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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2007}}
[[File:WW1 Tank Mark V, Bovington.jpg|thumb|WW1 [[Mark V tank]], in [[The Tank Museum]]]]
{{war}}
An '''armoured fighting vehicle''' ('''AFV''') is an armed [[combat vehicle]] protected by [[vehicle armour|armour]], generally combining [[operational mobility]] with [[Offensive (military)|offensive]] and [[defense (military)|defensive]] capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or [[Continuous track|tracked]]. Examples of AFVs are [[tank]]s, [[armored car (military)|armoured cars]], [[assault gun]]s, [[self-propelled gun]]s, [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s, and [[armoured personnel carrier]]s.
Armoured fighting vehicles are classified according to their characteristics and intended role on the battlefield. The classifications are not absolute; two countries may classify the same vehicle differently, and the criteria change over time. For example, relatively lightly armed armoured personnel carriers were largely superseded by infantry fighting vehicles with much heavier armament in a similar role.
Successful designs are often adapted to a wide variety of applications. For example, the [[MOWAG Piranha]], originally designed as an APC, has been adapted to fill numerous roles such as a [[mortar carrier]], infantry fighting vehicle, and assault gun.
Armoured fighting vehicles began to appear in use in World War I with the armoured car, the tank, the self-propelled gun, and the personnel carrier seeing use. By World War II, armies had large numbers of AFVs, together with other vehicles to carry troops this permitted highly mobile [[Maneuver warfare|manoeuvre warfare]].
{{TOC limit}}
== Evolution ==
[[File:Schlacht bei Zama Gemälde H P Motte.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Zama]] by [[Henri-Paul Motte]], 1890]]
The concept of a highly mobile and protected fighting unit has been around for centuries; from [[Hannibal]]'s [[war elephants]] to [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]]'s [[Leonardo's fighting vehicle|contraptions]], military strategists endeavoured to maximize the mobility and survivability of their soldiers.
Armoured fighting vehicles were not possible until [[internal combustion engine]]s of sufficient power became available at the start of the 20th century.
=== History ===
{{main|Armoured warfare}}
[[File:Helepolis.png|right|thumb|A [[Helepolis]]-like Siege Engine showing ballistae, stairs and movement capstan]]
Modern armoured fighting vehicles represent the realization of an ancient concept – that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. Armies have deployed war machines and cavalries with rudimentary armour in battle for millennia. Use of these animals and engineering designs sought to achieve a balance between the conflicting [[paradox]]ical needs of mobility, firepower and protection.
==== Siege machine ====
[[File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg|thumb|Model of a vehicle sketched by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]]
[[Siege engine]]s, such as [[battering ram]]s and [[siege tower]]s, would often be armoured in order to protect their crews from enemy action. [[Polyidus of Thessaly]] developed a very large movable siege tower, the ''[[helepolis]]'', as early as 340 BC, and Greek forces used such structures in the [[Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)|Siege of Rhodes]] (305 BC).
The idea of a protected fighting vehicle has been known since antiquity. Frequently cited is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s 15th-century sketch of a [[Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle|mobile, protected gun-platform]]; the drawings show a conical, wooden shelter with apertures for cannons around the circumference. The machine was to be mounted on four wheels which would be turned by the crew through a system of [[Hand crank#Hand-powered cranks|hand cranks]] and [[Gear#Cage gear|cage (or "lantern") gears]]. Leonardo claimed: "I will build armoured wagons which will be safe and invulnerable to enemy attacks. There will be no obstacle which it cannot overcome."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html|title=Summary -> Light Armor Armaholic|website=yousense.info|language=en|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051036/http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html|archive-date=26 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern replicas have demonstrated that the human crew would have been able to move it over only short distances.
==== War wagon ====
[[Hussite]] forces in [[Bohemia]] developed [[war wagon]]s – [[Middle Ages|medieval]] horse-drawn [[wagon]]s that doubled as [[wagon fort]]s – around 1420 during the [[Hussite Wars]]. These heavy wagons were given protective sides with firing slits; their heavy firepower came from either a cannon or from a force of hand-gunners and crossbowmen, supported by [[light cavalry]] and [[infantry]] using [[pike (weapon)|pike]]s and [[flail (weapon)|flail]]s. Heavy [[arquebus]]es mounted on wagons were called ''arquebus à croc''. These carried a ball of about {{convert|3.5|oz|-1}}.<ref>{{Cyclopaedia 1728|title= ARQUEBUSS|url= http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0187&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&isize=M |page= 342|inline=1}}</ref> [[File:Husitsky bojovy vuz replika.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of [[Hussite]] [[war wagon]]]]
==== Armed and armoured car ====
[[File:Simms Motor Scout from Autocar.jpg|thumb|[[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]]' [[Motor Scout]], built in 1898 as an armed car]]
The first modern AFVs were armed cars, dating back virtually to the invention of the [[Car|motor car]]. The British inventor [[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]] designed and built the [[Motor Scout]] in 1898. It was the first armed, petrol-engine powered vehicle ever built. It consisted of a [[De Dion-Bouton]] [[Quadracycle|quadricycle]] with a [[Maxim gun|Maxim machine gun]] mounted on the front bar. An iron shield offered some protection for the driver from the front, but it lacked all-around protective armour.{{sfn|Macksey|1980}}
The [[armored car (military)|armoured car]] was the first modern fully armoured fighting vehicle. The first of these was the [[Motor War Car|Simms' Motor War Car]], also designed by Simms and built by [[Vickers#Vickers, Sons & Maxim|Vickers, Sons & Maxim]] in 1899.<ref name="DCMB"/> The vehicle had Vickers armour 6 mm thick and was powered by a four-cylinder 3.3-litre<ref name="DCMB">{{cite book| author= Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|author2= Lord Montagu|author3= David Burgess Wise| title= Daimler Century: The Full History of Britain's Oldest Car Maker| year= 1995| publisher= Haynes Publications| isbn= 978-1-85260-494-3}}</ref> 16 [[Horsepower|hp]] Cannstatt Daimler engine giving it a maximum speed of around {{convert|9|mph|km/h|abbr= off}}. The armament, consisting of two Maxim guns, was carried in two turrets with 360° traverse.{{sfn|Macksey|1980|p=256}}<ref>{{cite book|last= Tucker|first= Spencer|title= The European Powers in the First World War|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC&pg=PA65|year= 1999|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0-8153-3351-X|pages= 816}}</ref>
[[File:Simms Motor War Car 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]]' 1902 [[Motor War Car]], the first armoured car to be built]]
Another early armoured car of the period was the French [[Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902]], presented at the ''Salon de l'Automobile et du cycle'' in [[Brussels]], on 8 March 1902.{{sfn|Gougaud|1987|page= 11}} The vehicle was equipped with a [[Hotchkiss machine gun]], and with 7 mm armour for the gunner.<ref>{{cite book|last= Bartholomew|first= E.|title= Early Armoured Cars|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PknxxLTNhU8C&pg=PA5|year= 1988|publisher= Bloomsbury USA|isbn= 978-0-85263-908-5|pages= 4–5}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gougaud|1987|pp= 11–12}}</ref> Armoured cars were first used in large numbers on both sides during [[World War I]] as scouting vehicles.
