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'@@ -3,45 +3,65 @@ {{Infobox person -| name = Musa al-Mubarqa' +| name = Sakina bint al-Husayn<br/>{{lang-ar|سكينة بنت الحسين}} | image = -| native_name = {{lang|ar|موسى المبرقع}} -| native_name_lang = ar -| birth_date = -| birth_place = -| death_date = 909 [[common era|CE]] -| death_place = [[Qom]], modern-day [[Iran]] -| resting_place = Qom -| known_for = Ancestor of [[Rizvi]] [[sayyid]]s -| children = -| parents = -| father = [[Muhammad al-Jawad]] -| relatives = {{plainlist| -*[[Ali al-Hadi]] (brother) -*[[Hakima Khatun|Hakima]] (sister) -}} +| caption = +| father = [[Husayn ibn Ali]] +| mother = [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais]] +| birth_date = between 47 [[Hijri year|AH]] and 51 AH (between 667 [[Common Era|CE]] and 671 CE) +| birth_place = [[Medina]] +| death_date = 5th [[Rabi' al-Awwal]], 117 AH (or 735 CE)<ref name="book388-9">{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |year=2005 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |location=Qum |pages=388–389 |chapter=3}}</ref> +| death_place = Medina or [[Damascus]] +| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina or [[Bab al-Saghir Cemetery]], Damascus }} +'''Sakīna bint al-Ḥusayn''' ({{lang-ar|سكينة بنت الحسين}}, born between 47 [[Hijri year|AH]] and 51 AH or between 667 [[Common Era|CE]] and 671 CE; died on the 5th of [[Rabi' al-Awwal]], 117 AH or 735 CE), originally named '''Āmina''' ({{lang-ar|آمنة}}), was the daughter of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais]]. + +== Birth == +Sakina or Sukayne ({{lang-ar|سكينة|lit=tranquility, peace}}) was the epithet given to her by her mother, [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais|Rubab bint Imra' al-Qais]], while her name is variously given in the sources as 'Amina ({{lang-ar|آمنة|links=no}}) or Amina ({{lang-ar|اَمینة|links=no}}) or Umayma ({{lang-ar|اُمیمة|links=no}}). The last one is less likely.{{Sfn|Naji|Mohammad-Zadeh|2017}} Her father was [[Husayn ibn Ali]] ({{Died in|680}}), the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia Imam]] and the grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Rubab was his first wife and the daughter of Imra' al-Qays ibn Adi, a chief of the [[Banu Kalb]] tribe.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} + +=== Birth === +There is no report of the exact date of birth of Amina in historical sources. Amina was a ten or fourteen-year-old girl at the Battle of Karbala. She was probably born between 47 AH and 51 AH.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibn al-Athir |title=[[The Complete History]] |publisher=Kitab Bhavan (January 1, 1996) |volume=4 |page=94|author1-link=Ibn al-Athir }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani|title=Maqatil al-talibiyyin|volume=4|page=192|author1-link=Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani}}</ref> + +===Lineage=== +Sakina was the daughter of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], son of [[Fatima]], daughter of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and [[Ali]], the first Shia Imam and the fourth of the "rightly guided" (rāshidūn) caliphs in Sunni Islam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Husayn ibn Ali |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali-Muslim-leader-and-martyr |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born January 626, Medina, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died October 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), hero in Shiʿi Islam, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fāṭima and son-in-law ʿAlī (the first Imam of the Shi'a and the fourth of the Sunni [[Rashidun caliphs]]).}}</ref> Her father is the third Shia Imam<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Haj Manouchehri |last=Faramarz |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=Husaian (as) Imam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Islamica]] |year=2013 |publisher=[[Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia]] |isbn=9786006326191 |pages=664–715}}</ref> who was killed by [[Yazid I]] in the [[Battle of Karbala]]. Her mother was [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais]]. Her brothers included [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]], [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn]], and [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn]], and her sisters included [[Daughters of Husayn ibn Ali#Fatima al-Sughra|Fatima al-Sughra]] and [[Ruqayya bint Husayn|Ruqayya]].<ref name=Fortunecity>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221072107/http://members.fortunecity.com/masoom110/TRUEISLAM/id17.html/ |date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Alimoula2015>{{cite web |url=http://www.alimoula110.com/woman2.php/ |title=The Role of Women in Karbala |publisher=Alimoula110.com |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> + +== Battle of Karbala and captivity == +According to historical sources, there are many narrations about the presence of Amina in the caravan of Husayn ibn Ali when he traveled from Mecca to Kufa in Iraq at the invitation of the people of Kufa and the battle of Karbala.