.2021.1872366 |issn=0142-5692}}</ref> Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of [[child marriage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-02 |title=Gypsy child couple separated |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3159818.stm |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref> Romani law establishes that the man's family must pay a [[bride price]] to the bride's parents, but only traditional families still follow it.
Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs and take care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men, in general, have more authority than women. Women gain respect and power as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Surdu |first1=Laura |last2=Surdu |first2=Mihai |date=2006 |title=Family Life |journal=Broadening the Agenda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27094.9 |pages=31–42}}</ref>
Traditionally, as can be seen on paintings and photos, some Roma men wear shoulder-length hair and a mustache, as well as an earring. Roma women generally have long hair, and Xoraxane Roma women often dye it blonde with henna.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1niHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87|title=Gypsies, Roma and Travellers: A Contemporary Analysis|first=Declan|last=Henry|date=7 September 2022|publisher=Critical Publishing|isbn=978-1-915080-05-9 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
Romani [[social behavior]] has traditionally been regulated by Indian social customs<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQT2Gp16j68C&pg=PA210 |title=Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture |page=210 |first=Walter Otto |last=Weyrauch |year=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22186-4|quote=Rom have preserved and modified Indian caste system}}</ref> ("[[marime]]" or "marhime") which are still respected by most Roma (and by most older generations of [[Sinti]]). This regulation affects many aspects of life and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of [[Human anatomy|the human body]] are considered impure: the [[Sex organ|genital organs]] (because they produce emissions) and the rest of the lower body. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of [[Menstruation|menstruating]] women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is deemed to be impure for forty days after giving birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM192.pdf|title=INTRODUCTION TO ROMA CULTURE}}</ref>
Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of [[cremation|cremating]] the dead, Romani dead must be buried.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm |title=Romani Customs and Traditions: Death Rituals and Customs |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022337/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007}}</ref> Cremation and burial are both known from the time of the [[Rigveda]], and both are widely practiced in [[Hinduism]] today (the general tendency is for Hindus to practice cremation, though some communities in modern-day south India tend to bury their dead).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/ |title=The Journey of a Lifebody |publisher=hindugateway.com |date=1991 |access-date=26 May 2008 |first=David M. |last=Knipe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930232759/http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/ |archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> Animals that are considered to be having unclean habits are not eaten by the community.{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=81}}
=== Belonging and exclusion ===
{{Main|Romanipen|Gadjo (non-Romani)}}
In Romani philosophy, ''Romanipen'' (also ''romanypen'', ''romanipe'', ''romanype'', ''romanimos'', ''romaimos'', ''romaniya'') is the totality of the Romani spirit, [[Romani society and culture|Romani culture]], [[Kris (Romani court)|Romani Law]], being a Romani, a set of Romani strains.<ref>{{cite book|title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|author=Aleksandar G. Marinov| date=3 October 2019 | publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2}}</ref>
An ethnic Romani is considered a [[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadjo]] in the Romani society if they have no ''Romanipen''. Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered a Romani if they do have ''Romanipen''. Usually this is an adopted child. It has been hypothesized that this owes more to a [[Cultural framework|framework of culture]] than a simple adherence to historically received rules.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saul |first1=Nicholas |first2=Susan |last2=Tebbut |title=The Role of the Romanies: Images and Counter-Images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European Cultures |editor1-first=Nicholas |editor1-last=Saul |editor2-first=Susan |editor2-last=Tebbutt |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2005 |pages=218–219 |isbn=978-0-85323-689-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQw6qOCNj-UC&pg=PA218}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
[[File:Tziganes aux Saintes-Maries de la Mer.jpg|thumb|Christian Romanies during the pilgrimage to [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]] in France, 1980s]]
[[File:Two Gypsies in Cluj-Napoka, Romania.jpg|thumb|Two Orthodox Christian Romanies in [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Romania]]]]
[[File:Gipsy and bear.jpg|thumb|Romani and bear ([[Belgrade]], Banovo brdo, 1980s)]]
Most Romani are [[Christians|Christian]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2018 |edition=8th |location=New York, NY |via=Credo Reference}}</ref> but many are [[Muslim Romani people|Muslims]]; some retained their ancient faith of [[Hinduism]] from their original homeland of India, while others have their own religion and political organization.<ref>{{citation |author=G. L. Lewis |contribution=ČINGĀNE |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |volume=2 |publisher=Brill |year=1991 |pages=40a–41b |isbn=978-90-04-07026-4 |title-link=The Encyclopaedia of Islam}}</ref> [[Theravada Buddhism]] influenced by the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] have become popular in recent times among Hungarian Roma.<ref name="vish" /><ref name="bhal" /> In parts of the Balkans, particularly in Bulgaria, many Roma who are Muslim identify as ethnic Turks, and over generations have adopted the [[Turkish language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Vesselin |date=2018 |title=Roma Communities on the Balkans: History and Identities |url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/15711/MarushiakovaPopov_2018_Balkania_Roma_ENG.pdf;jsessionid=577200CD1437859B3389B0C9E020CD3E?sequence=1 |pages=13–14}}</ref>
Some Roma practice [[witchcraft]] and [[palmistry]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpfSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice|isbn=978-1-119-57210-7 |last1=Palmer |first1=Michael D. |last2=Burgess |first2=Stanley M. |date=13 April 2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>
==== Beliefs ====
The modern-day Romani often adopted Christianity or Islam depending on which was the dominant religion in the regions through which they had migrated.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008–2012 |title=Restless Beings Project: Roma Engage |url=http://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/roma-gypsies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101021139/http://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/roma-gypsies |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=26 December 2012 |publisher=Restless Beings}}</ref> It is likely that the adherence to differing religions prevented families from engaging in intermarriage.<ref name="Boretzky2">{{cite book |last1=Boretzky |first1=Norbert |title=Romani in Contact: The History, Structure and Sociology of a Language |date=1995 |publisher=John Benjamins |location=Amsterdam, [[Netherlands|NL]] |page=70}}</ref> [[Muslim Roma]] are predominantly found in Turkey, the Balkans (particularly in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece,{{efn|Muslim Romas were excluded from the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Deportation of Muslims]] from Greece's new conquered territory following the [[First Balkan War]] and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population.}} North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia and Bulgaria), [[Crimea]], the Middle East, Egypt, [[Iraq]] and Iran. In Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Serbia, most Romani inhabitants follow the practice of [[Orthodoxy]], while in Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia, most practice [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]].[[File:Gitanos - Trono.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[:es:Cofradía de los Gitanos (Málaga)|Cofradía de los Gitanos]] parading the "throne" of Mary of the O during the [[Holy Week in Malaga]], Spain]]
==== Deities and saints ====
[[Ceferino Giménez Malla|Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla]] is recently considered a patron saint of the Romani in Roman Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blessed Ceferino Gimenez Malla 1861–1936 |url=http://www.savior.org/saints/malla.htm |website=Visit the Saviour |publisher=Voveo |access-date=26 December 2012 |date=December 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205130932/http://www.savior.org/saints/malla.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Saint Sarah]], or Sara e Kali, has also been venerated as a patron saint in her shrine at [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]], France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=La Bas |first1=Damian |title=The Stopping Places: A journey through Gypsy Britain |date=2018 |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |isbn=9781784741037 |pages=179 & 190}}</ref> Since the turn of the 21st century, [[Sara e Kali]] is understood to have been [[Kali]], an Indian deity brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people; as the Roma became Christianized, she was absorbed in a syncretic way and venerated as a saint.<ref name="lee" />
[[File:Antoni Kozakiewicz - Kartomantka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Gypsy [[Fortune-telling|fortune-teller]] in Poland, by [[Antoni Kozakiewicz]], 1884]]
Saint Sarah is now increasingly being considered as "a Romani Goddess, the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother India".<ref name="lee">{{cite web |title=The Romani Goddess Kali Sara |url=http://kopachi.com/articles/the-romani-goddess-kali-sara-ronald-lee/ |website=Romano Kapachi |access-date=26 December 2012 |first=Ronald |last=Lee |year=2002 }}</ref><ref name="radoc.net">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true |author=Ian Hancock |date=2001 |chapter=Romani ("Gypsy") Religion |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature |editor1=Jeff Kaplan |editor2=Bron Taylor |editor3=Samuel S. Hill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925154755/http://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true |archive-date=25 September 2011 |via=Radoc |access-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==== The Balkans/Southeast Europe ====
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Studio Shot of European in Gypsy Costume One of 274 Vintage Photographs.jpg|thumb|Costume of a Romani woman]]
[[File:Stanisław Masłowski (1853-1926) Gypsy Woman Cyganka, watercolour akwarela 3, twice corrected.jpg|thumb|''Gipsy Woman'', [[Stanisław Masłowski]], [[watercolour]], [[1877]]]]
For the Roma communities that have resided in [[Southeast Europe]] for numerous centuries, the following apply with regard to religious beliefs:
* Bosnia and Herzegovina – The majority of the Roma population in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* Bulgaria – The majority of the Roma population in Bulgaria is Christian (mostly Orthodox). In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Christianity is the dominant faith among the Romani, and a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity among the Romani has occurred. In southeastern Bulgaria, Islam is the dominant religion among the Romani, with a smaller section of the Romani declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.<ref name="Roma">{{cite web |title =Roma Muslims in the Balkans |url=http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |website=Education of Roma Children in Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=26 December 2012 |first1=Elena |last1=Marushiakova |first2=Veselin |last2=Popov |year=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413184328/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |archive-date=13 April 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg|thumb|right|Margarita Cansino (later known as [[Rita Hayworth]]) with her father and dance partner [[Eduardo Cansino]], 1933]]
* Croatia – The majority of the Roma population in Croatia is Christian (mostly Catholic). After the [[Second World War]], a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia, the majority moving from Kosovo. Their language differs from those living in Međimurje and those who survived [[Romani Holocaust]].<ref name="Roma" />
* Greece – The majority of the Roma population in Greece is Christian.{{efn|Muslim Romas were excluded from the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Deportation of Muslims]] from Greece's new conquered territory following the [[First Balkan War]] and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population.}} The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]] are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece.<ref name="Roma" />
* Hungary – The majority of the Roma population in Hungary is Christian.<ref>Kozubik M, Bobakova DF, Mojtova M, Tokovska M, van Dijk JP. Roma Religion: 1775 and 2018 Compared over Time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 15;19(18):11645. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811645. PMID: 36141906; PMCID: PMC9517071.</ref>
[[File:Muslim Gypsies from Bosnia, illustration, 1901.jpg|thumb|upright|Muslim Romanies in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (around 1900)]]
* Kosovo – The majority of the Roma population in Kosovo is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* Montenegro – The majority of the Roma population in Montenegro is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* North Macedonia –The majority of the Roma population in North Macedonia is Muslim.<ref name="Roma" />
* Romania – Romania – The majority of the Roma population in Romania is Christian (mostly Orthodox).<ref>[http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol1/tabele/t51a.pdf Census 2002, by religion]. (PDF). INS. Retrieved on 2024-05-29.</ref> In [[Dobruja]], there is a small community that are [[Islam in Romania|Muslim]] and also speak Turkish.<ref name="Roma3">{{cite web |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Veselin |year=2012 |title=Roma Muslims in the Balkans |url=http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413184328/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |website=Education of Roma Children in Europe |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref>
* Serbia – The majority of the Roma population in Serbia is Christian (mostly Orthodox). There are some Muslim Roma in southern Serbia, who are mainly refugees from Kosovo.<ref name="Roma" />
* Slovenia – The majority of the Roma population in Slovenia is Christian (mostly Catholic), although a sizeable proportion are Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stropnik |first=Nada |date=2011 |title=Promoting Social Inclusion of Roma |url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=8971&langId=en |website=Peer Review Social Inclusion EU |page=6 |format=PDF}}</ref>
==== Other regions ====
In Ukraine and Russia, the Roma populations are also Muslim as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but some migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align with and the people are recognized for their staunch preservation of the Romani language and identity.<ref name="Roma" />
In Poland and Slovakia, Romani populations are Roman Catholic, many times adopting and following local, cultural Catholicism as a [[Religious syncretism|syncretic]] system of belief that incorporates distinct Roma beliefs and cultural aspects. For example, many Polish Roma delay their Church wedding due to the belief that sacramental marriage is accompanied by divine ratification, creating a virtually indissoluble union until the couple consummate, after which the sacramental marriage is dissoluble only by the death of a spouse. Therefore, for Polish Roma, once married, one can't ever divorce. Another aspect of Polish Roma's Catholicism is a tradition of pilgrimage to the [[Jasna Góra Monastery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niedźwiecka |first=Dorota |title=Wiara po romsku |url=https://www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl/Archiwum/2016/Przewodnik-Katolicki-40-2016/Wiara-i-Kosciol/Wiara-po-romsku}}</ref>
Most Eastern European Romanies are [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], or [[Muslim]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7l-fGIA2ZkC&pg=PA89 |title=Roma, Gypsies, Travellers |isbn=978-92-871-2349-7 |last1=Liégeois |first1=Jean-Pierre |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=Council of Europe }}</ref> Those in Western Europe and the [[Roma in the United States|United States]] are mostly Roman Catholic or [[Protestant]]{{snd}} in southern Spain, many Romanies are [[pentecostalism|Pentecostal]], but this is a small minority that has emerged in contemporary times. In Egypt, the Romani are split into Christian and Muslim populations.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUX4C0qrDmUC&pg=PA460 |title=Gypsy Council |page=460 |first=Nicholas C |last=Eliopoulos |year=2006 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4653-3036-9 }}</ref>
=== Music ===
{{Main|Romani music}}
[[File:20090627 Fanfare Ciocarlia group live in Athens at Restistance Festival by KOE 2.jpg|thumb|27 June 2009: [[Fanfare Ciocărlia]] live in [[Athens]]]]
[[File:Khamoro Roma Festival 2007 Prague.jpg|thumb|right|Street performance during the [[Khamoro]] [[World Roma Festival]] in Prague, 2007]]
Romani music plays an important role in central and eastern European countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced European [[List of classical music composers|classical composers]] such as [[Franz Liszt]] and [[Johannes Brahms]]. The ''[[lăutari]]'' who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani.<ref>{{cite book|title=Area Handbook for Romania – Volume 550, Issue 160|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity}}</ref>
Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in the ''lăutari'' tradition are [[Taraful Haiducilor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348596804|title="Perverting the Taste of the People": Lăutari and the Balkan Question in Romania}}</ref> Bulgaria's popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani musicians such as [[Ivo Papasov]], a virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian pop-folk singer [[Azis]].
Many famous classical musicians, such as the [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] pianist [[Georges Cziffra]], are Romani, as are many prominent performers of [[manele]]. [[Zdob și Zdub]], one of the most prominent rock bands in [[Moldova]], although not Romanies themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do [[Spitalul de Urgență]] in Romania, [[Shantel]] in Germany, [[Goran Bregović]] in Serbia, [[Darko Rundek]] in Croatia, [[Beirut (band)|Beirut]] and [[Gogol Bordello]] in the United States.
Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani [[brass band]], with such notable practitioners as [[Boban Marković]] of Serbia, and the brass ''lăutari'' groups [[Fanfare Ciocărlia]] and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gypsy Music: The Balkans and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHRdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|author=Alan Ashton-Smith |year=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-865-4}}</ref>
The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced [[bolero]], [[jazz]], and [[flamenco]] (especially ''[[cante jondo]]'') in Spain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rethinking (In)Security in the European Union: The Migration-Identity-Security Nexus|page=148}}</ref>
Dances such as the flamenco and bolero of Spain were influenced by the Romani.<ref name="Gypsy dance origin">{{Citation |last1=Martinez |first1=Emma |title=Flamenco: All You Wanted to Know |date=24 February 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1CTtnjS8C&pg=PA21 |page=21 |publisher=Mel Bay Publications |format=[[Google books]] |isbn=978-1-60974-470-0}}</ref> [[Antonio Cansino]] blended Romani and Spanish flamenco and is credited with creating modern-day Spanish dance.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=129}} [[The Dancing Cansinos]] popularized flamenco and bolero dancing in the United States. Famous dancer and actress, [[Rita Hayworth]], is the granddaughter of Antonio Cansino.
European-style [[gypsy jazz]] ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist [[Django Reinhardt]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing}}</ref> Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include [[Stochelo Rosenberg]], [[Biréli Lagrène]], [[Jimmy Rosenberg]], [[Paulus Schäfer]] and [[Tchavolo Schmitt]].
The [[Romani people in Turkey|Romani in Turkey]] have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the [[goblet drum|darbuka]], [[clarinet|gırnata]] and [[cümbüş]].<ref name="family">{{Citation |title=Cümbüş means fun, Birger Gesthuisen investigates the short history of a 20th-century folk instrument |url=http://www.rootsworld.com/turkey/cumbus.html |publisher=RootsWorld}}</ref>
==Folklore==
{{Main|Romani mythology}}
''Paramichia'' is a term used to refer to Romani legends and folktales. A popular legend among the Vlach Roma is of the hero Mundro Salamon, also known by other Roma subgroups as Wise Solomon or O Godjiaver Yanko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gypsies |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
Some Roma believe in the ''mulo'' or ''mullo,'' meaning the "one who is dead"; the Romani version of the [[vampire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2010 |title=Gypsy Legends on Vampires |url=https://blogs.bgsu.edu/lotag/2010/04/17/gypsy-legends-on-vampires/ |website=BGSU Blogs}}</ref>
==Cuisine==
{{Main|Romani cuisine}}
The Roma believe that some foods are auspicious, or lucky (''baxtalo''), such as foods with pungent tastes like garlic, lemon, tomato, and peppers, and fermented foods such as sauerkraut, pickles and sour cream.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/i-am-the-first-generation/|title=Romani Cuisine and Cultural Persistence|website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=27 June 2016 }}</ref> Hedgehogs are a delicacy among some Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gypsies |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
== Contemporary art and culture ==
Romani contemporary art emerged at the climax of the process that began in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] in the late 1980s, when the interpretation of the cultural practice of minorities was enabled by a paradigm shift, commonly referred to in specialist literature as the "[[cultural turn]]". The idea of the cultural turn was introduced; and this was also the time when the notion of cultural democracy became crystallized in the debates carried on at various public forums. [[Civil society]] gained strength, and civil politics appeared, which is a prerequisite for cultural democracy. This shift of attitude in scholarly circles derived from concerns specific not only to ethnicity but also to society, gender and class.<ref>{{cite news |title = Meet Your Neighbors |url = https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/neighbours_20090615.pdf |work = opensourcefoundations.org }}</ref>
== Language ==
{{Main|Romani language}}
Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the [[Romani language]],<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |title = Comparative-Historical Linguistics |isbn = 978-90-272-7698-8 |last1 = Brogyanyi |first1 = Bela |last2 = Lipp |first2 = Reiner |date = 6 May 1993 |publisher = John Benjamins }}</ref> an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language, with roots in Sanskrit. They also often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate [[loanword]]s and [[calque]]s into Romani from the languages of those countries and especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the ''Ciganos'' of Portugal, the {{Lang|es|[[Gitanos]]}} of Spain, the [[Romanichal]] of the UK, and [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|Scandinavian Travellers]] have lost their [[knowledge]] of pure Romani, and speak the [[mixed language]]s [[Caló (Spanish Romani)|Caló]],<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmq |chapter = Caló: A language of Spain |publisher = SIL International |editor-first = Raymond G Jr. |editor-last = Gordon |year = 2005 |title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition = 15th |location = Dallas, [[Texas|TX]] |isbn = 978-1-55671-159-6 }}</ref> [[Angloromany]], and [[Scandoromani]], respectively. Most of the Romani language-speaking communities in these regions consist of later immigrants from eastern or central Europe.<ref name="Manchester_Rom">{{cite web |last = Matras |first = Yaron |title = Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects |url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/whatis/status/numbers.shtml |website = Humanities |publisher = The University of Manchester |access-date = 24 February 2015 |archive-date = 6 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106012338/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//whatis/status/numbers.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref>
There are no concrete statistics for the number of Romani speakers, both in Europe and globally. However, a conservative estimate is 3.5 million speakers in Europe and a further 500,000 elsewhere,<ref name="Manchester_Rom"/> though the actual number may be considerably higher. This makes Romani the second-largest [[minority language]] in Europe, behind [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref name="Manchester_Rom" />
In regards to the diversity of dialects, Romani works in the same way as most other European languages.<ref name="The status of Romani in Europe">{{cite journal |last = Matras |first = Yaron |title = The status of Romani in Europe |journal = Report Submitted to the Council of Europe's Language Policy Division |date = October 2005 |page = 4 |url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/1/statusofromani.pdf |access-date = 4 March 2015 |archive-date = 3 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190503035937/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/1/statusofromani.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> Cross-dialect communication is dominated by the following features:
* All Romani speakers are [[bilingual]], accustomed to borrowing words or phrases from a [[second language]]; this makes it difficult to communicate with Roma from different countries
* Romani was traditionally a [[language]] shared between extended family and a close-knit community. This has resulted in the inability to comprehend [[dialects]] from other countries, and is why Romani is sometimes considered to be several different languages.
