Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Citizens and nationals of Morocco}} {{about|citizens and nationals of Morocco|other uses|Moroccan (disambiguation)}} {{for|information on the population of Morocco|Demographics of Morocco}} {{EngvarB|date=May 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Moroccans<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|المغاربة}} (''al-Maġāriba'')}} | image = Map of the Moroccan Diaspora in the World.svg | caption = Map of the [[Moroccan diaspora]] in the world | population = '''{{Circa|40 million}}''' | popplace = '''{{flag|Morocco}}'''<br>38,700,000<ref name=HCPclock>{{cite web | title= Horloge de la population | language = fr | url = https://www.hcp.ma/Horloge-de-la-population_a3531.html | year = 2022 | publisher = [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] | access-date = 10 October 2022}}</ref> | region1 = | pop1 = | ref1 = | region2 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop2 = 1,314,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/|title = Présentation du Maroc}}</ref><ref name=INSEE>{{cite book |title=Répartition des étrangers par nationalité en 2011 |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/figure/etrangersnat.xls |accessdate=4 August 2014 |year=2011 |publisher=INSEE |location=Paris |isbn= |page=}}</ref> | ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Répartition des étrangers par nationalité|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=etrangersnat|publisher=INSEE|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Être né en France d'un parent immigré|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287#inter1|publisher=INSEE|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop Fiches thématiques - Population immigrée - Immigrés - Insee Références - Édition 2012], Insee 2012</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} | pop3 = 934,046<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=0ccaa005.px#!tabs-tabla|title = Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (Grupos quinquenales) y sexo}}</ref> | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemag.ma/Les-Marocains-1ere-communaute-hors-UE-affiliee-a-la-securite-sociale-espagnole_a80813.html |title=Les Marocains, 1ère communauté hors UE affiliée à la sécurité sociale espagnole |date=20 February 2014 |website=Lemag.ma |access-date=2016-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172819/http://www.lemag.ma/Les-Marocains-1ere-communaute-hors-UE-affiliee-a-la-securite-sociale-espagnole_a80813.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | pop4 = 530,000 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtl.be/info/monde/international/90-secondes-pour-comprendre-pourquoi-beaucoup-de-marocains-sont-venus-s-installer-en-belgique-des-1964-798847.aspx|title=90 secondes pour comprendre pourquoi beaucoup de Marocains sont venus s'installer en Belgique dès 1964|website=Rtl.be|date=2 March 2016|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop5 = 487,249 | ref5 = <ref>{{Citation |last=Mahieu |first=Rilke |title=Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Moroccan Citizens Abroad |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |work=Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3): A Focus on Non-EU Sending States |pages=231–246 |editor-last=Lafleur |editor-first=Jean-Michel |series=IMISCOE Research Series |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |isbn=978-3-030-51237-8 |s2cid=229244954 |access-date=2022-03-18 |editor2-last=Vintila |editor2-first=Daniela}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/marocco/|title=Marocchini in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/Areetematiche/PaesiComunitari-e-associazioniMigranti/Documents/ES_MAROCCO_en.pdf |title=The Moroccan Community |year=2016}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} | pop6 = 472,800 | ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה - cbs.gov.il|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.cbs.gov.il|language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-13 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009 - No. 60 Subject 2 - Table No. 24 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009 |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113150521/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009 |archive-date=13 November 2009 }}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop7 = 414,186 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=a&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-4,137,152,220,237&D6=0,4,9,14,18-21&HDR=G2,G1,G3,T&STB=G4,G5&VW=T|title=CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari|website=statline.cbs.nl|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop8 = 240,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/migrant-status-selected-countries.html |title=Population in private households by migrant background in the wider sense and by selected countries of birth, selected countries }}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|US}} | pop9 = 120,402 | ref9 = <ref name="ACS2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date= }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop10 = 103,945 | ref10 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D |title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables |author=Statistics Canada |access-date=1 June 2016|author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop11 = 100,000 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://lematin.ma/exclusif/marocains-residants-aux-emirats_soiree-artistique-en-l-honneur-de-la-communaute-marocaine/191749.html |author=Lamiaâ Khalloufi |title=Soirée artistique en l'honneur de la communauté marocaine |date=23 November 2013 |website=Le Matin |access-date=2016-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071115/http://www.lematin.ma/exclusif/marocains-residants-aux-emirats_soiree-artistique-en-l-honneur-de-la-communaute-marocaine/191749.