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Wilferd |last=Madelung |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |editor-last1=Yarshater |editor-first1=Ehsan |year=2004 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |volume=XII |publisher=Bibliotheca Persica Press |location=New York |pages=493–498}}</ref> There are many reports and quotes from Sakina about the events of [[Ashura]] and the Battle of Karbala including when [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Akbar]] was killed and the night of Ashura. [[Ibn Shahrashub]] narrates in the book [[Manaqib Ale Abi Talib]], in Husayn's last farewell to his family that he advised her to be patient.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ibn Shahrashub|title=[[Manaqib Ale Abi Talib]]|volume=4|page=109-110|author1-link=Ibn Shahrashub}}</ref><ref name="Lohoof">{{cite book |last1=Sayyed Ibn Tawus |title=Lohoof (Sighs of sorrow) by Sayyid Ibn Tawus (2015-11-18) |date=11 May 2017 |publisher=World Islamic Network (1 January 2019) |isbn=9781546571322 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88NTswEACAAJ|author1-link=Sayyed Ibn Tawus }}</ref> According to many maqatils and many other historical accounts such as al-Muhabbar, Sakina was married to one of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Imam al-Hasan's]] sons, namely Abd Allah al-Akbar ibn al-Hasan (Abu Bakr ibn al-Hasan). However the marriage was never consummated due to Abd Allah's martyrdom in Karbala. +===Kufa=== +After the Battle of the Karbala, [[Umar ibn Sa'd]]'s army captured Husayn's family and Amina's name is mentioned among the captives. She was taken to [[Kufa]] and then to [[Damascus]] along with other members family of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam as captives, along with the heads of the dead. According to [[Sayyed Ibn Tawus]] in [[Lohoof]], On the 11th day of Muharram (14 October 680 AD), after the event of Ashura, [[Umar ibn Sa'd]]'s army forced the caravan of captives toward the battleground and passed them by the bodies of the dead.<ref name="Lohoof"/> After the captives passed through the streets and markets of Kufa, the soldiers entered the palace of [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]]. [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in [[Kitab al-Irshad]] narrated the date of arrival of captives to Kufa on 12 Muharram (15 October 680 AD).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Al-Tabari |title=History of the Prophets and Kings |date=4 November 1999 |publisher=SUNY Press (July 7, 2015) |isbn=978-0791472521 |pages=455–456 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrtpZQphYUC&dq=The+History+of+al-Tabari+vol+5&pg=PA2| volume=5|author1-link=Al-Tabari }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Shaykh al-Mufid |title=Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams |date=December 1982 |publisher=‎ CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (September 13, 2017) |isbn=978-1976385322 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra0ovwEACAAJ|author1-link=al-Shaykh al-Mufid }}</ref> +==== Narrative and history reports ==== +After the Battle of the Karbala, she was taken to Kufa and Damascus along with other members of the family of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, as captives,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayati |first1=Ibrahim |title=A Probe Into the History of Ashura |date=6 November 2015 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015 |isbn=9781519141880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1-7jgEACAAJ}}</ref> along with the heads of the dead raising upon the lances or hung from the necks of horses by the forces of Yazid.<ref name="Tahmasebi Beldaji">{{cite journal|last1=Tahmasebi Beldaji|first1=Asghar|title=Documentary review of Quran in sermons of Zainab bint Ali|journal=Science of Quran and Hadith|date=April 2013 |volume=16|url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/983682}}</ref> Sayyed Ibn Tawus in Lohoof quoted, that on the 11th day of Muharram, after the event of Ashura, Umar ibn Sa'd's army forced the caravan of captives toward the battleground and passed them by the bodies of the dead. When Husayn's family was bidding farewell to the bodies of the dead, Sakina hugged his father's headless body but Umar ibn Sa'd's soldiers forcibly separated her from her father and dragged her to other captives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Muqarram |first1=Sayyid Abd al-Razzaq |title=Maqtal al-Husayn |date=28 September 2014 |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub, 2014 |isbn=9781502502308 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rj7HoQEACAAJ&q=Maqtal+al-Husayn}}</ref> According to the sources, after passing the captives through the streets and markets of Kufa, soldiers entered the palace of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, riding bareheaded camels with a rope tied around their hands and neck.