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'{{Other uses}} {{Short description|Extinct language of Colombia, spoken by the Muisca}} {{Infobox language | name = Chibcha | altname = Muisca or Muysca | nativename = '''''Muysc cubun''''' | pronunciation = mʷɨsk kuβun | region = [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] | state = [[Colombia]] | map = Chibcha lang.png | mapcaption = Chibchan languages. Chibcha itself was spoken in the southernmost area, in central Colombia | ethnicity = [[Muisca people|Muisca]] | era = [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] | ref = linglist | familycolor = American | fam1 = [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] | fam2 = Kuna-Colombian | fam3 = | dialects = [[Duit language|Duit]] | script = only [[Muisca numerals|numerals]] | iso2 = chb | iso3 = chb | glotto = chib1270 | glottorefname = Chibcha | notice=IPA }} {{Cleanup lang|iso=chb|date=February 2022}} '''Chibcha''', '''Mosca''', '''Muisca''',{{sfn|Uricoechea|1854}} '''Muysca''' (*/ˈmɨska/{{sfn|González de Pérez|2006|pages=63}}), or '''Muysca de Bogotá'''{{sfn|Gómez|2020|pages=}} was a language spoken by the [[Muisca]] people of the [[Muisca Confederation]], one of the many [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|indigenous]] [[List of pre-Columbian cultures|cultures of the Americas]]. The Muisca inhabited the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] of what today is the country of [[Colombia]]. The name of the language '''''Muysc cubun''''' in its own language means "language of the people", from ''muysca'' ("people") and ''cubun'' ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.<ref>[https://www.radionacional.co/cultura/las-raices-muiscas-que-sobreviven-en-suba Las raíces muiscas que sobreviven en Suba]. Radio Nacional de Colombia.</ref> Important [[List of Muisca scholars|scholars]] who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include [[Juan de Castellanos]], [[Bernardo de Lugo]], [[José Domingo Duquesne]] and [[Ezequiel Uricoechea]]. ==History== [[File:Chibchan languages distribution.png|thumb|right|500px|Distribution of Chibchan languages across southern Central and northwestern South America]] In prehistorical times, in the [[Andean civilization]]s called [[Andean preceramic|preceramic]], the population of northwestern South America migrated through the [[Darién Gap]] between the [[isthmus of Panama]] and Colombia. Other [[Chibchan languages]] are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the [[Muisca Confederation]], a cultural grouping. ===Spanish colonization=== {{main|Spanish conquest of the Muisca}} {{see also|Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations}} As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, [[Quito]], and [[Bogotá|Santa Fe de Bogotá]] mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.<ref name="wdl">{{Cite web | title = Chibcha Dictionary and Grammar | work = [[World Digital Library]] | access-date = 2013-05-23 | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8988/ }}</ref> In 1770, King [[Charles III of Spain]] officially banned use of the language in the region <ref name="wdl" /> as part of a [[De-Indigenization|de-indigenization]] project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its [[Colombian Constitution of 1991|constitution of 1991]]. ===Modern history=== Modern [[List of Muisca scholars|Muisca scholars]] as Diego Gómez{{sfn|Gómez|2013}} have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha [[dialect continuum]] that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the [[Sierra Nevada del Cocuy]] to the [[Sumapaz Páramo]].{{sfn|Gómez|2013}} The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.<ref>Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. (2016) El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.</ref> Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the [[University of Bergen]], Norway.{{sfn|Gómez|2008–2022}} == Greetings in Muysc cubun == The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from the 16th century when the language was alive. * {{transl|chb|choâ}} - Hello, {{transl|chb|choâ mzone}} – how are you? * {{transl|chb|choâ mibizine}} - To greet several people * {{transl|chb|chogue}} – I am / we are good * {{transl|chb|Muaz choa mzone}} – Good and you? * {{transl|chb|haspqua sihipquaco}} – Greetings! == Alphabet and rough pronunciation == {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! Phoneme !! Letter |- | /i/ || i |- | /ɨ/ || y |- | /u/ || u |- | /e/ || e |- | /o/ || o |- | /a/ || a |- | /p/ || p |- | /t/ || t |- | /k/ || k |- | /b~β/ || b |- | /g~ɣ/ || g |- | /ɸ/ || f |- | /s/ || s |- | /ʂ/ || ch |- | /h/ || h |- | /tʂ/ || zh |- | /m/ || m |- | /n/ || n |- | /w/ || w |- | /j/ || ï |- |} [[File:Numeracion Muisca.