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Libya}} | pop12 = 100,000 | ref12 = | region13 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop13 = 70,000 | ref13 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.migreat.co.uk/fr/la-communaute-marocaine-au-royaume-uni-n218.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005012/https://www.migreat.co.uk/fr/la-communaute-marocaine-au-royaume-uni-n218.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} | pop14 = 63,000 | ref14 = <ref name="K6JWNT">{{cite web |url=http://www.cespi.it/migraction2/FrontSud/Marocains%20estero.pdf |title=Marocains à l'étrangeret etrangers au Maroc |access-date=2016-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215219/http://www.cespi.it/migraction2/FrontSud/Marocains%20estero.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} | pop15 = 60,000 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/16555/chomage-arabie-saoudite-irreguliers-sous.html|title=Chômage en Arabie Saoudite : Les MRE irréguliers sous menace d'expulsion|website=Yabiladi.com|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop16 = 48,000 | region17 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}} | pop17 = 15,000 | region18 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop18 = 11,025 | ref18 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=daf5d50d-a31c-4045-8bfb-b4801e1c3cf9|title = Folkmängden efter födelseland, ålder och kön. År 2000 - 2020}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} | pop19 = 10,500 | region20 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}} | pop20 = 9,000 | ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|last=Snoj|first=Jure|title=Population of Qatar by nationality|url=http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/2013/12/population-qatar-nationality#|publisher=bq magazine|date=7 December 2014|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020072919/http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/2013/12/population-qatar-nationality|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}} | pop21 = 7,270 | ref21 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop22 = 7,000 | ref22 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop23 = 4,200 | ref23 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Finland}} | pop24 = 4,106<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4|title = Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Alue, Taustamaa, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot}}</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} | pop25 = 4,000 | ref25 = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ccme.org.ma/ar/actualites-ar/44493|title = مجلس الجالية المغربية بالخارج - إفطار جماعي مغربي في لشبونة البرتغالية}}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Oman}} | pop26 = 4,000 | ref26 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | pop27 = 3,500 | region28 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop28 = 3,400 | region29 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}} | pop29 = 2,100 | region30 = {{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}} | pop30 = 1,800 | region31 = {{flagcountry|Mauritania}} | pop31 = 1,056 | languages = Majority: [[Arabic]] ([[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]], [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]], [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniya]], [[Algerian Saharan Arabic|Saharan]])<br>Minority: [[Berber languages]] ([[Tashelhit]], [[Tarifit]], [[Central Atlas Tamazight|Tamazight]]) | religions = Majority: [[Sunni Islam]]<br />Minority: [[Shia Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]]<ref>[http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)]. Refworld.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Erwin Fahlbusch |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&pg=PA653 |year=2003 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8 |pages=653– |volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/house-churches-and-silent-masses-the-converted-christians-of-morocco-are-praying-in-secret|title='House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News|date=23 March 2015|quote=Converted Moroccans — most of them secret worshippers, of whom there are estimated to be anywhere between 5,000 and 40,000 —}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam| first=Nat |last= Carnes|year= 2012| isbn= 9781475903423| page =253|publisher=University of Cambridge Press|quote=. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianit}}</ref> | native_name = | native_name_lang = ar }} '''Moroccans''' ({{Lang-ar|المغاربة|translit=al-Maġāriba}}) are the [[Moroccan nationality law|citizens and nationals]] of the [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]]. The country's population is predominantly composed of [[Arabs]] and [[Berbers]] (Amazigh). The term also applies more broadly to any people who are of Moroccan nationality, sharing a [[Culture of Morocco|common culture and identity]], as well as those who natively speak [[Moroccan Arabic]] or other [[languages of Morocco]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Demographics of Morocco |url=https://www.morocco.com/business/demographics/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Morocco.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Arabs of Morocco |url=https://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=11863 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> In addition to the approximately 37 million residents of Morocco, there is a large [[Moroccan diaspora]] as part of the wider [[Arab diaspora]]. Considerable Moroccan populations can be found in [[Moroccans in France|France]], [[Moroccans in Spain|Spain]], [[Moroccans in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Moroccans in Italy|Italy]], and the [[Moroccans in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]; with smaller notable concentrations in other [[Arab world|Arab states]] as well as [[Moroccans in Germany|Germany]], the [[British Moroccans|United Kingdom]], the [[Moroccan Americans|United States]], and [[Moroccan Canadians|Canada]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Mahieu |first=Rilke |title=Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Moroccan Citizens Abroad |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |work=Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3): A Focus on Non-EU Sending States |series=IMISCOE Research Series |pages=231–246 |editor-last=Lafleur |editor-first=Jean-Michel |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |isbn=978-3-030-51237-8 |s2cid=229244954 |access-date=2022-09-26 |editor2-last=Vintila |editor2-first=Daniela}}</ref> == Ethnic groups == {{Main|Demographics of Morocco|Arabs|Berbers}} {{Pie chart|caption=Ethnic groups in Morocco (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco - Climate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Climate |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|label1=[[Arabs]]|label2=[[Berbers]]|value1=67|value2=31|color1=DarkGreen|color2=Yellow|label3=[[Sahrawi people|Sahrawis]]|value3=2|color3=Purple}}Moroccans are primarily of [[Amazigh]] origin<ref name=":6" /><ref>Moroccan Y-DNA chromosome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans</ref> as in other neighbouring countries in the [[Maghreb]] region.<ref>Moroccan Y-DNA chromosome Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans</ref> [[Amazigh]] make up 85% of the population of Morocco, while [[Arabs]] make up less than 5% and [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawis]] make up 2%.<ref name=":42">Moroccan Y-DNA chromosome Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans</ref> Socially, there are two contrasting groups of Moroccans: those living in the cities and those in the rural areas. Among the rural, several classes have formed such as landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers. Moroccans live mainly in the north and west portions of Morocco. However, they prefer living in the more fertile regions near the Mediterranean Sea. The Arab population of Morocco is a result of the inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] since the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]] in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century.<ref name="stearns">{{cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |last2=Leonard Langer |first2=William |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-395-65237-4 |edition=6 |pages=129–131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=Arab, Moroccan in Morocco |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13819/MO |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=joshuaproject.net |language=en}}</ref> The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], along with others, were sent by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] to defeat a [[Berbers|Berber]] rebellion and then settle in the [[Maghreb]].<ref name=":23" /> Between the [[Nile]] and the [[Red Sea]] were Arab tribes expelled from [[Arabia]] for their turbulence, [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], who often plundered farming areas in the [[Nile Valley]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Le Tourneau |first1=Roger |year=1966 |title=Ibn Khaldun, laudateur et contempteur des Arabes |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1966_num_2_1_933 |journal=Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée |volume=2 |pages=155–168 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1966.933 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> According to [[Ibn Khaldun]], whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment.<ref name=":1" /> These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the [[Maqil|Ma'qil]] in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic [[Arabization]] of Morocco over time,<ref name=":02" /> especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental : dialectologie et histoire |publisher=Casa de Velazquez |year=1998 |isbn= |editor-last=Aguade |editor-first=Jordi |location=Zaragoza |pages= |editor-last2=Cressier |editor-first2=Patrice |editor-last3=Vicente |editor-first3=Angeles}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> [[File:Morocco ethno 1973 all.svg|thumb|Ethnic map of Morocco (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco - University of Texas Libraries GeoData |url=https://geodata.lib.utexas.edu/catalog/princeton-fq977x643 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=geodata.lib.utexas.edu}}</ref>]] The Berber population mainly inhabits the mountainous regions of Morocco where some preserve Berber culture, and are split into three groups; [[Rifians|Riffians]], [[Shilha people|Shilha]] and [[Zayanes]], who inhabit the [[Rif|Rif mountains]], [[Anti-Atlas|Anti-Atlas mountains]], and [[Middle Atlas|Middle Atlas mountains]] respectively.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - Climate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Climate |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Berber {{!}} Definition, People, Languages, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Berbers were an amalgamation of [[Ibero-Maurisian]] and a minority of [[Capsian]] stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the [[Neolithic revolution]].<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers" 236–245, at 237, in ''General History of Africa, v.II Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> Out of these populations, the proto-[[Berbers|Berber]] tribes formed during the late [[Paleolithic]] era.<ref>Mário Curtis Giordani, ''História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos'' (Petrópolis, Brasil: Editora Vozes 1985) at 42–43, 77–78. Giordani references Bousquet, ''Les Berbères'' (Paris 1961).</ref> The [[Arabized Berber|Arabized Berbers]] who constitute about a quarter of the population are the Berbers who were [[Arabization|Arabized]] mainly as a result of the Arab nomad inflow, and have adopted Arab culture and the Arabic language as their native language, especially those who sought the protection of the [[Bedouin]].<ref name=":02" /> A small minority of the population is identified as [[Haratin]] and [[Gnawa]],<ref name=":0" /> These are sedentary agriculturalists of non-Arab and non-Berber origin, who inhabit the southern and eastern oases and speak either Berber or Arabic. Some parts of the population are descendants of refugees who fled Spain after the [[Reconquista]] in the 15th century. The [[Trans-Saharan slave trade]] brought a population of [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africans]] to Morocco. After the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|founding of Israel]] and start of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]] in 1948, many [[Jews]] felt compelled to leave Morocco especially after the [[1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada|anti-Jewish riots in Oujda]], and many fled to [[Israel]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]], and by 1967 250,000 Jews left Morocco.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - Climate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Climate |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History of Morocco}} === Early Arab era (670–1031) === {{Main|Umayyad Caliphate|Idrisid dynasty|Fatimid Caliphate|Caliphate of Córdoba}} In 670 AD, the first [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Arab conquest of the North African]] coastal plain took place under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]], a general serving under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], marking the first wave of Arab migration to Morocco. Arab tribes such as [[Banu Muzaina]] migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerers before and after them.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] brought their language, their system of government, and Islam to Morocco and many Berbers converted to Islam. The first independent state in the area of modern Morocco was the [[Emirate of Nekor]], an Arab emirate in north Morocco ruling as a client state of the Umayyad Caliphate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Picard |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KdFDwAAQBAJ&q=himyarit&pg=PA166 |title=Sea of the Caliphs |date=2018-01-21 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66046-5 |pages=247 |language=en}}</ref> It was founded by the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite]] descendant [[Salih I ibn Mansur|Salih ibn Mansur]] in 710.<ref name=":4" /> After the outbreak of the [[Berber Revolt]] in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the [[Midrarid dynasty|Emirate of Sijilmasa]] and the [[Barghawata|Barghawata Confederation]].<ref name="Duby">Georges Duby, ''Atlas Historique Mondial'', Larousse Ed. (2000), pp.220 & 224 ({{ISBN|2702828655}})</ref> After the [[Battle of Fakhkh]] in 786, [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris ibn Abdallah]], who traced his ancestry back to [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], fled from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] to Morocco.<ref name="Eustache1031">''Idris I'', D. Eustache, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, ed. B.Lewis, V. L. Menage, C. Pellat and J. Schact, (Brill, 1986), 1031.