<ref name="Lohoof"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Al-Tabari |title=History of the Prophets and Kings |date=4 November 1999 |publisher=SUNY Press (July 7, 2015) |isbn=978-0791472521 |pages=455–456 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrtpZQphYUC&dq=History+of+the+Prophets+and+Kings+by+Tabari+vol+5&pg=PR5| volume=5|author1-link=Al-Tabari }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Shaykh al-Mufid |title=Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams |date=December 1982 |publisher= CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (September 13, 2017) |isbn=978-1976385322 |page=115-116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra0ovwEACAAJ|author1-link=al-Shaykh al-Mufid }}</ref> + +=== Damascus === +[[Al-Baladhuri]] reported in [[Genealogies of the Nobles]], that the captives were moved from Kufa to [[Levant]] by [[Shimr]] on bareheaded camels.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fourth Journey - Kufa to Shaam |url=https://www.al-islam.org/journey-tears/fourth-journey-kufa-shaam |website=al-islam}}</ref><ref name="Baladhuri">{{cite book|last1=Al-Baladhuri|first1=Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir|title=The Ansab al-ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles)|volume=3|page=416}}</ref> The exact route of the caravan from Kufa to Damascus is unknown, but considering the places related to Husayn in that region, the possible route toward Damascus is determined. On 1 safar (3 November 680 AD) the captives entered Damascus through [[Bab Tuma]] or Bab al-Saat with the heads of the dead.<ref name="Al-Biruni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Biruni |title=The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries |year=1963 |publisher=Miras e Maktub; 1st edition (January 1, 2001) |isbn=978-9646781542 |page=527 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC2RNQAACAAJ|author1-link=Al-Biruni }}</ref> Most historians like [[Al-Tabari]] have reported that the captives stayed in Damascus between 3 and 7 days.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Al-Tabari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrtpZQphYUC&dq=The+History+of+al-Tabari+vol+5&pg=PA2 |title=History of the Prophets and Kings | date=4 November 1999 |publisher=SUNY Press (July 7, 2015) |isbn=978-0791472521 |volume=5 |pages=462| author1-link=Al-Tabari }}</ref> Tawus reported it as one month but he did not consider the report valid.<ref>{{cite book|last1=ibn Tawus al Hasani wal Husaini|first1=Sayyed Radhi ud-Deen Ali ibn Musa|title=Iqbal al-a'mal|volume=3|page=101}}</ref> + +==== Narrative and history reports ==== +[[Al-Baladhuri]] reported in [[Genealogies of the Nobles]], that the captives were moved from Kufa to [[Levant]] by [[Shimr]] on bareheaded camels.<ref name="Baladhuri"/> The exact route of the caravan from Kufa to Damascus is unknown, but considering the places related to Husayn in that region including [[Al-Nuqtah Mosque]], Maqam Ra's Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in [[mosul]] and the possible route toward Damascus can be determined. + +The city was decorated and people came to watch.<ref name="Al-Biruni" /> The captives were taken to [[Umayyad Mosque]]. After that, soldiers brought the captives into the Yazid's court while they were rope tied to each other. Narratives said that in the presence of the captives, Yazid had put Hussain's head in a golden bowl and hit it with his cane. [[Ibn Babawayh]] in [[Al-Amali (Ibn Babawayh)]]<ref>{{cite book|last1= ibn Babawayh al-Qummi|first1=Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali|title=Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)|volume=|page=230}}</ref> and [[Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi]] in [[Bihar al-Anwar]] narrated in response to the words of the people of Sham that, "we have not seen better captives than them." Sakina said, "we are the captives of the Prophet's family."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majlisi |first1=Allama Muhammad Baqir |title=Behar al-Anwar, Volumes 44 & 45 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Islamic Seminary Incorporated, The; 1st edition (December 1, 2014) |isbn=978-0991430819 |pages=155–169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTS9rQEACAAJ}}</ref> -'''Mūsā ibn Muḥammad al-Mubarqaʿ''' ({{Lang-ar|موسى بن محمد المبرقع}}) was a descendant of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Musa was the son of [[Muhammad al-Jawad]] ({{Died in|835}}) and the younger brother of [[Ali al-Hadi]] ({{Died in|868}}), the ninth and tenth [[Twelve Imams|Imams]] in [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]]. He is known to be a common ancestor of the [[Rizvi]] {{Transl|ar|[[sayyid]]}}s, who descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through [[Ali al-Rida]] ({{Died in|818}}), the eighth Imam in Twelver Shia and Musa's grandfather. He was known by the title al-Mubarqa' ({{Lang-ar|المبرقع|links=no}}) probably because he covered his face with a {{Transl|ar|[[burqa|burqa']]}} ({{Lang-ar|بُرقَع|translit=|links=no|lit=veil}}) to remain unidentified in public. +===Return to Medina=== +Sakina returned to [[Medina]] after passing through Karbala with other members of the caravan of captives. There are not many authentic and reliable reports about her life in Medina until her death.