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Numbers 1-10 and 20 in Chibcha]] The ''muysccubun'' alphabet consists of around 20 letters. The Muisca didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:<ref name="Saravia 2015 p10">Saravia, 2015, p. 10</ref><ref name="Saravia 2015 p11">Saravia, 2015, p. 11</ref><ref>González de Pérez, 2006, pp. 57–100.</ref> '''a''' – as in Spanish "casa"; '''ka''' – "enclosure" or "fence"<br> '''e''' – as in "'''''a'''''ction"; '''izhe''' – "street"<br> '''i''' – open "i" as in "''''''i'''''nca" – '''sié''' – "water" or "river"<br> '''o''' – short "o" as in "b'''''o'''''x" – '''to''' – "dog"<br> '''u''' – "ou" as in "y'''''ou'''''" – '''uba''' – "face"<br> '''y''' – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – '''ty''' – "singing"<br> '''b''' – as in "'''''b'''''ed", or as in Spanish "ha'''''b'''''a"; – '''bohozhá''' – "with"<br> :between the vowels "y" it is pronounced [βw] – '''kyby''' – "to sleep" '''ch''' – "sh" as in "'''''sh'''''ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – '''chuta''' – "son" or "daughter"<br> '''f''' – between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – '''foï''' – "mantle"<br> :before a "y" it's pronounced [ɸw] – '''fyzha''' – "everything" '''g''' – "gh" as in "'''''g'''''ood", or as in Spanish "abo'''''g'''''ado"; – '''gata''' – "fire"<br> '''h''' – as in "'''''h'''''ello" – '''huïá''' – "inwards"<br> '''ï''' – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – '''ïe''' – "road" or "prayer"<br> '''k''' – "c" as in "'''''c'''''old" – '''kony''' – "wheel"<br> '''m''' – "m" as in "'''''m'''''an" – '''mika''' – "three"<br> :before "y" it's pronounced [mw], as in "Muisca" – '''myska''' – "person" or "people" :in first position before a consonant it's pronounced [im] – '''mpkwaká''' – "thanks to" '''n''' – "n" as in "'''''n'''''ice" – '''nyky''' – "brother" or "sister"<br> :in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced [in] – '''ngá''' – "and" '''p''' – "p" as in "'''''p'''''eople" – '''paba''' – "father"<br> :before "y" it's pronounced [pw] as in Spanish "'''''pue'''''nte" – '''{{transl|chb|italic=no|pyky}}''' – "heart" '''s''' – "s" as in "'''''s'''''orry" – '''sahawá''' – "husband"<br> :before "i" changes a little to "sh"; [ʃ] – '''sié''' – "water" or "river" '''t''' – "t" as in "'''''t'''''ext" – '''yta''' – "hand"<br> '''w''' – "w" as in "'''''w'''''ow!" – '''we''' – "house"<br> '''zh''' – as in "'''''ch'''''orizo", but with the tongue to the back – '''zhysky''' – "head" The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: '''''Bacata''''' is Ba-CA-ta and '''''Bacatá''''' is Ba-ca-TA. In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: '''fuhuchá''' ~ '''fuchá''' – "woman".<ref name="Saravia 2015 p11" /> In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:<ref name="Saravia 2015 p12">Saravia, 2015, p. 12</ref> '''a'''-'''uba''' becomes '''oba''' – "his (or her, its) face"<br> '''a'''-'''ita''' becomes '''eta''' – "his base"<br> '''a'''-'''yta''' becomes '''ata''' – "his hand" (note: '''ata''' also means "one") Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: '''a-ita''' would become '''eta''' but can be written as '''aeta''', '''a-uba''' as '''aoba''' and '''a-yta''' as '''ayta''' ===Numbers=== {{main|Muisca numerals}} Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is {{lang|chb|ata}}, {{lang|chb|boza}}, {{lang|chb|mica}}, {{lang|chb|muyhyca}}, {{lang|chb|hyzca}}, {{lang|chb|taa}}, {{lang|chb|cuhupqua}}, {{lang|chb|suhuza}}, {{lang|chb|aca}}, {{lang|chb|hubchihica}}.{{sfn|Gómez|2008–2022}} The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the 'perfect' number 20; ''gueta'', used extensively in their complex [[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]] [[Muisca calendar]]. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions; ''{{lang|chb|quihicha ata}}'' ("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty; ''{{lang|chb|guehyzca}}'' would be "five times twenty"; 100. ==Structure and grammar== ===Subject=== The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals. '''to''' thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Muisca used the numbers and the word for "man", '''cha''', and "woman", '''fuhuchá''', to specify gender and plural:<ref name="Saravia 2015 p14">Saravia, 2015, p. 14</ref> * ''to cha ata'' – "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one") * ''to cha mika'' – "three male dogs" ("dog male three") * ''to fuhuchá myhyká'' – "four female dogs" === Personal pronoun === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun<ref name="QuickGuide">{{in lang|es}} [http://muysca.cubun.org/muysccubun ''Muysca – Spanish Dictionary'']</ref> !! Phonetic !! English |- | ''hycha'' || /hɨʂa/ || I |- | ''mue'' || /mue/ || thou / you (singular) – informal and formal use |- | ''as(y)'' || /asɨ/ or /as/ || he / she / it / they |- | ''chie'' || /ʂie/ || we |- | ''mie'' || /mie/ || you (plural) |} ===Possessive pronoun=== The [[possessive]] pronoun is placed before the word it refers to. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun<ref name="Saravia 2015 p14" /><ref name="Saravia 2015 p15">Saravia, 2015, p. 15</ref> !! English |- | ''zh(y)-'' / ''i-'' || my |- | ''(u)m-'' || your |- | ''a-'' || his / her / its / their |- | ''chi-'' || our |- | ''mi-'' || your (plural) |- |} * '''''i-''''' is only used in combination with '''ch''', '''n''', '''s''', '''t''' or '''zh'''; '''''i-to''''' = '''ito''' ("my dog") * '''''zh-''''' becomes '''''zhy-''''' when followed by a consonant (except '''ï'''); '''''zh-paba''''' = '''zhypaba''' ("my father") * in case of a '''ï''', the letter is lost: '''''zh-ïohozhá''''' = '''zhohozhá''' ("my buttocks") * '''''m-''''' becomes '''''um-''''' when followed by a consonant; '''''m-ïoky''''' = '''umïoky''' ("your book") * '''''zhy-''''' and '''''um-''''' are shortened when the word starts with '''w'''; '''''zhy-waïá''''' & '''''um-waïá''''' = '''zhwaïá''' & '''mwaïá''' ("mi mother" & "your mother") * when the word starts with '''h''', '''''zhy-''''' and '''''um-''''' are shortened and the vowel following '''j''' repeated; '''''zhy-hué''''' & '''''um-hué''''' = '''zhuhué''' & '''muhué''' ("my sir" & "your sir") ===Verbs=== The Muisca used two types of verbs, ending on '''-skua''' and '''-suka'''; '''{{transl|chb|bkyskua}}''' ("to do") and '''guitysuka''' ("to whip") which have different forms in their [[grammatical conjugation]]s.<ref name="QuickGuide" /> '''{{transl|chb|bkyskua}}''' is shown below, for verbs ending on '''-suka''', see [[:es:Conjugación de verbos muiscas#Segunda conjugación|here]]. ====Conjugations==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''kyka'' || to do |} ;[[Present tense]] or [[imperfect]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''ze bkyskua'' || I do or did |- | ''um bkyskua'' || you (singular) do or did |- | ''a bkyskua'' || he / she / it does or did |- | ''chi bkyskua'' || we do/did |- | ''mi bkyskua'' || you do/did |- | ''a bkyskua'' || they do/did |} ;[[Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]] and [[pluperfect]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''ze bky'' || I did or have done |- | ''um bky'' || you (singular) did or " " |- | ''a bky'' || he / she / it did or has done |- | ''chi bky'' || we did or have done |- | ''mi bky'' || you did or " " |- | ''a bky'' || they did or " " |} ;[[Future tense]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''ze bkynga'' || I shall do |- | ''um bkynga'' || you will do |- | ''a bkynga'' || he / she / it " " |- | ''chi bkynga'' || we shall do |- | ''mi bkynga'' || you will do |- | ''a bkynga'' || they " " |} ==== [[Imperative mood|Imperatives]] ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''kyû'' || do (singular) |- | ''kyuua'' || do (plural) |} ;[[Volitive modality]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''cha kyia'' || may I do |- | ''ma kyia'' || may you do |- | ''kyia'' || may he / she / it do |- | ''chi kyia'' || may we do |- | ''mi kyia'' || may you do |- | ''kyia'' || may they do |} == Selection of words == This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different [[potato]]es and types of [[maize]] and their meaning.{{sfn|Gómez|2008–2022}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Muysccubun !! English |- | ''aba'' || "maize" |- | ''aso'' || "parrot" |- | ''ba'' || "finger" or "finger tip" |- | ''bhosioiomy'' || "potato [black inside]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''chihiza'' || "vein" (of blood) or "root" |- | ''cho'' || "good" |- | ''chyscamuy'' || "maize [dark]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''chysquyco'' || "green" or "blue" |- | ''coca'' || "finger nail" |- | ''fo'' || "fox" |- | ''foaba'' || ''[[Phytolacca bogotensis]]'', plant used as soap |- | ''fun'' || "bread" |- | ''funzaiomy'' || "potato [black]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''fusuamuy'' || "maize [not very coloured]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''gaca'' || "feather" |- | ''gaxie'' || "small" |- | ''gazaiomy'' || "potato [wide]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''guahaia'' || "dead body" |- | ''guexica'' || "grandfather" and "grandmother" |- | ''guia'' || "bear" or "older brother/sister" |- | ''hichuamuy'' || "maize [of rice]" (''species and meaning unknown'') |- | ''hosca'' || "tobacco" |- | ''iome'' || "potato" (''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'') |- | ''iomgy'' || "flower of potato plant" |- | ''iomza'' || "potato" (''species unknown'') |- | ''iomzaga'' || "potato [small]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''muyhyza'' || "flea" (''[[Tunga penetrans]]'') |- | ''muyhyzyso'' || "lizard" |- | ''nygua'' || "salt" |- | ''nyia'' || "gold" or "money" |- | ''phochuba'' || "maize [soft and red]" (''species and meaning unknown'') |- | ''pquaca'' || "arm" |- | ''pquihiza'' || "lightning" |- | ''quye'' || "tree" or "leaf" |- | ''quyecho'' || "arrow" |- | ''quyhysaiomy'' || "potato [floury]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''quyiomy'' || "potato [long]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''saca'' || "nose" |- | ''sasamuy'' || "maize [reddish]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''simte'' || "owl [white]" |- | ''soche'' || "white-tailed deer" |- | ''suque'' || "soup" |- | ''tyba'' || "hi!" (to a friend) |- | ''tybaiomy'' || "potato [yellow]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''xiua'' || "rain" or "lake" |- | ''usua'' || "white river clay" |- | ''uamuyhyca'' || "fish"; ''[[Eremophilus mutisii]]'' |- | ''xieiomy'' || "potato [white]" (''species unknown'') |- | ''xui'' || "broth" |- | ''ysy'' || "that", "those" |- | ''zihita'' || "frog" |- | ''zoia'' || "pot" |- | ''zysquy'' || "head" or "skull" |} == Comparison to other Chibchan languages == <!--languages sorted from close to Muisca territories to farthest away, refs added for Muisca, others from en: and es:wiki--> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | Muysccubun ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Duit language|Duit]]<br><small>[[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Uwa language|Uwa]]<br><small>[[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]]<br>[[Norte de Santander|N. de Santander]]<br>[[Arauca Department|Arauca]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Barí language|Barí]]<br><small>[[Norte de Santander|N. de Santander]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Chimila language|Chimila]]<br><small>[[Cesar Department|Cesar]]<br>[[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Kogi language|Kogui]]<br><small>[[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|S.N. de<br>Santa Marta]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Kuna language|Kuna]]<br><small>[[Darién Gap]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Guaymí language|Guaymí]]<br><small>[[Panama]]<br>[[Costa Rica]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Boruca language|Boruca]]<br><small>[[Costa Rica]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Maléku language|Maléku]]<br><small>[[Costa Rica]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Rama language|Rama]]<br><small>[[Nicaragua]]</small> ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | English ! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | {{small|Notes}} |- | style="text-align:left" | '''chie''' | style="text-align:center" | tia | style="text-align:center" | siʔ | style="text-align:center" | chibai | style="text-align:center" | má | style="text-align:center" | saka | style="text-align:center" | sö | style="text-align:center" | sö | style="text-align:center" | tebej | style="text-align:center" | tlijii | style="text-align:center" | tukan | style="text-align:center" | Moon | style="text-align:center" | {{small|<ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/chie(2) Muysccubun: ''chie'']</ref><ref>Casimilas Rojas, 2005, p. 250</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 30</ref><ref>Quesada & Rojas, 1999, p. 93</ref>}} |- | style="text-align:left" | '''ata''' | style="text-align:center" | atia | style="text-align:center" | úbistia | style="text-align:center" | intok | style="text-align:center" | ti-tasu/nyé | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | kwati | style="text-align:center" | éˇxi | style="text-align:center" | dooka | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | one | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/ata Muysccubun: ''ata'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 38</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''muysca''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | dary | style="text-align:center" | tsá | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | ngäbe | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | ochápaká | style="text-align:center" | nkiikna | style="text-align:center" | person<br>man<br>people | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/muysca Muysccubun: ''muysca'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 25</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''aba''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | eba | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | á | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | maize | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009-2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/aba Muysccubun: ''aba'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 