Examine individual changes

'@@ -1,51 +1,70 @@ -{{short description|Islamic narration}} -{{Islam}} -{{Hadith}} -The '''hadith of the {{Transl|ar|thaqalayn}}''' ({{Lang-ar|حديث الثقلين|lit=saying of the two treasures}}) refers to a statement, attaributed to the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], that introduces the [[Quran]], the principal religious text in [[Islam]], and his progeny as the only two sources of divine guidance after his death. Widely reported by both [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] authorities, the hadith of the {{Transl|ar|thaqalayn}} is of particular significance in [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]], where their [[Twelve Imams]] are viewed as the spiritual and political successors of Muhammad. +{{Short description|Great-grandson of Muhammad (c. 652–680)}} +{{for|the purported son of the 11th Imam Hasan al-Askari (late 9th/early 10th century)|Ali al-Akbar ibn Hasan}} +{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} -== Hadith of the {{transl|ar|thaqalayn}} == -There exist several versions of this hadith in [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] sources.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}} The version that appears in {{Transl|ar|[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Musnad Ahmad]]}}, a canonical Sunni hadith collection, reads, +{{Infobox religious biography| +| name = Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Husayn +| image = +| caption = +| religion = [[Islam]] +| father = [[Husayn ibn Ali|al-Husayn ibn Ali]] +| mother = [[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi|Umm Layla]] +| birth_date = Monday, 11th of Sha'ban, 33 A.H. / 30 November 652 (Gregorian calendar) +| birth_place = [[Medina]], Arabia +| death_date = Friday, 10th of [[Muharram]], 61 A.H. / 10 October 680 (Gregorian calendar) (aged 28 + years) +| death_place = [[Karbala]], Iraq +| resting_place = [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] +| native_name = عَلِيّ ٱلْأَكْبَر بن ٱلْحُسَيْن +}} +{{Shia Islam}} +'''Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Husayn''' ({{lang-ar|عَلِيّ ٱلْأَكْبَر بن ٱلْحُسَيْن}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ʿAlīy al-ʾAkbar ibn al-Ḥusayn}}''), commonly known as simply '''Ali al-Akbar''', was the son of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Al-Husayn ibn Ali]], the third [[Imam]], and [[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi|Umm Layla]].<ref name="Visualizing Belief"/> He was martyred at the age of 18 on the day of [[Ashura]], in the [[Battle of Karbala]].<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Calmard|first=J.|title=ʿALĪ AKBAR|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-akbar-imam-hosayns-eldest-son|date=1 August 2011|encyclopedia=ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA}}</ref> According to Jean Calmard writing in [[Iranica]], ‘Ali al-Akbar's reputation as a valiant warrior of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Household of Muhammad]] might have preceded that of [[Abbas ibn Ali|Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Ali]].<ref name="Iranica"/> + +== Biography == +Ali al-Akbar was born in Medina on 11 [[Sha'ban]] 33 AH (10 March 654 CE). His father was Husayn ibn Ali and his mother was Layla bint Abi Murra.{{sfn|Ya'qubi|2018|loc=Vol. 2|p=184}} He was 18 years old at the battle of Karbala.<ref name="Visualizing Belief">{{cite book |last1=Flaskerud |first1=Ingvild |title=Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism |date=2 December 2010 |publisher=Continuum; 1 edition (2 December 2010) |isbn=978-1441149077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH1pvM0AdNIC&q=ali+akbar+ibn}}</ref><ref name="Iranica"/> Two of his brothers were also named [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn]] and Ali [[Ali ibn Husayn|Zayn al-Abidin]].<ref name="South Asian Memory">{{cite book |last1=Hyder |first1=Syed Akbar |title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory |date=23 March 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press; 1 edition (1 September 2008) |isbn=978-0195373028 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBkfYKBOjsC&dq=ali&pg=PA76}}</ref> Genealogists and historians considered him the eldest son of Hussein due to the name Akbar.{{sfn|Al-Mufid|1982|p=114}} Akbar is an Arabic word that means "greater" or "greatest". The teenager resembled his maternal grandfather [[Muhammad]], the [[prophet]] of [[Allah]], so much that Husayn ibn Ali often said, "whenever I happen to miss my maternal grandfather I look at the face of Ali al-Akbar." Ali al-Akbar was killed by Murrah ibn Munqad on 10 Muharram 61 [[Hijri year|AH]] in the [[battle of Karbala]].<ref name=KARBALA>{{Cite book|author=Aghaie, Kamran Scot|title=The Martyrs Of Karbala|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=0-295-98448-1|date=30 November 2004|page=200}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{cite web |last1=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Battle of Karbalā |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Karbala |website=britannica}}</ref> + +== Battle of Karbala == +{{main article|Battle of Karbala}} +Prior to his death, [[Mu'awiya I]], the Umayyad ruler, appointed his son, [[Yazid I]] as his successor. This idea was contrary to Islamic principles and the position of the ruler was not the private property of a ruler to grant to his descendants.