==== Tank ====
{{History of the tank | state= collapsed }}
{{main|History of the tank}}
In 1903, [[H. G. Wells]] published the short story "[[The Land Ironclads]]," positing indomitable war machines that would bring a new age of land warfare, the way steam-powered [[ironclad warship]]s had ended the [[age of sail]].
Wells' literary vision was realized in 1916, when, amidst the pyrrhic standstill of the [[Great War]], the British [[Landship Committee]], deployed revolutionary armoured vehicles to break the stalemate. The tank was envisioned as an armoured machine that could cross ground under fire from [[machine gun]]s and reply with its own mounted machine guns and [[naval artillery]]. These first [[Tanks of World War I|British tanks of World War I]] moved on [[caterpillar track]]s that had substantially lower ground pressure than wheeled vehicles, enabling them to pass the muddy, pocked terrain and slit trenches of the [[Battle of the Somme]].
==== Troop transport ====
[[File:Mark IX tank at the Tank Museum, Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Mark IX tank]], the first Armoured Personnel Carrier at the Tank Museum, Bovington]]
The tank eventually proved highly successful and, as technology improved, it became a weapon that could cross large distances at much higher speeds than supporting [[infantry]] and [[artillery]]. The need to provide the units that would fight alongside the tank led to the development of a wide range of specialised AFVs, especially during the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945).
The armoured personnel carrier, designed to transport infantry troops to the frontline, emerged towards the end of World War I. During the first actions with [[tank]]s, it had become clear that close contact with infantry was essential in order to secure ground won by the tanks. Troops on foot were vulnerable to enemy fire, but they could not be transported in the tank because of the intense heat and noxious atmosphere.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} In 1917, Lieutenant G.J. Rackham was ordered to design an armoured vehicle that could fight and carry troops or supplies. The [[Mark IX tank]] was built by [[Armstrong Whitworth|Armstrong, Whitworth & Co.]], although just three vehicles had been finished at the time of the [[Armistice]] in November 1918, and only 34 were built in total.
==== Tankette ====
Different tank classifications emerged in the interwar period. The [[tankette]] was conceived as a mobile, two-man model, mainly intended for reconnaissance. In 1925, [[Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet|Sir John Carden]] and [[Vivian Loyd]] produced the first such design to be adopted – the [[Carden Loyd tankette]]. Tankettes saw use in the [[Royal Italian Army]] during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian invasion of Ethiopia]] (1935–1936), the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), and almost everywhere Italian soldiers fought during [[World War II]]. The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] used tankettes for [[jungle warfare]].<ref name="T27">{{cite web |url=http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227100158/http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/ |date=1998 |archive-date=27 February 2009 |title=T-27 Tankette |website=The Russian Battlefield |access-date=21 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankette/index.html |title=U.S. Forces Encounter Old Jap Tankette |magazine=[[Intelligence Bulletin]] |publisher=[[Military Intelligence Service (United States)|United States Military Intelligence Service]] |date=September 1945 |access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref>
==== Self-propelled artillery ====
[[File:British Gun Carrier Mark I - 60 pdr.jpg|right|thumb|British [[Gun Carrier Mark I]] (60 pdr)]]
The British [[Gun Carrier Mark I]], the first [[Self-propelled artillery]], was fielded in 1917. It was based on the first tank, the British [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I]], and carried a heavy field-gun. The next major advance was the [[Birch gun]] (1925), developed for the British motorised warfare experimental brigade (the [[Experimental Mechanized Force]]). This mounted a field gun, capable of the usual artillery trajectories and even anti-aircraft use, on a tank chassis.
During World War II, most major military powers developed self-propelled artillery vehicles. These had guns mounted on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provided an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. The first British design, [[Bishop (artillery)|"Bishop"]], carried the [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25 pdr gun-howitzer]] in an extemporised mounting on a tank chassis that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective [[Sexton (artillery)|Sexton]]. The Germans built many lightly armoured [[self-propelled anti-tank gun]]s using captured French equipment (for example [[Marder I]]), their own obsolete light tank chassis ([[Marder II]]), or ex-Czech chassis ([[Marder III]]). These led to better-protected tank destroyers, built on a medium-tank chassis such as the [[Jagdpanzer IV]] or the [[Jagdpanther]].
==== Anti-aircraft vehicle ====
The [[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon]] debuted in WWI. The [[Flak 88|German 88]] mm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Artillery |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWairartillery.htm |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> anti-aircraft gun was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks, and the British [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt]] was mounted on trucks for use on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Although the [[Birch gun]] was a general purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis, it was capable of elevation for anti-aircraft use. [[Vickers Armstrong]] developed one of the first SPAAGs based on the chassis of the Mk.E 6-ton light tank/[[Vickers Medium Dragon|Dragon Medium Mark IV tractor]], mounting a Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" gun of 40 mm. The Germans fielded the Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 6/2, cargo halftracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively) by the start of the war.
==== Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher ====
Rocket launchers such as the Soviet [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] originated in the late 1930s. The [[Wehrmacht]] fielded self-propelled rocket artillery in World War II – the [[Panzerwerfer]] and [[Wurfrahmen 40]] equipped half-track armoured fighting vehicles. Many modern [[multiple rocket launchers]] are self propelled by either truck or tank chassis.
==== Cold War ====
By the end of [[World War II]], most modern armies had vehicles to carry infantry, artillery and [[anti-aircraft weapon]]ry. Most modern AFVs are superficially similar in design to their World War II counterparts, but with significantly better armour, weapons, engines, electronics, and suspension. The increase in the capacity of [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]] makes possible and practicable the transport of AFVs by air. Many armies are replacing some or all of their traditional heavy vehicles with lighter airmobile versions, often with wheels instead of tracks.
=== Design ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}
==== Armour ====
{{Main|Aramid|Bulletproof glass|Twaron|Vehicle armour}}
The level of armour protection between AFVs varies greatly – a [[main battle tank]] will normally be designed to take hits from other [[tank gun]]s and [[anti-tank missiles]], whilst light [[reconnaissance]] vehicles are often only armoured "just in case". Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile (for a given engine power), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go – for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank. A trend toward [[composite armour]] is taking the place of steel – composites are stronger for a given weight, allowing the tank to be lighter for the same protection as steel armour, or better protected for the same weight. Armour is being supplemented with [[active protection system]]s on a number of vehicles, allowing the AFV to protect itself from incoming projectiles.