</ref> He first went to [[Tangier]] before going to [[Volubilis|Walili]] and founding the Arab [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, ruling most of Morocco. The Idrisids established [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]] as their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major [[regional power]]. The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in 932, they were removed from power by the [[Maghrawa]] of Sijilmasa in 980.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2018 |title=Idrīsids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/idrisids-COM_32374?s.num=46&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=40&s.q=Basra4 |last=Benchekroun |first=Chafik T. |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=Kate |issn=1873-9830 |quote=The Idrīsids (al-Adārisa) were an ʿAlid dynasty—that is, descendants of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661)—that reigned in the western part of the north Maghrib from 172/788 to 375/985 (although only intermittently in the fourth/tenth century). |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=Everett |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 973, the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Caliphate of Cordoba]] under the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] took over parts of Morocco.<ref name=":1542">{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&q=A%20history%20of%20the%20Maghrib%20in%20the%20Islamic%20period&pg=PP1 |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0521337674 |location=Cambridge |pages=75}}</ref> ===Berber dynasties (1053–1549)=== {{Main|Almoravid dynasty|Almohad Caliphate|Marinid Sultanate}} From the 11th century onwards, a series of dynasties of [[Berbers|Berber]] origin arose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramirez-Faria |first1=Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PT861 |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History |date=2007-01-01 |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Almoravides |encyclopedia=Universalis Encyclopedia |url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Marīnid dynasty |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty}}</ref> Under the [[Almoravid dynasty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads |title=The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads |publisher=Britannica.com|access-date=2011-08-01}}</ref> and the [[Almohad dynasty]] dominated the Maghreb, much of present-day Spain and Portugal, and the western Mediterranean region. In the 13th and 14th centuries the [[Merinid Dynasty|Merinids]] held power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] by military campaigns in Algeria and Iberia. They were followed by the [[Wattasid dynasty|Wattasids]]. In the 15th century, the [[Reconquista]] ended Muslim rule in central and southern Iberia and many [[Muslim]]s and [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Jews]] fled to Morocco.<ref name="brit">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco |title=Morocco – History |publisher=Britannica.com|access-date=2011-08-01}}</ref> [[Portugal|Portuguese]] efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not greatly affect the interior of Morocco. According to Elizabeth Allo Isichei, "In 1520, there was a [[famine]] in Morocco so terrible that for a long time other events were dated by it. It has been suggested that the population of Morocco fell from 5 to under 3 million between the early sixteenth and nineteenth centuries."<ref>Allo Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic A history of African societies to 1870]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. {{ISBN|0-521-45599-5}}</ref> === Arab dynasties (1549–present) === {{Main|Saadi Sultanate|'Alawi dynasty}} The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], along with others, were sent by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] to defeat a [[Berbers|Berber]] rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to [[Morocco]], contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic [[Arabization]] in the region.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqxf5uJMBvkC&dq=arabic+spread+to+the+countryside+morocco&pg=PA14 |title=Morocco, a Country Study |date=1985 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |pages=14 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054257/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqxf5uJMBvkC&dq=arabic+spread+to+the+countryside+morocco&pg=PA14 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Arab tribes of [[Maqil]] migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to [[Mauritania]]. From 1549, a series of [[Arabs|Arab]] dynasties arose. First the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadian dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Mark |last=Greengrass |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002916874 |title=Christendom destroyed : Europe, 1517-1648 |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-197852-9 |pages=503 |oclc=1002916874}}</ref> who ruled from 1549 to 1659, and then the [['Alawi dynasty]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abitbol |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1mAPgAACAAJ |title=Histoire du Maroc |date=2009 |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-02388-1 |pages=231 |language=fr}}</ref> who remain in power since the 17th century. Both dynasties are [[Sharif|Sharifian]].