* There is no tradition or literary standard for Romani speakers to use as a guideline for their language use.<ref name="The status of Romani in Europe" />
== Persecutions ==
{{Main|Anti-Romani sentiment}}
=== Historical persecution ===
[[File:Romani women in jail, Los Angeles, California, 1940.jpg|thumb|Romani women in [[Lincoln Heights Jail]], Los Angeles, California, 1940]]
One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani was their enslavement. [[Slavery in medieval Europe|Slavery was widely practiced in medieval Europe]], including the territory of present-day [[Romania]] from before the founding of the principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] in the 13th–14th centuries.{{sfn|Achim|2004|p=27}} Legislation decreed that all the Romani living in these states, as well as any others who immigrated there, were classified as slaves.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Istoria și tradițiile minorității rromani |page=36 |year=2005 |publisher=Sigma |location=Bucharest |author1-link=Delia Grigore |last1=Grigore |first1=Delia |first2=Petre |last2=Petcuț |first3=Mariana |last3=Sandu |language=ro}}</ref> Slavery was gradually [[Abolitionism|abolished]] during the 1840s and 1850s.{{sfn|Achim|2004|p=27}}
The exact origins of [[Slavery in Romania|slavery]] in the [[Danubian Principalities]] are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani came to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or were brought there as slaves. Historian [[Nicolae Iorga]] associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 [[Mongol invasion of Europe]] and he also considered their enslavement a vestige of that era, in which the [[Romanians]] took the Roma from the [[Mongols]] and preserved their status as slaves so they could use their labor. Other historians believe that the Romani were enslaved while they were being captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] may have also been adopted from the Mongols.{{sfn|Achim|2004|p=27}}
Some Romani may have been slaves of the Mongols or the Tatars or they may have served as auxiliary troops in the Mongol or Tatar armies, but most of them migrated from south of the [[Danube]] at the end of the 14th century, some time after the [[founding of Wallachia]]. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and it was possibly established in both principalities. After the Roma migrated into the area, slavery became a widespread practice among the majority of the population. The [[Tatars|Tatar]] slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population.<ref>{{Citation |first=Ștefan |last=Ștefănescu |title=Istoria medie a României |volume=I |publisher=Editura Universității din București |place=Bucharest |year=1991 |language=ro}}</ref>
Some branches of the Romani reached western Europe in the 15th century, fleeing from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest of the Balkans as refugees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/western-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19e4|title=Western Europe}}</ref> Although the Romani were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were often suspected of being associated with the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman invasion]] by certain populations in the West because their physical appearance was exotic. (The [[Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)#The Reichstag in the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Diet]] at Landau and Freiburg in 1496–1498 declared that the Romani were spies for the Turks). In western Europe, such suspicions and discrimination against people who constituted a visible minority resulted in persecution, often violent, with attempts to commit [[ethnic cleansing]] until the modern era. In times of social tension, the Romani suffered as scapegoats; for instance, they were accused of bringing the plague during times of [[epidemics]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |title=Timeline of Romani History |access-date=26 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111142247/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm |archive-date=11 November 2007}}</ref>
On 30 July 1749, Spain conducted [[The Great Roundup of Gypsies (1749)|''The Great Roundup'']] of [[Romani people in Spain|Romani]] (Gitanos) in its territory. The Spanish Crown ordered a nationwide raid that led to the break-up of families because all able-bodied men were interned in forced labor camps in an attempt to commit ethnic cleansing. The measure was eventually reversed and the Romani were freed as protests began to erupt in different communities, sedentary Romani were highly esteemed and protected in rural Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.jet.es/gea21/mteorico/apuntes/anexo3.htm |title=Cap. 2: 2.1 Apuntes sobre la situación de la comunidad gitana en la sociedad Española – Anexo III. 'Gitanos malos, gitanos buenos' |trans-title=Chap. 2: 2.1 Notes on the situation of the gypsy community in Spanish society – Affix III. 'Bad gypsies, good gypsies' |language=es |publisher=The Barañí Project – Roma Women |date=29 February 2000 |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010712072449/http://web.jet.es/gea21/mteorico/apuntes/anexo3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Another Darkness Another Dawn |last=Taylor |first=Becky |publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd. |year=2014 |location=London UK |pages=105 |isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}</ref>
Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world. In 1880, Argentina prohibited immigration by Roma, as did the United States in 1885.<ref name="timeline" />
=== Forced assimilation ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-48, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|Deportation of Roma from [[Asperg]], Germany, 1940 (photograph by the ''Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle'')]]
In the [[Habsburg monarchy]] under [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to integrate the Romanies to get them to [[sedentism|permanently settle]], removed their rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754) to reduce citizen-mobility, renamed them "New Citizens" and obliged Romani boys into military service just as any other citizens were if they had no trade (1761, and Revision 1770), required them to register with the local authorities (1767), and another decree prohibited marriages between Romanies (1773) to integrate them into the local population. Her successor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Josef II]] prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing along with the use of the [[Romani language]], both of which were punishable by flogging.<ref name="samer" /> During this time, the schools were obliged to register and integrate Romani children; this policy was the first of the modern policies of integration. In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when the Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the [[Romani language]] was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children were sent to orphanages. [[Charles III of Spain|King Charles III]] took a more progressive approach to Gitano assimilation, proclaiming that they had the same rights as Spanish citizens and ending the official denigration of them which was based on their [[Race (human categorization)|race]]. While he prohibited their nomadic lifestyle, their use of the [[Caló (Spanish Romani)|Calo language]], the manufacture and wearing of Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades, he also forbade any form of discrimination against them and he also forbade the guilds from barring them. The use of the word ''gitano'' was also forbidden to further their assimilation, it was replaced with "New Castilian", a designation which was also applied to former [[History of the Jews in Spain|Jews]] and [[Islam in Spain|Muslims]].<ref>{{ cite book |first=Angus |surname=Fraser |title=Los gitanos|publisher=Ariel|year=2005|isbn=978-84-344-6780-4}}</ref><ref>Texto de la pragmática en la [https://books.google.com/books?id=UnBFAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22Declaro+que+los+que+llaman+y+se+dicen+gitanos+no+lo+son+por+origen+ni+por+naturaleza%2C+ni+provienen+de+raiz+infecta+alguna%22&pg=PA367 ''Novísima Recopilación''. Ley XI], pg. 367 y ss.</ref>
Most historians believe that Charles III's [[Pragmatic sanction|pragmática]] failed for three main reasons, reasons which were ultimately derived from its implementation outside major cities as well as in marginal areas: The difficulty which the Gitano community faced in changing its nomadic lifestyle, the marginal lifestyle to which the community had been driven by society and the serious difficulties of applying the pragmática in the fields of education and work. One author ascribes its failure to the overall rejection of the integration of the Gitanos by the wider population.<ref name="samer">{{cite web |url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml |title=Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism |publisher=Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz |website=Rombase |date=December 2001 |first=Helmut |last=Samer |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406004922/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Gitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html |title=Gitanos. History and Cultural Relations |publisher=World Culture Encyclopedia |access-date=26 August 2007}}</ref>
Other policies of forced assimilation were implemented in other countries, one of these countries was Norway, where a law which permitted the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions was passed in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Roma in Norway |url=http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429054318/http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/central-committee/2002/the-church-of-norway-and-the-roma-of-norway |title=The Church of Norway and the Roma of Norway |publisher=[[World Council of Churches]] |date=3 September 2002}}</ref>
=== Porajmos (Romani Holocaust) ===
{{Main|Romani Holocaust}}
During [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]], the persecution of the Romani reached a peak during the [[Romani Holocaust]] (the Porajmos), the [[genocide]] which was perpetrated against them by [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1935, the Romani who lived in Germany lost their citizenship when it was stripped from them by the [[Nuremberg laws]], and after that, they were subjected to violence and imprisonment in [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. During the war, the policy was extended to areas under German occupation, and it was also implemented by other axis countries, most notably, by the [[Independent State of Croatia]], [[Romania in World War II|Romania]], and [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]]. From 1942, Romani were subjected to [[genocide]] in [[extermination camp]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945|title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org}}</ref>
Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romani, the actual number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust cannot be assessed. Most estimates of the number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust range from 200,000 to 500,000, but other estimates vary broadly from 90,000 to as high as 4,000,000. Lower estimates do not include those Roma who were killed in all [[Axis powers|Axis]]-controlled countries. A detailed study by Sybil Milton, a former senior historian at the [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] contained an estimate of at least 220,000, possibly as many as 500,000.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409001621/http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2004 |title=Re. Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals |date=11 September 2000}}</ref> [[Ian Hancock]], Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], argues in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000.<ref>{{Citation |type=article |url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en |contribution=Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview |editor-last=Stone |editor-first=D |year=2004 |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |publisher=Palgrave |place=Basingstoke and New York |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113233924/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>
== Contemporary issues ==
{{Main|Anti-Romani sentiment#Contemporary antiziganism}}
[[File:Romani population average estimate.png|thumb|right|upright=1.36|Distribution of the Romani in Europe (2007 [[Council of Europe]] "average estimates", totalling 9.8 million)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |title=Council of Europe website |access-date=6 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221234346/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |archive-date=21 February 2009}} European Roma and Travellers Forum (ERTF). 2007. Archived from [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143 the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021234409/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143 |date=21 October 2013}} on 6 July 2007.</ref>]]
[[File:Sap34.jpg|thumb|Antiziganist protests in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], 2011]]
In Europe, Romani are associated with poverty, high crime rates, and behavior that is considered antisocial or inappropriate by the rest of the European population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/20/sunday-review/are-the-roma-primitive-or-just-poor.html |newspaper=The New York Times |type=review |title=Are the Roma primitive or just poor? |date=19 October 2013 |last1=Bilefsky |first1=Dan}}</ref> Partly for this reason, discrimination against the Romani has continued to be practiced to the present day,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/demolita-bidonille-ponte-mammolo.html |title=Demolita la 'bidonville' di Ponte Mammolo |trans-title=The 'slum' of Mammolo Bridge demolished |language=it |place=[[Italy|IT]] |website=[[il Giornale]] |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Paola |last=Di Caro |url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/07_novembre_04/intervista_fini_impossibile_integrazione_rom.shtml |title=Fini: impossibile integrarsi con chi ruba |trans-title=Fini: it's impossible to integrate those who steal |language=it |work=[[Corriere della Sera]] |date=4 November 2007 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> although efforts are being made to address it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |website=[[USA Today]] |date=1 February 2005 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>
[[Amnesty International]] reports continued to document instances of [[Antiziganism|Antizigan]] discrimination during the late 20th century, particularly in [[Romania]], [[Serbia]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2010/04/europe-must-break-cycle-discrimination-facing-roma/ |title=Europe must break cycle of discrimination facing Roma |agency=Amnesty International |date=7 April 2010 |access-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> [[Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma |title=Europe Roma |publisher=Amnesty International |date=February 2002 |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191514/http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma}}</ref> [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Colin Woodard |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html |title=Hungary's anti-Roma militia grows |website=Christian Science Monitor |date=13 February 2008 |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref> [[Slovenia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12 |title=Roma |publisher=Human Rights Press Point |place=SI |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310074602/http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12 |archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Polansky |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Polansky |date=June 2005 |url=http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612 |title=Results of an Enquiry into the Situation of Roma und Ashkali in Kosovo (Dec.2004 to May 2005) – Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: Persecuted, driven out, poisoned |publisher=GFBV |access-date=6 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806163105/http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612 |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref> The European Union has recognized that discrimination against Romani must be addressed, and with the national Roma integration strategy they encourage member states to work towards greater Romani inclusion and upholding the [[Rights of the Roma in the European Union|rights of the Romani in the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Roma Integration Strategies: a first step in the implementation of the EU Framework |url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/com2012_226_en.pdf |publisher=European Commission |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Roma estimate percentage of population in European countries<ref name="Roma-in-Europe">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/romania/10636448/Roma-on-the-rubbish-dump-British-religious-leaders-call-on-Romanian-mayor-to-reverse-forced-evictions.html |title=Roma on the rubbish dump |publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]] |access-date=21 February 2014 |date=17 February 2014 |last1=Alexander |first1=Harriet}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Country'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Bulgaria]]|blue|10.33}}
{{bar percent|[[North Macedonia]]|blue|9.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Slovakia]]|blue|9.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Romania]]|blue|8.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Serbia]]*|blue|8.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|blue|7.05}}
{{bar percent|Turkey|blue|5.97}}
{{bar percent|Spain|blue|3.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Albania]]|blue|3.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Montenegro]]|blue|2.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Moldova]]|blue|2.49}}
{{bar percent|Greece|blue|2.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|blue|1.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Kosovo]]|blue|1.47}}
<small>*projections for Serbia also include up to 97.000 [[IDPs|Roma IDPs]] in Serbia<ref>{{cite journal |first=UN |last=Relief |year=2010 |title=Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1 January 2009 |journal=UN Relief |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/romaidps_desk_review_final.pdf}}</ref></small>
}}
In eastern Europe, Roma children often attend [[Roma Special School]]s, separate from non-Roma children; these schools tend to offer a lower quality of education than the traditional education options accessible by non-Roma children, putting the Roma children at an educational disadvantage.<ref name="Expanding">{{cite book |last1=Ringold |first1=Dena |last2=Orenstein |first2=Mitchell Alexander |last3=Wilkens |first3=Erika |title=Roma in an Expanding Europe – Breaking the Poverty Cycle |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Usd7XU6a29oC |publisher=World Bank |isbn=0-8213-5457-4}}</ref>{{rp|83}}
The [[Romani people in Kosovo|Roma of Kosovo]] have been severely persecuted by [[Kosovo Albanians|ethnic Albanians]] since the end of the [[Kosovo War]], and for the most part, the region's Romani community has been annihilated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cahn |first1=Claude |title=Birth of a Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah Minorities |journal=German Law Journal |date=1 January 2007 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=81–94 |doi=10.1017/S2071832200005423 |s2cid=141025735}}</ref>
[[Czechoslovakia]] carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973.<ref name="Denysenko 2007" /> The dissidents of the [[Charter 77]] denounced it in 1977–78 as a [[genocide]], but the practice continued through the [[Velvet Revolution]] of 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsdesk.org/2006/06/12/for_gypsies_eug/ |first=Mindy Kay |last=Bricker |title=For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern Problem / Czech Practice Dates to Soviet Era |newspaper=[[Newsdesk]] |date=12 June 2006}}</ref> A 2005 report by the [[Czech Republic]]'s independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400 |title=Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures |publisher=The Office of The Public Defender of Rights, Czech Republic |date=23 December 2005 |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128041045/http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400 |archive-date=28 November 2007}}</ref>
In 2008, following the rape and subsequent murder of an Italian woman in [[Rome]] at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/02/italy.international |title=Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to Romanians |work=The Guardian |date=2 November 2007 |location=London |first=John |last=Hooper |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> the Italian government declared that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and it also declared that it was required to take swift action to address the ''emergenza nomadi'' (''nomad emergency'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/30/roma-italy |title=Italy's new ghetto? |work=The Guardian |date=30 March 2009 |location=London |first=Tana |last=de Zulueta |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy fingerprints thousands of Gypsies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25520960 |access-date=2022-07-15 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
The 2008 [[Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic|deaths of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic]], two Roma children who drowned while Italian beach-goers remained unperturbed, brought international attention to the relationship between Italians and the Roma people. Reviewing the situation in 2012, one Belgian magazine observed:{{blockquote|On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, [[Václav Havel]] prophetically remarked that "the treatment of the Roma is a [[litmus test (politics)|litmus test]] for democracy": and democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition to [[capitalism]] have been disastrous for the Roma. Under [[communism]] they had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with [[impunity]].<ref name="MO 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1757331-bleak-horizon |title=Bleak horizon |first=Hellen |last=Kooijman |place=EU |date=6 April 2012 |publisher=Presseurop |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105800/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1757331-bleak-horizon |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
The 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research poll]] found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Roma views, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about Roma. In [[Greece]], 67%, in Hungary 64%, in France 61%, in Spain 49%, in [[Poland]] 47%, in the UK 45%, in Sweden 42%, in Germany 40%, and in the [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-gypsy-in-my-soul-sinti-and-roma-in-the-netherlands/ |title=The gypsy in my soul: Sinti and Roma in the Netherlands |website=Radio Netherlands Archives |date=19 September 1999}}</ref> 37% had an unfavourable view of Roma.<ref>"[http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403224749/https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ |date=3 April 2019 }}". [[Pew Research Center]]. 11 July 2016.</ref> The 2019 Pew Research poll found that 83% of Italians, 76% of Slovaks, 72% of Greeks, 68% of Bulgarians, 66% of Czechs, 61% of Lithuanians, 61% of Hungarians, 54% of Ukrainians, 52% of Russians, 51% of Poles, 44% of French, 40% of Spaniards, and 37% of Germans held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019}}</ref> IRES published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians have a negative opinion about them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sondaj IRES: 7 din 10 români nu au încredere în romi |url=https://romania.europalibera.org/a/sondaj-ires-7-din-10-rom%C3%A2ni-nu-au-%C3%AEncredere-%C3%AEn-romi/30707320.html |work=Radio Free Europe Romania (in Romanian) |date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
As of 2019, reports of anti-Roma incidents are increasing across Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=We need to talk about the rising wave of anti-Roma attacks in Europe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/roma-antiziganist-romani-discrimination-italy-matteo-salvini-ukraine-a9024196.html |work=The Independent |date=28 July 2019}}</ref> Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Kosovo,<ref>{{cite news |title=Unemployment keeps Kosovo's Roma on the margins |url=https://www.dw.com/en/unemployment-keeps-kosovos-roma-on-the-margins/a-42522226 |agency=Deutsche Welle |date=17 February 2018}}</ref> Romania,<ref>{{cite news |title=To Europe's shame, Roma remain stigmatised outsiders – even when they live in mansions |url=http://theconversation.com/to-europes-shame-roma-remain-stigmatised-outsiders-even-when-they-live-in-mansions-95468 |work=The Conversation |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Slovakia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Slovakia says Amnesty International report |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20766918/discrimination-against-roma-remains-widespread-in-slovakia-says-amnesty-international-report.html |work=The Slovak Spectator |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Roma protests take place in Bulgarian city of Gabrovo |url=https://apnews.com/7ade2fc2871e40e7a7396468155a2164 |agency=The Associated Press |date=12 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Everybody hates us': on Sofia's streets, Roma face racism every day |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/20/bulgaria-sofia-racism-roma-everybody-hates-us-anti-gypsy-abuse |work=The Guardian |date=20 October 2019}}</ref> and the Czech Republic,<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html |work=[[El País]] |date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zpráva o stavu romské menšiny: V Česku bylo loni podle odhadů 830 ghett se 127 tisíci obyvateli|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/zprava-v-cesku-bylo-loni-podle-odhadu-830-ghett-se-127-tisici-obyvateli_1910121847_miz|access-date=28 July 2020|website=iROZHLAS|date=12 October 2019 |language=cs}}</ref> against which the [[European Court of Human Rights]] has ruled in Romani advocates' favor on the subject of discriminatory and segregationist education and housing practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roma in the Czech Republic |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/roma-5/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Roma communities across Ukraine have been the target of violent attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deadly Attack Escalates Violent Trend Against Ukrainian Roma |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-roma-deadly-attack-escalates-violent-trend/29318822.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Attacked and abandoned: Ukraine's forgotten Roma |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/europe/2018/11/attacked-abandoned-ukraine-forgotten-roma-181121121230852.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
Roma refugees fleeing the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] have faced discrimination in Europe, including in [[Poland]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/10/ukraine-roma-refugees-poland |title='Meet us before you reject us': Ukraine's Roma refugees face closed doors in Poland |work=The Guardian |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> the [[Czech Republic]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://euobserver.com/world/154968 |title=Roma refugees from Ukraine face Czech xenophobia |work=EU Observer |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> and [[Moldova]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjbapq/undocumented-roma-refugees-facing-discrimination-as-they-flee-ukraine |title=Undocumented Roma Refugees Facing Discrimination As They Flee Ukraine |work=Vice |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
Concerning employment, a 2019 report by the [[Fundamental Rights Agency|FRA]] revealed that, across the European states that were surveyed, on average 34% of Roma men and 16% of Roma women were in paid work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Roma women in nine EU Member States |url=https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2019-eu-minorities-survey-roma-women_en.pdf |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |page=27}}</ref>
=== Forced repatriation ===
{{Main|Expulsion of Romani people from France}}
In the summer of 2010, French authorities demolished at least 51 Roma camps and began the [[French Romani repatriation|process of repatriating]] their residents to their countries of origin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11020429 |title=France sends Roma Gypsies back to Romania |date=20 August 2010 |agency=BBC News |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref> This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, which had been heightened after a traveller drove through a French police checkpoint, hit an officer, attempted to hit two more officers, and was then shot and killed by the police. In retaliation a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and burned three cars.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10681796 |title=Troops patrol French village of Saint-Aignan after riot |date=10 July 2010 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=22 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288 |title=Q&A: France Roma expulsions |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.<ref>{{cite news |title=France Begins Controversial Roma Deportations |date=19 August 2010 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/sarkozy-finds-a-scapegoat-france-begins-controversial-roma-deportations-a-712701.html |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=20 August 2010}}</ref> [[European Commissioner for Justice and Consumers|EU Justice Commissioner]] [[Viviane Reding]] stated that the [[European Commission]] should take legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a disgrace". A leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Interior Ministry]] to regional police chiefs, included the instruction: "Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11301307 |title=EU may take legal action against France over Roma |date=14 September 2010 |agency=BBC News |access-date=15 September 2010}}</ref>
== Organizations and projects ==
* [[World Romani Congress]]
* [[European Roma Rights Centre]]
* [[Gypsy Lore Society]]<ref name="GLS">{{cite web|title=The Gypsy Lore Society|format=Journal|url=http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/}}</ref>
* [[International Romani Union]]
* [[Decade of Roma Inclusion]], multinational project
* [[International Romani Day]] (8 April)
* [[Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues]]
* [[National Advisory Board on Romani Affairs]] (Finland)
== Artistic representations ==
{{Main|Romani people in fiction}}
Many depictions of the Romani in literature and art present romanticized narratives of the mystical powers of [[fortune telling]] or as people who have an irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality. The Romani were a popular subject in [[Venetian school (art)|Venetian painting]] from the time of [[Giorgione]] at the start of the 16th century. The inclusion of such a figure adds an exotic oriental flavor to scenes. A [[Venice|Venetian]] [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] painting by [[Paris Bordone]] (c. 1530, [[Strasbourg]]) of the [[Holy Family]] in Egypt makes [[Elizabeth (biblical figure)|Elizabeth]] a Romani [[Fortune-telling|fortune-teller]]; the scene is otherwise located in a distinctly European landscape.<ref>{{cite book |last = Jacquot |first = Dominique |title = Le musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg — Cinq siècles de peinture |date = 2006 |publisher = Éditions des Musées de Strasbourg |location = Strasbourg |isbn = 978-2-901833-78-9 |page = 76 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Muchacha Gitana.jpg|[[Boccaccio Boccaccino]]: ''Gypsy Girl'' (c.1504-1505)
File:The Visit of the Gypsies 01.jpg|An excerpt from ''The Visit of the Gypsies'' (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), [[Currier Museum of Art]]
File:Vouet, Simon - The Fortune Teller.jpg|[[Simon Vouet]]: ''The Fortune Teller'' (1617)
File:David Teniers (II) - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune.jpg|[[David Teniers the Younger|David Teniers]] - ''Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune'' (c.1630-1690)
File:Jan van der Venne - Gypsy family.jpg|[[Jan van de Venne]] - ''Gypsy family'' (c.1631-1651)
File:Sarah Egerton as Meg Merrilies.png|[[Guy Mannering#Characters|Meg Merrilies]] from [[Walter Scott]]'s ''[[Guy Mannering]]'', illustrated 1821
File:Pongrácz F Három cigány.jpg|Ferencz Pongrácz: ''Three Gypsies'' (1836)
File:Alfred Dehodencq A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of the Alcázar.jpg|[[Alfred Dehodencq]]: ''A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar'' (1851)
File:Narcisse Diaz de la Peña - The Gypsy Princesses, San Antonio Museum of Art.jpg|[[Narcisse Virgilio Díaz]]: ''The Gypsy Princesses'' (c.1865-1870), [[San Antonio Museum of Art]]
File:GYPSY Kazimierz Alchimowicz.jpg|[[Kazimierz Alchimowicz]]: ''Gypsy'' (c.1870-1879)
File:Franz von Defregger Halbbildnis eines Zigeunerjungen.jpg|[[Franz Defregger|Franz von Defregger]]: ''Half portrait of a gypsy boy'' (1873, gouache)
File:Gypsy Girl with Mandolin, by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]]: ''Gypsy Girl with Mandolin'' (1874)
File:"Famille de gitanos, a Totana" (19911858846).jpg|[[Gustave Doré]]: ''Family of Gypsies, to Totana'' (1874)
File:Jozef Van Lerius - Moza, the Gypsy woman.jpg|[[Jozef Van Lerius]]: ''Moza, the Gypsy woman'' (1880)
File:La Esmeralda from Victor Hugo and His Time.jpg|[[Esméralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)|Esméralda]], illustrated 1882
File:Gypsy family (1884 by Mihály Munkácsy.jpg|[[Mihály Munkácsy]]: ''Gypsy Family'' (1884, oil on canvas)
File:August von Pettenkofen - Gipsy Children - WGA17393.jpg|[[August von Pettenkofen]]: ''Gypsy Children'' (1885), [[Hermitage Museum]]
File:Carmen (Bibliothèque-Musée de lOpéra) (4568143185).jpg|[[Célestine Galli-Marié]] as [[Carmen (novella)|Carmen]] (1886)
File:Antoni Kozakiewicz - Cygańska Rodzina (01).jpg|[[Antoni Kozakiewicz]]: ''Gypsy Family'' (c.1886)
File:Vincent van Gogh - Les roulottes, campement de bohémiens.jpg|[[Vincent van Gogh]]: ''The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles'' (1888, oil on canvas)
File:Edmund Henry Garrett - Illustration for Jane Eyre.png|Fortune-telling scene from [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', illustrated (1890)
File:Nicolae Grigorescu - Ursăreasa din Bolduri.jpg|[[Nicolae Grigorescu]]: ''Gypsy from Boldu'' (1897), [[Palace of Culture (Iași)|Art Museum of Iași]]
File:Henri - gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg|[[Robert Henri]]: ''Gypsy Girl in White'' (1916)
File:Amedeo Modigliani - Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919).jpg|[[Amedeo Modigliani]]: ''Gypsy Woman with Baby'' (1919)
File:Gypsy, 1928.jpg|[[Felix Nussbaum]]: ''Gypsy'' (1928)
File:Iványi Gypsies at Balatonlelle 1935.jpg|[[Béla Iványi-Grünwald]]: ''Gypsies at Balatonlelle'' (1935)
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[History of the Romani people]]
* [[Gitanos]]
* [[Gypsy Scourge]]
* [[King of the Gypsies]]
* [[Romani studies]]
* [[Romani society and culture]]
* [[Romani literature]]
* [[Romani dress]]
* [[Romani diaspora]]
* [[Racism in Europe]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[Environmental racism in Europe]]
* [[Romani folklore]]
* [[Romani cuisine]]
* [[Sinti |Sinti people]]
* [[The Blond Angel Case]]
'''General'''
* [[Traveler (disambiguation)]]
* [[Itinerant groups in Europe]]
* [[Nomadic tribes in India]]
* [[Dalit]]
'''Lists'''
* [[List of Romani people]]
* [[List of Romani settlements]]
'''Other'''
* [[Dom people]]
* [[Lom people]]
* [[Indian people]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]
* [[Lori people]]
* [[Indo-Roman relations]]
}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last = Achim |first = Viorel |year = 2004 |title = The Roma in Romanian History |place = Budapest |publisher = [[Central European University]] Press |isbn = 978-963-9241-84-8 }}
* {{Citation |last = Fraser |first = Angus |title = The Gypsies |publisher = Blackwell |place = Oxford, UK |year = 1992 |isbn = 978-0-631-15967-4 }}
* {{citation |last = Hancock |first = Ian |year = 2001 |title = Ame sam e rromane džene |publisher = The Open Society Institute |place = New York }}
* {{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian |year = 2002 |orig-date = 2001 |title = Ame Sam E Rromane Dz̆ene |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 }}
* {{Citation |author=Helsinki Watch |publisher=Helsinki Watch |year=1991 |title=Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies |place=New York}}
* {{cite web |last = Hübshmanová |first = Milena |year = 2003 |url = http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml |title = Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups |publisher = Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz |website = Rombase |access-date = 3 October 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164439/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml }}
* {{cite book |last = Lemon |first = Alaina |year = 2000 |title = Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism |publisher = Durham: [[Duke University]] Press |isbn = 978-0-8223-2456-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Matras |first1 = Yaron |last2 = Popov |first2 = Vesselin |year = 2001 |title = Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire |publisher = Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press }}
* {{cite book |last = Matras |first = Yaron |year = 2005 |title = Romani: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-02330-6 }}
* {{cite book |last = Matras |first = Yaron |year = 2002 |title = Romani: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-63165-5}}
* {{Citation |title = Gypsies, The World's Outsiders |newspaper = National Geographic |date = April 2001 |pages = 72–101 }}
* {{cite book |last = Nemeth |first = David J. |year = 2002 |title = The Gypsy-American |publisher = Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen }}
* {{cite book |last = Sutherland |first = Ann |title = Gypsies: The Hidden Americans |publisher = Waveland |year = 1986 |isbn = 978-0-88133-235-3 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XYQfAAAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite journal |last = Silverman |first = Carol |title = Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe |journal = Cultural Survival Quarterly |year = 1995 }}
== Further reading ==
* Bereznay, András. ''Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps'' (Budapest: Méry Ratio, 2021) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=60365 see online review of this book]
* {{cite book | author-last=Taylor | author-first=Becky | title=Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers |year=2014 | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}
* {{cite book |author1 = Kalwant Bhopal |author-link1=Kalwant Bhopal |author2 = Martin Myers |title = Insiders, Outsiders and Others: Gypsies and Identity |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqFBR50PPMC |year = 2008 |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-71-6 }}
* {{cite book |author = Werner Cohn |title = The Gypsies |url = http://www.wernercohn.com/Resources/The_Gypsies.pdf |year = 1973 |publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |isbn = 978-0-201-11362-4 }}
* {{cite report |last1=De Soto |first1=Hermine |last2=Beddies |first2=Sabine |last3=Gedeshi |first3=Ilir |title=Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion |place=Washington, DC |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2005 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/1a560799-6e27-59e8-9e92-aae74c6d3a11}}
* {{cite book |last = Fonseca |first = Isabel |title = Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey |url = https://archive.org/details/burymestandinggy00fons |url-access = registration |place = New York |publisher = AA Knopf |year = 1995 |isbn = 978-0-679-40678-5 }}
* {{cite book |author1 = V. Glajar |author2 = D. Radulescu |title = Gypsies in European Literature and Culture |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LZDFAAAAQBAJ |year = 2008 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn = 978-0-230-61163-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Gray |first1 = RD |last2 = Atkinson |first2 = QD |year = 2003 |title = Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin |journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi = 10.1038/nature02029 |volume = 426 |issue = 6965 |pages = 435–439 |pmid = 14647380 |bibcode = 2003Natur.426..435G |title-link = Indo-European languages |s2cid = 42340 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gresham |first1=David |last2=Morar |first2=Bharti |last3=Underhill |first3=Peter A. |last4=Passarino |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Lin |first5=Alice A. |last6=Wise |first6=Cheryl |last7=Angelicheva |first7=Dora |last8=Calafell |first8=Francesc |last9=Oefner |first9=Peter J. |last10=Shen |first10=Peidong |last11=Tournev |first11=Ivailo |last12=de Pablo |first12=Rosario |last13=Kuĉinskas |first13=Vaidutis |last14=Perez-Lezaun |first14=Anna |last15=Marushiakova |first15=Elena |last16=Popov |first16=Vesselin |last17=Kalaydjieva |first17=Luba |title=Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 2001 |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1314–1331 |doi=10.1086/324681 |pmid=11704928 |pmc=1235543 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Jobling |first3=Mark A |last4=Angelicheva |first4=Dora |last5=de Knijff |first5=Peter |last6=Rosser |first6=ZoëH |last7=Hurles |first7=Matthew E |last8=Underhill |first8=Peter |last9=Tournev |first9=Ivailo |last10=Marushiakova |first10=Elena |last11=Popov |first11=Vesselin |title=Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2001 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 |pmid=11313742 |s2cid = 21432405 |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |last = Ringold |first = Dena |title = Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: Trends & Challenges |place = Washington, DC |publisher = World Bank |year = 2000 }}.
* {{citation |last = Turner |first = Ralph L |year = 1926 |title = The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan |journal = Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society |series = 3rd |volume = 5 |number = 4 |pages = 145–188 }}
* {{cite book |last = McDowell |first = Bart |title = Gypsies, wanderers of the world |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0heTAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher = National Geographic Society. Special Publications Division |isbn = 978-0-87044-088-5 }}
* Sancar Seckiner's comprehensible book South (Güney), 2013, consists of 12 article and essays. One of them, ''Ikiçeşmelik'', highlights Turkish Romani life. Ref. {{ISBN|978-605-4579-45-7}}.
* Sancar Seckiner' s new book ''Thilda's House'' (Thilda'nın Evi), 2017, underlines the struggle of the Romani in Istanbul who have been swept away from nearby Kadikoy. Ref. {{ISBN|978-605-4160-88-4}}.
* {{cite book |author = Radenez Julien |title = Recherches sur l'histoire des Tsiganes |year=2014 |url = http://www.youscribe.com/catalogue/tous/savoirs/recherches-sur-l-histoire-des-tsiganes-2754759 }}
* {{Citation |last = Auzias |first = Claire |title = Les funambules de l'histoire |place = Baye |publisher=La Digitale |edition = Éditions la Digitale |year = 2002 |language = fr }}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Romani people}}
{{Wikiquote}}
'''European countries Roma links'''
* {{cite web | title=European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture (ERIAC) | url=https://eriac.org}}
* {{Citation |url = http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html |title = History the Roma and Sinti in Germany }}.
* {{Citation |place = [[Austria|AT]] |chapter-url = http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction |title = History of the Roma in Austria |chapter = General introduction |publisher = Uni Graz |access-date = 28 October 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162020/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction }}.
* {{cite web |title=History of the Roma in Czech Republic |url=http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131028133534/http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/ |archive-date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Rommuz |place=CZ}}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation |title=Deportation |publisher=Romas Inti |place=EU |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215131049/http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation |url-status=dead }}. History of some Roma Europeans
* {{Citation |title=Gypsies in France, 1566–2011 |url= http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm |publisher=FYI France |access-date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519025317/http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm |archive-date=19 May 2011}}; The concentration, labor, ghetto camps that the Roma were persecuted in during World War II
* {{Citation |url = http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3 |title = Auschwitz |access-date = 28 October 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120506023540/http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3 |archive-date = 6 May 2012 }}.
* {{Citation |contribution=Hodonin |contribution-url=http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin |title=History: Camps |publisher=Holocaus |place=CZ}}.
* {{Citation |url = http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx |title = History |publisher = Lety memorial |place = CZ |access-date = 28 October 2013 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326075119/http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx }}.
* {{cite web |url = http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071226015809/http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |archive-date=26 December 2007 |publisher = European Parliament |type = resolution |title = The situation of the Roma in the European Union |date = 28 April 2005 }}.
* {{cite web |url = https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=962605&Site=COE |title = Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and travellers in Europe |publisher = The European Commissioner for [[Human rights]] ([[Council of Europe]]) |date = 15 February 2006 }}.
* Shot in remote areas of the Thar desert in west India, {{YouTube|Zirn1H4vE0Y|Jaisalmer Ayo: Gateway of the Gypsies}} captures the lives of vanishing nomadic communities who are believed to share common ancestors with the Roma people{{snd}} released 2004
'''General information'''
* {{cite web | title=RomArchive | language=en, de, rom | url=https://romarchive.eu}} — education on the arts and civil rights movements
* {{cite web | title=Romani Atlantic | url=https://www.romaniatlantic.cz}} — transcontinental perspective
'''International organisations'''
* {{citation |url = https://www.osce.org/odihr/17554 |title = Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area }}.