<ref name="Kitab al-Aghani">{{cite book |last1=Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani |first1=d |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSAlQwAACAAJ |title=Kitab al-Aghani |date=4 March 2010 |publisher=Routledge, 2003 |isbn=9781607246985 |volume=16 |author1-link=Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani}}</ref> -==Biography== -Musa al-Mubarqa' was the younger son of [[Muhammad al-Jawad]] ({{Died in|835}}), the ninth [[Twelve Imams|Imam]] in [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]].{{Sfn|Medoff|2016}}{{Sfn|Wardrop|1988|p=16}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2011}} His elder brother [[Ali al-Hadi]] ({{Died in|868}}) succeeded their father al-Jawad as the tenth Imam.{{Sfn|Madelung|2011}} Musa had two or four sisters, named variously in the sources.{{Sfn|Medoff|2016}} The Twelver theologian [[Shaykh Mufid|al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}) names them as Fatima and Amama, while the biographical source {{Transl|ar|Dala'il al-imama}} lists them as Khadija, Hakima, and Umm Kulthum. This book is attributed to al-Tabari al-Saghir, the eleventh-century Twelver scholar. The Sunni historian [[Fakhr Razi]] ({{Died in|1209}}) adds Behjat and Barihe to these names, saying that none of them left any descendants.{{sfn|Baghestani|2014}} The children of al-Jawad were all born to Samana,{{sfn|Baghestani|2014}} a freed slave ({{Transliteration|ar|[[umm walad]]}}) of [[Morocco|Moroccan]] origin.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=43}} It is through Ali and Musa that the lineage of al-Jawad continued.{{Sfn|Baghestani|2014}} In particular, the [[Rizvi]] line of {{Transl|ar|[[sayyid]]}}s leads to Musa. These are the descendants of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] through [[Ali al-Rida]] ({{Died in|818}}), the eighth Imam in Twelver Shia and Musa's grandfather.{{Sfn|Wiki Shia contributors|2023}} - -Musa was a small child when his father al-Jawad died in 835 [[Common Era|CE]] at the age of about twenty-five, probably poisoned at the instigation of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]] ({{Reign|833|842}}).{{Sfn|Daftary|2013|p=62}}{{Sfn|Medoff|2016}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2012}} The will attributed to al-Jawad stipulates that his elder son Ali would inherit from him and be responsible for his younger brother Musa and his sisters. This will can be found in {{Transl|ar|[[Kitab al-Kafi]]}}, a collection of Shia traditions compiled by the prominent Twelver traditionist [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|al-Kulayni]] ({{Died in|941}}).{{Sfn|Wardrop|1988|p=16}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2011}} There was also an oral designation ({{Transl|ar|[[Nass (Islam)|nass]]}}) of Ali as the next Imam, delivered to a close confidant by al-Jawad.{{Sfn|Modarressi|1993|p=64}}{{Sfn|Modarressi|1993|p=64}} After his death, this testimony was corroborated by a small assembly of Shia notables,{{Sfn|Wardrop|1988|p=|pp=16, 217}} and the majority of his followers thus accepted the imamate of Ali,{{Sfn|Daftary|2013|p=62}}{{Sfn|Hussain|1986|p=48}} who is commonly known by the titles al-Hadi ({{Lit|the guide}}) and al-Naqi ({{Lit|the distinguished}}).{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=43}} A small group also gathered around Musa but soon returned to his brother Ali after the former dissociated himself from them.{{Sfn|Madelung|2011}}{{Sfn|Hussain|1986|p=48}} Musa later settled in [[Qom]],{{Sfn|Wiki Shia contributors|2023}} a rising Shia center in the modern-day [[Iran]].{{Sfn|Drechsler|2009}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=43}} Traditions narrated by him are cited by some Twelver scholars, including al-Kulayni in his {{Transl|ar|al-Kafi}}, al-Mufid in his {{Transl|ar|al-Ikhtisas}}, and [[Shaykh Tusi]] ({{Died in|1067}}) in his {{Transl|ar|Tahdhib al-osul}}.{{Sfn|Wiki Shia contributors|2023}} Musa was known by the title al-Mubarqa' ({{Lang-ar|المبرقع|links=no}}) probably because he covered his face with a {{Transl|ar|[[burqa|burqa']]}} ({{Lang-ar|بُرقَع|translit=|links=no|lit=veil}}) to remain unidentified in public. He died in Qom in 909 CE and the construction of his current shrine was sponsored by the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] king [[Tahmasp I]] ({{Reign|1524|1576}}).{{Sfn|Wiki Shia contributors|2023}} +== Later years and death == +There are disagreements among historians about the death of Sakina and her burial place. According to the majority of sources {{which|date=December 2022}}, the date of her death was mentioned on 5 Rabi' al-Awwal 117 (4 April 735) in Medina.