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=67}} Yazid ibn Muawiyyah tried to desire religious authority by obtaining the allegiance of Husayn ibn Ali, but Husayn would not give up his principles.<ref name="Iranica1">{{cite encyclopedia | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | author-link=Wilferd Madelung | title=HOSAYN B. ALI | encyclopedia=Iranica | access-date=12 January 2008 | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930053613/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i | archive-date=30 September 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> After the people of [[Kufa]] sent letters to Husayn and asking his help and swearing their allegiance to him, Husayn and his family members ( including Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn ) and his companions traveled from [[Mecca]] to Kufa in Iraq but were forced to camp in the plains of [[Karbala]] by Yazid's army of thirty thousands men.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901}} Ali al-Akbar was killed and beheaded along with Husayn and his companions in the Battle of Karbala on 10 October 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH) by Yazid's army, then the women and children were taken as prisoners.{{sfn|Gordon|2005|p=144–146}} -{{Blockquote|text=I [Muhammad] left among you two treasures which, if you cling to them, you shall not be led into error after me. One of them is greater than the other: The book of God ([[Quran]]), which is a rope stretched from Heaven to Earth, and [the second one is] my progeny, my [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. These two shall not be parted until they return to the pool [of abundance in paradise, [[kawthar|{{transl|ar|kawthar}}]]].{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}}} +=== Battle and narratives === +As an Iranica said, Ali al-Akbar was one of the last men who was killed in the battle.<ref name="Iranica"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mikhnaf |first1=Abu |title=The Martyrdom Of The Family Members Of Al-Husayn (as) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/event-taff-earliest-historical-account-tragedy-karbala-abu-mikhnaf/martyrdom-family-members-al#fref_ede92de3_2 |publisher=ABWA Publishing and Printing Center}}</ref> On the morning of the day of Ashura, Husayn ibn Ali asked Ali Akbar a.s. to call out the [[Adhan]]. Husayn ibn Ali and many women in their tents began to weep when Ali Akbar began calling out the Adhan, suspecting that it may be the last time they heard Ali Akbar give the Adhan.<ref name="Karbala and Ashura">{{Cite book|author= Jalali, Ali Husayn|title= Karbala and Ashura|publisher= Ansariyan Publications|id= ASIN B000EEP2NM|year=2000}}</ref> -Muhammad might have repeated this statement on multiple occasions,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=81, 209}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=80}} including his [[Farewell Pilgrimage]] and later at the [[Ghadir Khumm]], shortly before his death in 632 [[Common Era|CE]].{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=81, 209}}{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|p=50}} The version of this hadith in {{Transl|ar|[[As-Sunan al-Kubra|al-Sunan al-kubra]]}}, another Sunni hadith collection, adds the warning, "Be careful how you treat the two [treasures] after me."{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=81}} Similar versions of the hadith can be found in other major Sunni sources, including {{Transl|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, {{Transl|ar|[[Sahih al-Tirmidhi]]}}, and {{Transl|ar|[[Sunan al-Darimi]]}}.{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|p=51}} According to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] theologian [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Muhammad H. Tabatabai]] ({{Died in|1981}}), the hadith of the {{transl|ar|thaqalayn}} has been transmitted through more than a hundred channels by over thirty-five [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=60}} +Ali Akbar stood in front of Husayn ibn Ali after [[Zuhr]] prayers and said: "Father, I request for your permission to go and fight the enemies of Islam." His father gave him permission and said, "May [[Allah]] be with you! But Akbar, you know how much your mother, sisters, and aunts love you. Go and say farewell to them." Ali Akbar went into the tent of his mother, [[Umm Layla]]. Every time he wanted to come out of the tent, his mother, aunts, and sisters would pull his cloak and say, "O Akbar, how will we live without you?" Husayn ibn Ali had to plead all to let Ali Akbar go.<ref name=SON>{{Cite book|author=Haeri, Shaykh Fadhlalla|title=Son of Karbala: The Spiritual Journey of an Iraqi Muslim|publisher=O Books|isbn=1-905047-51-7|date= 25 April 2006|page=240}}</ref> -Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], namely, Muhammad, his daughter [[Fatima]], her husband [[Ali]], and their two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16{{ndash}}17}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}} In Shia theology works, the Ahl al-Bayt often also includes the remaining [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imams]].