[[File:PantheraScheme.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Armour-thickness chart for a [[Panther tank]]]]
The level of protection also usually varies considerably throughout the individual vehicle too, depending on the role of the vehicle and the likely direction of attack. For example, a main battle tank will usually have the heaviest armour on the hull front and the turret, lighter armour on the sides of the hull and the thinnest armour on the top and bottom of the tank. Other vehicles – such as the [[MRAP]] family – may be primarily armoured against the threat from [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]] and so will have heavy, [[sloped armour]] on the bottom of the hull.
==== Weaponry ====
Weaponry varies by a very wide degree between AFVs – lighter vehicles for infantry carrying, reconnaissance or specialist roles may have only a [[autocannon]] or m[[Machine gun|achine gun]] (or no armament at all), whereas heavy self-propelled artillery will carry large guns, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] or [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] launchers. These weapons may be mounted on a [[weapon mount#Pintle|pintle]], affixed directly to the vehicle or placed in a [[gun turret|turret]] or cupola.
The greater the recoil of the weapon on an AFV, the larger the turret ring needs to be. A larger turret ring necessitates a larger vehicle. To avoid listing to the side, turrets on amphibious vehicles are usually located at the centre of the vehicle.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996}}
[[Grenade launcher]]s provide a versatile launch platform for a plethora of munitions including, [[Smoke grenade|smoke]], phosphorus, tear gas, illumination, anti-personnel, infrared and radar-jamming rounds.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996}}
Turret stabilization is an important capability because it enables firing on the move and prevents crew fatigue.
==== Engine ====
[[File:Auslieferung von Bergepanzer 2 an die Bundeswehr durch die Kieler Atlas-MaK Maschinenbau GmbH (Kiel 40.250).jpg|thumb|Engine replacement for a [[Bergepanzer 2]]]]
Modern AFVs have primarily used either petrol (gasoline) or diesel piston engines. More recently, gas turbines have been used. Most early AFVs used [[petrol engine]]s, as they offer a good [[power-to-weight ratio]]. However, they fell out of favour during World War II due to the flammability of the fuel.
Most current AFVs are powered by a [[diesel engine]]; modern technology, including the use of [[turbocharger|turbo-charging]], helps to overcome the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesel engines compared to petrol.
[[Gas turbine]] (turboshaft) engines offer a very high power-to-weight ratio and were starting to find favour in the late 20th century – however, they offer very poor fuel consumption and as such some armies are switching from gas turbines back to diesel engines (i.e. the Russian [[T-80]] used a gas turbine engine, whereas the later [[T-90]] does not). The US [[M1 Abrams]] is a notable example of a gas turbine powered tank.
== Modern classification by type and role ==
Notable armoured fighting vehicles extending from post-World War I to today.
=== Tank ===
{{Further|Tank classification|Tank gun}}
The [[tank]] is an all terrain AFV incorporating artillery which is designed to fill almost all battlefield roles and to engage enemy forces by the use of [[direct fire]] in the frontal assault role. Though several configurations have been tried, particularly in the early experimental "golden days" of tank development, a standard, mature design configuration has since emerged to a generally accepted pattern. This features a main [[tank gun]] or [[artillery|artillery gun]], mounted in a fully rotating [[gun turret|turret]] atop a tracked automotive hull, with various additional secondary weapon systems throughout.
Philosophically, the tank is, by its very nature, an offensive weapon. Being a protective encasement with at least one gun position, it is essentially a [[Pillbox (military)|pillbox]] or small [[fortress]] (though these are static fortifications of a purely defensive nature) that can move toward the enemy – hence its offensive utility. Psychologically, the tank is a [[force multiplier]] that has a positive morale effect on the infantry it accompanies.<ref name="morale effect">{{cite book|title=Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-344-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&q=%22main+battle+tank%22|author=Stanley Sandler|access-date=5 April 2011|page=59}}</ref> It also instills fear in the opposing force who can often hear and even feel their arrival.<ref name="McNab Gulf War">{{cite book|title=Tools of violence: guns, tanks and dirty bombs|year=2008|publisher=Osprey Publishing|first1=Chris|last1=McNab|first2=Hunter|last2=Keeter|isbn=978-1846032257|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna}}</ref>
==== Tank classifications ====
Tanks were classified either by size or by role.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ripsaw M5.webp|alt=[[Ripsaw (vehicle)]] Ground Combat Vehicle|[[Ripsaw (vehicle)|Ripsaw M5]] [[Unmanned ground vehicle|unmanned]] [[light tank]]
File:PanzerIISaumur.jpg|A WWII [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzer II]] light tank
File:T-34-76 RB8.JPG|Soviet-made Polish [[T-34]] medium tank Model 1942 in [[Poznań]], Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.
File:T29 Heavy Tank.png|[[United States|American]] [[T29 Heavy Tank|T29]] Heavy Tank
</gallery>
Classification by relative size was common, as this also tended to influence the tanks' role.
* [[Light tank]]s are smaller tanks with thinner armour and lower-powered guns, allowing for better tactical mobility and ease of strategic transport. These are intended for [[armoured reconnaissance]], [[skirmishing]], [[artillery observer|artillery observation]], [[expeditionary warfare]] and supplementing [[Landing operation|airborne or naval landings]]. Light tanks are typically cheaper to build and maintain, but fare poorly against heavier tanks. They may be held in reserve for exploiting any breakthroughs in enemy lines, with the goal of disrupting communications and supply lines.
* [[Medium tank]]s are mid-sized tanks with adequate armour and guns, and fair mobility, allowing for a balance of fighting abilities, mobility, cost-effectiveness, and transportability. Medium tanks are effective in groups when used against enemy tanks.
* [[Heavy tank]]s are larger tanks with thick armour and more powerful guns, but less mobile and more difficult to transport. They were intended to be more than a match for typical enemy medium tanks, easily penetrating their armour while being much less susceptible to their attacks. Heavy tanks cost more to both build and maintain, and their heavy armour proved most effective when deployed in support infantry assaulting entrenched fortifications.
Over time, tanks tended to be designed with heavier armour and weapons, increasing the weight of all tanks, so these classifications are relative to the average for the nation's tanks for any given period. An older tank design might be reclassified over time, such as a tank being first deployed as a medium tank, but in later years relegated to light tank roles.
Tanks were also classified by roles that were independent of size, such as [[cavalry tank]], [[cruiser tank]], [[BT tank|fast tank]], [[infantry tank]], "assault" tank, or "breakthrough" tank. Military theorists initially tended to assign tanks to traditional military infantry, cavalry, and artillery roles, but later developed more specialized roles unique to tanks.