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Al-Baladhuri|first1=Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir|title=The Ansab al-ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles)|volume=2|page=197}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibn Khallikan |title=Ibn Khallikan's Wafayat Al-ayan Wa Anba Abna Al-zaman |year=1961 |publisher=RareBooksClub.com (May 11, 2012) |isbn=978-1231254677 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV_7zAEACAAJ}}</ref> She was buried in [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]]. There is a tomb attributed to Sakina in [[Bab al-Saghir Cemetery]] in Damascus. There is a tomb in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ibn Asakir|title=History of Damascus|volume=69|page=421|author1-link=Ibn Asakir}}</ref> and another tomb in [[Tiberias]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], also attributed to Sakina. -==Footnotes== +== See also == +{{columns-list|colwidth=20em| +* [[Adnanites]] +* [[Arabs]] +* [[Banu Hashim]] +* [[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali]] +* [[Fatima]] +* [[Fatimah bint Musa]] +* [[Quraysh]] +* [[Ruqayya bint Ali]] +* [[Abrahamic religions|Semite]] +* [[Ruqayya bint Husayn]] +}} + +== Footnotes == {{Reflist}} - -==References== -{{refbegin|2}} -*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Baghestani |first1=Esmail |trans-title=Jawad, Imam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam]] |date=2014 |volume=11 |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/7588 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation]]|language=Persian|isbn=9789644470127|title=جواد امام}} -* {{cite book|author-last=Daftary|author-first=Farhad|title=A History of Shi'i Islam|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year= 2013|isbn= 9780755608669|url=https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013/mode/2up}} -* {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=Andreas|author-last= Drechsler|title=QOM i. History to the Safavid Period| encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |edition=Online|year=2009|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qom-i-history-safavid-period|issn=2330-4804}} -* {{cite book |author-last=Hussain |author-first=Jassim M. |url=http://islamicblessings.com/upload/The%20Occultation%20of%20the%20Twelfth%20Imam.pdf|title=Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background |publisher=Routledge Kegan & Paul |year=1986 |isbn=9780710301581}} -* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Madelung|author-first= W.| title=Muḥammad b. 'Alī al-Riḍā| encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition= Second| editor1-first= P.|editor1-last= Bearman|editor2-first= Th.|editor2-last= Bianquis|editor3-first= C.E.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor4-first= E.|editor4-last= van Donzel|editor5-first= W.P.|editor5-last= Heinrichs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343|year= 2012|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343|isbn= 9789004161214}} -* {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=W|author-last= Madelung|title='Alī al-Hādī| encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume= I/8|pages= 861–2|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-hadi-abul-hasan-b|year=2011|issn=2330-4804}} -* {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=Louis|author-last= Medoff|title=Moḥammad al-Jawād, Abu Ja'far|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica|edition= Online|year= 2016|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mohammad-al-jawad|issn=2330-4804}} -* {{cite book |last1=Modarressi |first1=Hossein |title=Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abu Ja'Far Ibn Qiba Al-Razi and His Contribution to Imamite Shi'Ite Thought |date=1993 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0878500952|author-link=Hossein Modarressi|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisconsolidat0000moda/mode/2up}} -* {{cite book |author-last=Momen |author-first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1985 |isbn=9780300034998}} -* {{cite thesis |last=Wardrop |first=S.F. |date= 1988|title=Lives of the Imams, Muhammad al-Jawad and 'Ali al-Hadi and the Development of the Shi'ite Organisation |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7365 |chapter= |publisher=University of Edinburgh |type=PhD thesis}} -*{{Cite web |last=((Wiki Shia contributors)) |date=2023 |title=موسی مبرقع |trans-title=Musa Mubarraqa |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B9&oldid=784464 |website=Wiki Shia |language=fa}} -{{refend}} +== References== +* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam]] |publisher=Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/14212 |trans-title=Sakina bint Husayn |year=2017 |title=سكينة بنت حسین|volume=24 |language=Persian |author1-first=Mohammad-Reza |author1-last=Naji|author2-first= Marziya |author2-last=Mohammad-Zadeh}} +* {{cite encyclopedia |title=ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |volume=XII/5 |pages=493-8 |year=2004 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} +* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Veccia Vaglieri |first=L. |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |title=(al-)Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304 |year=2012 |isbn=9789004161214}} '