{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} There are various interpretations in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt, in addition to the Ahl al-Kisa.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2012}} In some Sunni versions of the hadith, however, {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} has been replaced with {{transl|ar|[[sunnah|sunna]]}}, that is, practices of Muhammad.{{sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2012}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} +Husayn ibn Ali helped his son mount his horse. As Akbar began to ride towards the battlefield he heard footsteps behind him. He looked back and saw his father. He said: "Father, we have said goodbye. Why are you walking behind me?" Husayn ibn Ali replied, "My son, if you had a son like yourself then you would have surely understood!"<ref name=BATTLE>{{Cite book|author=Mathews, David|title=The Battle of Karbala|publisher=Rupa & Co|isbn=81-7167-213-2|date=18 July 1994|page=96}}</ref> -== Significance in Sunni Islam == -Some Sunni versions of the hadith of the {{transl|ar|thaqalayn}} replace {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} with {{transl|ar|sunna}}, that is, practices of Muhammad.{{sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2012}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}}{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}} This change is either intended to challenge the Shia implications of the hadith,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}} or, if authentic, may imply that the {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} of Muhammad are a source of his {{transl|ar|sunna}}.{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|pp=54{{ndash}}55}} Muhammad is indeed viewed as the 'living Quran', the embodiment of God's will in his behavior and words.{{Sfn|Esposito|2010|p=43}} Both Sunni and Shia Muslims uphold the Quran and the {{transl|ar|sunna}} of Muhammad, though Shia extends the {{transl|ar|sunna}} to also include the traditions and practices of their [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|imams]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|2010|p=59}} +According to [[Bal'ami]], Ali Al-Akbar struck the enemies ten times and killed two or three of them each time. Ali Al-Akbar then went back to his father after getting rid of the group of warriors that were ordered to battle against him. Imam Husayn then told Ali Al-Akbar to go to his mother’s tent to see her since she went to pray for him. When Ali Al-Akbar got there his mother was on the ground unconscious. When he tried to wake her up, she fainted again seeing her son safe in front of her. Before Ali al-Akbar could wake her up again, he heard his father calling for anyone that could help him and his family to get victory in this tough time. Ali Al-Akbar couldn't handle listening to his father asking for support without standing up and sacrificing his life for him. When Ali Al-Akbar went to say his last goodbye, he asked his father to check on his mother because he left her unconscious.<ref name="Iranica"/><ref name="islam">{{cite book|last1=Ali Mir|first1=Muhammad|title=Encyclopedia of the Islamic World}}</ref> [[Umar ibn Sa'ad]] ordered his soldiers to kill him, saying, "When he dies, Husayn will not want to live! Ali Akbar is the life of Husayn." While a few soldiers attacked Ali Akbar, Murrah ibn Munqad threw a spear through Ali Akbar's chest. Murrah ibn Munqad <ref name="islam"/> then broke the wooden part of the spear and left the blade inside Ali Akbar's chest, to cause him more pain. As Ali Akbar fell from his horse, Yazid’s soldiers then surrounded him and started stabbing him with all kinds of weapons, he then said, "Yaa abata alayka minni salaam". Upon hearing his son's call, it is said that Imam Hussain lost his eyesight. When Imam Hussain arrived close to him and tried to remove the spear from his chest, the spear's head had been tangled in his veins and when Imam Hussain pulled it out, his heart came out alongside it.<ref name="KARBALA"/> He was then surrounded and was cut to pieces.<ref name="Iranica"/> -== Significance in Twelver Shia Islam == -[[File:ShiaImamsNames_(cropped).jpg|thumb|260x260px|Names of Muhammad, his daughter [[Fatima]], and the [[Twelve Imams]], inscribed on the tilework of the shrine of [[Ali al-Rida]], the eighth of the Twelve Imams, [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]]] -In [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]], the hadith of the {{transl|ar|thaqalayn}} establishes a parallel between the Quran and the family of Muhammad,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}} implying that the two serve as the only sources of divine guidance after Muhammad.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=156}} The hadith also implicitly describes (some) descendants of Muhammad as the true interpreters of the Quran,{{sfn|Bar-Asher}} and those descendants are viewed as the living embodiments of the Quran in Twelver Shia.{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}} As divine guides, those descendants must also be infallible lest they lead their followers astray.