'''Non-governmental organisations'''
* {{citation |url = http://www.errc.org/ |title = European Roma Rights Centre }}.
* {{citation |url = http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/ |title = The Gypsy Lore Society }}. Beginning in [https://historydaily.org/60-vintage-photos-from-forgotten-moments-in-history/24 1888], the [[Gypsy Lore Society]] started to publish a journal that was meant to dispel rumors about their lifestyle.
'''Museums and libraries'''
* {{citation |title = Museum of Romani Culture |place = [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic|CZ]] |language = cs |url = http://www.rommuz.cz/ }}.
* {{citation |title=Studii romani |type=specialized library with archive |place=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria|BG]] |url=http://www.studiiromani.org/ |access-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821022409/http://www.studiiromani.org/ |archive-date=21 August 2006}}.
* {{citation |title=Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma |place=[[Heidelberg]], [[Germany|DE]] |url=http://www.sintiundroma.de/content/index.php?sID=2&navID=0&tID=0&aID=0}}.
* {{citation |url=http://www.muzeum.tarnow.pl/ |title=Ethnographic Museum |place=[[Tarnów]], [[Poland|PL]] |language=pl}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.balkanproject.org/roma/index.shtml |title=Who we Were, Who we Are: Kosovo Roma Oral History Collection |date=March 2004 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517115645/http://balkanproject.org/roma/index.shtml |url-status=dead }} The most comprehensive collection of information on [[Kosovo]]'s Roma in existence.
'''Internet Visual Media'''
* Inaugural Romani Studies Conference at UC Berkeley: [http://www.youtube.com/@babeuflives YouTube]
* Florian: [http://www.youtube.com/@florida.florian YouTube] [http://www.tiktok.com/@florida.florian TikTok] - Romani YouTuber & TikToker whose material covers Roma culture, history, and civil rights
{{Romani topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Romani people| ]]
[[Category:Romani| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in North Africa]]
[[Category:Stateless nationalism]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -165,5 +165,5 @@
{{Romani people}}
-The '''Romani''', also spelled '''Romany''' or '''Rromani''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROH|mə|nee}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee}}) and colloquially known as the '''Roma''' ({{singular}}: '''Rom'''), are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=2022-11-08 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=2023-08-07 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse |language=en-US |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=2022-11-05 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}}</ref> who traditionally lived a [[Nomad|nomadic]], [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]] lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in particular the region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ |title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.}}|{{harvp|Hancock|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20 xx]|ps=: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}|{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=8 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147]}}|{{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49 |title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora |date=2012-05-24 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |pages=49 |language=en}}|{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=260 |language=en}}}}</ref> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred {{circa|1000 CE}}.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=9|ps=: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'}}<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Matras|author-first=Yaron|author-link=Yaron Matras|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith|chapter=Romani|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|year=2005|edition=2|chapter-url=https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-08-054784-8|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|title=Roma|page=297|location=United Kingdom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC}}</ref> Their original name is from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang-sa|डोम|ḍoma|label=none}} and means a member of the [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables' |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community| isbn=978-81-85880-70-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community | last1=Sharma | first1=Rama | date=28 January 1995 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref> The Roma population moved west into the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and later into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |title=Migrations of the Romani People}}</ref> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |page=xxxvii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5}}</ref> Although they are [[Romani diaspora|widely dispersed]], their most concentrated populations are located in [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Turkey]].
+The Fuc'''k Heads''', also spelled '''Scammers''' or '''Walletstealers''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROH|mə|nee}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee}}) and colloquially known as the '''Niggers''' ({{singular}}: '''Nigger'''), are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=2022-11-08 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=2023-08-07 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse |language=en-US |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=2022-11-05 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}}</ref> who traditionally lived a [[Nomad|nomadic]], [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]] lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in particular the region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ |title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.}}|{{harvp|Hancock|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20 xx]|ps=: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}|{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=8 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147]}}|{{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49 |title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora |date=2012-05-24 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |pages=49 |language=en}}|{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=260 |language=en}}}}</ref> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred {{circa|1000 CE}}.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=9|ps=: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'}}<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Matras|author-first=Yaron|author-link=Yaron Matras|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith|chapter=Romani|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|year=2005|edition=2|chapter-url=https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-08-054784-8|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|title=Roma|page=297|location=United Kingdom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC}}</ref> Their original name is from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang-sa|डोम|ḍoma|label=none}} and means a member of the [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables' |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community| isbn=978-81-85880-70-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community | last1=Sharma | first1=Rama | date=28 January 1995 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref> The Roma population moved west into the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and later into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |title=Migrations of the Romani People}}</ref> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |page=xxxvii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5}}</ref> Although they are [[Romani diaspora|widely dispersed]], their most concentrated populations are located in [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Turkey]].
In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] '''Gypsies''' or '''Gipsies''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gipsies |volume=12 |pages=37–43 |first=Moses |last=Gaster}}</ref> which most Roma consider a [[list of ethnic slurs|racial slur]].<ref name="Randall">{{cite web |last=Randall |first=Kay |title=What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group |url=http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205135317/http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html |archive-date=5 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bambauer |first=Nikki |title=The Plight of the Romani People-Europe's Most Persecuted Minority |publisher=JFCS Holocaust Center |url=https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/plight-romani-people/ |date=August 2, 2018 |quote=The Romani people are frequently referred to as "gypsies," but many of them consider this exonym a derogatory term.}}</ref> The attendees of the first [[World Romani Congress]] in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Romani, including "Gypsy".<ref name="pickering">{{cite web |last=Pickering |title=The Romani |year=2010 |publisher=[[Northern Michigan University]] |url=https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2021 |page=1 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524174552/https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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0 => 'The Fuc'''k Heads''', also spelled '''Scammers''' or '''Walletstealers''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROH|mə|nee}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee}}) and colloquially known as the '''Niggers''' ({{singular}}: '''Nigger'''), are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=2022-11-08 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=2023-08-07 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse |language=en-US |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=2022-11-05 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}}</ref> who traditionally lived a [[Nomad|nomadic]], [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]] lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in particular the region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ |title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.}}|{{harvp|Hancock|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20 xx]|ps=: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}|{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=8 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147]}}|{{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49 |title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora |date=2012-05-24 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |pages=49 |language=en}}|{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=260 |language=en}}}}</ref> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred {{circa|1000 CE}}.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=9|ps=: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'}}<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Matras|author-first=Yaron|author-link=Yaron Matras|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith|chapter=Romani|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|year=2005|edition=2|chapter-url=https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-08-054784-8|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|title=Roma|page=297|location=United Kingdom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC}}</ref> Their original name is from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang-sa|डोम|ḍoma|label=none}} and means a member of the [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables' |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community| isbn=978-81-85880-70-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community | last1=Sharma | first1=Rama | date=28 January 1995 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref> The Roma population moved west into the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and later into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |title=Migrations of the Romani People}}</ref> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |page=xxxvii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5}}</ref> Although they are [[Romani diaspora|widely dispersed]], their most concentrated populations are located in [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Turkey]].'
] |
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0 => 'The '''Romani''', also spelled '''Romany''' or '''Rromani''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROH|mə|nee}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}} {{respell|ROM|ə|nee}}) and colloquially known as the '''Roma''' ({{singular}}: '''Rom'''), are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Comas |first5=David |date=2022-11-08 |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |journal=Genes |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9690732 |pmid=36360305 |quote=Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]{{nbsp}}[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernández-Arrieta |first=Stefany |date=2023-08-07 |title=The definition of being Romani |url=https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse |language=en-US |quote=This population{{nbsp}}[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago{{nbsp}}[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beňo |first=Matúš |date=2022-11-05 |title=Romani disappearing from Roma communities |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en |quote=What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.}}</ref> who traditionally lived a [[Nomad|nomadic]], [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]] lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in particular the region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite book |last=Marinov |first=Aleksandar G. |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ |title=Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-362-2 |pages=31 |language=en |quote=It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.}}|{{harvp|Hancock|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20 xx]|ps=: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}|{{cite book |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |access-date=8 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-85828-635-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147]}}|{{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49 |title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora |date=2012-05-24 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530094-9 |pages=49 |language=en}}|{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016-08-08 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=260 |language=en}}}}</ref> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred {{circa|1000 CE}}.{{sfn|Hancock|2002|p=9|ps=: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'}}<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Matras|author-first=Yaron|author-link=Yaron Matras|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Keith|chapter=Romani|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|year=2005|edition=2|chapter-url=https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-08-054784-8|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|title=Roma|page=297|location=United Kingdom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-303-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC}}</ref> Their original name is from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang-sa|डोम|ḍoma|label=none}} and means a member of the [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables' |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community| isbn=978-81-85880-70-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community | last1=Sharma | first1=Rama | date=28 January 1995 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref> The Roma population moved west into the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and later into the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="University of Hertfordshire Press">{{cite book |title=The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers |first1=Ian |last1=Hancock |first2=Siobhan |last2=Dowd |first3=Rajko |last3=Djurić |year=2004 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |location=Hatfield, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-900458-90-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf |title=Migrations of the Romani People}}</ref> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=5 July 2007 |page=xxxvii |isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5}}</ref> Although they are [[Romani diaspora|widely dispersed]], their most concentrated populations are located in [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], and [[Turkey]].'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Romani (disambiguation)">Romani (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gypsy", "Gypsies", "Gipsy", and "Gipsies" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gypsy (disambiguation)">Gypsy (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Romani flag</a> created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2–12 million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 estimated with Romani ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-7">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000 (0.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">750,000–1,500,000 (1.9–3.7%)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS-13">[12]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">569,500–1,850,000 (3.4–8.32%)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000–2,750,000 (3.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">325,343<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a></sup>–750,000 (4.9–10.3%)<sup id="cite_ref-NSI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSI-21">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">309,632<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a></sup>–870,000 (3.21–8.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-KSH_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH-24">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000–1,200,000 (0.21%)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-350000_en_France_en_2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350000_en_France_en_2010-27">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[d]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_Marsh_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_Marsh-31">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">225,000 (0.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">205,007<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–825,000 (0.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">147,604<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[f]</a></sup>–600,000 (2.1–8.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120,000–180,000 (0.3%)<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiacomo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiacomo-39">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111,000–300,000 (2.7%)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105,000 (0.1%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105,738<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[g]</a></sup>–490,000 (2.1–9.0%)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000-140,000 (3.62%-5.06%)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000–110,000<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">46,433 (2.53%)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000–100,000<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47,587<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[h]</a></sup>–260,000 (0.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52,000 (0.5%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minorityrights.org_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights.org-54">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000–50,000 (0.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36,000<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[i]</a></sup> (2%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,000–40,000 (0.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,049<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–32,500 (0.1%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[50]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,975<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–35,000 (0.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[51]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,850<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000–20,000<sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_Marsh_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_Marsh-31">[27]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,778<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–250,000 (3.0%–7.05%)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–12,000 est. (0.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,864<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–58,000 (1.5%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,649–8,000<sup id="cite_ref-Hazel_Marsh_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_Marsh-31">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,316<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–47,500 (0.5%)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[57]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,193<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–12,500 (0.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,255–80,000<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,251<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup>–20,000 (3.7%)<sup id="cite_ref-monstat1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monstat1-69">[60]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,199<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[j]</a></sup>–40,370<sup id="cite_ref-census_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-35">[e]</a></sup> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani speakers</a>)–250,000 (1.9%)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000–25,000<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,246<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,571<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,500<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,435<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000–35,000<sup id="cite_ref-immigration_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a> varieties, languages of native regions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly Christianity<sup id="cite_ref-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-77">[67]</a></sup><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-77">[67]</a></sup><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-77">[67]</a></sup><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani mythology</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (minority)<sup id="cite_ref-vish_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vish-78">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhal_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhal-79">[69]</a></sup><br /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (conversion through marriage to Jewish spouses)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorbati" title="Ghorbati">Ghorbati</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Doms</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_(caste)" title="Dom (caste)">Ḍoma</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a>; other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenlandroma" class="extiw" title="de:Burgenlandroma">Burgenland Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Romani_relations#Romani_Jews" title="Jewish–Romani relations"> Judeo-Romani</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale (Finnish Roma)</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale (Welsh Roma)</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawliya">Kawliya</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a>
</li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_New_Zealand" title="Romani people in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a>)
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">term</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scotland</a>)
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian-Slovak</a>)
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Venezuela">Venezuela</a>
</li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Fuc<b>k Heads</b>, also spelled <b>Scammers</b> or <b>Walletstealers</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROH</span>-mə-nee</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROM</span>-ə-nee</i></a>) and colloquially known as the <b>Niggers</b> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>Nigger</b>), are an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> origin<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a></sup> who traditionally lived a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">itinerant</a> lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, in particular the region of present-day <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a></sup> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock20029_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20029-85">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a></sup> Their original name is from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">डोम</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍoma</i></span> and means a member of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_(caste)" title="Dom (caste)">Dom</a> caste of travelling musicians and dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a></sup> The Roma population moved west into the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a> and later into the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press-90">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a></sup> The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a></sup> Although they are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">widely dispersed</a>, their most concentrated populations are located in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.
</p><p>In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> <b>Gypsies</b> or <b>Gipsies</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a></sup> which most Roma consider a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">racial slur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-94">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a></sup> The attendees of the first <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a> in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Romani, including "Gypsy".<sup id="cite_ref-pickering_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickering-96">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas. There are an estimated 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Roma in the United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-time_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-7">[6]</a></sup> and between 800,000 and 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a>, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from eastern Europe. Brazilian Romani are mostly descendant from German/Italian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> (in the South/Southeast regions), and Roma and Calon people. Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from Sinti and Roma deportees from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a></sup> In migrations since the late 19th century, Romani have also moved to other countries in South America and Canada. Though often confused with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenish_people" title="Yenish people">Yenish people</a> in western Europe, the Romani are culturally different.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland198614_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland198614-99">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> is an Indo-Aryan language with strong Balkan and Greek influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras20022240_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras20022240-101">[91]</a></sup> It is divided into several <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, which together are estimated to have more than two million speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239-102">[92]</a></sup> Because the language has traditionally been oral, many Romani are native speakers of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">dominant language</a> in their country of residence, or else of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a> combining the dominant language with a dialect of Romani in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> sometimes called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">para-Romani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Population_and_subgroups"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Population and subgroups</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Romani_populations"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Romani populations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Romani_subgroups"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Romani subgroups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Diaspora"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diaspora</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Shahnameh_legend"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Shahnameh</i> legend</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Linguistic_evidence"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Linguistic evidence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Genetic_evidence"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Genetic evidence</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Full_genome_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Full genome analysis</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Possible_migration_route"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Possible migration route</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Romani-language_endonyms"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Romani-language endonyms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#English-language_endonyms"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">English-language endonyms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Other_designations"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other designations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Arrival_in_Europe"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arrival in Europe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Early_modern_history"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Modern_history"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Modern history</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Post-1945"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Post-1945</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Society_and_traditional_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Society and traditional culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Belonging_and_exclusion"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Belonging and exclusion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Beliefs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Deities_and_saints"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Deities and saints</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#The_Balkans/Southeast_Europe"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Balkans/Southeast Europe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Other_regions"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other regions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Folklore"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Folklore</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Contemporary_art_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary art and culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Persecutions"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Persecutions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Historical_persecution"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical persecution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Forced_assimilation"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Forced assimilation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Porajmos_(Romani_Holocaust)"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Porajmos (Romani Holocaust)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Contemporary_issues"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary issues</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Forced_repatriation"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Forced repatriation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Organizations_and_projects"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Organizations and projects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Artistic_representations"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Artistic representations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_subgroups">Population and subgroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_populations">Romani populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a></sup> Many Romani refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for a variety of reasons, such as fear of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a></sup> Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who do not identify as Romani at all. Then, too, some countries do not collect data by ethnicity.
</p><p>Despite these challenges to getting an accurate picture of the Romani dispersal, there were an estimated 10 million in Europe (as of 2019),<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a></sup> although some Romani organizations have given earlier estimates as high as 14 million.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a></sup> Significant Romani populations are found in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, in some central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, there are an estimated 6 million Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>Outside Europe there may be several million more Romani, in particular in the Middle East and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-PanPfeil2003_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanPfeil2003-111">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_subgroups">Romani subgroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolme_romaninaista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/220px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/330px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/440px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Three <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Romani</a> women in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, in the 1930s</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Romani may identify as distinct ethnicities based in part on territorial, cultural and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> differences, and self-designation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock20012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20012-113">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras20025_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras20025-114">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Names_of_the_Romani_People_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Names_of_the_Romani_People-115">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>Like the Roma in general, many different <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonyms</a> are given to subgroups of Roma. Sometimes a subgroup uses more than one <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>, is commonly known by an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> or erroneously by the endonym of another subgroup. The only name approaching an all-encompassing self-description is <i>Rom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup> Even when subgroups do not use the name, they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy between themselves and <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">Gadjo</a></i> (non-Roma).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup> For instance, while the main group of Roma in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_German_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where German is an official language">German-speaking countries</a> refer to themselves as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>, their name for their original language is <i>Romanes</i>.
</p><p>Subgroups have been described as, in part, a result of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of <i>Rom</i> almost certainly experienced in their south Asian <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/220px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/330px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/440px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDebretc._1820" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Debret, Jean-Baptiste</a> (c. 1820), <i>Interior of a gipsy's house in Brazil</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+of+a+gipsy%27s+house+in+Brazil&rft.aulast=Debret&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_(8678055650).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg/220px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg/330px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg/440px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><i>Gypsies camping</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kalá</a> Roma near <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> in Wales, 1953</figcaption></figure>
<p>Many groups use names derived from the Romani word <i>kalo</i> or <i>calo</i>, meaning "black" or "absorbing all light". This closely resembles words for "black" or "dark" in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> काल <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)#Etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāla (time)"><i>kāla</i></a>: "black", "of a dark colour").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup> Likewise, the name of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domba" class="mw-redirect" title="Domba">Dom</a> or Domba people of north India—with whom the Roma have genetic,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a></sup> cultural and linguistic links—has come to imply "dark-skinned" in some Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a></sup> Hence, names such as <i>kale</i> and <i>calé</i> may have originated as an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> or a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for <i>Roma</i>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg/220px-Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg/330px-Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg/440px-Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> Roma in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0marca" title="Šmarca">Šmarca</a>, Slovenia, 1934</figcaption></figure>
<p>Other endonyms for Romani include, for example:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></i> (also <i>Erlides</i>, <i>Yerli</i>, meaning "local", from the Turkish word <i>Yerli</i>) in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Turkey to describe sedentary Muslim Roma.</li>
<li><i>Bashaldé</i> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Hungarian-Slovak</a> Roma diaspora in the US from the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></i> (also <i>Carpathian Roma</i>), Poland, mainly <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Goral</a> lands. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Romani people in Poland</a></div></li>
<li><i>Çerge</i> also <i>Čergarja</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomad</a>), Nomadic Lifestyle Muslim Roma in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Turkey.</li>
<li><i>Calé</i>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> used by both the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spanish Roma</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">gitanos</i></span>) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portuguese Roma</a> (<i>ciganos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-122">[112]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> is the language spoken by the Calé.</li>
<li><i>Dasikane</i> or <i>Daskane</i>, meaning "slaves" or "servants"; a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionym_and_confessionym" title="Religionym and confessionym">religionym and confessionym</a> for Orthodox Christian Roma in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></i> Shia Islam followers Roma people in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a></i> Muslim Roma in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>, Turkey and Balkans.</li>
<li><i>Horahane</i> or <i>Xoraxai</i>, also known as "Turkish Roma" or "Muslim Roma", a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionym_and_confessionym" title="Religionym and confessionym">religionym and confessionym</a> in the Balkans for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslim Romani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kaale</a></i>, in Finland and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-122">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Kale</a></i>, <i>Kalá</i>, or <i>Valshanange</i> – a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> endonym used by some Roma clans in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[k]</a></sup> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> also live in Wales.) Romani in Spain are also attributed to the Kale.<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS-13">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Lalleri</i>, from Austria, Germany, and the western <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (including the former <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a></i>, chiefly in Central Europe, speaking a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">dialect of Romani</a> influenced by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a></sup> known in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> as <i>Machvaya</i>, <i>Machavaya</i>, <i>Machwaya</i> or <i>Macwaia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></i>, in Central Asian countries.</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></i>, largest Romani subgroup in Poland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Romani people in Poland</a></div></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Rom</a></i> in Italy.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania"><i>Roma</i></a> in Romania, commonly known by ethnic Romanians as <i>țigani</i>, including many subgroups defined by occupation:
<ul><li><i>Argintari</i> "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Silversmiths">silversmiths</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-rom3_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rom3-129">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Aurari</i> "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-rom3_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rom3-129">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a></i>, also known as <i>Băieși</i>, <i>Lingurari</i>, <i>Ludar</i>, <i>Ludari</i>, or <i>Rudari</i>, who coalesced in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuseni_Mountains" title="Apuseni Mountains">Apuseni Mountains</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. <i>Băieși</i> is a Romanian word for "miners." <i>Lingurari</i> means "spoon makers",<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a></sup> and <i>Ludar</i> (sing.), <i>Ludari</i> (pl.), and <i>Rudari</i> may mean "woodworkers" or "miners".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a></sup> (There is a semantic overlap due to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a> or merging of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">lemmas</a> with different meanings from at least two languages: the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> <i>rudar</i> "miner", and <i>ruda</i> "stick", "staff", "rod", "bar", "pole" (in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <i>rúd</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a></sup> and in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <i>rudă</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Churari</i><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a></sup> (from Romanian <i>ciurari</i> "sieve-makers")</li>
<li><i>Colari</i> "carpet dealers"<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Florari</i> "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_seller" title="Flower seller">flower-sellers.</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-rom3_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rom3-129">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a></i>, from Romanian <i>căldărar</i>, literally "bucket-maker", meaning "kettle-maker", "tinsmith", "tinker"; also in Poland, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-rom3_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rom3-129">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a></i> "musicians" (lăută = <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-rom3_129-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rom3-129">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Ungaritza</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladesmith" title="Bladesmith">bladesmiths</a>).</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></i> "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_training#Wild_animals" title="Animal training">"dancing bears" trainers</a>" (from Romanian <i>urs</i> "bear").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Zlătari</i> "goldsmiths."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Roma">Roma</a></i> or <i>Romové</i>, Czech Republic.</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Roma">Roma</a></i> or <i>Rómovia</i>, Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a></i>, in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-122">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup> emigrated also to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in the United States">United States</a>, Canada and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers"><i>Romanisæl</i></a>, in Norway and Sweden.</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Romanlar</a></i>, Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma in Turkey, also called Çingene or Şopar, with all subgroups, who are named after their professions, like:
<ul><li><i>Cambazı</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trading</a>)</li>
<li><i>Sünnetçi</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumciser</a>)</li>
<li><i>Kuyumcu</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a>)</li>
<li><i>Subaşı</i> (soldier or butler)</li>
<li><i>Çiçekçi</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_seller" title="Flower seller">flower-seller</a>)</li>
<li><i>Sepetçi</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketmaker">basket-maker</a>)</li>
<li><i>Ayıcı</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear-leader" title="Bear-leader">bear-leader</a>)</li>
<li><i>Kalaycı</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">tinsmith</a>)</li>
<li><i>Müzisyen</i> (musician)</li>
<li><i>Şarkıcı</i> (singer)</li>
<li><i>Demirci</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>) etc., but the majority of Turkish Roma work as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_labor" title="Day labor">day laborers</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France"><i>Roms</i></a> or <i>Manouche</i> (from <i>manush</i>, "people" in Romani) in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romungro" class="mw-redirect" title="Romungro">Romungro</a></i> or Carpathian Romani from eastern Hungary and neighbouring parts of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians.</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Sepečides</i>, meaning "basket-maker"; Muslim Roma in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">West Thrace</a>, Greece.</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></i> or <i>Zinti</i>, predominantly in Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-122">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-140">[129]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>; <i>Sinti</i> do not refer to themselves as Roma, although their language is called <i>Romanes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117">[107]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zargari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zargari people">Zargari people</a></i>, Shia Muslim Roma in Iran, who once came from Rumelia/Southern Bulgaria from the Maritsa Valley in Ottoman times and settled in Persia.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates.<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004d77; color:white;"> </span> + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007fc6; color:black;"> </span> + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#48d0ff; color:black;"> </span> + 10,000</div></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Roma people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma, who reached <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> about the early 12th century from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-142">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló, and, in the 19th and later centuries, to the Americas. The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[l]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Brazil, the Romani are mainly called <i>ciganos</i> by non-Romani Brazilians. Most of them belong to the ethnic subgroup <i>Calés</i> (Kale) of the Iberian peninsula. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>, Brazil's president from 1956 to 1961, was 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a>, the last president of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a> (1926–1930), had <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Kale</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>Persecution against the Romani has led to many of the cultural practices being extinguished, hidden or modified to survive in a country that has excluded them ethnically and culturally. The very common carnivals throughout Brazil are one of the few spaces in which the Romani can still express their cultural traditions, including the so-called "carnival wedding" in which a boy is disguised as a bride and the famous "Romaní dance", picturesquely simulated with the women of the town parading in their traditional attire.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a></div>
<p>Genetic findings suggest an Indian origin for Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-142">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a></sup> Because Romani groups did not keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most hypotheses about early Romani migration are based on linguistic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a></sup> There is also no known record of Romani migration from India to Europe from medieval times that can be connected indisputably to Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras200214_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras200214-148">[136]</a></sup>
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<p>According to a legend reported in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> epic poem, the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> king <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahrām V Gōr</a> learned towards the end of his reign (421–439) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and so he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">luris</a></i>, lute-playing experts. When the <i>luris</i> arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox, a donkey, and a donkey-load of wheat so they could live on agriculture and play music for free for the poor. However, the <i>luris</i> ate the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks hollowed by hunger. The king, angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags and go wandering around the world on their donkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-GYPSY_i_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GYPSY_i-149">[137]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_evidence">Linguistic evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-mluvnice_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mluvnice-150">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Romani and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> share some similarities: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> of postpositions of the second layer (or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marking">case-marking</a> clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras200248_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras200248-151">[139]</a></sup> This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be a "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent—but later research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">central zone</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom, therefore, likely descend from two migration waves from India separated by several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Domari_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domari-152">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ROMANI_ORIGINS_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROMANI_ORIGINS-153">[141]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, the Romani language shares several isoglosses with the Central branch of Indo-Aryan languages, especially in the realization of some sounds of the Old Indo-Aryan. However, it also preserves several dental clusters. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the theory of their Central Indian origin and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Though the retention of dental clusters suggests a break from central languages during the transition from Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, the overall morphology suggests that the language participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#New_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">New Indo-Aryan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-154">[142]</a></sup>
The following table presents the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomavren" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomavren">Lomavren</a> languages, with the corresponding terms in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> to demonstrate the similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a></sup> Note that the Romani numerals 7 through 9 have been borrowed from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a>.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Languages</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Numbers</div>
</th>
<th>Romani
</th>
<th>Domari
</th>
<th>Lomavren
</th>
<th>Sanskrit
</th>
<th>Hindi
</th>
<th>Odia
</th>
<th>Sinhala
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td>ekh, jekh
</td>
<td>yika
</td>
<td>yak, yek
</td>
<td>éka
</td>
<td>ēk
</td>
<td>ēkå
</td>
<td>eka
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2
</td>
<td>duj
</td>
<td>dī
</td>
<td>lui
</td>
<td>dvá
</td>
<td>dō
</td>
<td>dui
</td>
<td>deka
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3
</td>
<td>trin
</td>
<td>tærən
</td>
<td>tərin
</td>
<td>trí
</td>
<td>tīn
</td>
<td>tini
</td>
<td>thuna/thri
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4
</td>
<td>štar
</td>
<td>štar
</td>
<td>išdör
</td>
<td>catvā́raḥ
</td>
<td>cār
</td>
<td>cāri
</td>
<td>hathara/sathara
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5
</td>
<td>pandž
</td>
<td>pandž
</td>
<td>pendž
</td>
<td>páñca
</td>
<td>pā̃c
</td>
<td>pāñcå
</td>
<td>paha
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6
</td>
<td>šov
</td>
<td>šaš
</td>
<td>šeš
</td>
<td>ṣáṭ
</td>
<td>chaḥ
</td>
<td>chåå
</td>
<td>haya/saya   
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7
</td>
<td>ifta
</td>
<td>xaut
</td>
<td>haft
</td>
<td>saptá
</td>
<td>sāt
</td>
<td>sātå
</td>
<td>hata/satha
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8
</td>
<td>oxto
</td>
<td>xaišt
</td>
<td>hašt
</td>
<td>aṣṭá
</td>
<td>āṭh
</td>
<td>āṭhå
</td>
<td>ata
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9
</td>
<td>inja
</td>
<td>na
</td>
<td>nu
</td>
<td>náva
</td>
<td>nau
</td>
<td>nåå
</td>
<td>nawaya
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10
</td>
<td>deš
</td>
<td>des
</td>
<td>las
</td>
<td>dáśa
</td>
<td>das
</td>
<td>dåśå
</td>
<td>dahaya
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20
</td>
<td>biš
</td>
<td>wīs
</td>
<td>vist
</td>
<td>viṃśatí
</td>
<td>bīs
</td>
<td>kōṛiē
</td>
<td>wissa
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>100
</td>
<td>šel
</td>
<td>saj
</td>
<td>saj
</td>
<td>śatá
</td>
<td>sau
</td>
<td>såhē
</td>
<td>siiya/shathakaya
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_evidence">Genetic evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg/170px-Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg/255px-Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg/340px-Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption><i>Two Gypsies</i> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Iturrino" title="Francisco Iturrino">Francisco Iturrino</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-142">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[144]</a></sup> According to the study, the ancestors of present <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">scheduled caste and scheduled tribe</a> populations of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>, traditionally referred to collectively as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_(caste)" title="Dom (caste)">Ḍoma</a>, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2012, additional findings appeared to confirm that the "Roma came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago".<sup id="cite_ref-Comas_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-142">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a></sup> They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141">[130]</a></sup> and then spread throughout Europe. The team also found that the Roma displayed genetic isolation, as well as "differential gene flow in time and space with non-Romani Europeans".<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_142-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-142">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>Genetic research published in the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a></i> "has revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-161">[149]</a></sup>
</p><p>Genetic evidence supports the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> migration from India. The Romani have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-140">[129]</a></sup> while a number of common <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mendelian_traits_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mendelian traits in humans">Mendelian</a> disorders among Roma from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-140">[129]</a></sup> A 2020 whole-genome study confirmed the northwest Indian origins, and also confirmed substantial Balkan and Middle Eastern ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<sup id="cite_ref-David_Gresham_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-163">[151]</a></sup> The same study found that "a single lineage... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males".<sup id="cite_ref-David_Gresham_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-163">[151]</a></sup> A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<sup id="cite_ref-Morar2004_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morar2004-164">[152]</a></sup>
</p><p>Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a> group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-Pericic2005_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-165">[153]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup H</a> is uncommon in Europe but present in the Indian subcontinent and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.