In modern use, the heavy tank has fallen out of favour, being supplanted by more heavily armed and armoured descendant of the medium tanks – the universal [[main battle tank]]. The light tank has, in many armies, lost favour to cheaper, faster, lighter [[Armoured car (military)|armoured cars]]; however, light tanks (or similar vehicles with other names) are still in service with a number of forces as [[reconnaissance vehicle]]s, most notably the [[Naval Infantry (Russia)|Russian Marines]] with the [[PT-76]], the [[British Army]] with the [[FV107 Scimitar|Scimitar]], and the [[Chinese Army]] with the [[Type 63 (tank)|Type 63]].
{{clear}}
==== Main battle tank ====
[[File:T-90 Bhisma cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Indian [[T-90#India|T-90]] ''Bhisma'' <!--Bhishma?-->with appliqué [[reactive armour]] and standard {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}} main gun]]
{{Main|Main battle tank}}
Modern [[Main battle tank#Main battle tank (late twentieth century)|main battle tanks]] or "universal tanks" incorporate recent advances in automotive, artillery, armour, and electronic technology to combine the best characteristics of the historic medium and heavy tanks into a single, all around type. They are also the most expensive to mass-produce. A main battle tank is distinguished by its high level of firepower, mobility and armour protection relative to other vehicles of its era. It can cross comparatively rough terrain at high speeds, but its heavy-dependency on fuel, maintenance, and ammunition makes it [[Military logistics|logistically]] demanding. It has the heaviest [[Vehicle armour|armour]] of any AFVs on the battlefield, and carries a powerful [[precision-guided munition]] weapon systems that may be able to engage a wide variety of both ground targets and air targets. Despite significant advances in [[anti-tank warfare]], it still remains the most versatile and fearsome land-based weapon-systems of the 21st-century, valued for its [[Shock tactics|shock action]] and high [[survivability]].
{{clear}}
==== Tankette ====
{{Main|Tankette}}
A tankette is a tracked armed and armoured vehicle<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf |title=The Revolution After Next: Making Vertical Envelopment by Operationally Significant Mobile Protected Forces a Reality in the First Decade of the 21st Century |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213100806/http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2012 |last=Tedesco |first=Vincent J. |publisher=[[United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies|School of Advanced Military Studies]], [[Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College]] |location=[[Fort Leavenworth]], United States |date=2000 |page=15}}</ref> resembling a small "ultra-light tank" or "super-light tank" roughly the size of a car, mainly intended for light infantry support or [[reconnaissance|scouting]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z23JjCBkSykC&q=tankette&pg=PA84 |title=Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940 |last=Sweet |first=John Joseph Timothy |publisher=[[Stackpole Books]] |date=2007 |page=84 |isbn=9780811733519}}</ref> They were one or two-man vehicles armed with a machine gun. Colloquially it may also simply mean a "small tank".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/War_Slang |quote=tankette. |title=War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War |last=Dickson |first=Paul |publisher=Brassey's |date=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/War_Slang/page/n234 221] |isbn=9781574887105}}</ref>
Tankettes were designed and built by several nations between the 1920s and 1940s following the British [[Carden Loyd tankette]] which was a successful implementation of "one man tank" ideas from [[Giffard Le Quesne Martel]]. They were very popular with smaller countries. Some saw some combat (with limited success) in World War II. However, the vulnerability of their light armour eventually caused the concept to be abandoned.
However, the [[German Army]] uses a modern design of air-transportable armoured weapons carriers, the [[Wiesel AWC]], which resembles the concept of a tankette.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Carden-Loyd Two-Man Tankette, 1926. KID235.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Carden-Loyd]] tankette concept was adopted by many armies
File:W2 argus.tif|[[Wiesel 2]] ''Argus'' scout tankette
</gallery>
==== ''Super''-heavy tank ====
{{Main|Super-heavy tank}}
The term "super-heavy tank" has been used to describe armoured fighting vehicles of extreme size, generally over 75 tonnes. Programs have been initiated on several occasions with the aim of creating an invincible [[siege engine|siegeworks]]/[[Breakthrough (military)|breakthrough]] vehicle for penetrating enemy formations and fortifications without fear of being destroyed in combat. Examples were designed in World War I and World War II (such as the [[Panzer VIII Maus]]), along with a few in the [[Cold War]]. However, few working prototypes were built and there are no clear evidence any of these vehicles saw combat, as their immense size would have made most designs impractical.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:TOG II.jpg|thumb|[[United Kingdom|British]] [[TOG II]]
File:Metro-maus1.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzer VIII Maus|Maus]]
</gallery>
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==== Missile tank ====
[[File:IT-1 missile tank.jpg|200px|thumb|Soviet [[IT-1]], [[Kubinka Tank Museum]]]]
A [[missile tank]] is a tank fulfilling the role of a main battle tank, but using only [[Anti-tank missile|anti-tank]] [[surface-to-surface missile]]s for main armament.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Several nations have experimented with prototypes, notably the Soviet Union during the tenure of Nikita Khrushchev (projects Object 167, Object 137Ml, Object 155Ml, Object 287, Object 775),
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==== Flame tank ====
[[File:Churchill Crocodile 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Churchill Crocodile]] flame tank]]
{{Main|Flame tank}}
A ''' flame tank''' is an otherwise-standard [[tank]] equipped with a [[flamethrower]], most commonly used to supplement [[combined arms]] attacks against [[fortification]]s, confined spaces, or other obstacles. The type only reached significant use in the [[Second World War]], during which the United States, [[Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and the United Kingdom (including members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]) all produced flamethrower-equipped tanks. Usually, the flame projector replaced one of the tank's machineguns, however, some flame projectors replaced the tank's main gun. Fuel for the flame weapon was generally carried inside the tank, although a few designs mounted the fuel externally, such as the armoured trailer used on the [[Churchill Crocodile]].
Flame tanks have been superseded by [[thermobaric weapon]]s such as the Russian [[TOS-1]].
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==== Infantry tank ====
[[File:MatildaII.jpg|thumb|A British [[Matilda II|Matilda tank]] displaying a captured [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] flag]]
{{Main|Infantry tank}}
The idea for this tank was developed during World War I by British and French. The [[infantry]] tank was designed to work in concert with infantry in the assault, moving mostly at a walking pace, and carrying heavy armour to survive defensive fire. Its main purpose was to suppress enemy fire, crush obstacles such as barbed-wire entanglements, and protect the infantry on their advance into and through enemy lines by giving mobile [[overwatch (military tactic)|overwatch]] and [[Suppressive fire|cover]]. The French [[Renault FT]] was the first iteration of this concept.
The British and French retained the concept between the wars and into the Second World War era. Because infantry tanks did not need to be fast, they could carry heavy armour. One of the best-known infantry tanks was the [[Matilda II]] of World War II. Other examples include the French [[Renault R35|R-35]], the British [[Valentine Tank|Valentine]], and the British [[Churchill Tank|Churchill]].
==== Cruiser tank ====
[[File:IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg|thumb|2 pdr-armed [[Crusader tank]] in the desert]]
{{Main|Cruiser tank}}
A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "[[Plan 1919]]", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of [[World War I]] in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British [[Medium Mark A Whippet|Whippet]].
Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by [[J. Walter Christie]]. These led to the Soviet [[BT Tank|BT tank series]] and the British [[Cruiser tank|cruiser tank series]].
During [[World War II]], British cruiser tanks were designed to complement [[infantry tank]]s, exploiting gains made by the latter to attack and disrupt the enemy rear areas. In order to give them the required speed, cruiser designs sacrificed armour and armament compared to the infantry tanks. Pure British cruisers were generally replaced by more capable medium tanks such as the [[Sherman Tank|US Sherman]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] by 1943.
The Soviet fast tank (''bistrokhodniy tank'', or [[BT tank]]) classification also came out of the infantry/cavalry concept of armoured warfare and formed the basis for the British cruisers after 1936. The T-34 was a development of this line of tanks as well, though their armament, armour, and all-round capability places them firmly in the medium tank category.
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=== Armoured car ===
{{Main|Armored car (military)}}
The [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] is a wheeled, often lightly armoured, vehicle adapted as a fighting machine. Its earliest form consisted of a motorised ironside chassis fitted with firing ports. By [[World War I]], this had evolved into a mobile fortress<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nT3zle-U3jgC&q=WWI+armored+cars&pg=PP1|title=1914–1938 Armored Fighting Vehicles|last=Bradford|first=George|date=2010|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705684|language=en}}</ref> equipped with command equipment, searchlights, and machine guns for self-defence. It was soon proposed that the requirements for the armament and layout of armoured cars be somewhat similar to those on naval craft, resulting in turreted vehicles. The first example carried a single revolving cupola with a [[Vickers gun]]; modern armoured cars may boast heavier armament – ranging from twin machine guns to large calibre cannon.
Some multi-axled wheeled fighting vehicles can be quite heavy, and superior to older or smaller tanks in terms of armour and armament. Others are often used in military marches and processions, or for the escorting of important figures. Under peacetime conditions, they form an essential part of most standing armies. Armoured car units can move without the assistance of transporters and cover great distances with fewer logistical problems than tracked vehicles.
During [[World War II]], armoured cars were used for reconnaissance alongside scout cars. Their guns were suitable for some defence if they encountered enemy [[armoured fighting vehicles]], but they were not intended to engage enemy [[tank]]s. [[Armored car (military)|Armoured cars]] have since been used in the offensive role against tanks with varying degrees of success, most notably during the [[South African Border War]], [[Toyota War]], the [[Invasion of Kuwait]], and other [[Low intensity conflict|lower-intensity conflicts]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rolls Royce 1920 Mk1 1 Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Rolls-Royce Armoured Car]] in Bovington
File:T 17 Staghound Armored Car (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|American [[T17E1 Staghound]] armored car of World War II
File:Hmmwv-036.jpg|thumb|left|A U.S. Army [[HMMWV]] firing a [[BGM-71 TOW]] missile.
</gallery>
==== Aerosani ====
{{Main|Aerosani}}
[[Image:RF-8.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[RF-8]], a smaller World War II model, powered by an inexpensive automotive engine]]
An ''aerosani'' ({{lang-ru |aэросани}}, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-driven [[snowmobile]], running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. ''Aerosanis'' were used by the Soviet [[Red Army]] during the [[Winter War]] and [[World War II]].
The first ''aerosanis'' may have been built by young [[Igor Sikorsky]] in 1909–10, before he built multi-engine airplanes and helicopters. They were very light [[plywood]] vehicles on skis, propelled by old airplane engines and propellers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm |title=The Propeller-Driven Sleigh |website=The Museum of Retro Technology |first=Douglas |last=Self |date=26 July 2005 |access-date=11 September 2008}}</ref>
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==== Scout car ====
{{Main|Scout car}}
A ''scout car'' is a military armoured [[reconnaissance vehicle]], capable of off-road mobility and often carrying mounted weapons such as [[machine gun]]s for offensive capabilities and crew protection. They often only carry an operational crew aboard, which differentiates them from wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and [[infantry mobility vehicle]]s (IMVs), but early scout cars, such as the open-topped US [[M3 scout car]] could carry a crew of seven. The term is often used synonymously with the more general term armoured car, which also includes armoured civilian vehicles. They are also differentiated by being designed and built for purpose, as opposed to improvised [[Technical (vehicle)|"technicals"]] which might serve in the same role.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2011 140.jpg|thumb|left|[[BA-64]] at the [[UMMC Museum of Military and Automotive Equipment|UMMC Museum]]
File:Panhard AML-90 img 2308.jpg|thumb|right|[[Panhard AML]] scout car
</gallery>
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==== Reconnaissance vehicle ====
[[File:Stryker RV front q.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army]] [[M1127]]]]
{{Main|Reconnaissance vehicle}}
A ''reconnaissance vehicle'', also known as a ''scout vehicle'', is a [[military vehicle]] used for forward [[reconnaissance]]. Both tracked and wheeled reconnaissance vehicles are in service. In some nations, light tanks such as the [[M551 Sheridan]] and [[AMX-13]] are also used by scout platoons. Reconnaissance vehicles are usually designed with a low profile or small size and are lightly armoured, relying on speed and cover to escape detection. Their armament ranges from a [[medium machine gun]] to an [[autocannon]]. Modern examples are often fitted with [[ATGM]]s and a wide range of sensors.
Some [[armoured personnel carrier]]s and [[infantry mobility vehicle]], such as the [[M113]], [[TPz Fuchs]], and [[Cadillac Gage Commando]] double in the reconnaissance role.
==== Internal security vehicle ====
{{Main|Internal security vehicle}}
[[File:Bulgarian m1117.JPG|thumb|right|An American-made Bulgarian [[M1117]]]]
An internal security vehicle (ISV), also known as an armoured security vehicle (ASV), is a combat vehicle used for suppressing civilian unrest. Security vehicles are typically armed with a turreted [[heavy machine gun]] and auxiliary [[medium machine gun]]. The vehicle is designed to minimize firepower dead space and the vehicles weapons can be depressed to a maximum of 12°. [[Non-lethal weapon|Non-lethal]] [[water cannon]]s and [[tear gas]] cannons can provide suppressive fire in lieu of unnecessary deadly fire.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996|p=56, 57}}
The vehicle must be protected against weapons typical of riots. Protection from [[Molotov cocktail|improvised incendiary device]]s is achieved though coverage of the air intake and exhaust ports as well as a strong locking mechanism on the fuel opening. Turret and door locks prevent access to the interior of the vehicle by rioters. Vision blocks, ballistic glass and window shutters and outside [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] allow protected observation from within the vehicle. Wheeled 4x4 and 6x6 configurations are typical of security vehicles. Tracked security vehicles are often cumbersome and leave negative political connotations for being perceived as an imperial invading force.