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=156}} The hadith also implies that Earth is never void of a descendant of Muhammad, an infallible imam, who serves as the divine guide of humankind in his time. These are the [[Twelve Imams]] in Twelver Shia.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=156}} The last of these imams, [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], is believed to remain miraculously in [[Occultation (Islam)|occultation]] since 874 and is expected to return in the end of times to eradicate injustice and evil.{{Sfn|Madelung|2012}} Beyond the Twelvers, the belief in the eschatological [[Mahdi]] remains popular among all Muslims, possibly owing to numerous traditions to this effect in canonical Sunni and Shia sources.{{Sfn|Madelung|2012}} +He walked towards the battlefield.<ref name="israreshahadat">{{Cite book|author=Darbandi, Aqay-e|title=Israr-e-Shahadat Lang. Persian|page=337}}</ref> When he went to Akbar, Akbar placed his right hand on his wounded chest and his left arm over the shoulder of his father. Al-Husayn asked, "Akbar, why do you embrace me with only one arm?" Akbar did not reply. Al-Husayn tried to move Akbar's right hand, but Akbar resisted. Then Al-Husayn forcefully moved the hand and saw the blade of the spear. He laid Akbar on the ground and sat on his knees, placing both of his hands on the blade of the spear. He looked at [[Najaf]], where [[Ali|his father]] was buried, and said, "Father, I too have come to my [[Khaybar]]!" He pulled out the blade, with it came the heart of Akbar. Al-Husayn, distraught seeing his son in such pain and stress, wept. Akbar sent his last Salam and died.<ref name=ASHURA>{{Cite book|author=Jalali, Ali Husayn|title=Karbala and Ashura|publisher=Ansariyan Publications|id=ASIN B000EEP2NM|year=2000}}</ref> -==See also== -{{columns-list|colwidth=20em| -* [[Ahl al-Bayt]] -* [[Hadith of the ark]] -* [[Hadith of the twelve successors]] -* [[Hadith of the Cloak|Hadith of the kisa]] -* [[The event of Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]] -}} +== Burial == +On On 10 October 680 (Muharram 10, 61 AH), the day of Ashura, Ali al-Akbar was killed by Yazid's army. He was the first of the [[Banu Hashim]] to go out to the battle-field and be killed. He was buried under husayn's feet.{{sfn|Al-Mufid|1982|p=114}} husayn's shrine is hexagonal because Ali al-Akbar's burial ground is located inside of [[Imam Husayn Shrine|Husayn Shrine]].{{sfn|Muhaddathi|2017|p=352}} + +== Impact == +In the Islamic world especially the Shia view, Husayn's suffering and death became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. The stand of Husayn and his followers as a sacrifice made to prevent the corruption of Islam by tyrannical rulers and to protect its ideas, took became a symbol of resistance inspiring future uprisings against oppressors and injustice. many famous characters, like Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi,{{sfn|Rizvi |2014|p=372}} have cited Husayn's stand against oppression as a model for their own fights against injustice.{{sfn|Nakash|loc=Vol. 33|1993}}{{sfn|Brunner |2013|p=293}} -== Footnotes == -{{reflist|20em}} +== See also == +* [[Muhammad]] the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic ''Nabi'']] ({{lang-ar|نَـبِي}}, [[Prophet]]) +* ‘[[Ali ibn Abu Talib]] +* [[Battle of Karbala]]’ +* [[Sakinah(Fatema Kubra) bint Husayn]] +* [[Sakina bint Hussain]] == References == -{{refbegin|2}} -* {{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=H. |title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780300252057 |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar)}} -* {{cite book |author-last=Ahmad |author-first=A.U.F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRlI0nJp5mEC&pg=PA59 |title=Theory and Practice of Modern Islamic Finance: The Case Analysis from Australia |publisher=Universal Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=9781599425177}} -* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Bar-Asher |author-first=M.M. |title=Shī'ism and the Qur'ān |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Pink |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00181 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 May 2023}} -* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |title=Ahl al-Bayt |author-first=R. |author-last=Brunner |year=2014 |pages=5–9 |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/4/mode/2up |publisher=ABC-CLIO |editor1-first=C. |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor2-first=A.H. |editor2-last=Walker |url-access=registration |isbn=9781610691772}} -* {{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Esposito |isbn=0195125584 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/mode/2up |url-access=registration |editor-link=John Esposito}} -* {{cite book |author-first=J. |author-last=Esposito |title=The Future of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780199742295 |page= |author-link=}} -* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Goldziher |author1-first=I. |author2-last=Arendonk |author2-first=C. van |author3-last=Tritton |author3-first=A.S. |title=Ahl Al-Bayt |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012 |url-access=subscription |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0378 |author1-link=Ignác Goldziher |isbn=9789004161214}} -* {{cite book |title=Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction |author-first=N. |author-last=Haider |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781107031432}} -* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl-e Bayt|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|author-first=I.K.A.