37</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''pquyquy''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | tò | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | heart | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/pquyquy Muysccubun: ''pquyquy'']</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''bcasqua''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | yút | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | purkwe | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | to die | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/bcasqua Muysccubun: ''bcasqua'']</ref><ref name="Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''uê''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | háta | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | ju | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | uu | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | house | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/u%C3%AA Muysccubun: ''uê'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 31</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''cho''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | mex | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | morén | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | good | style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/cho Muysccubun: ''cho'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 18</ref> |- | style="text-align:left" | '''zihita''' | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | yén | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | pek-pen | style="text-align:center" | | style="text-align:center" | frog | style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36" /><ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/zihita Muysccubun: ''zihita'']</ref> |- |} ==Surviving words and education== Words of ''Muysccubun'' origin are still used in the department of [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]], of which [[Bogotá]] is the capital, and the department of [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]], with capital [[Tunja]]. These include ''curuba'' (Colombian fruit [[banana passionfruit]]), ''toche'' ([[yellow oriole]]), ''guadua'' (a large bamboo used in construction) and ''tatacoa'' ("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of ''[[coca]]'' for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia. As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe"; ''çapato'',<ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/zapato "Shoe" in ''muysccubun'']</ref> "sword"; ''espada'',<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://muysca.cubun.org/espada "Sword" in ''muysccubun'']</ref> "knife"; ''cuchillo''<ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/cuchillo "Knife" in ''muysccubun'']</ref> and other words. The only public school in [[Colombia]] currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of [[Cota, Cundinamarca|Cota]], about {{convert|30|km|mi}} by road from Bogotá. The school is named ''Jizcamox'' (healing with the hands) in Chibcha. === Toponyms === {{main|List of Muisca toponyms}} Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian [[Andes]] are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields (''ta''), the Moon goddess [[Chía (goddess)|Chía]], her husband [[Sué]], names of ''[[cacique]]s'', the [[topography]] of the region, built enclosures (''ca'') and animals of the region.<ref name="excelsio">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.excelsio.net/2011/11/sabe-el-origen-del-nombre-de-su.html Etymology Municipalities Boyacá] – Excelsio.net</ref> == See also == {{portal|Colombia|Language}} *[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] *[[Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations]] *[[Muisca numerals]], [[Muisca calendar|calendar]] ==References== {{reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== * {{cite journal |last=Casilimas Rojas |first=Clara Inés |year=2005 |title=Expresión de la modalidad en la lengua uwa |url=https://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_29-30_13.pdf |journal=Amerindia |volume=29/30 |pages=247–262 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}} * {{cite AV media |last=[[Jorge Gamboa Mendoza|Gamboa Mendoza]] |first=Jorge |year=2016 |title=Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI |language=es |trans-title=The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAJ-EM5h4N0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/NAJ-EM5h4N0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Gold Museum, Bogotá|Museo del Oro]] |format=video |access-date=2016-07-11}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite book |last=Gamboa Mendoza |first=Gamboa |year=2013 |title=El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial |publisher= Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia }} * {{cite web |last=Gómez |first=Diego F |year=2008–2022 |title=Diccionario muysca – español |publisher=muysca.cubun.org |language=es |url=http://muysca.cubun.org/Categor%C3%ADa:Diccionario}} * {{cite book |last=Gómez |first=Diego F |year=2013 |title=Comparación léxica entre el muysca de Bogotá y el uwa central. Muysca: memoria y presencia. Bogotá |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia |language=es}} * {{cite journal |last=Gómez |first=Diego F |year=2020 |title=Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada |journal= Revista internacional de lingüística iberoamericana |volume=36 |pages=195–216 |publisher=Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert |language=es }} * {{cite book |last=González de Pérez |first=María Stella |year=2006 |title=Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca |publisher=Bogotá Instituto Caro y Cuervo |pages=53–119 |language=es}} * {{cite book |last1=Quesada Pacheco |first1=Miguel Ángel |last2=Rojas Chaves |first2=Carmen |year=1999 |title=Diccionario boruca – español, español – boruca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOuCfzqoX-0C&q=boruca++idioma+luna |publisher=[[Universidad de Costa Rica]] |pages=1–207 |isbn=9789977675480 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}} * {{cite journal |last=[[Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff|Reichel-Dolmatoff]] |first=Gerardo |year=1947 |title=La lengua chimila |trans-title=The Chimila language |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1947_num_36_1_2358 |journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes |volume=36 |pages=15–50 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}} * {{cite book |last=Uricoechea |first=Ezequiel |title=Memoria sobre las antigüedades neo granadinas |year=1854 |publisher=Librería de F. Schneider |language=es}} * {{cite book |last=Saravia |first=Facundo Manuel |year=2015 |title=Curso de aproximación a la lengua chibcha o muisca - Nivel 1 |trans-title=Introduction course to the Chibcha or Muisca language - Level 1 |url=https://www.zaquenzipa.org/ewExternalFiles/06%20Nivel%20I.pdf|publisher=Fundación Zaquenzipa |pages=1–81 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Arango |first=Teresa |year=1954 |title=Precolombia: Introducción al estudio del indígena colombiano |language=es |trans-title=PreColombia: Introduction to the Study of Colombian Indigenous People |location=Madrid |publisher=Sucesores de Rivadeneyra}} * {{cite web |last1=Botiva Contreras |first1=Álvaro |last2=Herrera |first2=Leonor |author3-link=Ana María Groot |last3=Groot |first3=Ana Maria |last4=Mora |first4=Santiago |year=1989 |title=Colombia prehispánica: regiones arqueológicas |language=es |trans-title=Pre-Hispanic Colombia: Archeological Regions |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/prehisp/apendice.htm |publisher=Instituto colombiano de Antropología [[Colcultura]] |access-date=2016-07-11}} * {{cite book |last1=Martín |first1=Rafael |last2=Puentes |first2=José |year=2008 |title=Culturas indígenas colombianas |trans-title=Indigenous Cultures of Colombia}} * {{cite book |last=Triana |first=Miguel |author-link=Miguel Triana |year=1922 |title=La civilización Chibcha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uVlAAAAMAAJ |pages=1–222 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}} * {{cite journal |last=Wiesner García |first=Luis Eduardo |year=2014 |title=Etnografía muisca |trans-title=Muisca Ethnography |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/geografia/geohum2/muisca1.htm |journal=Central Andean Region |volume=IV |location=Bogotá |publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica |pages=2 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}} == External links == {{Incubator|chb}} * {{in lang|es}} [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8988/ ''Diccionario y gramática chibcha''] – [[World Digital Library]] * {{in lang|es}} [http://muysca.cubun.org Muysc cubun Project] – with Muysc cubun–Spanish dictionary * {{in lang|es}} [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Chibcha Archives and sources on the Chibcha language] – [[Rosetta Project]] * {{in lang|es}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDdtcYz_ME8 Animated video about the last Muisca rulers] – '''''Muysccubun''''' is spoken with Spanish subtitles * [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/243 Muisca] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]]) {{Chibchan languages}} {{Pre-Columbian}} {{Muisca navbox|Topics}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Chibcha language| ]] [[Category:Chibchan languages]] [[Category:Extinct languages of South America]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples in Colombia]] [[Category:Languages of Colombia]]'