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==== Improvised fighting vehicle ====
{{Main|Improvised vehicle armour|Improvised fighting vehicle|Narco tank|Gun truck|Technical (vehicle)}}
An improvised fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle resulting from modifications to a civilian or military non-combat vehicle in order to give it a fighting capability. Such modifications usually consist of the grafting of [[Vehicle armour|armour plating]] and [[weapon systems]]. Various militaries have procured such vehicles, ever since the introduction of the first [[automobile]]s into military service.
During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them, lead to much improvisation in the creation of early armoured cars, and other such vehicles. Later, despite the advent of [[arms industry|arms industries]] in many countries, several armies still resorted to using ad hoc contraptions, often in response to unexpected military situations, or as a result of the development of new [[Military tactics|tactics]] for which no available vehicle was suitable. The construction of improvised fighting vehicles may also reflect a lack of means for the force that uses them. This is especially true in [[Underdeveloped country|underdeveloped countries]] and even in [[Developing country|developing countries]], where various armies and [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces have used them, as they are more affordable than military-grade combat vehicles.
Modern examples include '''military gun truck''' used by units of regular armies or other official government armed forces, based on a conventional [[Military vehicle|military cargo truck]], that is able to carry a large weight of weapons and armour. They have mainly been used by regular armies to escort military convoys in regions subject to ambush by [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces. "[[Narco tank]]s", used by [[Mexico|Mexican]] drug cartels in the [[Mexican Drug War]], are built from such trucks, which combines [[operational mobility]], [[Military tactics|tactical]] [[Offensive (military)|offensive]], and [[defense (military)|defensive]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13488620 |title=Mexico police seize 'narco-tank'|date=22 May 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/05/narco-tank-vehicles-cartels-drug-war-mexico.html|title='Narco tank' is latest find in cartels' armored vehicles |first=Daniel |last=Hernandez |date=25 May 2011|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons |title=Mexico soldiers find narco 'tank' factory |access-date=2011-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612112125/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons |archive-date=12 June 2011 |work=Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/ |title=Mexican Cartels Moving Drugs in Armored Vehicles |work=Fox News Latino |access-date=2014-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119210304/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/ |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Na KhTZ-16.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[NI tank]] improvised fighting tractor of [[World War II|WWII]].
File:Free Syrian Army technical in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Technical armed with a [[ZU-23]] [[autocannon]] operated by the [[Free Syrian Army]] during clashes with [[ISIL|ISIS]] in the eastern [[Qalamoun Mountains]], southern Syria, 2017
File:Gun Truck.jpg|thumb|right|A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an [[M939 Truck|M939]] five-ton truck
File:Armoured tractor in Karlovac Museum.jpg|thumb|right|[[Croatia]]n [[backhoe]] with [[improvised vehicle armour]] from the [[Croatian War of Independence]]
</gallery>
=== Troop carriers ===
Troop-carrying AFVs are divided into three main types – armoured personnel carriers (APCs), infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMV). The main difference between the three is their intended role – the APC is designed purely to transport troops and is armed for self-defence only – whereas the IFV is designed to provide close-quarters and anti-armour fire support to the infantry it carries. IMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle.
==== Armoured personnel carrier ====
{{Main|Armoured personnel carrier}}
Armoured personnel carriers ('''APCs''') are intended to carry infantry quickly and relatively safely to the point where they are deployed. In the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], 8 August 1918, the British [[Mk V tank#Mark V series|Mk V* tank]] (a lengthened Mark V) carried a small number of machine gunners as an experiment, but the men were debilitated by the conditions inside the vehicle.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The British Tanks, 1915–1919
|last=Fletcher |first=David
|author-link=David Fletcher (military historian)
|isbn=1-86126-400-3
|publisher=Crowood Press
|year=2001
|page=149
}}</ref> Later that year the first purpose-built APC, the British [[Mark IX tank|Mk IX tank]] (Mark Nine), appeared. In 1944, the Canadian general [[Guy Simonds]] ordered the conversion of redundant armoured vehicles to carry troops (generically named "[[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|Kangaroos]]"). This proved highly successful, even without training, and the concept was widely used in the [[21st Army Group]]. Post-war, specialised designs were built, such as the Soviet [[BTR-60]] and US [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-801-0664-37, Berlin, Unter den Linden, Schützenpanzer.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] WWII [[Sd.Kfz. 251]] [[half-track]]ed APC
File:IM000656.jpg|thumb|IM000656|[[Israel|Israeli]] [[Namer]] tracked APC
File:GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg|thumb|The [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|ARTEC Boxer]] armoured personnel carrier
</gallery>
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==== Infantry fighting vehicle ====
{{Main|Infantry fighting vehicle}}
An ''infantry fighting vehicle'' (''IFV''), also known as a ''mechanized infantry combat vehicle'' (''MICV''), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry [[infantry]] into battle and provide [[Direct fire|direct]] [[fire support]].<ref name=McNab>{{cite book|title=Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-36824-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3YaVQR7x5QC|first1=Martin J. |last1=Dougherty |first2=Chris |last2=McNab |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> The first example of an IFV was the [[West Germany|West German]] [[Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30]] which served in the [[Bundeswehr]] from 1958 until the early 1980s.
IFVs are similar to armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and [[Armoured personnel carrier|infantry carrier vehicles]] (ICVs), designed to transport a [[Section (military unit)|section]] or [[squad]] of infantry (generally between five and ten men) and their equipment. They are differentiated from APCs{{snd}}which are purely "troop-transport" vehicles armed only for self-defence{{snd}}because they are designed to give direct fire support to the dismounted infantry and so usually have significantly enhanced armament. IFVs also often have improved [[vehicle armour|armour]] and some have firing ports (allowing the infantry to fire [[firearm|personal weapons]] while mounted).
They are typically armed with an [[autocannon]] of 20 to 57 mm calibre, 7.62mm machine guns, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (ATGMs) and/or [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs). IFVs are usually [[Caterpillar track|tracked]], but some wheeled vehicles fall into this category. IFVs are generally less heavily armed and armoured than [[main battle tank]]s. They sometimes carry anti-tank missiles to protect and support infantry against armoured threats, such as the NATO [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] missile and Soviet [[9M117 Bastion|Bastion]], which offer a significant threat to tanks. Specially equipped IFVs have taken on some of the roles of light tanks; they are used by reconnaissance organizations, and light IFVs are used by airborne units which must be able to fight without the heavy firepower of tanks.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Puma, first series.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Germany|German]] [[Puma (IFV)|Puma]] infantry fighting vehicles
File:BMP-2M.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[BMP-2]]M amphibious IFV
File:Royal Tank Museum 157.jpg|thumb|[[South Africa]]n Wheeled [[Ratel IFV]]
</gallery>
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==== Infantry mobility vehicle ====
[[File:AMZ Tur PICT0096.jpg|thumb|[[Poland|Polish]] [[AMZ Tur]]]]
{{Main|Infantry mobility vehicle|MRAP}}
An ''infantry mobility vehicle'' (''IMV'') or ''protected patrol vehicle'' (''PPV'') is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle. Examples include the [[ATF Dingo]], [[AMZ Dzik]], [[AMZ Tur]], [[Mungo ESK]], and [[Bushmaster IMV]]. This term also applies to the vehicles currently being fielded as part of the [[MRAP]] program.