|author-last= Howard|year=1984|volume=I/6|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahl-e-bayt|page=365}} -* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|editor-first=O. |editor-last=Leaman |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=9780415326391 |url=https://archive.org/details/thequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909/page/n709/mode/2up |author-first=O. |author-last=Leaman |title=Ahl al-Bayt|pages=16–17|url-access=registration|author-link=Oliver Leaman}} -* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=al-Mahdī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0618 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |edition=Second |isbn=9789004161214 |author-last=Madelung |author-first=W. |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url-access=subscription}} -* {{citation |last=Mavani |first=Hamid |title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini |series=Routledge Studies in Political Islam |isbn=9780415624404|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/2up |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |url-access=registration}} -* {{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |author-first=M. |author-last=Momen |year=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300035315 |author-link=Moojan Momen}} -* {{cite book |author-last=Shomali |author-first=M.A. |title=Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith, and Practices |publisher=Islammic College for Advanced Studies Press |year=2003 |isbn=((190406311x)) |author-link=Mohammad Ali Shomali}} -* {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=S.M.H.|url=https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |translator-first=S.H.|translator-last=Nasr |translator-link= Seyyed Hossein Nasr|year=1975 |isbn=0873953908 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |url-access=registration}} -{{refend}} +=== Citations === +{{Reflist|20em}} + +=== Sources === +{{refbegin|33em}} +* {{cite book|last=[[Ya'qubi]]|first=Ahmad|title=The History (Tarikh) by Ibn Wi al-Yaqb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2GkZwEACAAJ|year= 2018|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL; Pp. ed. edition (May 9, 2018)]]| location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-37119-4|edition=Latin and Arabic}} +* {{cite book|last=Wellhausen|first=Julius |year= 1901|title=Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam|language=de|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358135|publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung|location=Berlin|oclc=453206240}} +* {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |date=May 23, 2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press; 6th edition (May 23, 2002) |isbn=978-01-92-80310-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPJv_0EfVhIC}} +* {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Matthew S. |title=The Rise of Islam |date=May 30, 2005 |publisher=Greenwood; Annotated edition (May 30, 2005) |isbn=978-03-13-32522-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiawUHevW24C&q=The+Rise+of+Islam+by+Gordon}} +* {{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Dr. S. Manzoor |title=Unique Sacrifice of Imam Hussain for Humanity |date=October 14, 2014 |isbn=978-13-12-48332-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xy1PBwAAQBAJ&dq=mahatma+gandhi+and+imam+hussain&pg=PA372}} +* {{cite journal|last=Nakash|first=Yitzhak|title=An Attempt To Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā¸|journal=[[Die Welt des Islams]]|date=1993|volume=33|issue=2|pages=161–181|doi=10.1163/157006093X00063}} +* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Brunner |first=Rainer |title=Karbala |editor1-last=Bowering |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor2-last=Crone |editor2-first=Patricia |editor2-link=Patricia Crone |editor3-last=Mirza |editor3-first=Mahan |editor4-last=Kadi |editor4-first=Wadad |editor5-last=Zaman |editor5-first=Muhammad Qasim |editor6-last=Stewart |editor6-first=Devin J. |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA293 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=New Jersey |isbn=978-06-91-13484-0 |page=293}} +* {{cite book |last1=Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid |title=Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams |date=1982 |volume=2 |publisher=Al-Burāq |isbn=978-19-76-38532-2 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wia9zQEACAAJ&q=al-Irshad+Book+by+Al-Shaykh+Al-Mufid+vol+2 |ref={{harvid|Al-Mufid|1982}} |author1-link=Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid }} +* {{cite book |last1=Muhaddathi |first1=Jawad |title=Ashura Encyclopedia |date=2017 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017 |isbn=978-15-46-57137-7 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCZ5tAEACAAJ}} + +{{Refend}} '