</p><p>A study of 444 people representing three ethnic groups in North Macedonia found mtDNA haplogroups M5a1 and H7a1a were dominant in Romanies (13.7% and 10.3%, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>Y-DNA composition of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslim Romani</a> from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality" title="Šuto Orizari Municipality">Šuto Orizari Municipality</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, based on 57 samples:<sup id="cite_ref-Pericic2005_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-165">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup H</a> – 59.6%</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup E</a> – 29.8%</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup I</a> – 5.3%</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup R</a> – 3.%, of which the half are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> and many are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup G</a> – 1.8%</li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg/220px-Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg/330px-Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg/440px-Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Roma</a> makes a complaint to a local magistrate in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Bihari" title="Sándor Bihari">Sándor Bihari</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure>
<p>Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Romani at frequencies 7–70%. Unlike ethnic Hungarians, among Hungarian and Slovakian Romani subpopulations <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68" title="Haplogroup E-V68">Haplogroup E-M78</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1">I1</a> usually occur above 10% and sometimes over 20%, while among Slovakian and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszavasvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiszavasvari">Tiszavasvari</a> Romani, the dominant haplogroup is H1a; among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a> Romani it is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J2">Haplogroup J2a</a> (23%); and among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktahark%C3%A1ny" title="Taktaharkány">Taktaharkány</a> Romani, it is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">Haplogroup I2a</a> (21%).<sup id="cite_ref-s009.radikal.ru_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s009.radikal.ru-167">[155]</a></sup>
</p><p>Five rather consistent founder lineages throughout the subpopulations were found among Romani – J-M67 and J-M92 (J2), H-M52 (H1a1), and I-P259 (I1). Haplogroup I-P259 as H is not found at frequencies of over 3% among host populations, while haplogroups E and I are absent in south Asia. The lineages E-V13, I-P37 (I2a) and R-M17 (R1a) may represent gene flow from the host populations. Bulgarian, Romanian and Greek Romani are dominated by Haplogroup H-M82 (H1a1), while among Spanish Romani J2 is prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-168">[156]</a></sup> In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> Romani Haplogroup H prevails, while among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> Romani, H drops to 7 percent and E-V13 rises to a prevailing level.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among non-Roma Europeans, Haplogroup H is extremely rare, peaking at 7% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[158]</a></sup> and 11% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks#Genetic_origins" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a>. It occurs at 5% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-s009.radikal.ru_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s009.radikal.ru-167">[155]</a></sup> although the carriers might be of Romani origin.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-168">[156]</a></sup> Among non-Roma-speaking Europeans, it occurs at 2% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Petrejcíková_et_al_2010_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrejcíková_et_al_2010-171">[159]</a></sup> 2% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a></sup> 1% among Macedonians from Skopje, 3% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Albanians">Macedonian Albanians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a></sup> 1% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pericic2005_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-165">[153]</a></sup> 3% among Bulgarians from Sofia,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a></sup> 1% among Austrians and Swiss,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a></sup> 3% among Romanians from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, and 1% among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrejcíková_et_al_2010_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrejcíková_et_al_2010-171">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Ottoman occupation of the Balkans also left a significant genetic mark on the Y-DNA of the Romani there, creating a higher frequency of Haplogroups J and E3b in Roma populations from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full_genome_analysis">Full genome analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haplogroup_H_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Haplogroup_H_map.png/220px-Haplogroup_H_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Haplogroup_H_map.png/330px-Haplogroup_H_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Haplogroup_H_map.png/440px-Haplogroup_H_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The most common paternal haplogroup among Romani is the South Asian Y-chromosome H, most commonly found among <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pericic2005_165-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-165">[153]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>A full genome autosomal DNA study on 186 Roma samples from Europe in 2019 found that modern Roma people are characterized by a common <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">south Asian</a> origin and a complex admixture from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a>, Middle East, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>-derived ancestries. The autosomal genetic data links the proto-Roma to groups in northwest India (specifically <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> samples), as well as, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian-speaking</a> groups in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southeastern India</a> (specifically <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irula</a>). The paternal lineages of Roma are most common in southern and central India among Dravidian-speaking populations. The authors argue that this may point to a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> among the early Romani during their ethnogenesis or shortly after they migrated out of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, they theorized of a possible low-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a>) origin for the Proto-Roma, since they were genetically closer to the Punjabi cluster that lacks a common marker characteristic of high castes, which is West Euroasian admixing.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[165]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_migration_route">Possible migration route</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/300px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/450px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/600px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The migration of the Roma through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Romani may have emerged from what is the modern Indian state of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, migrating to the northwest (the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>) around 250 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinov2019_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinov2019-178">[166]</a></sup> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Comas_142-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-142">[131]</a></sup>
It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press-90">[80]</a></sup> The author <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Ralph Lilley Turner</a> theorised a central Indian origin of Romani followed by a migration to northwest India as it shares a number of ancient <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">central Indo-Aryan languages</a> in relation to realization of some sounds of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Old_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Old Indo-Aryan</a>. This is lent further credence by its sharing exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> through the adoption of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">enclitic</a> pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#New_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">New Indo-Aryan languages</a>, thus indicating that the proto-Romani did not leave the Indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-154">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first Romani people are believed to have arrived in Europe via the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the 13th or 14th century. Romani people began migrating to other parts of the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-180">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-181">[169]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Indian Minister of External Affairs</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[170]</a></sup> The conference ended with a recommendation to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a> to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diaspora_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diaspora-183">[171]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani-language_endonyms">Romani-language endonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><i>Rom</i> literally means husband in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[173]</a></sup> with the plural <i>Roma</i>. The feminine of <i>Rom</i> in the Romani language is <i>Romni/Romli/Romnije or Romlije</i>. However, in most cases, in other languages <i>Rom</i> is now used for individuals regardless of gender.<sup id="cite_ref-words_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-words-186">[174]</a></sup> It has the variants <i>dom</i> and <i>lom</i>, which may be related to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> words <i>dam-pati</i> (lord of the house, husband), <i>dama</i> (to subdue), <i>lom</i> (hair), <i>lomaka</i> (hairy), <i>loman</i>, <i>roman</i> (hairy), <i>romaça</i> (man with beard and long hair).<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[175]</a></sup> Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doms">doma</a></i> (member of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">low caste</a> of travelling musicians and dancers). Despite their presence in the country and neighboring nations, the word is not related in any way to the name of Romania.
</p><p><i>Romani</i> is the feminine adjective, while <i>Romano</i> is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use <i>Rom</i> or <i>Roma</i> as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-description for the entire ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix-188">[176]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sometimes, <i>rom</i> and <i>romani</i> are spelled with a double <i>r</i>, i.e., <i>rrom</i> and <i>rromani</i>. In this case <i>rr</i> is used to represent the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʀ/</span></a> (also written as <i>ř</i> and <i>rh</i>), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single <i>r</i>. The <i>rr</i> spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">INALCO Institute</a> in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g., Romania, to distinguish from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>/<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonym</a> for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (<i>sg. român, pl. români</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi-189">[177]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Norway, <i>Romani</i> is used exclusively for an older <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a>-speaking population (which arrived in the 16th century) while <i>Rom/Romanes</i> is used to describe <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a>-speaking groups which have arrived since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[178]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-language_endonyms">English-language endonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsy_wagon,_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gypsy_wagon%2C_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg/220px-Gypsy_wagon%2C_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gypsy_wagon%2C_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg/330px-Gypsy_wagon%2C_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gypsy_wagon%2C_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg/440px-Gypsy_wagon%2C_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>A Romani wagon pictured in 2009 in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandborough" title="Grandborough">Grandborough</a> Fields in Warwickshire. Grandborough Fields Road is a popular spot for travelling people.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the English language (according to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>), <i>Rom</i> is both a noun (with the plural <i>Roma</i> or <i>Roms</i>) and an adjective. Similarly, <i>Romani</i> (<i>Romany</i>) is both a noun (with the plural <i>Romani</i>, <i>the Romani</i>, <i>Romanies</i>, or <i>Romanis</i>) and an adjective. Both <i>Rom</i> and <i>Romani</i> have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for <i>Gypsy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a></sup> <i>Romani</i> was sometimes spelled <i>Rommany</i>, but more often <i>Romany</i>, while today <i>Romani</i> is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double <i>r</i> spelling (e.g., <i>Rroma</i>, <i>Rromani</i>) mentioned above is also encountered in English texts.
</p><p>The term <i>Roma</i> is increasingly encountered<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a></sup> as a generic term for the Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garner_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner-195">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because not all Romani use the word <i>Romani</i> as an adjective, the term became a noun for the entire ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xx_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xx-197">[185]</a></sup> Today, the term <i>Romani</i> is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi-189">[177]</a></sup> However, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and other organizations consider that <i>Roma</i> is the correct term referring to all related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend that <i>Romani</i> be restricted to the language and culture: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-words_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-words-186">[174]</a></sup> The United Kingdom government uses the term "Roma" as a sub-group of "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>" in its ethnic classification system.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p>The standard assumption is that the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> of the Romani, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, share the same origin.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_designations">Other designations</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png/220px-Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png/330px-Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png/440px-Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="4028" /></a><figcaption>"Visiting Gipsies", article from Australian newspaper, <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australasian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australasian">The Australasian</a></i>, 1898</figcaption></figure>
<p>The English term <i>Gypsy</i> (or <i>Gipsy</i>) originates from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>gypcian</i>, short for <i>Egipcien</i>. The Spanish term <i>Gitano</i> and French <i>Gitan</i> have similar etymologies. They are ultimately derived from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αιγύπτιοι</span></span> (<i>Aigyptioi</i>), meaning Egyptian, via <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. This designation owes its existence to the belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Romani, or some related group (such as the middle eastern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom people</a>), were itinerant Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-Soulis_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soulis-201">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_1999_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1999-202">[190]</a></sup> This belief appears to be derived from verses in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (29: 6 and 12–13) which refer to the Egyptians being scattered among the nations by an angry God. According to one narrative, they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for allegedly harbouring the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">infant Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1992_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1992-203">[191]</a></sup> In his book <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zincali" title="The Zincali">The Zincali: an account of the Gypsies of Spain</a></i>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Borrow" title="George Borrow">George Borrow</a> notes that when they first appeared in Germany, it was under the character of Egyptians doing penance for their having refused hospitality to Mary and her son. As described in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s novel <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i>, the medieval French referred to the Romanies as <i>Egyptiens</i>.
</p><p>This <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[192]</a></sup> However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative and stereotypical associations.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner-195">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[193]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RomaReport_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomaReport-207">[195]</a></sup> The Council of Europe consider that "Gypsy" or equivalent terms, as well as administrative terms such as "Gens du Voyage" are not in line with European recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-words_186-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-words-186">[174]</a></sup> In Britain, many Romani proudly identify as "Gypsies",<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a></sup> and, as part of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller grouping, this is the name used to describe all para-Romani groups in official contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_gov_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk_gov-209">[197]</a></sup> In North America, the word <i>Gypsy</i> is most commonly used as a reference to Romani ethnicity, though lifestyle and fashion are at times also referenced by using this word.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[198]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another designation of the Romani is <i>Cingane</i> (alt. Çingene, Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner, Tschingaren), likely deriving from the Persian word <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چنگانه</span></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">chingane</i></span>), derived from the Turkic word <span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">çıgañ</i></span>, meaning poor person.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[199]</a></sup> It is also possible that the origin of this word is <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></i>, the name of a Christian sect with whom the Romani (or some related group) could have become associated in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-White_1999_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_1999-202">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Starr_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-212">[200]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Romani_history" title="Timeline of Romani history">Timeline of Romani history</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_in_Europe">Arrival in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>According to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans as early as the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141">[130]</a></sup> A document of 1068, describing an event in Constantinople, mentions "Atsingani", probably referring to Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-THiM_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THiM-215">[203]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later historical records of the Romani reaching southeastern Europe are from the 14th century: in 1322, after leaving Ireland on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Irish <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friar <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symon_Semeonis" title="Symon Semeonis">Symon Semeonis</a> encountered a migrant group of Romani outside the town of Candia (modern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>), in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, calling them "the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">descendants</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>"; his account is the earliest surviving description by a western chronicler of the Romani in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1350, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolph_of_Saxony" title="Ludolph of Saxony">Ludolph of Saxony</a> mentioned a similar people with a unique language whom he called <i>Mandapolos</i>, a word possibly derived from the Greek word <i>mantes</i> (meaning prophet or fortune teller).<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 14th century, Romani are recorded in Venetian territories, including <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methoni</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a> in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, and Corfu.<sup id="cite_ref-THiM_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THiM-215">[203]</a></sup> Around 1360, a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> called the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum" title="Feudum Acinganorum">Feudum Acinganorum</a></i> was established in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, which mainly used Romani serfs and to which the Romani on the island were subservient.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the 1440s, they were recorded in Germany;<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a></sup> and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a></sup> Some Romani migrated from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> through north Africa, reaching the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 15th century. The two currents met in France.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg/170px-Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg/255px-Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg/340px-Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>First arrival of the Romanies outside <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> in the 15th century, described by the chronicler as <i>getoufte heiden</i> ("baptized heathens") and wearing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a>-style clothing and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg/170px-Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg/255px-Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg/340px-Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Gypsy Family in Prison</i>, 1864 painting by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl d´Unker">Carl d´Unker</a>. An actual imprisoned family in Germany served as the models. The reason for their imprisonment remains unknown.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, they were issued safe conduct by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund</a> in 1417. Roma were ordered expelled from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Meissen region</a> of Germany in 1416, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> in 1471, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1493, France in 1504, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in 1512, Sweden in 1525, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in 1530 (see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530" title="Egyptians Act 1530">Egyptians Act 1530</a>), and Denmark in 1536. From 1510 onwards, any Romani found in Switzerland were to be executed; while in England (beginning in 1554) and Denmark (beginning of 1589) any Romani which did not leave within a month were to be executed. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> began deportations of Roma to its <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonies</a> in 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-kenrick_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenrick-223">[211]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 1596 English statute gave Roma special privileges that other wanderers lacked. France passed a similar law in 1683. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine the Great of Russia</a> declared the Roma "crown slaves" (a status superior to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a>), but also kept them out of certain parts of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg, Russia">the capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388-224">[212]</a></sup> In 1595, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_R%C4%83zvan" title="Ștefan Răzvan">Ștefan Răzvan</a> overcame his birth into slavery, and became the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moldavian rulers">Prince</a>) of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kenrick_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenrick-223">[211]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since a royal edict by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> in 1695, Spanish Roma had been restricted to certain towns.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[213]</a></sup> An official edict in 1717 restricted them to only 75 towns and districts, so that they would not be concentrated in any one region. In the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a>, Romani were arrested and imprisoned by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Monarchy">Spanish Monarchy</a> in 1749.
</p><p>During the latter part of the 17th century, around the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, both France and the Dutch Republic needed thousands of men to fight. Some recruitment took the form of rounding up vagrants and the poor to work the galleys and provide the armies' labour force. With this background, Roma were targets of both the French and the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[214]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the wars, and into the first decade of the 18th century, Roma were slaughtered with impunity throughout the Dutch Republic. Roma, called 'heiden' by the Dutch, wandered throughout the rural areas of Europe and became the societal pariahs of the age. <i>Heidenjachten</i>, translated as "heathen hunt" happened throughout the Dutch Republic in an attempt to eradicate them.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[215]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although some Romani could be kept as slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia until <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> in 1856, the majority traveled as free nomads with their wagons, as alluded to in the spoked wheel symbol in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Romani flag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock200125_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock200125-228">[216]</a></sup> Elsewhere in Europe, they were subjected to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, abduction of their children, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labour</a>. In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or hanged; in France, they were branded, and their heads were shaved; in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the East, toward <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>, which was more tolerant, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Russia</a>, where the Romani were treated more fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[217]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>. Larger-scale <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in the United States">Roma emigration to the United States</a> began in the 1860s, with Romanichal groups from Great Britain. The most significant number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>. Many Romani also settled in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[218]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> and other Romani about to be deported from Germany, 22 May 1940</figcaption></figure>
<p>During <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> committed a systematic <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the Romani. In the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, this genocide is known as the <i>Porajmos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milton_estimates_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton_estimates-231">[219]</a></sup> Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. They were often killed on sight, especially by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (paramilitary death squads) on the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[220]</a></sup> The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 and 1,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-hancock2005_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hancock2005-233">[221]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Romani were also persecuted in Nazi <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a>. In the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaša">Ustaša</a> killed almost the entire Roma population of 25,000. The concentration camp system of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a>, run by the Ustaša militia and the Croat political police, was responsible for the deaths of between 15,000 and 20,000 Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[222]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-1945">Post-1945</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, they were labeled a "socially degraded stratum", and Romani women <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_of_Romani_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilization of Romani women">were sterilized</a> as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, with threats of denying future welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1995_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1995-235">[223]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelsinki_Watch1991_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelsinki_Watch1991-236">[224]</a></sup>
</p><p>An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practised an assimilation policy towards Roma, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community. The problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said the Czech Public Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected between 1973 and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Denysenko_2007_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denysenko_2007-237">[225]</a></sup> New cases were revealed up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland "all have histories of coercive sterilization of minorities and other groups".<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_traditional_culture">Society and traditional culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani society and culture</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_(no_caption).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png/220px-A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png/330px-A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png/440px-A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Münster, Sebastian</a> (1552), "A Gipsy Family", The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)"><i>Cosmographia</i></a> (facsimile of a woodcut), Basle</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auguste_Raffet,_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie,_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg/220px-Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg/330px-Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg/440px-Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Nomadic Roma family travelling in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, 1837</figcaption></figure>
<p>The traditional Romanies place a high value on the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>. Traditionally, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> is essential in unmarried women. However, Eastern European Roma people are more likely to find it acceptable for girls to have sex before marriage compared to other Eastern Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[227]</a></sup> Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a></sup> Romani law establishes that the man's family must pay a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> to the bride's parents, but only traditional families still follow it.
</p><p>Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs and take care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men, in general, have more authority than women. Women gain respect and power as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a></sup>
</p><p>Traditionally, as can be seen on paintings and photos, some Roma men wear shoulder-length hair and a mustache, as well as an earring. Roma women generally have long hair, and Xoraxane Roma women often dye it blonde with henna.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a></sup>
</p><p>Romani <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a> has traditionally been regulated by Indian social customs<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a></sup> ("<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marime" title="Marime">marime</a>" or "marhime") which are still respected by most Roma (and by most older generations of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>). This regulation affects many aspects of life and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">the human body</a> are considered impure: the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genital organs</a> (because they produce emissions) and the rest of the lower body. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruating</a> women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is deemed to be impure for forty days after giving birth.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a></sup>
</p><p>Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremating</a> the dead, Romani dead must be buried.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a></sup> Cremation and burial are both known from the time of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and both are widely practiced in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> today (the general tendency is for Hindus to practice cremation, though some communities in modern-day south India tend to bury their dead).<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[234]</a></sup> Animals that are considered to be having unclean habits are not eaten by the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock200181_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock200181-247">[235]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belonging_and_exclusion">Belonging and exclusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanipen" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanipen">Romanipen</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">Gadjo (non-Romani)</a></div>
<p>In Romani philosophy, <i>Romanipen</i> (also <i>romanypen</i>, <i>romanipe</i>, <i>romanype</i>, <i>romanimos</i>, <i>romaimos</i>, <i>romaniya</i>) is the totality of the Romani spirit, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani culture</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(Romani_court)" title="Kris (Romani court)">Romani Law</a>, being a Romani, a set of Romani strains.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a></sup>
</p><p>An ethnic Romani is considered a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">gadjo</a> in the Romani society if they have no <i>Romanipen</i>. Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered a Romani if they do have <i>Romanipen</i>. Usually this is an adopted child. It has been hypothesized that this owes more to a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">framework of culture</a> than a simple adherence to historically received rules.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg/220px-Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg/330px-Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg/440px-Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Christian Romanies during the pilgrimage to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer" title="Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer">Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer</a> in France, 1980s</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka,_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg/220px-Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg/330px-Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg/440px-Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Two Orthodox Christian Romanies in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gipsy_and_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gipsy_and_bear.jpg/220px-Gipsy_and_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gipsy_and_bear.jpg/330px-Gipsy_and_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gipsy_and_bear.jpg/440px-Gipsy_and_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Romani and bear (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Banovo brdo, 1980s)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most Romani are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[238]</a></sup> but many are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslims</a>; some retained their ancient faith of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> from their original homeland of India, while others have their own religion and political organization.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[239]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> influenced by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a> have become popular in recent times among Hungarian Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-vish_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vish-78">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhal_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhal-79">[69]</a></sup> In parts of the Balkans, particularly in Bulgaria, many Roma who are Muslim identify as ethnic Turks, and over generations have adopted the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[240]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some Roma practice <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">palmistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[241]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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The modern-day Romani often adopted Christianity or Islam depending on which was the dominant religion in the regions through which they had migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a></sup> It is likely that the adherence to differing religions prevented families from engaging in intermarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Boretzky2_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boretzky2-255">[243]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a> are predominantly found in Turkey, the Balkans (particularly in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[m]</a></sup> North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia and Bulgaria), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, the Middle East, Egypt, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and Iran. In Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Serbia, most Romani inhabitants follow the practice of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a>, while in Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia, most practice <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg/220px-Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg/330px-Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg/440px-Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofrad%C3%ADa_de_los_Gitanos_(M%C3%A1laga)" class="extiw" title="es:Cofradía de los Gitanos (Málaga)">Cofradía de los Gitanos</a> parading the "throne" of Mary of the O during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Malaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Week in Malaga">Holy Week in Malaga</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deities_and_saints">Deities and saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceferino_Gim%C3%A9nez_Malla" title="Ceferino Giménez Malla">Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla</a> is recently considered a patron saint of the Romani in Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[244]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sarah" title="Saint Sarah">Saint Sarah</a>, or Sara e Kali, has also been venerated as a patron saint in her shrine at <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer" title="Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer">Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[245]</a></sup> Since the turn of the 21st century, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_e_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara e Kali">Sara e Kali</a> is understood to have been <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, an Indian deity brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people; as the Roma became Christianized, she was absorbed in a syncretic way and venerated as a saint.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-259">[246]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg/250px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg/375px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg/500px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Gypsy <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-teller</a> in Poland, by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Kozakiewicz" title="Antoni Kozakiewicz">Antoni Kozakiewicz</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure>
<p>Saint Sarah is now increasingly being considered as "a Romani Goddess, the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother India".<sup id="cite_ref-lee_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-259">[246]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radoc.net_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radoc.net-260">[247]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Balkans/Southeast_Europe"><span id="The_Balkans.2FSoutheast_Europe"></span>The Balkans/Southeast Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Costume of a Romani woman</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_(1853-1926)_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka,_watercolour_akwarela_3,_twice_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg/440px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption><i>Gipsy Woman</i>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski" title="Stanisław Masłowski">Stanisław Masłowski</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>For the Roma communities that have resided in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> for numerous centuries, the following apply with regard to religious beliefs:
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<ul><li>Bosnia and Herzegovina – The majority of the Roma population in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>Bulgaria – The majority of the Roma population in Bulgaria is Christian (mostly Orthodox). In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Christianity is the dominant faith among the Romani, and a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity among the Romani has occurred. In southeastern Bulgaria, Islam is the dominant religion among the Romani, with a smaller section of the Romani declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg/220px-Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg/330px-Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg/440px-Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Margarita Cansino (later known as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>) with her father and dance partner <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Cansino" title="Eduardo Cansino">Eduardo Cansino</a>, 1933</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li>Croatia – The majority of the Roma population in Croatia is Christian (mostly Catholic). After the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia, the majority moving from Kosovo. Their language differs from those living in Međimurje and those who survived <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>Greece – The majority of the Roma population in Greece is Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[n]</a></sup> The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a> are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hungary – The majority of the Roma population in Hungary is Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[249]</a></sup></li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia,_illustration,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg/170px-Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg/255px-Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg/340px-Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Muslim Romanies in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (around 1900)</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li>Kosovo – The majority of the Roma population in Kosovo is Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>Montenegro – The majority of the Roma population in Montenegro is Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>North Macedonia –The majority of the Roma population in North Macedonia is Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>Romania – Romania – The majority of the Roma population in Romania is Christian (mostly Orthodox).<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[250]</a></sup> In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, there is a small community that are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Muslim</a> and also speak Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma3_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma3-265">[251]</a></sup></li>
<li>Serbia – The majority of the Roma population in Serbia is Christian (mostly Orthodox). There are some Muslim Roma in southern Serbia, who are mainly refugees from Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup></li>
<li>Slovenia – The majority of the Roma population in Slovenia is Christian (mostly Catholic), although a sizeable proportion are Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[252]</a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In Ukraine and Russia, the Roma populations are also Muslim as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but some migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align with and the people are recognized for their staunch preservation of the Romani language and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Roma_261-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-261">[248]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Poland and Slovakia, Romani populations are Roman Catholic, many times adopting and following local, cultural Catholicism as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> system of belief that incorporates distinct Roma beliefs and cultural aspects. For example, many Polish Roma delay their Church wedding due to the belief that sacramental marriage is accompanied by divine ratification, creating a virtually indissoluble union until the couple consummate, after which the sacramental marriage is dissoluble only by the death of a spouse. Therefore, for Polish Roma, once married, one can't ever divorce. Another aspect of Polish Roma's Catholicism is a tradition of pilgrimage to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Jasna Góra Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[253]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most Eastern European Romanies are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[254]</a></sup> Those in Western Europe and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in the United States">United States</a> are mostly Roman Catholic or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> –  in southern Spain, many Romanies are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a>, but this is a small minority that has emerged in contemporary times. In Egypt, the Romani are split into Christian and Muslim populations.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[255]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg/220px-20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg/330px-20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg/440px-20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>27 June 2009: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_Cioc%C4%83rlia" title="Fanfare Ciocărlia">Fanfare Ciocărlia</a> live in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg/220px-Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg/330px-Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg/440px-Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Street performance during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamoro">Khamoro</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Roma_Festival" title="World Roma Festival">World Roma Festival</a> in Prague, 2007</figcaption></figure>
<p>Romani music plays an important role in central and eastern European countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced European <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of classical music composers">classical composers</a> such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>. The <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">lăutari</a></i> who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[256]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[257]</a></sup>
</p><p>Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in the <i>lăutari</i> tradition are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraful_Haiducilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraful Haiducilor">Taraful Haiducilor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[258]</a></sup> Bulgaria's popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani musicians such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Papasov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivo Papasov">Ivo Papasov</a>, a virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian pop-folk singer <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azis" title="Azis">Azis</a>.