<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Garcia-Arenal |first1=Mercedes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhu9DwAAQBAJ&q=Ahmad+al-Mansur+%3A+the+beginnings+of+modern+Morocco&pg=PP1 |title=Ahmad al-Mansur: the beginnings of modern Morocco |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2012 |isbn=9781780742083}}</ref> Under the Saadian dynasty, the country repulsed [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] incursions and a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] invasion at the [[battle of Ksar el Kebir]] in 1578. The reign of [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] brought new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and a large expedition to West Africa inflicted a crushing defeat on the [[Songhay Empire]] in 1591. However, managing the territories across the [[Sahara]] proved too difficult. After the death of al-Mansur the country was divided among his sons.<ref name=":5" /> In 1666, Morocco was reunited by the Arab [['Alawi dynasty]], who have been the ruling house of Morocco ever since. Morocco was facing aggression from Spain and the Ottoman Empire lies pressing westward. The 'Alawis succeeded in stabilizing their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local tribes [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] (1672–1727) began to create a unified state.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091030183303/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572952_8/Morocco.html Morocco (Page 8 of 9)]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-11-01.</ref> Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/joint-statement-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco | work=[[whitehouse.gov]] | title=Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco| via=[[NARA|National Archives]] | date=2013-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V77mdCXHJcC&pg=PA114 | title=Morocco Foreign Policy and Government Guide| isbn=9780739760000| year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811 |title = Defense Department News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811 |title=Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties |access-date=2009-03-12 |author=Kozaryn, Linda D.|work=U.S. Department of Defense }}</ref> In the beginning of the [[American Revolution]], American merchant ships in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] were subject to attack by the [[Barbary pirates]]. On 20 December 1777, Morocco's Sultan [[Mohammed III of Morocco|Mohammed III]] declared that American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage. The [[Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship]], signed in 1786, stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship [[treaty]].<ref>Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, ''Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary'', Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 {{ISBN|093422398X}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm |title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History |access-date=2007-12-17 |work=U.S. Department of State }}</ref> ==Genetic composition== {{main|Genetic studies on Moroccans}} [[File:41598 2021 85883 Fig1 HTML.webp|thumb|300x300px|Distribution of [[Haplogroup J-M267|haplogroup J1]]]] {| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable sortable" ! Population || Language || ''n'' || [[Haplogroup E-Z827|E]]|| [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] || [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|<big>I</big>]] || [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1]]|| [[haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] || [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] || [[Haplogroup R1|R1]]|| [[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] || Reference |- ![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) |AA (Semitic) |87 |52.8 |— |— |26.4 |— |— |— |— |Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2013<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=Karima |last2=Haber |first2=Marc |last3=Martínez-Cruz |first3=Begoña |last4=Zalloua |first4=Pierre |last5=Benammar Elgaaied |first5=Amel |last6=Comas |first6=David |date=2013-11-27 |title=Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e80293 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080293 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3842387 |pmid=24312208|bibcode=2013PLoSO...880293F |doi-access=free }}</ref> |- ![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) |AA (Semitic) |28 |14.3 |— |3.6 |60.7 |— |— |17.8 |— |Underhill et al. 2000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underhill |first=Peter A |date=December 2000 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12263420 |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=360|doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 }}</ref> |- ![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) || AA (Semitic) || 49 || {{nts|72.7}} || — || {{nts|0.0}} || {{Nts|20.4}} || — || — || {{nts|0}} || — || Semino et al. 2004<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Semino|first1=Ornella|last2=Magri|first2=Chiara|last3=Benuzzi|first3=Giorgia|last4=Lin|first4=Alice A.