IMVs were developed in response to the threats of modern counterinsurgency warfare, with an emphasis on [[Ambush]] Protection and [[Improvised Explosive Device|Mine]]-Resistance. Similar vehicles existed long before the term IMV was coined, such as the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] and South African [[Buffel]]. The term is coming more into use to differentiate light 4x4 wheeled APCs from the traditional 8x8 wheeled APCs. It is a [[neologism]] for what might have been classified in the past as an armoured [[scout car]], such as the [[BRDM]], but the IMV is distinguished by having a requirement to carry dismountable infantry. The up-armoured [[M1114]] Humvee variant can be seen as an adaptation of the unarmoured Humvee to serve in the IMV role.
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:CV9035 assessment (cropped).jpg|A [[Combat Vehicle 90|CV-9035]] [[Sweden|Swedish]] infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army
File:M113IraqiFreedom.jpg|The [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]], one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the [[Iraq War]]
File:Dingo 2.jpg|An [[ATF Dingo]] of the [[German Army]] is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces
File:278th MP Company's new ASVs.jpg|A United States [[Army National Guard]] [[M1117 Armored Security Vehicle|M1117 armoured security vehicle]]
File:Nexter Aravis, place Jeanne Helbling, Strasbourg 2010 (2).jpg|A French [[Nexter Aravis]] in [[Strasbourg]]
File:Norwegian Iveco LMV 02.jpg|Norwegian soldiers running operations in an [[Iveco LMV]] in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries.
File:Saxony State Police Survivor R (1).jpg|An [[RMMV Survivor R]] used by the [[Saxony]] State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration.
</gallery>
=== Amphibious vehicles ===
{{Main|Amphibious vehicle#Armored|Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault|Landing craft}}
Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance, through armoured personnel carriers and tanks, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. Contemporary wheeled armoured amphibians include the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé]] and [[Véhicule Blindé Léger]]. The latter is a small, lightly armoured [[4×4]] all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h. The VAB (''Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé'' – 'armoured vanguard vehicle') is a fully amphibious armoured personnel carrier powered in the water by two water jets, that entered service in 1976 and produced in numerous configurations, ranging from basic personnel carrier, anti-tank missile platform.
During the [[Cold War]] the [[Soviet bloc]] states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious, or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the [[BRDM-1]] and [[BRDM-2]] [[4x4]] armoured scout cars, as well as the [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]], [[BTR-80]] and [[BTR-94]] [[8x8]] armoured personnel carriers and the [[BTR-90]] infantry fighting vehicle.
The United States started developing a long line of [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]] (LVT) designs from ca. 1940. The US Marine Corps currently uses the AAV7-A1 [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]], which was to be succeeded by the [[Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle]], which was capable of planing on water and can achieve water speeds of 37–46 km/h. The EFV project has been cancelled.
A significant number of tracked armoured vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, have some amphibious capability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on bridges. They use their tracks, sometimes with added propeller or water jets for propulsion. As long as the banks have a shallow enough slopes to enter or leave the water they can cross rivers and water obstacles.
Some heavy tanks can operate amphibiously with a fabric skirt to add [[buoyancy]]. The [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] [[DD tank]] used in the [[Normandy landings]] had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. Some modern vehicles use a similar skirt.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:BTR-80 coming ashore.jpg|[[BTR-80]]s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed
File:AAV-australia.jpg|Two [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]]s emerge from the surf onto the sand of [[Freshwater Beach]], Australia
File:PT 76 7 DOW TBiU 12 3.jpg|Swimming Polish [[PT-76]]s.
File:PKP trailer attached to the amphibian carrier [[PTS-2]] in Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps in Saint-Petersburg, Russia.jpg|PKP trailer
File:PTS-M.jpg|Soviet [[PTS-M]] landing craft
</gallery>
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=== Airborne vehicles ===
{{expand section|date=December 2021}}
[[File:C-130 airdrop.jpg|thumb|[[C-130]] airdrops an [[M551]] light tank]]
Lightweight armoured fighting vehicles designed or modified to be [[airlift|carried by aircraft]] and delivered by air drop, helicopter lift, glider, or air landing with infantry to provide heavier tactical firepower and mobility. The air-equivalent to amphibious vehicles, the main advantage of airborne forces is their ability to be deployed into combat zones without land passage, as long as the [[airspace]] is accessible. Airborne vehicles are limited only by the tonnage capacity of their [[military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]]. Airborne vehicles typically lack the armour and supplies necessary for prolonged combat, so they are utilized for establishing an [[airhead (warfare)|airhead]] to bring in larger forces before carrying out other combat objectives. One modern example is the German [[Wiesel AWC]]. The USA also created the [[M22 Locust]] as a way to aid paratroopers/ being paradropped in as it was very lightly armored and very small.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nash |first=Mark |date=2017-05-09 |title=Light Tank (Airborne) M22 Locust |url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/us/light-tank-airborne-m22-locust |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Tank Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Armoured engineering vehicle ===
[[File:IDF Puma CEV (5).jpg|thumb|[[IDF Puma]] combat engineering vehicle]]
{{Main|Military engineering vehicle}}
Modern engineering AFV's utilize chassis based on main battle tank platforms: these vehicles are as well armoured and protected as tanks, designed to keep up with tanks, breach obstacles to help tanks get to wherever it needs to be, perform utility functions necessary to expedite mission objectives of tanks, and to conduct other earth-moving and engineering work on the battlefield. These vehicles go by different names depending upon the country of use or manufacture. In the United States the term "combat engineer vehicle (CEV)" is used, in the United Kingdom the term "[[Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers]] (AVRE)" is used, while in Canada and other commonwealth nations the term "armoured engineer vehicle (AEV)" is used. There is no set template for what such a vehicle will look like, yet likely features include a large dozer blade or mine ploughs, a large calibre demolition cannon, augers, winches, excavator arms and cranes, or lifting booms.
Although the term "armoured engineer vehicle" is used specifically to describe these multi-purpose tank-based engineering vehicles, that term is also used more generically in British and Commonwealth militaries to describe all heavy tank-based engineering vehicles used in the support of mechanized forces. Thus, "armoured engineer vehicle" used generically would refer to AEV, AVLB, Assault Breachers, and so on. Good examples of this type of vehicle include the UK [[Trojan Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers|Trojan AVRE]], the Russian IMR, and the US [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]].