</p><p>Many famous classical musicians, such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> pianist <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cziffra" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Cziffra">Georges Cziffra</a>, are Romani, as are many prominent performers of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">manele</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdob_%C8%99i_Zdub" title="Zdob și Zdub">Zdob și Zdub</a>, one of the most prominent rock bands in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, although not Romanies themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitalul_de_Urgen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Spitalul de Urgență">Spitalul de Urgență</a> in Romania, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantel" title="Shantel">Shantel</a> in Germany, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87" title="Goran Bregović">Goran Bregović</a> in Serbia, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Rundek" title="Darko Rundek">Darko Rundek</a> in Croatia, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_(band)" title="Beirut (band)">Beirut</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogol_Bordello" title="Gogol Bordello">Gogol Bordello</a> in the United States.
</p><p>Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass band</a>, with such notable practitioners as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boban_Markovi%C4%87" title="Boban Marković">Boban Marković</a> of Serbia, and the brass <i>lăutari</i> groups <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_Cioc%C4%83rlia" title="Fanfare Ciocărlia">Fanfare Ciocărlia</a> and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[259]</a></sup>
</p><p>The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> (especially <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cante_jondo" title="Cante jondo">cante jondo</a></i>) in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[260]</a></sup>
</p><p>Dances such as the flamenco and bolero of Spain were influenced by the Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-Gypsy_dance_origin_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gypsy_dance_origin-275">[261]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cansino" title="Antonio Cansino">Antonio Cansino</a> blended Romani and Spanish flamenco and is credited with creating modern-day Spanish dance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002129_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002129-276">[262]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dancing_Cansinos" title="The Dancing Cansinos">The Dancing Cansinos</a> popularized flamenco and bolero dancing in the United States. Famous dancer and actress, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>, is the granddaughter of Antonio Cansino.
</p><p>European-style <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">gypsy jazz</a> ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[263]</a></sup> Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochelo_Rosenberg" title="Stochelo Rosenberg">Stochelo Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A9li_Lagr%C3%A8ne" title="Biréli Lagrène">Biréli Lagrène</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Rosenberg" title="Jimmy Rosenberg">Jimmy Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Paulus Schäfer">Paulus Schäfer</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchavolo_Schmitt" title="Tchavolo Schmitt">Tchavolo Schmitt</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Romani in Turkey</a> have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_drum" title="Goblet drum">darbuka</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">gırnata</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Cümbüş">cümbüş</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-family_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-278">[264]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani mythology">Romani mythology</a></div>
<p><i>Paramichia</i> is a term used to refer to Romani legends and folktales. A popular legend among the Vlach Roma is of the hero Mundro Salamon, also known by other Roma subgroups as Wise Solomon or O Godjiaver Yanko.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[265]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some Roma believe in the <i>mulo</i> or <i>mullo,</i> meaning the "one who is dead"; the Romani version of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[266]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani cuisine</a></div>
<p>The Roma believe that some foods are auspicious, or lucky (<i>baxtalo</i>), such as foods with pungent tastes like garlic, lemon, tomato, and peppers, and fermented foods such as sauerkraut, pickles and sour cream.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[267]</a></sup> Hedgehogs are a delicacy among some Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[268]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_art_and_culture">Contemporary art and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Romani contemporary art emerged at the climax of the process that began in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> in the late 1980s, when the interpretation of the cultural practice of minorities was enabled by a paradigm shift, commonly referred to in specialist literature as the "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">cultural turn</a>". The idea of the cultural turn was introduced; and this was also the time when the notion of cultural democracy became crystallized in the debates carried on at various public forums. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a> gained strength, and civil politics appeared, which is a prerequisite for cultural democracy. This shift of attitude in scholarly circles derived from concerns specific not only to ethnicity but also to society, gender and class.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[269]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a></div>
<p>Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[270]</a></sup> an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> language, with roots in Sanskrit. They also often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> into Romani from the languages of those countries and especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the <i>Ciganos</i> of Portugal, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></i></span> of Spain, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> of the UK, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers</a> have lost their <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> of pure Romani, and speak the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caló (Spanish Romani)">Caló</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[271]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloromany" class="mw-redirect" title="Angloromany">Angloromany</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandoromani" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a>, respectively. Most of the Romani language-speaking communities in these regions consist of later immigrants from eastern or central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_Rom_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Rom-286">[272]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are no concrete statistics for the number of Romani speakers, both in Europe and globally. However, a conservative estimate is 3.5 million speakers in Europe and a further 500,000 elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_Rom_286-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Rom-286">[272]</a></sup> though the actual number may be considerably higher. This makes Romani the second-largest <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in Europe, behind <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_Rom_286-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Rom-286">[272]</a></sup>
</p><p>In regards to the diversity of dialects, Romani works in the same way as most other European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-The_status_of_Romani_in_Europe_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_status_of_Romani_in_Europe-287">[273]</a></sup> Cross-dialect communication is dominated by the following features:
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<ul><li>All Romani speakers are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, accustomed to borrowing words or phrases from a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>; this makes it difficult to communicate with Roma from different countries</li>
<li>Romani was traditionally a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> shared between extended family and a close-knit community. This has resulted in the inability to comprehend <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> from other countries, and is why Romani is sometimes considered to be several different languages.</li>
<li>There is no tradition or literary standard for Romani speakers to use as a guideline for their language use.<sup id="cite_ref-The_status_of_Romani_in_Europe_287-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_status_of_Romani_in_Europe-287">[273]</a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecutions">Persecutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_persecution">Historical persecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romani_women_in_jail,_Los_Angeles,_California,_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg/220px-Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg/330px-Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg/440px-Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5785" data-file-height="4745" /></a><figcaption>Romani women in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Heights_Jail" title="Lincoln Heights Jail">Lincoln Heights Jail</a>, Los Angeles, California, 1940</figcaption></figure>
<p>One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani was their enslavement. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery was widely practiced in medieval Europe</a>, including the territory of present-day <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> from before the founding of the principalities of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in the 13th–14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchim200427_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchim200427-288">[274]</a></sup> Legislation decreed that all the Romani living in these states, as well as any others who immigrated there, were classified as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[275]</a></sup> Slavery was gradually <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> during the 1840s and 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchim200427_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchim200427-288">[274]</a></sup>
</p><p>The exact origins of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">slavery</a> in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani came to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or were brought there as slaves. Historian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> and he also considered their enslavement a vestige of that era, in which the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> took the Roma from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and preserved their status as slaves so they could use their labor. Other historians believe that the Romani were enslaved while they were being captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> may have also been adopted from the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchim200427_288-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchim200427-288">[274]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some Romani may have been slaves of the Mongols or the Tatars or they may have served as auxiliary troops in the Mongol or Tatar armies, but most of them migrated from south of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> at the end of the 14th century, some time after the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">founding of Wallachia</a>. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and it was possibly established in both principalities. After the Roma migrated into the area, slavery became a widespread practice among the majority of the population. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[276]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some branches of the Romani reached western Europe in the 15th century, fleeing from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the Balkans as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[277]</a></sup> Although the Romani were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were often suspected of being associated with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman invasion</a> by certain populations in the West because their physical appearance was exotic. (The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#The_Reichstag_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> at Landau and Freiburg in 1496–1498 declared that the Romani were spies for the Turks). In western Europe, such suspicions and discrimination against people who constituted a visible minority resulted in persecution, often violent, with attempts to commit <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> until the modern era. In times of social tension, the Romani suffered as scapegoats; for instance, they were accused of bringing the plague during times of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemics">epidemics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-292">[278]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 30 July 1749, Spain conducted <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Roundup_of_Gypsies_(1749)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Roundup of Gypsies (1749)"><i>The Great Roundup</i></a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Spain">Romani</a> (Gitanos) in its territory. The Spanish Crown ordered a nationwide raid that led to the break-up of families because all able-bodied men were interned in forced labor camps in an attempt to commit ethnic cleansing. The measure was eventually reversed and the Romani were freed as protests began to erupt in different communities, sedentary Romani were highly esteemed and protected in rural Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[279]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[280]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world. In 1880, Argentina prohibited immigration by Roma, as did the United States in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-292">[278]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_assimilation">Forced assimilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Deportation of Roma from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperg" title="Asperg">Asperg</a>, Germany, 1940 (photograph by the <i>Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle</i>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> under <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa</a> (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to integrate the Romanies to get them to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">permanently settle</a>, removed their rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754) to reduce citizen-mobility, renamed them "New Citizens" and obliged Romani boys into military service just as any other citizens were if they had no trade (1761, and Revision 1770), required them to register with the local authorities (1767), and another decree prohibited marriages between Romanies (1773) to integrate them into the local population. Her successor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Josef II</a> prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing along with the use of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, both of which were punishable by flogging.<sup id="cite_ref-samer_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samer-295">[281]</a></sup> During this time, the schools were obliged to register and integrate Romani children; this policy was the first of the modern policies of integration. In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when the Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children were sent to orphanages. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">King Charles III</a> took a more progressive approach to Gitano assimilation, proclaiming that they had the same rights as Spanish citizens and ending the official denigration of them which was based on their <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>. While he prohibited their nomadic lifestyle, their use of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caló (Spanish Romani)">Calo language</a>, the manufacture and wearing of Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades, he also forbade any form of discrimination against them and he also forbade the guilds from barring them. The use of the word <i>gitano</i> was also forbidden to further their assimilation, it was replaced with "New Castilian", a designation which was also applied to former <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Jews</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[282]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[283]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most historians believe that Charles III's <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_sanction" title="Pragmatic sanction">pragmática</a> failed for three main reasons, reasons which were ultimately derived from its implementation outside major cities as well as in marginal areas: The difficulty which the Gitano community faced in changing its nomadic lifestyle, the marginal lifestyle to which the community had been driven by society and the serious difficulties of applying the pragmática in the fields of education and work. One author ascribes its failure to the overall rejection of the integration of the Gitanos by the wider population.<sup id="cite_ref-samer_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samer-295">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[284]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other policies of forced assimilation were implemented in other countries, one of these countries was Norway, where a law which permitted the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions was passed in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[285]</a></sup> This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[286]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porajmos_(Romani_Holocaust)"><span id="Porajmos_.28Romani_Holocaust.29"></span>Porajmos (Romani Holocaust)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></div>
<p>During <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the persecution of the Romani reached a peak during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (the Porajmos), the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> which was perpetrated against them by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In 1935, the Romani who lived in Germany lost their citizenship when it was stripped from them by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a>, and after that, they were subjected to violence and imprisonment in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. During the war, the policy was extended to areas under German occupation, and it was also implemented by other axis countries, most notably, by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a>. From 1942, Romani were subjected to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[287]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romani, the actual number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust cannot be assessed. Most estimates of the number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust range from 200,000 to 500,000, but other estimates vary broadly from 90,000 to as high as 4,000,000. Lower estimates do not include those Roma who were killed in all <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>-controlled countries. A detailed study by Sybil Milton, a former senior historian at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum">U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> contained an estimate of at least 220,000, possibly as many as 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[288]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Ian Hancock</a>, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, argues in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[289]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_issues">Contemporary issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment#Contemporary_antiziganism" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment § Contemporary antiziganism</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romani_population_average_estimate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Romani_population_average_estimate.png/300px-Romani_population_average_estimate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Romani_population_average_estimate.png/450px-Romani_population_average_estimate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Romani_population_average_estimate.png/600px-Romani_population_average_estimate.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Romani in Europe (2007 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> "average estimates", totalling 9.8 million)<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[290]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sap34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sap34.jpg/220px-Sap34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sap34.jpg/330px-Sap34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sap34.jpg/440px-Sap34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Antiziganist protests in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure>
<p>In Europe, Romani are associated with poverty, high crime rates, and behavior that is considered antisocial or inappropriate by the rest of the European population.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[291]</a></sup> Partly for this reason, discrimination against the Romani has continued to be practiced to the present day,<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[292]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[293]</a></sup> although efforts are being made to address it.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[294]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reports continued to document instances of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiziganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiziganism">Antizigan</a> discrimination during the late 20th century, particularly in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[295]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[296]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[297]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[298]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[299]</a></sup> The European Union has recognized that discrimination against Romani must be addressed, and with the national Roma integration strategy they encourage member states to work towards greater Romani inclusion and upholding the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_the_Roma_in_the_European_Union" title="Rights of the Roma in the European Union">rights of the Romani in the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[300]</a></sup>
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<div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;">
<small>*projections for Serbia also include up to 97.000 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDPs" class="mw-redirect" title="IDPs">Roma IDPs</a> in Serbia<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[302]</a></sup></small><table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;">
<tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Roma estimate percentage of population in European countries<sup id="cite_ref-Roma-in-Europe_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roma-in-Europe-315">[301]</a></sup></th></tr>
<tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"><b>Country</b></td>
<td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"><b>Percent</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:10.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.33%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:9.59%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.59%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:9.17%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.17%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:8.32%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.32%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>*</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:8.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.18%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:7.05%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.05%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Turkey</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:5.97%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.97%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Spain</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:3.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.21%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:3.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.18%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.95%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.95%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.49%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Greece</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.47%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1.96%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.96%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.47%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<p>In eastern Europe, Roma children often attend <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Special_School" title="Roma Special School">Roma Special Schools</a>, separate from non-Roma children; these schools tend to offer a lower quality of education than the traditional education options accessible by non-Roma children, putting the Roma children at an educational disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Expanding_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expanding-317">[303]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Roma of Kosovo</a> have been severely persecuted by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">ethnic Albanians</a> since the end of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, and for the most part, the region's Romani community has been annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[304]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Denysenko_2007_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denysenko_2007-237">[225]</a></sup> The dissidents of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a> denounced it in 1977–78 as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, but the practice continued through the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> of 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[305]</a></sup> A 2005 report by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>'s independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[306]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2008, following the rape and subsequent murder of an Italian woman in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[307]</a></sup> the Italian government declared that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and it also declared that it was required to take swift action to address the <i>emergenza nomadi</i> (<i>nomad emergency</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[308]</a></sup> Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[309]</a></sup>
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The 2008 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Cristina_and_Violetta_Djeordsevic" title="Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic">deaths of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic</a>, two Roma children who drowned while Italian beach-goers remained unperturbed, brought international attention to the relationship between Italians and the Roma people. Reviewing the situation in 2012, one Belgian magazine observed:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> prophetically remarked that "the treatment of the Roma is a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a> for democracy": and democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> have been disastrous for the Roma. Under <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> they had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MO_2012_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MO_2012-324">[310]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The 2016 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research poll</a> found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Roma views, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about Roma. In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, 67%, in Hungary 64%, in France 61%, in Spain 49%, in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> 47%, in the UK 45%, in Sweden 42%, in Germany 40%, and in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[311]</a></sup> 37% had an unfavourable view of Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[312]</a></sup> The 2019 Pew Research poll found that 83% of Italians, 76% of Slovaks, 72% of Greeks, 68% of Bulgarians, 66% of Czechs, 61% of Lithuanians, 61% of Hungarians, 54% of Ukrainians, 52% of Russians, 51% of Poles, 44% of French, 40% of Spaniards, and 37% of Germans held unfavorable views of Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[313]</a></sup> IRES published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians have a negative opinion about them.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[314]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2019, reports of anti-Roma incidents are increasing across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[315]</a></sup> Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Kosovo,<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[316]</a></sup> Romania,<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[317]</a></sup> Slovakia,<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[318]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[320]</a></sup> and the Czech Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[321]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[322]</a></sup> against which the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has ruled in Romani advocates' favor on the subject of discriminatory and segregationist education and housing practices.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[323]</a></sup> Roma communities across Ukraine have been the target of violent attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[324]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[325]</a></sup>
</p><p>Roma refugees fleeing the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> have faced discrimination in Europe, including in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[326]</a></sup> the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[327]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[328]</a></sup>
</p><p>Concerning employment, a 2019 report by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">FRA</a> revealed that, across the European states that were surveyed, on average 34% of Roma men and 16% of Roma women were in paid work.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[329]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_repatriation">Forced repatriation</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Romani_people_from_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Romani people from France">Expulsion of Romani people from France</a></div>
<p>In the summer of 2010, French authorities demolished at least 51 Roma camps and began the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Romani_repatriation" class="mw-redirect" title="French Romani repatriation">process of repatriating</a> their residents to their countries of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[330]</a></sup> This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, which had been heightened after a traveller drove through a French police checkpoint, hit an officer, attempted to hit two more officers, and was then shot and killed by the police. In retaliation a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and burned three cars.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[331]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[332]</a></sup> The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[333]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Justice_and_Consumers" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Justice and Consumers">EU Justice Commissioner</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a> stated that the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> should take legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a disgrace". A leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Interior Ministry</a> to regional police chiefs, included the instruction: "Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority."<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[334]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_projects">Organizations and projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Roma_Rights_Centre" title="European Roma Rights Centre">European Roma Rights Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society" title="Gypsy Lore Society">Gypsy Lore Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-GLS_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLS-349">[335]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Romani_Union" title="International Romani Union">International Romani Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade_of_Roma_Inclusion" title="Decade of Roma Inclusion">Decade of Roma Inclusion</a>, multinational project</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Romani_Day" title="International Romani Day">International Romani Day</a> (8 April)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Board_on_Romani_Affairs" title="National Advisory Board on Romani Affairs">National Advisory Board on Romani Affairs</a> (Finland)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_representations">Artistic representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_fiction" title="Romani people in fiction">Romani people in fiction</a></div>
<p>Many depictions of the Romani in literature and art present romanticized narratives of the mystical powers of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_telling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune telling">fortune telling</a> or as people who have an irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality. The Romani were a popular subject in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_school_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian school (art)">Venetian painting</a> from the time of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a> at the start of the 16th century. The inclusion of such a figure adds an exotic oriental flavor to scenes. A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> painting by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bordone" title="Paris Bordone">Paris Bordone</a> (c. 1530, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>) of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> in Egypt makes <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a> a Romani <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-teller</a>; the scene is otherwise located in a distinctly European landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350">[336]</a></sup>
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muchacha_Gitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boccaccio Boccaccino: Gypsy Girl (c.1504-1505)"><img alt="Boccaccio Boccaccino: Gypsy Girl (c.1504-1505)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Muchacha_Gitana.jpg/182px-Muchacha_Gitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Muchacha_Gitana.jpg/273px-Muchacha_Gitana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Muchacha_Gitana.jpg/363px-Muchacha_Gitana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boccaccio_Boccaccino" title="Boccaccio Boccaccino">Boccaccio Boccaccino</a>: <i>Gypsy Girl</i> (c.1504-1505)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An excerpt from The Visit of the Gypsies (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), Currier Museum of Art"><img alt="An excerpt from The Visit of the Gypsies (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), Currier Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg/180px-The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg/270px-The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg/360px-The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">An excerpt from <i>The Visit of the Gypsies</i> (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_Museum_of_Art" title="Currier Museum of Art">Currier Museum of Art</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vouet,_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simon Vouet: The Fortune Teller (1617)"><img alt="Simon Vouet: The Fortune Teller (1617)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg/337px-Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg/505px-Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg/673px-Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a>: <i>The Fortune Teller</i> (1617)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Teniers_(II)_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child,_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David Teniers - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune (c.1630-1690)"><img alt="David Teniers - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune (c.1630-1690)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg/343px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg/515px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers</a> - <i>Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune</i> (c.1630-1690)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan van de Venne - Gypsy family (c.1631-1651)"><img alt="Jan van de Venne - Gypsy family (c.1631-1651)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg/321px-Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg/481px-Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg/641px-Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_de_Venne" title="Jan van de Venne">Jan van de Venne</a> - <i>Gypsy family</i> (c.1631-1651)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Meg Merrilies from Walter Scott's Guy Mannering, illustrated 1821"><img alt="Meg Merrilies from Walter Scott's Guy Mannering, illustrated 1821" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png/143px-Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png/215px-Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png/287px-Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mannering#Characters" title="Guy Mannering">Meg Merrilies</a> from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mannering" title="Guy Mannering">Guy Mannering</a></i>, illustrated 1821</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferencz Pongrácz: Three Gypsies (1836)"><img alt="Ferencz Pongrácz: Three Gypsies (1836)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg/197px-Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg/296px-Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg/394px-Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ferencz Pongrácz: <i>Three Gypsies</i> (1836)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Dehodencq: A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar (1851)"><img alt="Alfred Dehodencq: A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar (1851)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/349px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/524px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/699px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2199" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dehodencq" title="Alfred Dehodencq">Alfred Dehodencq</a>: <i>A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar</i> (1851)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses,_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narcisse Virgilio Díaz: The Gypsy Princesses (c.1865-1870), San Antonio Museum of Art"><img alt="Narcisse Virgilio Díaz: The Gypsy Princesses (c.1865-1870), San Antonio Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg/180px-Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg/270px-Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg/360px-Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcisse_Virgilio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Narcisse Virgilio Díaz">Narcisse Virgilio Díaz</a>: <i>The Gypsy Princesses</i> (c.1865-1870), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art" title="San Antonio Museum of Art">San Antonio Museum of Art</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazimierz Alchimowicz: Gypsy (c.1870-1879)"><img alt="Kazimierz Alchimowicz: Gypsy (c.1870-1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg/187px-GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg/281px-GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg/375px-GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Alchimowicz" title="Kazimierz Alchimowicz">Kazimierz Alchimowicz</a>: <i>Gypsy</i> (c.1870-1879)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz von Defregger: Half portrait of a gypsy boy (1873, gouache)"><img alt="Franz von Defregger: Half portrait of a gypsy boy (1873, gouache)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg/202px-Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg/303px-Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg/404px-Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Defregger" title="Franz Defregger">Franz von Defregger</a>: <i>Half portrait of a gypsy boy</i> (1873, gouache)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin,_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot: Gypsy Girl with Mandolin (1874)"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot: Gypsy Girl with Mandolin (1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg/173px-Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg/260px-Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg/347px-Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot</a>: <i>Gypsy Girl with Mandolin</i> (1874)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Famille_de_gitanos,_a_Totana%22_(19911858846).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Doré: Family of Gypsies, to Totana (1874)"><img alt="Gustave Doré: Family of Gypsies, to Totana (1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg/161px-%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg/241px-%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg/322px-%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4026" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>: <i>Family of Gypsies, to Totana</i> (1874)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza,_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jozef Van Lerius: Moza, the Gypsy woman (1880)"><img alt="Jozef Van Lerius: Moza, the Gypsy woman (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg/180px-Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg/271px-Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg/361px-Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="3202" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Van_Lerius" title="Jozef Van Lerius">Jozef Van Lerius</a>: <i>Moza, the Gypsy woman</i> (1880)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esméralda, illustrated 1882"><img alt="Esméralda, illustrated 1882" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg/181px-La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg/272px-La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg/363px-La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esm%C3%A9ralda_(The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esméralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)">Esméralda</a>, illustrated 1882</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsy_family_(1884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mihály Munkácsy: Gypsy Family (1884, oil on canvas)"><img alt="Mihály Munkácsy: Gypsy Family (1884, oil on canvas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg/300px-Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg/450px-Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg/600px-Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy" title="Mihály Munkácsy">Mihály Munkácsy</a>: <i>Gypsy Family</i> (1884, oil on canvas)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="August von Pettenkofen: Gypsy Children (1885), Hermitage Museum"><img alt="August von Pettenkofen: Gypsy Children (1885), Hermitage Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg/299px-August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg/448px-August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg/597px-August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Pettenkofen" title="August von Pettenkofen">August von Pettenkofen</a>: <i>Gypsy Children</i> (1885), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carmen_(Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra)_(4568143185).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Célestine Galli-Marié as Carmen (1886)"><img alt="Célestine Galli-Marié as Carmen (1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg/137px-Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg/205px-Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg/273px-Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lestine_Galli-Mari%C3%A9" title="Célestine Galli-Marié">Célestine Galli-Marié</a> as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">Carmen</a> (1886)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoni Kozakiewicz: Gypsy Family (c.1886)"><img alt="Antoni Kozakiewicz: Gypsy Family (c.1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg/338px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg/507px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg/676px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Kozakiewicz" title="Antoni Kozakiewicz">Antoni Kozakiewicz</a>: <i>Gypsy Family</i> (c.1886)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes,_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincent van Gogh: The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles (1888, oil on canvas)"><img alt="Vincent van Gogh: The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles (1888, oil on canvas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg/274px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg/411px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg/547px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>: <i>The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles</i> (1888, oil on canvas)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fortune-telling scene from Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, illustrated (1890)"><img alt="Fortune-telling scene from Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, illustrated (1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png/147px-Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png/220px-Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png/294px-Edmund_Henry_Garrett_-_Illustration_for_Jane_Eyre.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Fortune-telling scene from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i>, illustrated (1890)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolae Grigorescu: Gypsy from Boldu (1897), Art Museum of Iași"><img alt="Nicolae Grigorescu: Gypsy from Boldu (1897), Art Museum of Iași" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg/137px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg/205px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg/273px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="2591" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Grigorescu" title="Nicolae Grigorescu">Nicolae Grigorescu</a>: <i>Gypsy from Boldu</i> (1897), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_(Ia%C8%99i)" title="Palace of Culture (Iași)">Art Museum of Iași</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Henri: Gypsy Girl in White (1916)"><img alt="Robert Henri: Gypsy Girl in White (1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg/199px-Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henri" title="Robert Henri">Robert Henri</a>: <i>Gypsy Girl in White</i> (1916)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_(1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amedeo Modigliani: Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919)"><img alt="Amedeo Modigliani: Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg/150px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg/226px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg/301px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7104" data-file-height="11323" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>: <i>Gypsy Woman with Baby</i> (1919)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsy,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Felix Nussbaum: Gypsy (1928)"><img alt="Felix Nussbaum: Gypsy (1928)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg/177px-Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg/266px-Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg/355px-Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Nussbaum" title="Felix Nussbaum">Felix Nussbaum</a>: <i>Gypsy</i> (1928)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Béla Iványi-Grünwald: Gypsies at Balatonlelle (1935)"><img alt="Béla Iványi-Grünwald: Gypsies at Balatonlelle (1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg/341px-Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg/512px-Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg/683px-Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1618" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Iv%C3%A1nyi-Gr%C3%BCnwald" title="Béla Iványi-Grünwald">Béla Iványi-Grünwald</a>: <i>Gypsies at Balatonlelle</i> (1935)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=41"title="Edit section: See also"
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Scourge" title="Gypsy Scourge">Gypsy Scourge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Gypsies" title="King of the Gypsies">King of the Gypsies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_studies" title="Romani studies">Romani studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani society and culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_literature" title="Romani literature">Romani literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Romani dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Racism in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blond_Angel_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blond Angel Case">The Blond Angel Case</a></li></ul>