|last5=Al-Zahery|first5=Nadia|last6=Battaglia|first6=Vincenza|last7=Maccioni|first7=Liliana|last8=Triantaphyllidis|first8=Costas|last9=Shen|first9=Peidong|date=2004-05-01|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1023–1034|issn=0002-9297|pmc=1181965|pmid=15069642|doi=10.1086/386295}}</ref> |- ![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) |AA (Semitic) |19 |21.1 |26.3 |— |31.5 |— |— |10.5 |— |Francalacci et al. 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Francalacci |first=Paolo |date=2008 |title=History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=86 |pages=59–89 |pmid=19934469 |url=http://eprints.uniss.it/2783/1/Francalacci_P_Articolo_2008_History.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Feprints.uniss.it%2F2783%2F1%2FFrancalacci_P_Articolo_2008_History.pdf%2Findex.html#& |archive-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> |- ![[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]] ([[Morocco]]) |AA (Semitic) |89 |59.5 |— |— |20.2 |— |— |— |— |Fregel et al. 2009<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Gomes |first2=Verónica |last3=Gusmão |first3=Leonor |last4=González |first4=Ana M. |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M. |last6=Amorim |first6=António |last7=Larruga |first7=Jose M. |date=2009-08-03 |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=181 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=2728732 |pmid=19650893}}</ref> |- ![[Morocco]] |AA (Semitic) |51 |55 |— |— |20 |— |— |4 |— |Onofri et al. 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Onofri |first1=Valerio |last2=Alessandrini |first2=Federica |last3=Turchi |first3=Chiara |last4=Pesaresi |first4=Mauro |last5=Tagliabracci |first5=Adriano |date=2008-08-01 |title=Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875176808002059 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |series=Progress in Forensic Genetics 12 |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173 |issn=1875-1768}}</ref> |- ![[Berbers]] (North [[Morocco]]) |AA (Berber) |63 |87 |— |— |11.1 |— |— |— |— |Bosch et al. 2001<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2" /> |- ! [[Berbers]] ([[Marrakesh]]) || AA (Berber) || 29 || {{nts|92.9}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || Semino et al. 2000<ref name="Semino2000">{{cite journal |last1=Semino |first1=O. |last2=Passarino |first2=G |last3=Oefner |first3=PJ |last4=Lin |first4=AA |last5=Arbuzova |first5=S |last6=Beckman |first6=LE |last7=De Benedictis |first7=G |last8=Francalacci |first8=P |last9=Kouvatsi |first9=A |title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |year=2000 |pmid=11073453 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S }}</ref> |- ! [[Berbers]] ([[Middle Atlas]]) || AA (Berber) || 69 || {{nts|87.1}} || — || — || 5.8 || — || — || — || — || Cruciani et al. 2004<ref name="Cruciani et al 20042">{{Cite journal|last1=Cruciani|first1=F.|last2=La Fratta|first2=R.|last3=Santolamazza|first3=P.|last4=Sellitto|first4=D.|last5=Pascone|first5=R.|last6=Moral|first6=P.|last7=Watson|first7=E.|last8=Guida|first8=V.|last9=Colomb|first9=E. B.|year=2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmc=1181964|pmid=15042509}}</ref> |- ! [[Berbers]] (South [[Morocco]]) || AA (Berber) || 62 || {{nts|98.5}} || — || 0 || 10.0 || 0 || 0 || — || 0 || Bosch et al. 2001<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2">{{cite journal | pmc=1275654 | year=2001 | last1=Bosch | first1=E. | last2=Calafell | first2=F. | last3=Comas | first3=D. | last4=Oefner | first4=P. J. | last5=Underhill | first5=P. A. | last6=Bertranpetit | first6=J. | title=High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | volume=68 | issue=4 | pages=1019–1029 | doi=10.1086/319521 | pmid=11254456 }}</ref> |- ! [[Berber people|Berbers]] (Central [[Morocco]]) || AA (Berber) || 40 || 93.8 || — || 0 || 11.1 || 0 || 0 || — || 0 || Bosch et al. 2001<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2" /> |- ! [[Rifians]]<small>{{Better source needed|date=September 2022}}</small> || AA (Berber) || 54 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || Dugoujon 2005<ref name="ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr">J.-M. Dugoujon and G. Philippson (2005) [http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf The Berbers. Linguistic and genetic diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618132155/http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf |date=18 June 2013 }}. CNRS.</ref> |} ==Culture== [[File:Fantasia in Morocco 1.JPG|thumb|200x200px|[[Fantasia (performance)|Taburida]] in Morocco]] {{main|Culture of Morocco}}The [[culture of Morocco]] is a blend of [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Berbers|Berber]], [[Jewish culture|Jewish]], and [[Culture of Europe|Western European]] cultures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco: a rich blend of cultures |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/static/magical-maroc/morocco-rich-blend-cultures/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Times & The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> Through [[History of Morocco|Moroccan history]], the country had many cultural influences (Europe, Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa). The culture of Morocco shares similar traits with those of neighboring countries, particularly Algeria and Tunisia and to a certain extent Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html|title=Return to Morocco|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Each region possesses its own uniqueness, contributing to the national culture. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diversity and the preservation of its cultural heritage. The traditional dress for men and women is called ''[[djellaba]]'' (جلابة), a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly known as a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. Women wear [[kaftan]]s decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear [[balgha]] (بلغة). These are soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel. Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration, which takes its roots from [[Moorish architecture]]. It has been made popular by the vogue of [[Moroccan riad|riad]] renovation in Marrakech. Dar is the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco; it is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation. [[Moroccan cuisine]] primarily consists of a blend of Arab, Berber, and Andalusi influences. It is known for dishes like [[couscous]] and [[pastilla]], among others. Spices such as cinnamon are also used in Moroccan cooking. Sweets like [[halwa]] are popular, as well as other confections. Cuisines from neighbouring areas have also influenced the country's culinary traditions. Additionally, Moroccan craftsmanship has a rich tradition of jewellery-making, pottery, leather-work and woodwork. The [[music of Morocco]] ranges and differs according to the various areas of the country. Moroccan music has a variety of styles from complex sophisticated orchestral music to simple music involving only voice and drums. There are three varieties of folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. [[Chaabi (Morocco)|Chaabi]] (الشعبي) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. [[Gnawa music|Gnawa]] is a form of music that is mystical. It was gradually brought to Morocco by the Gnawa and later became part of the Moroccan tradition. [[Sufism|Sufi]] brotherhoods ([[Tariqa|tariqas]]) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy. ==Languages== {{main|Languages of Morocco}} [[File:Morocco - Linguistic map.png|right|200px|thumb|Linguistic map of Morocco]] Morocco's official languages are [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Berber]].<ref name="Const2-011">2011 Constitution of Morocco [http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf Full text of the 2011 Constitution (French)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229085131/http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf |date=2012-02-29 }}</ref> The majority of the population speaks [[Moroccan Arabic]], spoken by 92.2% of the population, 37.3 million people.<ref name="RGPH 2014">{{cite web |url=http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/ |title=2014 General Population and Habitat Census|website=rgphentableaux.hcp.ma |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> 8.8 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Y a-t-il un « vote tachelhit » ? – Tafra |url=https://tafra.ma/ya-til-un-vote-tachelhit/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Moroccans speak Berber varieties wish make 26% of population of morocco,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=RGPH 2014|url=http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=rgphentableaux.hcp.ma}}</ref> either as a first language or bilingually with Arabic. Three different Berber dialects are spoken: [[Tarifit]], spoken by 1.27 million mostly in the [[Rif|Rif mountains]], [[Shilha language|Shilha]], spoken by 3 to 4.5 million mostly in the [[Anti-Atlas|Anti-Atlas mountains]], and [[Central Atlas Tamazight]], spoken by 2.3 million mostly in the [[Middle Atlas]].<ref name=":7" /> [[Hassaniya Arabic]] is spoken in the southern part of the country, spoken by over 200,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassaniyya |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mey |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> Morocco has recently included the protection of [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniya]] in the constitution as part of the [[2011 Moroccan constitutional referendum|July 2011 reforms]]. [[French language|French]] is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of [[:Category:Companies of Morocco|commerce]] and [[Economy of Morocco|economics]]; it is also used in education, sciences, government and most education fields. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is also spoken in the northern and southern parts of the country as a secondary foreign language after [[French language|French]]. Meanwhile, [[English language|English]] is increasingly becoming more popular among the educated, particularly in the science fields. ==See also== {{portal|Morocco}} *[[Moroccan diaspora]] *[[Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula]] *[[Expulsion of the Moriscos]] *[[List of Moroccans]] *[[Moroccan Americans]] *{{commons category-inline|People of Morocco}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Demographics of Morocco}} {{Morocco topics}} {{Moroccan diaspora}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Moroccan diaspora]] [[Category:Society of Morocco]] [[Category:Arabs in Morocco]] [[Category:Arabs]] [[Category:North African people]] [[Category:Morocco]] [[Category:Maghreb]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Moroccan people| ]]'