<p><b>General</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Traveler (disambiguation)">Traveler (disambiguation)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant groups in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_tribes_in_India" title="Nomadic tribes in India">Nomadic tribes in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Lists</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">List of Romani people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">List of Romani settlements</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Other</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations" title="Indo-Roman relations">Indo-Roman relations</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5,400 per <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_US_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 US census">2000 census</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure. Some 736,981 (10% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. In a Bulgarian government report on the census, the ethnic results are identified as a "gross manipulation".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure. There was an option to declare multiple ethnicities, so this figure includes Romani of multiple backgrounds. According to the 2016 microcensus 99.1% of Hungarian Romani declared Hungarian ethnic identity also.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Approximate estimate.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-census-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure. Some 368,136 (5.1% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure. Some 408,777 (7.5% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure. Less than 1% of the population did not declare any ethnicity.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure including Romani, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a census figure. Some 25% of the population did not declare any ethnicity.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh language alphabet</a> lacks the letter <i>k</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muslim Romas were excluded from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Deportation of Muslims</a> from Greece's new conquered territory following the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muslim Romas were excluded from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Deportation of Muslims</a> from Greece's new conquered territory following the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmy">"Ethnologue: Languages of the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online)</span> (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>. <q><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Ian Hancock</a>'s 1987 estimate for 'all Gypsies in the world' was 6 to 11 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=SIL&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Frmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12977975">"EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+demands+action+to+tackle+Roma+poverty&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12977975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalia.info/new/8761/peoples-and-nations-today-the-roma">"The Roma"</a>. Nationalia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roma&rft.pub=Nationalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.nationalia.info%2Fnew%2F8761%2Fpeoples-and-nations-today-the-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom">"Rom"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>... estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Rom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. (2008). The marginalization of shadow minorities (Roma) and its impact on opportunities (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-time-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKayla_Webley2010" class="citation news cs1">Kayla Webley (13 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2025316,00.html">"Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile"</a>. Time<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hounded+in+Europe%2C+Roma+in+the+U.S.+Keep+a+Low+Profile&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft.au=Kayla+Webley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2025316%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101119/http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html">"Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é desafio para o governo"</a> [Lack of public policy for Romani is a challenge for the administration] (in Portuguese). R7. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a> Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falta+de+pol%C3%ADticas+p%C3%BAblicas+para+ciganos+%C3%A9+desafio+para+o+governo&rft.pub=R7&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnoticias.r7.com%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticias%2Ffalta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-spain_en">"Roma integration in Spain"</a>. <i>European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Roma+integration+in+Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-and-eu%2Froma-integration-eu-country%2Froma-integration-spain_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-immigration-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigration_10-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680088ea9">"Roma and Travellers Team. Tools and Texts of Reference. Estimates on Roma population in European countries (excel spreadsheet)"</a>. <i>rm.coe.int Council of Europe Roma and Travellers Division</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rm.coe.int+Council+of+Europe+Roma+and+Travellers+Division&rft.atitle=Roma+and+Travellers+Team.+Tools+and+Texts+of+Reference.+Estimates+on+Roma+population+in+European+countries+%28excel+spreadsheet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Frm.coe.int%2FCoERMPublicCommonSearchServices%2FDisplayDCTMContent%3FdocumentId%3D0900001680088ea9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213211/http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg">"Estimated by the Society for Threatened Peoples"</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Threatened_Peoples" title="Society for Threatened Peoples">Society for Threatened Peoples</a>. 17 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg">the original</a> on 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estimated+by+the+Society+for+Threatened+Peoples&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.gfbv.it%2F3dossier%2Fsinti-rom%2Fimg%2Fn7a.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf">"The Situation of Roma in Spain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Open Society Institute. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>The Spanish government estimates the number of <i>Gitanos</i> to be a maximum of 650,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Situation+of+Roma+in+Spain&rft.pub=Open+Society+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.eumap.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Feu%2Finternational%2Fsections%2Fspain%2F2002_m_spain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120335/http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf">"Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España: Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mscbs.gob.es</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>. <q>Tabla 1. La comunidad gitana de España en el contexto de la población romaní de la Unión Europea. Población Romaní: 750.000<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Por 100 habitantes: 1.87%<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] se podrían llegar a barajar cifras<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] de 1.100.000 personas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mscbs.gob.es&rft.atitle=Diagn%C3%B3stico+social+de+la+comunidad+gitana+en+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+Un+an%C3%A1lisis+contrastado+de+la+Encuesta+del+CIS+a+Hogares+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+Gitana+2007&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.mscbs.gob.es%2Fssi%2FfamiliasInfancia%2FinclusionSocial%2FpoblacionGitana%2Fdocs%2Fdiagnosticosocial_autores.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-25994251-primele-rezultate-ale-recensamantului-2022-populatia-romaniei-scazut-19-053-815-locuitori.htm/amp">"Primele rezultate ale Recensământului 2022: Populația României a scăzut la 19.053.815 locuitori"</a> [The first results of the 2022 Census: Romania's population decreased to 19,053,815 inhabitants]. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotNews" title="HotNews">HotNews</a></i> (in Romanian). 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HotNews&rft.atitle=Primele+rezultate+ale+Recens%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului+2022%3A+Popula%C8%9Bia+Rom%C3%A2niei+a+sc%C4%83zut+la+19.053.815+locuitori&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.hotnews.ro%2Fstiri-esential-25994251-primele-rezultate-ale-recensamantului-2022-populatia-romaniei-scazut-19-053-815-locuitori.htm%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en">"Romania"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Romania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fstrategy-and-policy%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-eu%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fromania_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchleifer2005" class="citation web cs1">Schleifer, Yigal (22 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211734/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html">"Roma rights organizations work to ease prejudice in Turkey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2253b,4677ea9b2,46ef87ab32,0.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+rights+organizations+work+to+ease+prejudice+in+Turkey&rft.date=2005-07-22&rft.aulast=Schleifer&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C4565c2253b%2C4677ea9b2%2C46ef87ab32%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Turkey-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi-/yasam/magazindetay/06.06.2008/873452/default.htm">"Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!"</a> [The number of Kurds in Turkey!] (in Turkish). 6 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki+K%C3%BCrtlerin+say%C4%B1s%C4%B1%21&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Fturkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi-%2Fyasam%2Fmagazindetay%2F06.06.2008%2F873452%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007144251/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp">"Türkiye'deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor. 2, hatta 5 milyon gibi rakamlar dolaşıyor Çingenelerin arasında"</a>. <i>Hurriyet</i> (in Turkish). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">TR</a>. 8 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp">the original</a> on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki+%C3%87ingene+n%C3%BCfusu+tam+bilinmiyor.+2%2C+hatta+5+milyon+gibi+rakamlar+dola%C5%9F%C4%B1yor+%C3%87ingenelerin+aras%C4%B1nda&rft.date=2005-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwebarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr%2F2005%2F05%2F08%2F639714.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsi.bg/bg/content/12037/basic-page/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B8-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC-1-%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8-2011-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0">"Критичен доклад относно Преброяването на населението и жилищния фонд, проведено към 1 февруари 2011 година"</a> [Critical report on Population and Housing Census, Conducted as of 1 February 2011] (in Bulgarian). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistical_Institute_(Bulgaria)" title="National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian National Statistical Institute</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC+1+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+2011+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fnsi.bg%2Fbg%2Fcontent%2F12037%2Fbasic-page%2F%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD-%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4-%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%258F%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25B8-%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2589%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F-%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4-%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25BC-1-%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8-2011-%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NSI-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSI_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602032148/http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx"><bdi lang="bg">Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група</bdi></a> [Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group] (in Bulgarian). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistical_Institute_(Bulgaria)" title="National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian National Statistical Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx">the original</a> on 2 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcensusresults.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FReports%2F2%2F2%2FR7.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> Self declared</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-249_en.htm">"Roma Integration – 2014 Commission Assessment: Questions and Answers"</a> (Press release). Brussels: European Commission. 4 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+Integration+%E2%80%93+2014+Commission+Assessment%3A+Questions+and+Answers&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_MEMO-14-249_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> EU and Council of Europe estimates</span>
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<li id="cite_note-KSH-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSH_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVukovich2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf"><i>Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok</i></a> [<i>2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9"><bdi>978-963-235-542-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikrocenzus+2016+%E2%80%93+12.+Nemzetis%C3%A9gi+adatok&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Hungarian+Central+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-963-235-542-9&rft.aulast=Vukovich&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Fhun%2Fxftp%2Fidoszaki%2Fmikrocenzus2016%2Fmikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJánosPatrikZoltán2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">János, Pénzes; Patrik, Tátrai; Zoltán, Pásztor István (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf">"A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben"</a> [Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Területi Statisztika</i> (in Hungarian). <b>58</b> (1): 3–26. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15196%2FTS580101">10.15196/TS580101</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197566729">197566729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ter%C3%BCleti+Statisztika&rft.atitle=A+roma+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g+ter%C3%BCleti+megoszl%C3%A1s%C3%A1nak+v%C3%A1ltoz%C3%A1sa+Magyarorsz%C3%A1gon+az+elm%C3%BAlt+%C3%A9vtizedekben&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15196%2FTS580101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197566729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1nos&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9nzes&rft.au=Patrik%2C+T%C3%A1trai&rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n%2C+P%C3%A1sztor+Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Fhun%2Fxftp%2Fterstat%2F2018%2F01%2Fts580101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507">"Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions"</a>. EurActiv Network. 7 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>According to the report, the settled Gypsy population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000, although other estimates say that the actual figure is much closer to 1.2 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+of+Roma+in+France+at+crisis+proportions&rft.pub=EurActiv+Network&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsecurity%2Fsituation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report%2Farticle-150507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-350000_en_France_en_2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350000_en_France_en_2010_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGorce2010" class="citation news cs1">Gorce, Bernard (22 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/France/Roms-gens-du-voyage-deux-realites-differentes-_NG_-2010-07-22-603910">"Roms, gens du voyage, deux réalités différentes"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>. <q><small>[Manual Translation]</small> The ban prevents statistics on ethnicity to give a precise figure of French Roma, but we often quote the number 350,000. For travellers, the administration counted 160,000 circulation titles in 2006 issued to people aged 16 to 80 years. Among the travellers, some have chosen to buy a family plot where they dock their caravans around a local section (authorized since the Besson Act of 1990).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Roms%2C+gens+du+voyage%2C+deux+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s+diff%C3%A9rentes&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft.aulast=Gorce&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.la-croix.com%2FActualite%2FFrance%2FRoms-gens-du-voyage-deux-realites-differentes-_NG_-2010-07-22-603910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/france_en">"France - European Commission"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+-+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fstrategy-and-policy%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-eu%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Ffrance_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0">"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+National+Household+Survey%3A+Data+tables&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FTABID%3D2%26LANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D1118296%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D0%26PID%3D105396%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3D0%26D6%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-monstat1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monstat1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 12 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+Montenegro+2011&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.monstat.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2Fpopis2011%2Fsaopstenje%2Fsaopstenje%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30718&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=">"Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů"</a>. czso.cz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C4%8D%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AD+lidu%2C+dom%C5%AF+a+byt%C5%AF&rft.pub=czso.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fvdb.czso.cz%2Fsldbvo%2F%23%21stranka%3Dpodle-tematu%26tu%3D30718%26th%3D%26v%3D%26vo%3DH4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.%26vseuzemi%3Dnull%26void%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-czech-republic_en">"Roma integration in the Czech Republic"</a>. European Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+integration+in+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-and-eu%2Froma-integration-eu-country%2Froma-integration-czech-republic_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYvonne_Slee" class="citation web cs1">Yvonne Slee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811042839/https://open.abc.net.au/explore/15645">"A History of Australian Romanies, now and then"</a>. Australia: Open ABC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.abc.net.au/explore/15645">the original</a> on 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Australian+Romanies%2C+now+and+then&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Open+ABC&rft.au=Yvonne+Slee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fopen.abc.net.au%2Fexplore%2F15645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/denmark_en#factsandfigures">"Denmark"</a>. European Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denmark&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-eu%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fdenmark_en%23factsandfigures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/belgium_en">"Belgium"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fstrategy-and-policy%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-eu%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fbelgium_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/cyprus_en">"Cyprus"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Cyprus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fstrategy-and-policy%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-eu%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fcyprus_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGall1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gall, Timothy L, ed. (1998), <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life</i>, vol. 4. Europe, Cleveland, OH: Eastword, pp. 316, 318, <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)'; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari. ... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Culture+%26+Daily+Life&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.pages=316%2C+318&rft.pub=Eastword&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vish-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vish_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vish_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVishvapani2011" class="citation web cs1">Vishvapani (29 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2011/11/29/gypsy-buddhists/">"Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination"</a>. <i>www.wiseattention.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wiseattention.org&rft.atitle=Hungary%27s+Gypsy+Buddhists+%26+Religious+Discrimination&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.au=Vishvapani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.wiseattention.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F11%2F29%2Fgypsy-buddhists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bhal-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhal_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhal_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBhalesain2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bhalesain, Pravin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undv.org/vesak2011/panel2/14PBhalesainFINAL.pdf">"Gypsies embracing Buddhism:A step forward for Building a Harmonious Society in Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Undv.org/Vesak2011/Panel2</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undv.org%2FVesak2011%2FPanel2&rft.atitle=Gypsies+embracing+Buddhism%3AA+step+forward+for+Building+a+Harmonious+Society+in+Europe&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bhalesain&rft.aufirst=Pravin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.undv.org%2Fvesak2011%2Fpanel2%2F14PBhalesainFINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2023" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (10 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmYJiVui9UC&pg=PA112"><i>Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 112. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-99-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-99-0"><bdi>978-1-902806-99-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danger%21+Educated+Gypsy%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-99-0&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqmYJiVui9UC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEnaAizpurua-IraolaFont-PorteriasCalafell2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ena, Giacomo Francesco; Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen; Font-Porterias, Neus; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (8 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9690732">"Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review"</a>. <i>Genes</i>. <b>13</b> (11): 2068. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes13112068">10.3390/genes13112068</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4425">2073-4425</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9690732">9690732</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36360305">36360305</a>. <q>Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54]<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=Population+Genetics+of+the+European+Roma%E2%80%94A+Review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2068&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9690732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36360305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes13112068&rft.aulast=Ena&rft.aufirst=Giacomo+Francesco&rft.au=Aizpurua-Iraola%2C+Julen&rft.au=Font-Porterias%2C+Neus&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9690732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-Arrieta2023" class="citation web cs1">Hernández-Arrieta, Stefany (7 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ellipse.prbb.org/the-definition-of-being-romani/">"The definition of being Romani"</a>. <i>Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) - El·lipse</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>This population<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barcelona+Biomedical+Research+Park+%28PRBB%29+-+El%C2%B7lipse&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+being+Romani&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Arrieta&rft.aufirst=Stefany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fellipse.prbb.org%2Fthe-definition-of-being-romani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBeňo2022" class="citation web cs1">Beňo, Matúš (5 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html">"Romani disappearing from Roma communities"</a>. <i>The Slovak Spectator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Slovak+Spectator&rft.atitle=Romani+disappearing+from+Roma+communities&rft.date=2022-11-05&rft.aulast=Be%C5%88o&rft.aufirst=Mat%C3%BA%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fspectator.sme.sk%2Fc%2F23061966%2Fromani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarinov2019" class="citation book cs1">Marinov, Aleksandar G. (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ"><i>Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 31. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2"><bdi>978-1-78920-362-2</bdi></a>. <q>It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Looking%3A+The+Impact+of+Migration+on+Romanipe+from+the+Romani+Perspective&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-362-2&rft.aulast=Marinov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl2jDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock (2002)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20">xx</a>: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_BroughtonMark_EllinghamRichard_Trillo1999" class="citation book cs1">Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo"><i>World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i></a></span>. Rough Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-635-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-635-8&rft.au=Simon+Broughton&rft.au=Mark+Ellingham&rft.au=Richard+Trillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2012" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Carol (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49"><i>Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 49. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530094-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+Routes%3A+Cultural+Politics+and+Balkan+Music+in+Diaspora&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530094-9&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw-Byail0EkC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (8 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 260. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-5749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20029-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock20029_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. 9: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000'</span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaron_Matras" title="Yaron Matras">Matras, Yaron</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">"Romani"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Brown, Keith (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i> (2 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 2. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054784-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054784-8"><bdi>978-0-08-054784-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romani&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054784-8&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FMatras_Rmni_ELL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cole, Jeffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC">"Roma"</a>. <i>Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</i>. United Kingdom: ABC-CLIO. p. 297. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-303-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-303-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-303-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roma&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-303-3&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9fDifnkMJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20121207171926304">"Study shows Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+shows+Roma+descended+from+Indian+%27untouchables%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Fpost-mobile.php%3Fstory%3D20121207171926304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1995" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Rama (28 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC&q=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community"><i>Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85880-70-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85880-70-9"><bdi>978-81-85880-70-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scavenger+in+Indian+Society%3A+Marginality%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politicization+of+the+Community&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.&rft.date=1995-01-28&rft.isbn=978-81-85880-70-9&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Rama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_aZm_MQjygC%26q%3DScavenger%2Bin%2BIndian%2BSociety%253A%2BMarginality%252C%2BIdentity%252C%2Band%2BPoliticization%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCommunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancockDowdDjurić2004" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian; Dowd, Siobhan; Djurić, Rajko (2004). <i>The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy Writers</i>. Hatfield, United Kingdom: University of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900458-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900458-90-3"><bdi>978-0-900458-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roads+of+the+Roma%3A+a+PEN+anthology+of+Gypsy+Writers&rft.place=Hatfield%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-900458-90-3&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Dowd%2C+Siobhan&rft.au=Djuri%C4%87%2C+Rajko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/romani_MIG.pdf">"Migrations of the Romani People"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migrations+of+the+Romani+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fromani_MIG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick2007" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)</i></a> (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvii. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gypsies+%28Romanies%29&rft.pages=xxxvii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQKyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGaster1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gaster, Moses (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gipsies"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gipsies">"Gipsies" </a></span>. In <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gipsies&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=37-43&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Randall-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRandall" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Kay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205135317/http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html">"What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Professor+take+on+roles+of+Romani+activist+and+spokesperson+to+improve+plight+of+their+ethnic+group&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2003%2Fromani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBambauer2018" class="citation web cs1">Bambauer, Nikki (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/plight-romani-people/">"The Plight of the Romani People-Europe's Most Persecuted Minority"</a>. JFCS Holocaust Center. <q>The Romani people are frequently referred to as "gypsies," but many of them consider this exonym a derogatory term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plight+of+the+Romani+People-Europe%27s+Most+Persecuted+Minority&rft.pub=JFCS+Holocaust+Center&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Bambauer&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fholocaustcenter.jfcs.org%2Fplight-romani-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pickering-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pickering_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2010" class="citation web cs1">Pickering (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524174552/https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf">"The Romani"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University" title="Northern Michigan University">Northern Michigan University</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Romani&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Northern+Michigan+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Pickering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nmu.edu%2Fsites%2FDrupalEnglish%2Ffiles%2FUserFiles%2FFiles%2FPre-Drupal%2FSiteSections%2FStudents%2FAwardEntries%2FRomani_Pickering_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCorrêa_Teixeira" class="citation web cs1">Corrêa Teixeira, Rodrigo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf">"A história dos ciganos no Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dhnet.org.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhnet.org.br&rft.atitle=A+hist%C3%B3ria+dos+ciganos+no+Brasil&rft.aulast=Corr%C3%AAa+Teixeira&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.dhnet.org.br%2Fdireitos%2Fsos%2Fciganos%2Fa_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2015" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfQ9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>The Romani Gypsies</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 27. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36838-5"><bdi>978-0-674-36838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romani+Gypsies&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36838-5&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfQ9BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland198614-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland198614_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1986">Sutherland 1986</a>, p. 14.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Romani">"Romani - World History Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Romani+-+World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FRomani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras20022240-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras20022240_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras 2002</a>, p. 2240.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras 2002</a>, p. 239.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">"Romani"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i>. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>In some regions of Europe, especially the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula), Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as Para-Romani varieties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Romani&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FMatras_Rmni_ELL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm">"European effort spotlights plight of the Roma"</a>, <i>USA Today</i>, 1 February 2005</span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChiriac2004" class="citation web cs1">Chiriac, Marian (29 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915070340/http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172">"It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma"</a>. Other-news.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172">the original</a> on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+Now+Suits+the+EU+to+Help+the+Roma&rft.pub=Other-news.info&rft.date=2004-09-29&rft.aulast=Chiriac&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.other-news.info%2F2004%2F09%2Fit-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma%2F%23more-172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57C04G/">"FACTBOX: Eastern Europe's Roma people"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=FACTBOX%3A+Eastern+Europe%27s+Roma+people&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE57C04G%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu_en">"Roma integration in the EU"</a>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roma+integration+in+the+EU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fpolicies%2Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights%2Fcombatting-discrimination%2Froma-and-eu%2Froma-integration-eu_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622154153/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp">"Compilation of population estimates"</a>. Council of Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp">the original</a> on 22 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+population+estimates&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg3%2Fromatravellers%2FDocumentation%2Fstrategies%2Fstatistiques_en.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006045453/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp">"Roma Travellers Statistics"</a> at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 6 October 2009), Council of Europe, compilation of population estimates. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp">the original</a>, 6 October 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html">"Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Roma+ghettos+in+the+heart+of+the+EU&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2019%2F09%2F06%2Finenglish%2F1567776057_755361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PanPfeil2003-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PanPfeil2003_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPanPfeil2003" class="citation book cs1">Pan, Christoph; Pfeil, Beate Sibylle (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRU_AQAAIAAJ"><i>National Minorities in Europe: Handbook</i></a>. Braumüller. p. 27f. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-1443-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-1443-1"><bdi>978-3-7003-1443-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Minorities+in+Europe%3A+Handbook&rft.pages=27f&rft.pub=Braum%C3%BCller&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-7003-1443-1&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Pfeil%2C+Beate+Sibylle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRU_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiégois2007" class="citation cs2">Liégois, Jean-Pierre (2007), <i>Roms en Europe</i>, Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roms+en+Europe&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Conseil+de+l%27Europe&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Li%C3%A9gois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20012-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock20012_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2001">Hancock 2001</a>, p. 2.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras20025-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras20025_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras 2002</a>, p. 5.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Names_of_the_Romani_People-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Names_of_the_Romani_People_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDosoftei2007" class="citation web cs1">Dosoftei, Alin (24 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070621/http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php">"Names of the Romani People"</a>. Desicritics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php">the original</a> on 7 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+of+the+Romani+People&rft.pub=Desicritics&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.aulast=Dosoftei&rft.aufirst=Alin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdesicritics.org%2F2007%2F12%2F24%2F012125.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBessonovDemeter" class="citation cs2">Bessonov, N; Demeter, N, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429083140/http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm"><i>Ethnic groups of Gypsies</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RU</a>: Zigane, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm">the original</a> on 29 April 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+of+Gypsies&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=Zigane&rft.aulast=Bessonov&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Demeter%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fzigane.pp.ru%2Fhistory14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003_117-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHübshmanová2003">Hübshmanová 2003</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHorvátová2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horvátová, Jana (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050312184629/http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf"><i>Kapitoly z dějin Romů</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Czech). Praha: Lidové noviny. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 March 2005. <q>Mnohočetnost romských skupin je patrně pozůstatkem diferenciace Romů do původních indických kast a podkast. [The multitude of Roma groups is apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and subcastes.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kapitoly+z+d%C4%9Bjin+Rom%C5%AF&rft.place=Praha&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Lidov%C3%A9+noviny&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Horv%C3%A1tov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.varianty.cz%2Fcdrom%2Fpodkapitoly%2Fd01kapitoly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477">N. Rai et al., 2012, "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations"</a> (23 September 2016)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabel Fonseca, <i>Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and their Journey</i>, Random House, p. 100.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2010" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOycWJwdyLgC&pg=PA130"><i>Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 130–. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907396-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907396-30-4"><bdi>978-1-907396-30-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danger%21+Educated+Gypsy%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=130-&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-907396-30-4&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOycWJwdyLgC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jurova_endonyma-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJurová2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jurová, Anna (2003). Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf">"From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia</i>. Slovakia: 17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>. <q>the Sinti lived in German territory, the Manusha in France, the Romanitsel in England, the Kale in Spain and Portugal, and the Kaale in Finland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dipen+Pal+O+Roma+%E2%80%93+A+Global+Report+on+Roma+in+Slovakia&rft.atitle=From+Leaving+The+Homeland+to+the+First+Assimilation+Measures&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jurov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.eurac.it%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Finstitutes%2Fimr%2FDocuments%2Fromaglob_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romarchive.eu/en/">"RomArchive"</a>. <i>www.romarchive.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.romarchive.eu&rft.atitle=RomArchive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.romarchive.eu%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWisely2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wisely, Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165350/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/abs/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA">"War against "Internal Enemies": Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 654. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938919000852">10.1017/S0008938919000852</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214237801">214237801</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA/S0008938919000852a.pdf/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=War+against+%22Internal+Enemies%22%3A+Dr.+Franz+Lucas%27s+Sterilization+of+Sinti+and+Roma+in+Ravensbr%C3%BCck+Men%27s+Camp+in+January+1945&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=654&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938919000852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214237801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wisely&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FD56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA%2FS0008938919000852a.pdf%2Fwar-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLewy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lewy, Guenter (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200949903400202">"Himmler and the 'Racially Pure Gypsies'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 201–214. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949903400202">10.1177/002200949903400202</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21977563">21977563</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37085059">37085059</a>. <q>One spokesman was to serve the Lalleri Gypsies, a closely-knit tribe originally from the German-speaking part of Bohemia and Moravia that in 1939 had become a German protectorate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Himmler+and+the+%27Racially+Pure+Gypsies%27&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-214&rft.date=1999-04&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37085059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21977563&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949903400202&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949903400202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romacenter.org/en/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945/">"GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945"</a>. <i>Romacenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>In the autumn of 1941, German police authorities deported 5,007 Sinti and Lalleri Gypsies from Austria to the ghetto for Jews in Lodz, where they resided in a segregated section</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romacenter.org&rft.atitle=GENOCIDE+OF+EUROPEAN+ROMA+%28GYPSIES%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fromacenter.org%2Fen%2Fgenocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606010750/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm">"Romani language and alphabet"</a>. Omniglot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani+language+and+alphabet&rft.pub=Omniglot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fromany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rom3-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rom3_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rom3_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rom3_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rom3_129-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rom3_129-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFResearch_Directorate2001" class="citation web cs1">Research Directorate (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be9c20.html">"Romania: Traditional Roma name for the various Roma clans and description of their traditional occupations; whether these occupations still exist today; distinguishing characteristics of the clans"</a>. Canada: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada" title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%3A+Traditional+Roma+name+for+the+various+Roma+clans+and+description+of+their+traditional+occupations%3B+whether+these+occupations+still+exist+today%3B+distinguishing+characteristics+of+the+clans&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Research+Directorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3df4be9c20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe1995" class="citation book cs1">Crowe, David (1995). <i>A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia</i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 123. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-60671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-60671-9"><bdi>978-1-349-60671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Gypsies+of+Eastern+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-349-60671-9&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Dicționarul etimologic român</i> (in Romanian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionarul+etimologic+rom%C3%A2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudar"><i>DEX-online</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DEX-online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdexonline.ro%2Fdefinitie%2Frudar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> (see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a> <i>rudár (sing.), rudári (pl.)</i> followed by both definitions: "gold-miner" and "wood crafter").</span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.sztaki.hu/dict_search.php?L=ENG%3AHUN%3AEngHunDict&O=ENG&flash=&E=1&sid=86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5&vk=&in_form=1&W=rúd&M=1&P=0&C=1&T=1"><i>Sztaki</i></a>, HU</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sztaki&rft.place=HU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdict.sztaki.hu%2Fdict_search.php%3FL%3DENG%253AHUN%253AEngHunDict%26O%3DENG%26flash%3D%26E%3D1%26sid%3D86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5%26vk%3D%26in_form%3D1%26W%3Dr%C3%BAd%26M%3D1%26P%3D0%26C%3D1%26T%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudă"><i>Dex online</i></a>, RO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dex+online&rft.place=RO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdexonline.ro%2Fdefinitie%2Frud%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/16036">"Vlax Romani: Churari (Speech variety #16036)"</a>. Global recordings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vlax+Romani%3A+Churari+%28Speech+variety+%2316036%29&rft.pub=Global+recordings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fglobalrecordings.net%2Fresearch%2Fdialect%2F16036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/factsheets-on-romani-culture-1-7-romani-group-names/1680aac36b">"Romani group names"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani+group+names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Frm.coe.int%2Ffactsheets-on-romani-culture-1-7-romani-group-names%2F1680aac36b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gitanos.org/la_comunidad_gitana/roma_community_europe.html.en">"Roma people in Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+people+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.gitanos.org%2Fla_comunidad_gitana%2Froma_community_europe.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoyleHalfacreeRobinson2014" class="citation cs2">Boyle, Paul; Halfacree, Keith H.; Robinson, Vaughan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT492"><i>Exploring Contemporary Migration</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89086-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89086-7"><bdi>978-1-317-89086-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Contemporary+Migration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89086-7&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Halfacree%2C+Keith+H.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Vaughan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XPJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJurová2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jurová, Anna (2003). Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf">"From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia</i>. Slovak Republic: 17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>. <q>The word "manush" is also included in all dialects of Romany. It means man, while "Manusha" equals people. This word has the same form and meaning in Sanskrit as well, and is almost identical in other Indian languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dipen+Pal+O+Roma+%E2%80%93+A+Global+Report+on+Roma+in+Slovakia&rft.atitle=From+Leaving+The+Homeland+to+the+First+Assimilation+Measures&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jurov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.eurac.it%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Finstitutes%2Fimr%2FDocuments%2Fromaglob_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513231913/http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf"><i>Gypsy Studies – Cigány Tanulmányok</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, HU: Forraykatalin, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Studies+%E2%80%93+Cig%C3%A1ny+Tanulm%C3%A1nyok&rft.place=HU&rft.pub=Forraykatalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.forrayrkatalin.hu%2Fdoski%2FPTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaGreshamCalafell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">"Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review"</a>. <i>BMC Medical Genetics</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 5. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5">10.1186/1471-2350-2-5</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">31389</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11299048">11299048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+studies+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11299048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5&rft.aulast=Kalaydjieva&rft.aufirst=Luba&rft.au=Gresham%2C+David&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_141-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMendizabalLaoMarigortaWollstein2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mendizabal, Isabel; Lao, Oscar; Marigorta, Urko M.; Wollstein, Andreas; Gusmão, Leonor; Ferak, Vladimir; Ioana, Mihai; Jordanova, Albena; Kaneva, Radka; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Makukh, Halyna; Metspalu, Andres; Netea, Mihai G.; de Pablo, Rosario; Pamjav, Horolma; Radojkovic, Dragica; Rolleston, Sarah J.H.; Sertic, Jadranka; Macek, Milan; Comas, David; Kayser, Manfred (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039">"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (24): 2342–2349. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CBio...22.2342M">2012CBio...22.2342M</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F25348">10230/25348</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23219723">23219723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Population+History+of+European+Romani+from+Genome-wide+Data&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2342-2349&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F25348&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23219723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012CBio...22.2342M&rft.aulast=Mendizabal&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Lao%2C+Oscar&rft.au=Marigorta%2C+Urko+M.&rft.au=Wollstein%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+Leonor&rft.au=Ferak%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Ioana%2C+Mihai&rft.au=Jordanova%2C+Albena&rft.au=Kaneva%2C+Radka&rft.au=Kouvatsi%2C+Anastasia&rft.au=Ku%C4%8Dinskas%2C+Vaidutis&rft.au=Makukh%2C+Halyna&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Andres&rft.au=Netea%2C+Mihai+G.&rft.au=de+Pablo%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Pamjav%2C+Horolma&rft.au=Radojkovic%2C+Dragica&rft.au=Rolleston%2C+Sarah+J.H.&rft.au=Sertic%2C+Jadranka&rft.au=Macek%2C+Milan&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Comas-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_142-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_142-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_142-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSindya_N._Bhanoo2012" class="citation news cs1">Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0">"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Genomic+Study+Traces+Roma+to+Northern+India&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.au=Sindya+N.+Bhanoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fscience%2Fgenomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romea.cz/en/world/brazil-fatal-altercation-between-police-and-romani-family-launches-campaign-of-mass-murder-against-local-roma/">"Brazil: Fatal altercation between police and Romani family launches campaign of mass murder against local Roma"</a>. <i>Romea.cz - Everything about Roma in one place</i>. 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romea.cz+-+Everything+about+Roma+in+one+place&rft.atitle=Brazil%3A+Fatal+altercation+between+police+and+Romani+family+launches+campaign+of+mass+murder+against+local+Roma&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fromea.cz%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fbrazil-fatal-altercation-between-police-and-romani-family-launches-campaign-of-mass-murder-against-local-roma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAmaral2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amaral, Fernanda Pattaro (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_xJEAAAQBAJ&q=pueblo+gitano+brasil"><i>A Orillas Del Mar</i></a> (in Spanish). Clube de Autores. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5024-2120-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5024-2120-3"><bdi>978-1-5024-2120-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Orillas+Del+Mar&rft.pub=Clube+de+Autores&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5024-2120-3&rft.aulast=Amaral&rft.aufirst=Fernanda+Pattaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_xJEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpueblo%2Bgitano%2Bbrasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Current Biology</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHübschmannová2002" class="citation web cs1">Hübschmannová, Milena (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162014/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fhist%2Forigin%2Forigin.en.xml">"Origin of Roma"</a>. <i>RomBase</i>. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/hist/origin/origin.en.xml">the original</a> on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RomBase&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Roma&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbschmannov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Frombase.uni-graz.at%2F%2Fcgi-bin%2Fartframe.pl%3Fsrc%3Ddata%2Fhist%2Forigin%2Forigin.en.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras200214-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras200214_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras 2002</a>, p. 14.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-GYPSY_i-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GYPSY_i_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDigard" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Digard, Jean-Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i">"GYPSY i. Gypies of Persia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GYPSY+i.+Gypies+of+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Digard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgypsy-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mluvnice-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mluvnice_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFŠebkováŽlnayová1998" class="citation cs2">Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf"><i>Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7044-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7044-205-0"><bdi>978-80-7044-205-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A1stin+mluvnice+slovensk%C3%A9+rom%C5%A1tiny+%28pro+pedagogick%C3%A9+%C3%BA%C4%8Dely%29&rft.place=%C3%9Ast%C3%AD+nad+Labem&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pedagogick%C3%A1+fakulta+Univerzity+J.+E.+Purkyn%C4%9B+v+%C3%9Ast%C3%AD+nad+Labem&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-80-7044-205-0&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft.au=%C5%BDlnayov%C3%A1%2C+Edita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Frss.archives.ceu.hu%2Farchive%2F00001112%2F01%2F118.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBiancoLavalFont-PorteriasGarcía-Fernández2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bianco, Erica; Laval, Guillaume; Font-Porterias, Neus; García-Fernández, Carla; Dobon, Begoña; Sabido-Vera, Rubén; Sukarova Stefanovska, Emilija; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Makukh, Halyna; Pamjav, Horolma; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa156">"Recent Common Origin, Reduced Population Size, and Marked Admixture Have Shaped European Roma Genomes"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>37</b> (11): 3175–3187. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa156">10.1093/molbev/msaa156</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F229486">2066/229486</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589725">32589725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Recent+Common+Origin%2C+Reduced+Population+Size%2C+and+Marked+Admixture+Have+Shaped+European+Roma+Genomes&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3175-3187&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F229486&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32589725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa156&rft.aulast=Bianco&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft.au=Laval%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Font-Porterias%2C+Neus&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Carla&rft.au=Dobon%2C+Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Sabido-Vera%2C+Rub%C3%A9n&rft.au=Sukarova+Stefanovska%2C+Emilija&rft.au=Ku%C4%8Dinskas%2C+Vaidutis&rft.au=Makukh%2C+Halyna&rft.au=Pamjav%2C+Horolma&rft.au=Quintana-Murci%2C+Lluis&rft.au=Netea%2C+Mihai+G.&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsaa156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-David_Gresham-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Gresham_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Gresham_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreshamMorarUnderhillPassarino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gresham, D; Morar, B; Underhill, PA; Passarino, G; Lin, AA; Wise, C; Angelicheva, D; Calafell, F; Oefner, PJ; Shen, Peidong; Tournev, Ivailo; De Pablo, Rosario; Kuĉinskas, Vaidutis; Perez-Lezaun, Anna; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kalaydjieva, Luba (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">"Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>69</b> (6): 1314–31. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F324681">10.1086/324681</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">1235543</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11704928">11704928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Divergence+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1314-31&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11704928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F324681&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Morar%2C+B&rft.au=Underhill%2C+PA&rft.au=Passarino%2C+G&rft.au=Lin%2C+AA&rft.au=Wise%2C+C&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+D&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F&rft.au=Oefner%2C+PJ&rft.au=Shen%2C+Peidong&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=De+Pablo%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Ku%C4%89inskas%2C+Vaidutis&rft.au=Perez-Lezaun%2C+Anna&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+Luba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/germany_austria_switzerland_dna_project.shtml">"Participate to the DNA ancestry project for Germany, Austria and Switzerland"</a>. <i>Eupedia.com</i>. 10 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eupedia.com&rft.atitle=Participate+to+the+DNA+ancestry+project+for+Germany%2C+Austria+and+Switzerland&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Feurope%2Fgermany_austria_switzerland_dna_project.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBánfaiMeleghSümegiHadzsiev2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bánfai, Zsolt; Melegh, Béla I.; Sümegi, Katalin; Hadzsiev, Kinga; Miseta, Attila; Kásler, Miklós; Melegh, Béla (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585392">"Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>10</b>: 558. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2019.00558">10.3389/fgene.2019.00558</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585392">6585392</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31263480">31263480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Revealing+the+Genetic+Impact+of+the+Ottoman+Occupation+on+Ethnic+Groups+of+East-Central+Europe+and+on+the+Roma+Population+of+the+Area&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=558&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6585392%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31263480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2019.00558&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1nfai&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la+I.&rft.au=S%C3%BCmegi%2C+Katalin&rft.au=Hadzsiev%2C+Kinga&rft.au=Miseta%2C+Attila&rft.au=K%C3%A1sler%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6585392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFont-PorteriasAraunaPovedaBianco2019" class="citation journal cs1">Font-Porterias, Neus; Arauna, Lara R.; Poveda, Alaitz; Bianco, Erica; Rebato, Esther; Prata, Maria Joao; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779411">"European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>15</b> (9): e1008417. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008417">10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7390">1553-7390</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779411">6779411</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31545809">31545809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=European+Roma+groups+show+complex+West+Eurasian+admixture+footprints+and+a+common+South+Asian+genetic+origin&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e1008417&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6779411%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31545809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008417&rft.aulast=Font-Porterias&rft.aufirst=Neus&rft.au=Arauna%2C+Lara+R.&rft.au=Poveda%2C+Alaitz&rft.au=Bianco%2C+Erica&rft.au=Rebato%2C+Esther&rft.au=Prata%2C+Maria+Joao&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6779411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinov2019-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinov2019_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarinov2019">Marinov 2019</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Becky (2014). <i>Another Darkness Another Dawn</i>. London UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 22. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Darkness+Another+Dawn&rft.place=London+UK&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-257-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Becky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKing2023" class="citation web cs1">King, Arienne (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16922/map-of-romani-migration-in-the-middle-ages/">"Romani Migration in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Romani+Migration+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Arienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fimage%2F16922%2Fmap-of-romani-migration-in-the-middle-ages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-diaspora-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora">"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?"</a>. khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Romas+be+part+of+Indian+diaspora%3F&rft.pub=khaleejtimes.com&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2Finternational%2Findia%2Fcan-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecultural.me/romromni-romanoromani-453391">"Rom/Romni, Romano/Romani | The Cultural Me"</a>. <i>thecultural.me</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecultural.me&rft.atitle=Rom%2FRomni%2C+Romano%2FRomani+%26%23124%3B+The+Cultural+Me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fthecultural.me%2Fromromni-romanoromani-453391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom">"Roma | People, Meaning, History, Language, Lifestyle, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Roma+%26%23124%3B+People%2C+Meaning%2C+History%2C+Language%2C+Lifestyle%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-words-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-words_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-words_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-words_186-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005191238/http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma">"Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma"</a>, <i>In Other Words project</i>, Web Observatory & Review for Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma">the original</a> on 5 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roma%2C+Sinti%2C+Gypsies%2C+Travellers...The+Correct+Terminology+about+Roma&rft.btitle=In+Other+Words+project&rft.pub=Web+Observatory+%26+Review+for+Discrimination+alerts+%26+Stereotypes+deconstruction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.inotherwords-project.eu%2Fcontent%2Fproject%2Fmedia-analysis%2Fterminology%2Fterminology-concerning-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. xix.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. xxi.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Minoritetssprak/romani-og-romanes/">"Romani og romanes"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Romani+og+romanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FSpraka-vare%2FMinoritetssprak%2Fromani-og-romanes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> "Romany" first use 1812 in a slang dictionary; "Rom" and "Roma" as plural, first uses by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burrow" class="mw-redirect" title="George Burrow">George Burrow</a> in the Introduction to his <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zincali" title="The Zincali">The Zincali</a></i> (1846 edition), also using "Rommany"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2001" class="citation cs2">Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (2001), "Historical and ethnographic background; gypsies, Roma, Sinti", in Guy, Will (ed.), <i>Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock]</i>, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press, p. 52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+and+ethnographic+background%3B+gypsies%2C+Roma%2C+Sinti&rft.btitle=Between+Past+and+Future%3A+The+Roma+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+%5Bwith+a+Foreword+by+Dr.+Ian+Hancock%5D&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Marushiakova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKlimova-Alexander2005" class="citation cs2">Klimova-Alexander, Illona (2005), <i>The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State Actors</i>, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, p. 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romani+Voice+in+World+Politics%3A+The+United+Nations+and+Non-State+Actors&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Klimova-Alexander&rft.aufirst=Illona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRothéa" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rothéa, Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Rothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html">"Les Roms, une nation sans territoire?"</a>. <i>Theyliewedie.org</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theyliewedie.org&rft.atitle=Les+Roms%2C+une+nation+sans+territoire%3F&rft.aulast=Roth%C3%A9a&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.theyliewedie.org%2Fressources%2Fbiblio%2Ffr%2FRothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Garner-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2011" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwLiALrHLCEC&pg=PA400"><i>Dictionary of Legal Usage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 400–. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8"><bdi>978-0-19-538420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Legal+Usage&rft.pages=400-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538420-8&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwLiALrHLCEC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFO'Nions2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Nions, Helen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lN1Nj_IjUiUC&pg=PA6"><i>Minority rights protection in international law: the Roma of Europe</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 6. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9092-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-9092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+rights+protection+in+international+law%3A+the+Roma+of+Europe&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9092-0&rft.aulast=O%27Nions&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlN1Nj_IjUiUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xx-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xx_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. xx.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/style-guide/ethnic-groups#2021-census">"List of ethnic groups"</a>. <i>www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk&rft.atitle=List+of+ethnic+groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk%2Fstyle-guide%2Fethnic-groups%232021-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523142528/http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml">"Dom: The Gypsy community in Jerusalem"</a>. The Institute for Middle East Understanding. 13 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml">the original</a> on 23 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dom%3A+The+Gypsy+community+in+Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Middle+East+Understanding&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fimeu.net%2Fnews%2Farticle004439.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harper, Douglas (13 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Romany">"Etymology of Romani"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+Romani&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DRomany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Soulis-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soulis_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSoulis1961" class="citation cs2">Soulis, G (1961), <i>The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages</i>, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Trustees for Harvard University, pp. 15, 141–165</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies+in+the+Byzantine+Empire+and+the+Balkans+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.pages=15%2C+141-165&rft.pub=Trustees+for+Harvard+University&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Soulis&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-White_1999-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_1999_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_1999_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation journal cs1">White, Karin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010320210002/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html">"Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine empire"</a>. <i>Golden Horn</i>. <b>7</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Golden+Horn&rft.atitle=Metal-workers%2C+agriculturists%2C+acrobats%2C+military-people+and+fortune-tellers%3A+Roma+%28Gypsies%29+in+and+around+the+Byzantine+empire&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.isidore-of-seville.com%2Fgoudenhoorn%2F72karin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1992-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1992_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser1992">Fraser 1992</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1995" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (1995). <i>A Handbook of Vlax Romani</i>. Slavica Publishers. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Vlax+Romani&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersp00merr"><i>Pocket guide to English usage</i></a>. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 1998. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersp00merr/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-514-8"><bdi>978-0-87779-514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+guide+to+English+usage&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-514-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerriamwebstersp00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWedeckBaskin1973" class="citation book cs1">Wedeck, H.E.; Baskin, Wade (1973). <i>Dictionary of gypsy life and lore</i>. New York: Philosophical Library. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2985-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2985-1"><bdi>978-0-8065-2985-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+gypsy+life+and+lore&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2985-1&rft.aulast=Wedeck&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft.au=Baskin%2C+Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RomaReport-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RomaReport_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105000222/http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf"><i>Report in Roma Educational Needs in Ireland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Pavee point, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+in+Roma+Educational+Needs+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Pavee+point&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.paveepoint.ie%2Fpdf%2FRoma_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Women_&_Equalities_Committee2019" class="citation web cs1">House of Commons Women & Equalities Committee (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/360/full-report.html#heading-6">"Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities"</a>. UK Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tackling+inequalities+faced+by+Gypsy%2C+Roma+and+Traveller+communities&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.au=House+of+Commons+Women+%26+Equalities+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201719%2Fcmselect%2Fcmwomeq%2F360%2Ffull-report.html%23heading-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-uk_gov-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uk_gov_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/gypsy-roma-irish-traveller#the-gypsy-roma-traveller-group">"Gypsy, Roma and Irish Traveller ethnicity summary"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i>. His Majesty's Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Gypsy%2C+Roma+and+Irish+Traveller+ethnicity+summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk%2Fsummaries%2Fgypsy-roma-irish-traveller%23the-gypsy-roma-traveller-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy">"Gypsy"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gypsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fdict.asp%3FWord%3Dgypsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/%C3%A7ingene">"Etymology of the Turkish word Çingene"</a>. <i>Nişanyan Sözlük</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ni%C5%9Fanyan+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+the+Turkish+word+%C3%87ingene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nisanyansozluk.com%2Fkelime%2F%25C3%25A7ingene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBates" class="citation web cs1">Bates, Karina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810161445/http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html">"A Brief History of the Rom"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Rom&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.sca.org%2Fti%2Farticles%2F2002%2Fissue144%2From.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/9Y2PJM6YAYT1UVHW.pdf">"Book Reviews"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Population Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 365–72. July 1994. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0032472031000147856">10.1080/0032472031000147856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-72&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0032472031000147856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Ftaylorandfrancis.metapress.com%2Findex%2F9Y2PJM6YAYT1UVHW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-THiM-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THiM_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THiM_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBereznay2021" class="citation book cs1">Bereznay, András (2021). <i>Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps</i>. Méry Ratio. p. 18/1. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6284-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6284-10-5"><bdi>978-615-6284-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Gypsies%3A+Romani+History+in+Maps&rft.pages=18%2F1&rft.pub=M%C3%A9ry+Ratio&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-615-6284-10-5&rft.aulast=Bereznay&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/arrival-in-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1908">"Arrival in Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrival+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Frm.coe.int%2Farrival-in-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history%2F16808b1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAnfuso1994" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Anfuso, Linda (24 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824232640/http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html">"gypsies"</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:rec.org.sca">rec.org.sca</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:PaN9Hc2w165w@tinhat.stonemarche.org">PaN9Hc2w165w@tinhat.stonemarche.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gypsies&rft.pub=rec.org.sca&rft.date=1994-02-24&rft_id=news%3APaN9Hc2w165w%40tinhat.stonemarche.org%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Anfuso&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.florilegium.org%2Ffiles%2FCULTURES%2FGypsies-msg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeilBlauKeilFeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Charles; Blau, Dick; Keil, Angeliki; Feld, Steven (9 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPxA6JA49B4C&pg=PA50"><i>Bright Balkan Morning: Romani Lives and the Power of Music in Greek Macedonia</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6488-7"><bdi>978-0-8195-6488-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Balkan+Morning%3A+Romani+Lives+and+the+Power+of+Music+in+Greek+Macedonia&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2002-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6488-7&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Blau%2C+Dick&rft.au=Keil%2C+Angeliki&rft.au=Feld%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPxA6JA49B4C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Ian_LawDr_Sarah_Swann2013" class="citation book cs1">Dr Ian Law; Dr Sarah Swann (28 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee5eOkd62BEC&pg=PA11"><i>Ethnicity and Education in England and Europe: Gangstas, Geeks and Gorjas</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9484-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-9484-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Education+in+England+and+Europe%3A+Gangstas%2C+Geeks+and+Gorjas&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9484-3&rft.au=Dr+Ian+Law&rft.au=Dr+Sarah+Swann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEe5eOkd62BEC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_Hĺkon_Jahr1992" class="citation book cs1">Ernst Hĺkon Jahr (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQ4iFhXx4YC&pg=PA42"><i>Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 42. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012802-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012802-4"><bdi>978-3-11-012802-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact%3A+Theoretical+and+Empirical+Studies&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012802-4&rft.au=Ernst+H%C4%BAkon+Jahr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfQ4iFhXx4YC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_BroughtonMark_EllinghamRichard_Trillo1999" class="citation book cs1">Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo"><i>World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i></a></span>. Rough Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-635-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-635-8&rft.au=Simon+Broughton&rft.au=Mark+Ellingham&rft.au=Richard+Trillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling1480s" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebold_Schilling_the_Elder" title="Diebold Schilling the Elder">Schilling, Diebold the Elder</a> (1480s). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiezer_Schilling" title="Spiezer Schilling"><i>Spiezer Schilling</i></a>. Bern. p. 749.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiezer+Schilling&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=749&rft.date=1480&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Diebold+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-kenrick-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kenrick_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenrick_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick2007" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atozofgypsiesrom0000unse"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanis)</i></a> (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. xx–xxii. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gypsies+%28Romanis%29&rft.pages=xx-xxii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatozofgypsiesrom0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1996). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe:_A_History" title="Europe: A History"><i>Europe: A History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/387">387–88</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pages=387-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Gómez_Alfaro" class="citation web cs1">Antonio Gómez Alfaro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/roma/Source/FS2/3.3_roundup-spain_english.pdf">"The Great "Gypsy" Round-up in Spain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+%22Gypsy%22+Round-up+in+Spain&rft.pages=4&rft.au=Antonio+G%C3%B3mez+Alfaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Feducation%2Froma%2FSource%2FFS2%2F3.3_roundup-spain_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/western-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b19e4">"Western Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Frm.coe.int%2Fwestern-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history%2F16808b19e4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Becky (2014). <i>Another Darkness Another Dawn</i>. London UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 72. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Darkness+Another+Dawn&rft.place=London+UK&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-257-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Becky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock200125-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock200125_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2001">Hancock 2001</a>, p. 25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRadu2009" class="citation cs2">Radu, Delia (8 July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8136812.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'On the Road': Centuries of Roma History"</a>, <i>World Service</i>, BBC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Service&rft.atitle=%27On+the+Road%27%3A+Centuries+of+Roma+History&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft.aulast=Radu&rft.aufirst=Delia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8136812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.sas.upenn.edu/earlyamericanstudies/2022/03/16/romani-history-is-american-history">"Romani History is American History"</a>. <i>EAS Miscellany</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EAS+Miscellany&rft.atitle=Romani+History+is+American+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fweb.sas.upenn.edu%2Fearlyamericanstudies%2F2022%2F03%2F16%2Fromani-history-is-american-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Milton_estimates-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milton_estimates_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock" class="citation web cs1">Hancock, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105001/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true">"Romanies and the holocaust: a reevaluation and an overview"</a>. <i>Radoc.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radoc.net&rft.atitle=Romanies+and+the+holocaust%3A+a+reevaluation+and+an+overview&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.radoc.net%2Fradoc.php%3Fdoc%3Dart_e_holocaust_porrajmos%26lang%3Den%26articles%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130">"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hancock2005-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hancock2005_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2005" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609233028/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=">"True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview"</a>. <i>The Historiography of the Holocaust</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 383–96. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9927-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-9927-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=">the original</a> on 9 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=True+Romanies+and+the+Holocaust%3A+A+Re-evaluation+and+an+overview&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=383-96&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.radoc.net%2Fradoc.php%3Fdoc%3Dart_e_holocaust_porrajmos%26lang%3Den%26articles%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219">"GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GENOCIDE+OF+EUROPEAN+ROMA+%28GYPSIES%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1995-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1995_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1995">Silverman 1995</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelsinki_Watch1991-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelsinki_Watch1991_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelsinki_Watch1991">Helsinki Watch 1991</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Denysenko_2007-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denysenko_2007_237-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denysenko_2007_237-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDenysenko2007" class="citation news cs1">Denysenko, Marina (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm">"Sterilised Roma accuse Czechs"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sterilised+Roma+accuse+Czechs&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Denysenko&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6409699.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Jeffrey (16 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213203349/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html">"Coercive Sterilization of Romani Women Examined at Hearing: New report focuses on Czech Republic and Slovakia"</a>. <i>Washington File</i>. Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+File&rft.atitle=Coercive+Sterilization+of+Romani+Women+Examined+at+Hearing%3A+New+report+focuses+on+Czech+Republic+and+Slovakia&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.america.gov%2Fst%2Fwashfile-english%2F2006%2FAugust%2F200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFŽelinskýGorardSiddiqui2021" class="citation journal cs1">Želinský, Tomáš; Gorard, Stephen; Siddiqui, Nadia (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1872366">"Increasing understanding of the aspirations and expectations of Roma students"</a>. <i>British Journal of Sociology of Education</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 588–606. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01425692.2021.1872366">10.1080/01425692.2021.1872366</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0142-5692">0142-5692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sociology+of+Education&rft.atitle=Increasing+understanding+of+the+aspirations+and+expectations+of+Roma+students&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=588-606&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01425692.2021.1872366&rft.issn=0142-5692&rft.aulast=%C5%BDelinsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Gorard%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Siddiqui%2C+Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F01425692.2021.1872366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3159818.stm">"Gypsy child couple separated"</a>. 2 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gypsy+child+couple+separated&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3159818.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2022" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Declan (7 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1niHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87"><i>Gypsies, Roma and Travellers: A Contemporary Analysis</i></a>. Critical Publishing. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-915080-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-915080-05-9"><bdi>978-1-915080-05-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies%2C+Roma+and+Travellers%3A+A+Contemporary+Analysis&rft.pub=Critical+Publishing&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.isbn=978-1-915080-05-9&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1niHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKnipe1991" class="citation web cs1">Knipe, David M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930232759/http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/">"The Journey of a Lifebody"</a>. hindugateway.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/">the original</a> on 30 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+a+Lifebody&rft.pub=hindugateway.com&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Knipe&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.hindugateway.com%2Flibrary%2Frituals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock200181-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock200181_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2001">Hancock 2001</a>, p. 81.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandar_G._Marinov2019" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandar G. Marinov (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2"><bdi>978-1-78920-362-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Looking%3A+The+Impact+of+Migration+on+Romanipe+from+the+Romani+Perspective&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-362-2&rft.au=Aleksandar+G.+Marinov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl2jDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Bas2018" class="citation book cs1">La Bas, Damian (2018). <i>The Stopping Places: A journey through Gypsy Britain</i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. pp. 179 & 190. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784741037" title="Special:BookSources/9781784741037"><bdi>9781784741037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stopping+Places%3A+A+journey+through+Gypsy+Britain&rft.pages=179+%26+190&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781784741037&rft.aulast=La+Bas&rft.aufirst=Damian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lee-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lee_259-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee_259-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Ronald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kopachi.com/articles/the-romani-goddess-kali-sara-ronald-lee/">"The Romani Goddess Kali Sara"</a>. <i>Romano Kapachi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romano+Kapachi&rft.atitle=The+Romani+Goddess+Kali+Sara&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fkopachi.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-romani-goddess-kali-sara-ronald-lee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-radoc.net-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radoc.net_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Hancock2001" class="citation book cs1">Ian Hancock (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true">"Romani ("Gypsy") Religion"</a>. In Jeff Kaplan; Bron Taylor; Samuel S. Hill (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925154755/http://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span> – via Radoc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romani+%28%22Gypsy%22%29+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Nature&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ian+Hancock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fradoc.net%2Fradoc.php%3Fdoc%3Dart_b_history_romanireligion%26lang%3Den%26articles%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Roma-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roma_261-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2012" class="citation web cs1">Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Veselin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413184328/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans">"Roma Muslims in the Balkans"</a>. <i>Education of Roma Children in Europe</i>. Council of Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans">the original</a> on 13 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+of+Roma+Children+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Roma+Muslims+in+the+Balkans&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Marushiakova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Veselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fromafacts.uni-graz.at%2Findex.php%2Fculture%2Fintroduction%2Froma-muslims-in-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kozubik M, Bobakova DF, Mojtova M, Tokovska M, van Dijk JP. Roma Religion: 1775 and 2018 Compared over Time. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 15;19(18):11645. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811645. PMID: 36141906; PMCID: PMC9517071.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol1/tabele/t51a.pdf">Census 2002, by religion</a>. (PDF). INS. Retrieved on 2024-05-29.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Roma3-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roma3_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2012" class="citation web cs1">Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Veselin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413184328/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans">"Roma Muslims in the Balkans"</a>. <i>Education of Roma Children in Europe</i>. Council of Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans">the original</a> on 13 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+of+Roma+Children+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Roma+Muslims+in+the+Balkans&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Marushiakova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Veselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fromafacts.uni-graz.at%2Findex.php%2Fculture%2Fintroduction%2Froma-muslims-in-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStropnik2011" class="citation web cs1">Stropnik, Nada (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=8971&langId=en">"Promoting Social Inclusion of Roma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Peer Review Social Inclusion EU</i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peer+Review+Social+Inclusion+EU&rft.atitle=Promoting+Social+Inclusion+of+Roma&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stropnik&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fsocial%2FBlobServlet%3FdocId%3D8971%26langId%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNiedźwiecka" class="citation web cs1">Niedźwiecka, Dorota. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl/Archiwum/2016/Przewodnik-Katolicki-40-2016/Wiara-i-Kosciol/Wiara-po-romsku">"Wiara po romsku"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiara+po+romsku&rft.aulast=Nied%C5%BAwiecka&rft.aufirst=Dorota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.przewodnik-katolicki.pl%2FArchiwum%2F2016%2FPrzewodnik-Katolicki-40-2016%2FWiara-i-Kosciol%2FWiara-po-romsku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiégeois1994" class="citation book cs1">Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7l-fGIA2ZkC&pg=PA89"><i>Roma, Gypsies, Travellers</i></a>. Council of Europe. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-2349-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-2349-7"><bdi>978-92-871-2349-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma%2C+Gypsies%2C+Travellers&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-871-2349-7&rft.aulast=Li%C3%A9geois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7l-fGIA2ZkC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEliopoulos2006" class="citation cs2">Eliopoulos, Nicholas C (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUX4C0qrDmUC&pg=PA460"><i>Gypsy Council</i></a>, Xlibris Corporation, p. 460, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4653-3036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4653-3036-9"><bdi>978-1-4653-3036-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Council&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4653-3036-9&rft.aulast=Eliopoulos&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUX4C0qrDmUC%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Area Handbook for Romania – Volume 550, Issue 160</i>. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Romania+%E2%80%93+Volume+550%2C+Issue+160&rft.pages=100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+in+a+Multicultural+World%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Cultural+Identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348596804">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Perverting the Taste of the People": Lăutari and the Balkan Question in Romania"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Perverting+the+Taste+of+the+People%22%3A+L%C4%83utari+and+the+Balkan+Question+in+Romania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348596804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Ashton-Smith2017" class="citation book cs1">Alan Ashton-Smith (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHRdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125"><i>Gypsy Music: The Balkans and Beyond</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-865-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-865-4"><bdi>978-1-78023-865-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Music%3A+The+Balkans+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-865-4&rft.au=Alan+Ashton-Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHRdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Rethinking (In)Security in the European Union: The Migration-Identity-Security Nexus</i>. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+%28In%29Security+in+the+European+Union%3A+The+Migration-Identity-Security+Nexus&rft.pages=148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gypsy_dance_origin-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gypsy_dance_origin_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2011" class="citation cs2">Martinez, Emma (24 February 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1CTtnjS8C&pg=PA21"><i>Flamenco: All You Wanted to Know</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Google books">Google books</a>)</span>, Mel Bay Publications, p. 21, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60974-470-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60974-470-0"><bdi>978-1-60974-470-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flamenco%3A+All+You+Wanted+to+Know&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Mel+Bay+Publications&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-60974-470-0&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzd1CTtnjS8C%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002129-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002129_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. 129.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Jazz%3A+In+Search+of+Django+Reinhardt+and+the+Soul+of+Gypsy+Swing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-family-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-family_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootsworld.com/turkey/cumbus.html"><i>Cümbüş means fun, Birger Gesthuisen investigates the short history of a 20th-century folk instrument</i></a>, RootsWorld</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F+means+fun%2C+Birger+Gesthuisen+investigates+the+short+history+of+a+20th-century+folk+instrument&rft.pub=RootsWorld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rootsworld.com%2Fturkey%2Fcumbus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies">"Gypsies"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Gypsies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fanthropology-and-archaeology%2Fpeople%2Fgypsies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bgsu.edu/lotag/2010/04/17/gypsy-legends-on-vampires/">"Gypsy Legends on Vampires"</a>. <i>BGSU Blogs</i>. 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BGSU+Blogs&rft.atitle=Gypsy+Legends+on+Vampires&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fblogs.bgsu.edu%2Flotag%2F2010%2F04%2F17%2Fgypsy-legends-on-vampires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/i-am-the-first-generation/">"Romani Cuisine and Cultural Persistence"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)" title="Paste (magazine)">Paste</a></i>. 27 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paste&rft.atitle=Romani+Cuisine+and+Cultural+Persistence&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Ffood%2Fi-am-the-first-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies">"Gypsies"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Gypsies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fanthropology-and-archaeology%2Fpeople%2Fgypsies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/neighbours_20090615.pdf">"Meet Your Neighbors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>opensourcefoundations.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=opensourcefoundations.org&rft.atitle=Meet+Your+Neighbors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.opensocietyfoundations.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fneighbours_20090615.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Raymond G Jr., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmq">"Caló: A language of Spain"</a>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (15th ed.). Dallas, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>: SIL International. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6"><bdi>978-1-55671-159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cal%C3%B3%3A+A+language+of+Spain&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-159-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Frmq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Manchester_Rom-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_Rom_286-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_Rom_286-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_Rom_286-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatras" class="citation web cs1">Matras, Yaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106012338/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//whatis/status/numbers.shtml">"Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects"</a>. <i>Humanities</i>. The University of Manchester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/whatis/status/numbers.shtml">the original</a> on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=Romani+Linguistics+and+Romani+Language+Projects&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fwhatis%2Fstatus%2Fnumbers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Becky (2014). <i>Another Darkness Another Dawn</i>. London UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 105. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Darkness+Another+Dawn&rft.place=London+UK&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-257-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Becky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-samer-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samer_295-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samer_295-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSamer2001" class="citation web cs1">Samer, Helmut (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406004922/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml">"Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism"</a>. <i>Rombase</i>. Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml">the original</a> on 6 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rombase&rft.atitle=Maria+Theresia+and+Joseph+II%3A+Policies+of+Assimilation+in+the+Age+of+Enlightened+Absolutism&rft.date=2001-12&rft.aulast=Samer&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Frombase.uni-graz.at%2F%2Fcgi-bin%2Fart.cgi%3Fsrc%3Ddata%252Fhist%252Fmodern%252Fmaria.en.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2005" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Angus (2005). <i>Los gitanos</i>. Ariel. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-344-6780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-344-6780-4"><bdi>978-84-344-6780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+gitanos&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-84-344-6780-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Texto de la pragmática en la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnBFAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22Declaro+que+los+que+llaman+y+se+dicen+gitanos+no+lo+son+por+origen+ni+por+naturaleza%2C+ni+provienen+de+raiz+infecta+alguna%22&pg=PA367"><i>Novísima Recopilación</i>. Ley XI</a>, pg. 367 y ss.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Gitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html">"Gitanos. History and Cultural Relations"</a>. World Culture Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gitanos.+History+and+Cultural+Relations&rft.pub=World+Culture+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2FEurope%2FGitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945">"Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Genocide+of+European+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgenocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040409001621/http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf"><i>Re. Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 11 September 2000, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re.+Holocaust+Victim+Assets+Litigation+%28Swiss+Banks%29+Special+Master%27s+Proposals&rft.date=2000-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.nyed.uscourts.gov%2Fpub%2Frulings%2Fcv%2F1996%2F685455.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStone2004" class="citation cs2">Stone, D, ed. (2004), "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113233924/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en"><i>The Historiography of the Holocaust</i></a> (article), Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en">the original</a> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanies+and+the+Holocaust%3A+A+Reevaluation+and+an+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.radoc.net%2Fradoc.php%3Fdoc%3Dart_e_holocaust_porrajmos%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221234346/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp">"Council of Europe website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp">the original</a> on 21 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg3%2Fromatravellers%2Fdocumentation%2Fstrategies%2Fstatistiques_en.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> European Roma and Travellers Forum (ERTF). 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143">the original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021234409/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143">Archived</a> 21 October 2013 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 6 July 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBilefsky2013" class="citation news cs1">Bilefsky, Dan (19 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/20/sunday-review/are-the-roma-primitive-or-just-poor.html">"Are the Roma primitive or just poor?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (review).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Are+the+Roma+primitive+or+just+poor%3F&rft.date=2013-10-19&rft.aulast=Bilefsky&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F20%2Fsunday-review%2Fare-the-roma-primitive-or-just-poor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/demolita-bidonille-ponte-mammolo.html">"Demolita la 'bidonville' di Ponte Mammolo"</a> [The 'slum' of Mammolo Bridge demolished]. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Giornale" title="Il Giornale">il Giornale</a></i> (in Italian). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</a>. 5 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=il+Giornale&rft.atitle=Demolita+la+%27bidonville%27+di+Ponte+Mammolo&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ilgiornale.it%2Fnews%2Fdemolita-bidonille-ponte-mammolo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/">Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403224749/https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/">Archived</a> 3 April 2019 at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 11 July 2016.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2019-eu-minorities-survey-roma-women_en.pdf">"Roma women in nine EU Member States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights</i>. 2019. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Agency+for+Fundamental+Rights&rft.atitle=Roma+women+in+nine+EU+Member+States&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffra_uploads%2Ffra-2019-eu-minorities-survey-roma-women_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11020429">"France sends Roma Gypsies back to Romania"</a>. BBC News. 20 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France+sends+Roma+Gypsies+back+to+Romania&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11020429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10681796">"Troops patrol French village of Saint-Aignan after riot"</a>. BBC News. 10 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troops+patrol+French+village+of+Saint-Aignan+after+riot&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-10681796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288">"Q&A: France Roma expulsions"</a>. BBC News. 15 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+France+Roma+expulsions&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11027288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/sarkozy-finds-a-scapegoat-france-begins-controversial-roma-deportations-a-712701.html">"France Begins Controversial Roma Deportations"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=France+Begins+Controversial+Roma+Deportations&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fsarkozy-finds-a-scapegoat-france-begins-controversial-roma-deportations-a-712701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11301307">"EU may take legal action against France over Roma"</a>. BBC News. 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+may+take+legal+action+against+France+over+Roma&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11301307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GLS-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GLS_349-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/">"The Gypsy Lore Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Journal)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.gypsyloresociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJacquot2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacquot, Dominique (2006). <i>Le musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg — Cinq siècles de peinture</i>. Strasbourg: Éditions des Musées de Strasbourg. p. 76. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-901833-78-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-901833-78-9"><bdi>978-2-901833-78-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mus%C3%A9e+des+Beaux-Arts+de+Strasbourg+%E2%80%94+Cinq+si%C3%A8cles+de+peinture&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+de+Strasbourg&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-901833-78-9&rft.aulast=Jacquot&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAchim2004" class="citation book cs1">Achim, Viorel (2004). <i>The Roma in Romanian History</i>. Budapest: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-84-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-84-8"><bdi>978-963-9241-84-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roma+in+Romanian+History&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-84-8&rft.aulast=Achim&rft.aufirst=Viorel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1992" class="citation cs2">Fraser, Angus (1992), <i>The Gypsies</i>, Oxford, UK: Blackwell, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15967-4"><bdi>978-0-631-15967-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-15967-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2001" class="citation cs2">Hancock, Ian (2001), <i>Ame sam e rromane džene</i>, New York: The Open Society Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ame+sam+e+rromane+d%C5%BEene&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Open+Society+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2002" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (2002) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC"><i>Ame Sam E Rromane Dz̆ene</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"><bdi>978-1-902806-19-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ame+Sam+E+Rromane+Dz%CC%86ene&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-19-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG0ahVw-kdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHelsinki_Watch1991" class="citation cs2">Helsinki Watch (1991), <i>Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies</i>, New York: Helsinki Watch</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+for+Ethnic+Identity%3A+Czechoslovakia%27s+Endangered+Gypsies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Helsinki+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Helsinki+Watch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHübshmanová2003" class="citation web cs1">Hübshmanová, Milena (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164439/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml">"Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups"</a>. <i>Rombase</i>. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml">the original</a> on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rombase&rft.atitle=Roma+%E2%80%93+Sub+Ethnic+Groups&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbshmanov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Frombase.uni-graz.at%2F%2Fcgi-bin%2Fartframe.pl%3Fsrc%3Ddata%252Fethn%252Ftopics%252Fnames.en.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLemon2000" class="citation book cs1">Lemon, Alaina (2000). <i>Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism</i>. Durham: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2456-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-2456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Fires%3A+Gypsy+Performance+and+Romani+Memory+from+Pushkin+to+Post-Socialism&rft.pub=Durham%3A+Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2456-0&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Alaina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatrasPopov2001" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron; Popov, Vesselin (2001). <i>Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire</i>. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Hatfield%3A+University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2005" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (2005). <i>Romani: A Linguistic Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02330-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02330-6&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2002" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (2002). <i>Romani: A Linguistic Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5"><bdi>978-0-521-63165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63165-5&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">"Gypsies, The World's Outsiders", <i>National Geographic</i>, pp. 72–101, April 2001</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Gypsies%2C+The+World%27s+Outsiders&rft.pages=72-101&rft.date=2001-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNemeth2002" class="citation book cs1">Nemeth, David J. (2002). <i>The Gypsy-American</i>. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsy-American&rft.pub=Lewiston%2C+NY%3A+Edwin+Mellen&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1986" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Ann (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYQfAAAAQBAJ"><i>Gypsies: The Hidden Americans</i></a>. Waveland. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-235-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-235-3"><bdi>978-0-88133-235-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies%3A+The+Hidden+Americans&rft.pub=Waveland&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88133-235-3&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYQfAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Silverman, Carol (1995). "Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe". <i>Cultural Survival Quarterly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Persecution+and+Politicization%3A+Roma+%28Gypsies%29+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Bereznay, András. <i>Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps</i> (Budapest: Méry Ratio, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=60365">see online review of this book</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Becky (2014). <i>Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Darkness%2C+Another+Dawn%3A+A+History+of+Gypsies%2C+Roma+and+Travellers&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-257-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Becky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKalwant_BhopalMartin_Myers2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalwant_Bhopal" title="Kalwant Bhopal">Kalwant Bhopal</a>; Martin Myers (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqFBR50PPMC"><i>Insiders, Outsiders and Others: Gypsies and Identity</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-71-6"><bdi>978-1-902806-71-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders%2C+Outsiders+and+Others%3A+Gypsies+and+Identity&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-71-6&rft.au=Kalwant+Bhopal&rft.au=Martin+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlqFBR50PPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Cohn1973" class="citation book cs1">Werner Cohn (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wernercohn.com/Resources/The_Gypsies.pdf"><i>The Gypsies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11362-4"><bdi>978-0-201-11362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-201-11362-4&rft.au=Werner+Cohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.wernercohn.com%2FResources%2FThe_Gypsies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005" class="citation report cs1">De Soto, Hermine; Beddies, Sabine; Gedeshi, Ilir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/1a560799-6e27-59e8-9e92-aae74c6d3a11">Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion</a> (Report). Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Roma+and+Egyptians+in+Albania%3A+From+Social+Exclusion+to+Social+Inclusion&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=De+Soto&rft.aufirst=Hermine&rft.au=Beddies%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Gedeshi%2C+Ilir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fentities%2Fpublication%2F1a560799-6e27-59e8-9e92-aae74c6d3a11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca1995" class="citation book cs1">Fonseca, Isabel (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burymestandinggy00fons"><i>Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey</i></a></span>. New York: AA Knopf. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40678-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40678-5"><bdi>978-0-679-40678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+me+standing%3A+the+Gypsies+and+their+journey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AA+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-40678-5&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburymestandinggy00fons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFV._GlajarD._Radulescu2008" class="citation book cs1">V. Glajar; D. Radulescu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZDFAAAAQBAJ"><i>Gypsies in European Literature and Culture</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61163-4"><bdi>978-0-230-61163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+in+European+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61163-4&rft.au=V.+Glajar&rft.au=D.+Radulescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZDFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">"Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>426</b> (6965): 435–439. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..435G">2003Natur.426..435G</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02029">10.1038/nature02029</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647380">14647380</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42340">42340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language-tree+divergence+times+support+the+Anatolian+theory+of+Indo-European+origin&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6965&rft.pages=435-439&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..435G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+QD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreshamMorarUnderhillPassarino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gresham, David; Morar, Bharti; Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Wise, Cheryl; Angelicheva, Dora; Calafell, Francesc; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Tournev, Ivailo; de Pablo, Rosario; Kuĉinskas, Vaidutis; Perez-Lezaun, Anna; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kalaydjieva, Luba (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">"Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>69</b> (6): 1314–1331. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F324681">10.1086/324681</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">1235543</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11704928">11704928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Divergence+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1314-1331&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11704928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F324681&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Morar%2C+Bharti&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Passarino%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Lin%2C+Alice+A.&rft.au=Wise%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+Dora&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Oefner%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Shen%2C+Peidong&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=de+Pablo%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Ku%C4%89inskas%2C+Vaidutis&rft.au=Perez-Lezaun%2C+Anna&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+Luba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaCalafellJoblingAngelicheva2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; de Knijff, Peter; Rosser, ZoëH; Hurles, Matthew E; Underhill, Peter; Tournev, Ivailo; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200597">"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 97–104. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200597">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313742">11313742</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21432405">21432405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+inter-+and+intra-group+genetic+diversity+in+the+Vlax+Roma+as+revealed+by+Y+chromosome+and+mitochondrial+DNA+lineages&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21432405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11313742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200597&rft.aulast=Kalaydjieva&rft.aufirst=Luba&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Jobling%2C+Mark+A&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+Dora&rft.au=de+Knijff%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rosser%2C+Zo%C3%ABH&rft.au=Hurles%2C+Matthew+E&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5200597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRingold2000" class="citation cs2">Ringold, Dena (2000), <i>Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: Trends & Challenges</i>, Washington, DC: World Bank</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+%26+the+Transition+in+Central+%26+Eastern+Europe%3A+Trends+%26+Challenges&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ringold&rft.aufirst=Dena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1926" class="citation cs2">Turner, Ralph L (1926), "The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan", <i>Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society</i>, 3rd, <b>5</b> (4): 145–188</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft.atitle=The+Position+of+Romani+in+Indo-Aryan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=145-188&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1970" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Bart (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0heTAAAAIAAJ"><i>Gypsies, wanderers of the world</i></a>. National Geographic Society. Special Publications Division. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87044-088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87044-088-5"><bdi>978-0-87044-088-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies%2C+wanderers+of+the+world&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society.+Special+Publications+Division&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-87044-088-5&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0heTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Sancar Seckiner's comprehensible book South (Güney), 2013, consists of 12 article and essays. One of them, <i>Ikiçeşmelik</i>, highlights Turkish Romani life. Ref. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4579-45-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4579-45-7">978-605-4579-45-7</a>.</li>
<li>Sancar Seckiner' s new book <i>Thilda's House</i> (Thilda'nın Evi), 2017, underlines the struggle of the Romani in Istanbul who have been swept away from nearby Kadikoy. Ref. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4160-88-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4160-88-4">978-605-4160-88-4</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRadenez_Julien2014" class="citation book cs1">Radenez Julien (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youscribe.com/catalogue/tous/savoirs/recherches-sur-l-histoire-des-tsiganes-2754759"><i>Recherches sur l'histoire des Tsiganes</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+l%27histoire+des+Tsiganes&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Radenez+Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.youscribe.com%2Fcatalogue%2Ftous%2Fsavoirs%2Frecherches-sur-l-histoire-des-tsiganes-2754759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAuzias2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auzias, Claire (2002), <i>Les funambules de l'histoire</i> (in French) (Éditions la Digitale ed.), Baye: La Digitale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+funambules+de+l%27histoire&rft.place=Baye&rft.edition=%C3%89ditions+la+Digitale&rft.pub=La+Digitale&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><b>European countries Roma links</b>
</p>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eriac.org">"European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture (ERIAC)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Roma+Institute+for+Arts+and+Culture+%28ERIAC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Feriac.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html"><i>History the Roma and Sinti in Germany</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+the+Roma+and+Sinti+in+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.sintiundroma.de%2Fen%2Fsinti-roma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162020/http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction">"General introduction"</a>, <i>History of the Roma in Austria</i>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">AT</a>: Uni Graz, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction">the original</a> on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+introduction&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Roma+in+Austria&rft.place=AT&rft.pub=Uni+Graz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fromafacts.uni-graz.at%2Findex.php%2Fhistory%2Fgeneral-introduction%2Fgeneral-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131028133534/http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/">"History of the Roma in Czech Republic"</a>. CZ: Rommuz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/">the original</a> on 28 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Roma+in+Czech+Republic&rft.place=CZ&rft.pub=Rommuz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rommuz.cz%2Fen%2Fhistory-and-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215131049/http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation"><i>Deportation</i></a>, EU: Romas Inti, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation">the original</a> on 15 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deportation&rft.place=EU&rft.pub=Romas+Inti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.romasinti.eu%2F%23%2FZoniWeisz%2FDeportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>. History of some Roma Europeans</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519025317/http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm"><i>Gypsies in France, 1566–2011</i></a>, FYI France, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+in+France%2C+1566%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=FYI+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.fyifrance.com%2Fgypsybib.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>; The concentration, labor, ghetto camps that the Roma were persecuted in during World War II</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506023540/http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3"><i>Auschwitz</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3">the original</a> on 6 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auschwitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fen.auschwitz.org%2Fh%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D11%26Itemid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin">"Hodonin"</a>, <i>History: Camps</i>, CZ: Holocaus</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hodonin&rft.btitle=History%3A+Camps&rft.place=CZ&rft.pub=Holocaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.holocaust.cz%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fcamps%2Fhodonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326075119/http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx"><i>History</i></a>, CZ: Lety memorial, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx">the original</a> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History&rft.place=CZ&rft.pub=Lety+memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.lety-memorial.cz%2Fhistory_en.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071226015809/http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN">"The situation of the Roma in the European Union"</a> (resolution). European Parliament. 28 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN">the original</a> on 26 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+situation+of+the+Roma+in+the+European+Union&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.europarl.eu.int%2Fomk%2Fsipade3%3FSAME_LEVEL%3D1%26LEVEL%3D5%26NAV%3DX%26DETAIL%3D%26PUBREF%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BTA%2BP6-TA-2005-0151%2B0%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=962605&Site=COE">"Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and travellers in Europe"</a>. The European Commissioner for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>). 15 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+report+on+the+human+rights+situation+of+the+Roma%2C+Sinti+and+travellers+in+Europe&rft.pub=The+European+Commissioner+for+Human+rights+%28Council+of+Europe%29&rft.date=2006-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwcd.coe.int%2FViewDoc.jsp%3Fid%3D962605%26Site%3DCOE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li>Shot in remote areas of the Thar desert in west India, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zirn1H4vE0Y"><span class="plainlinks">Jaisalmer Ayo: Gateway of the Gypsies</span></a> on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> captures the lives of vanishing nomadic communities who are believed to share common ancestors with the Roma people –  released 2004</li></ul>
<p><b>General information</b>
</p>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romarchive.eu">"RomArchive"</a> (in English, German, and Romany).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RomArchive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fromarchive.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> — education on the arts and civil rights movements</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romaniatlantic.cz">"Romani Atlantic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romani+Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.romaniatlantic.cz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> — transcontinental perspective</li></ul>
<p><b>International organisations</b>
</p>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/odihr/17554"><i>Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Action+Plan+on+Improving+the+Situation+of+Roma+and+Sinti+within+the+OSCE+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F17554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul>
<p><b>Non-governmental organisations</b>
</p>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.errc.org/"><i>European Roma Rights Centre</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Roma+Rights+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.errc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/"><i>The Gypsy Lore Society</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.gypsyloresociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>. Beginning in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historydaily.org/60-vintage-photos-from-forgotten-moments-in-history/24">1888</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society" title="Gypsy Lore Society">Gypsy Lore Society</a> started to publish a journal that was meant to dispel rumors about their lifestyle.</li></ul>
<p><b>Museums and libraries</b>
</p>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rommuz.cz/"><i>Museum of Romani Culture</i></a> (in Czech), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">CZ</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Romani+Culture&rft.place=Brno%2C+CZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rommuz.cz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821022409/http://www.studiiromani.org/"><i>Studii romani</i></a> (specialized library with archive), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">BG</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiiromani.org/">the original</a> on 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studii+romani&rft.place=Sofia%2C+BG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.studiiromani.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sintiundroma.de/content/index.php?sID=2&navID=0&tID=0&aID=0"><i>Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentation+and+Cultural+Centre+of+German+Sinti+and+Roma&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.sintiundroma.de%2Fcontent%2Findex.php%3FsID%3D2%26navID%3D0%26tID%3D0%26aID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeum.tarnow.pl/"><i>Ethnographic Museum</i></a> (in Polish), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">PL</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnographic+Museum&rft.place=Tarn%C3%B3w%2C+PL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.muzeum.tarnow.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517115645/http://balkanproject.org/roma/index.shtml">"Who we Were, Who we Are: Kosovo Roma Oral History Collection"</a>. March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanproject.org/roma/index.shtml">the original</a> on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+Were%2C+Who+we+Are%3A+Kosovo+Roma+Oral+History+Collection&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.balkanproject.org%2Froma%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></span> The most comprehensive collection of information on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>'s Roma in existence.</li></ul>
<p><b>Internet Visual Media</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Inaugural Romani Studies Conference at UC Berkeley: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@babeuflives">YouTube</a></li>
<li>Florian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@florida.florian">YouTube</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@florida.florian">TikTok</a> - Romani YouTuber & TikToker whose material covers Roma culture, history, and civil rights</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228936124">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romani_topics" title="Template:Romani topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_topics" title="Template talk:Romani topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romani</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names of the Romani people</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Romani_history" title="Timeline of Romani history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology of the Romani people</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum" title="Feudum Acinganorum">Feudum Acinganorum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Moldavian–Wallachian slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530" title="Egyptians Act 1530">Egyptians Act 1530</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1554" title="Egyptians Act 1554">Egyptians Act 1554</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Scourge" title="Gypsy Scourge">Gypsy Scourge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazdie" title="Dazdie">Dazdie</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Marzahn_concentration_camp" title="Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp">Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Roma_during_the_Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue of Roma during the Porajmos">Rescue of Roma during the Porajmos</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczurowa_massacre" title="Szczurowa massacre">Szczurowa massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_family_camp_(Auschwitz)" title="Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)">Gypsy family camp in Auschwitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportations_of_Romani_people_to_Transnistria" title="Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria">Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82awa_riot" title="Mława riot">Mława riot</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_H%C4%83d%C4%83reni_riots" title="1993 Hădăreni riots">1993 Hădăreni riots</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Ferentari_riot" title="2006 Ferentari riot">2006 Ferentari riot</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_neo-Nazi_murders_of_Roma_in_Hungary" title="2008–2009 neo-Nazi murders of Roma in Hungary">2008–2009 neo-Nazi murders of Roma in Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_Roma_migrants_from_France" title="Deportation of Roma migrants from France">Deportation of Roma migrants from France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Holocaust_Memorial_Day" title="Roma Holocaust Memorial Day">Roma Holocaust Memorial Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Sinti_and_Roma_Victims_of_National_Socialism" title="Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism">Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanistan" title="Romanistan">Romanistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Special_School" title="Roma Special School">Roma Special School</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Alphabets</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_anthem" title="Romani anthem">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_hip_hop" title="Romani hip hop">Hip hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Jazz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Punk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_literature" title="Romani literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Romani" title="Bible translations into Romani">Bible translations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_poets" title="List of Romani poets">Poets</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_fiction" title="Romani people in fiction">In fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Romani_Day" title="International Romani Day">International Romani Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Day_of_Romani_Language" title="World Day of Romani Language">World Day of Romani Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Gypsies" title="King of the Gypsies">King of the Gypsies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marime" title="Marime">Marime</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(Romani_court)" title="Kris (Romani court)">Kris (Romani court)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_baro" title="Rom baro">Rom baro</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Roma_Festival" title="World Roma Festival">World Roma Festival</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Council_of_German_Sinti_and_Roma" title="Central Council of German Sinti and Roma">Central Council of German Sinti and Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Roma_Rights_Centre" title="European Roma Rights Centre">European Roma Rights Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Civil_Rights_Prize_of_the_Sinti_and_Roma" title="European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma">European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketani_Association" title="Ketani Association">Ketani Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO_Roma_Together" title="NGO Roma Together">NGO Roma Together</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Nomadi" title="Opera Nomadi">Opera Nomadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Roma" title="Voice of Roma">Voice of Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Romani_Union" title="International Romani Union">International Romani Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade_of_Roma_Inclusion" title="Decade of Roma Inclusion">Decade of Roma Inclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Education_Fund" title="Roma Education Fund">Roma Education Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Roma_Information_Office" title="European Roma Information Office">European Roma Information Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A9_Dor_Kayiko" title="Kalé Dor Kayiko">Kalé Dor Kayiko</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agency_for_the_Roma" title="National Agency for the Roma">National Agency for the Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_CRISS" title="Romani CRISS">Romani CRISS</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Roma_Information_Office" title="European Roma Information Office">European Roma Information Office</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_studies" title="Romani studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_Studies_(journal)" title="Romani Studies (journal)">Romani Studies (journal)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society" title="Gypsy Lore Society">Gypsy Lore Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Center_for_Antiziganism_Research" title="European Center for Antiziganism Research">European Center for Antiziganism Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Route" title="Roma Route">Roma Route</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation_and_Cultural_Centre_of_German_Sinti_and_Roma" title="Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma">Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_University_Library%27s_Gypsy,_Traveller_and_Roma_Collections" title="Leeds University Library's Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Collections">Leeds University Library's Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Collections</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Romani_Culture" title="Museum of Romani Culture">Museum of Romani Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketry_Museum_of_the_Roma" title="Basketry Museum of the Roma">Basketry Museum of the Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Boswell_Romany_Museum" title="Gordon Boswell Romany Museum">Gordon Boswell Romany Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Roma_Culture_of_Belgrade" title="Museum of Roma Culture of Belgrade">Museum of Roma Culture of Belgrade</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8060#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933633t">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933633t">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050473-6">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545708905171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058109">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000070614&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574848">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Romové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118051&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cingeneler">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1719841459' |