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[[File:ILÜ_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg|alt=|thumb|A [[German Army|German army]] [[Rheinmetall]] [[Keiler (mine flail)|Keiler]]. It uses a heavy-duty rotor-powered mine flail, which causes mines it comes in contact with to safely detonate.]]
==== Breaching vehicle ====
{{Main|Military engineering vehicle#Breaching vehicle}}
A '''breaching vehicle''' is especially designed to clear pathways for troops and other vehicles through [[minefields]] and along [[roadside bomb]]s and other [[Improvised Explosive Device|improvised explosive device]]s. These vehicles are equipped with mechanical or other means for the breaching of man made obstacles. Common types of breaching vehicles include mechanical [[Mine flail|flails]], mine plough vehicles, and mine roller vehicles.
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==== Armoured bulldozer ====
[[File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg|thumb|[[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armoured bulldozer]]]]
{{Main|Armored bulldozer}}
The armoured bulldozer is a basic tool of [[combat engineering]]. These [[combat engineering vehicle]]s combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer with armour which protects the vehicle and its operator in or near combat. Most are civilian bulldozers modified by addition of [[vehicle armour]]/military equipment, but some are [[tank]]s stripped of armament and fitted with a dozer blade. Some tanks have bulldozer blades while retaining their armament, but this does not make them armoured bulldozers as such, because combat remains the primary role – earth moving is a secondary task.
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==== Armoured recovery vehicle ====
{{Main|Armoured recovery vehicle}}
An ''armoured recovery vehicle'' (''ARV'') is a type of [[Vehicle recovery (military)|vehicle recovery]] armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle- or mine-damaged as well as broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them out of the danger zone for more extensive repairs. To this end the term ''armoured repair and recovery vehicle'' (''ARRV'') is also used.
ARVs are normally built on the [[chassis]] of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles, mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on the basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs, but does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank.
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==== Armoured vehicle-launched bridge ====
{{Main|Armoured vehicle-launched bridge}}
An ''armoured vehicle-launched bridge'' (''AVLB'') is a combat support vehicle, sometimes regarded as a subtype of [[combat engineering vehicle]], designed to assist militaries in rapidly deploying [[tank]]s and other armoured fighting vehicles across rivers. The AVLB is usually a tracked vehicle converted from a tank chassis to carry a folding metal bridge instead of weapons. The AVLB's job is to allow armoured or infantry units to cross water, when a river too deep for vehicles to wade through is reached, and no bridge is conveniently located (or sufficiently sturdy, a substantial concern when moving 60-ton tanks).
The bridge layer unfolds and launches its cargo, providing a ready-made bridge across the obstacle in only minutes. Once the span has been put in place, the AVLB vehicle detaches from the bridge, and moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Once all of the vehicles have crossed, it crosses the bridge itself and reattaches to the bridge on the other side. It then retracts the span ready to move off again. A similar procedure can be employed to allow crossings of small chasms or similar obstructions. AVLBs can carry bridges of {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=off}} or greater in length. By using a tank chassis, the bridge layer is able to cover the same terrain as main battle tanks, and the provision of armour allows them to operate even in the face of enemy fire. However, this is not a universal attribute: some exceptionally sturdy 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis have lent themselves to bridge-layer applications.
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==== Combat engineer section carriers ====
''Combat engineer section carriers'' are used to transport [[sapper]]s ([[combat engineer]]s) and can be fitted with [[bulldozer]]s' blades and other mine-breaching devices. They are often used as APCs because of their carrying ability and heavy protection. They are usually armed with [[machine gun]]s and grenade launchers and usually tracked to provide enough tractive force to push blades and rakes. Some examples are the U.S. [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier|M113 APC]], [[IDF Puma]], [[Nagmachon]], Husky, and U.S. [[M1132 Engineer Support Vehicle|M1132 ESV]] (a [[Stryker]] variant).
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:IDF Puma CEV (5).jpg|[[IDF Puma]] - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier
File:M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg|A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 16 May 1996.
File:M1 Assault Breacher Vehicle.jpg|Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a [[M58 MICLIC]] from an [[M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle]]
File:D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg|An armoured [[IDF Caterpillar D9]]R [[armoured bulldozer|bulldozer]], nicknamed "דובי" ('[[Teddy bear]]') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire.
File:Bergepanzer Bueffel.jpg|BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, [[German Army]]
File:M60A1 Armored Vehicle Landing Bridge.jpg|An [[M60 AVLB|M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB)]], deploying its scissors-type bridge
File:Stryker ESV front q.jpg|An [[M1132]] engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams
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=== Air defence vehicles ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
{{Main|Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar|Close-in weapon system}}
An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.
Specific weapon systems used include [[machine guns]], [[autocannon|anti-aircraft autocannon]]s, larger anti-air guns, or [[surface-to-air-missiles]], and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir-S1). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today, missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns.
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File:Brno, Řečkovice, transportér Praga V33 II.JPG|thumb|[[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] self-propelled anti-aircraft gun [[M53/59 Praga]] developed in the late 1950s.
Image:Wirbelwind CFB Borden 2.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Wirbelwind]] - a [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling#2 cm Flakvierling 38|20 mm ''Flakvierling'']] quadmount on a [[Panzer IV]] chassis.
File:Gepard 1a2 overview.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flakpanzer Gepard]], Germany
File:JLTV 1.jpg|thumb|At AUSA 2017, a [[Joint Light Tactical Vehicle|JLTV]] Utility variant mounting [[Boeing]]'s [[SHORAD]] Launcher
File:2008 Moscow Victory Day Parade - 9K22 Tunguska.jpg|thumb|right|Typical of more modern designs, the [[Tunguska-M1]] mounts both [[Surface-to-air missile|missile]]s and [[autocannon]]s.
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=== Artillery tractor ===
An [[artillery tractor]], also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-203-1696-25, Albanien, Raupenschlepper Ost mit Kanone.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Raupenschlepper, Ost|RSO]] [[artillery tractor]] towing [[10.5 cm leFH 18M|105 mm howitzer]], Albania, 1943]]
There are two main types of artillery tractors, depending on the type of traction: wheeled and tracked.
Wheeled tractors are usually variations of lorries adapted for military service.
Tracked tractors run on continuous track; in some cases are built on a modified tank chassis with the superstructure replaced with a compartment for the gun crew or ammunition.
In addition, half-track tractors were used in the [[interwar period]] and in [[World War II]], especially by the [[Wehrmacht]]. This type of tractor was mostly discontinued postwar.
=== Self-propelled artillery ===
{{Main|Self-propelled artillery|Self-propelled gun}}
Self-propelled [[artillery]] vehicles give mobility to [[artillery]]. Within the term are covered [[self-propelled gun]]s (or [[howitzer]]s) and [[rocket artillery]]. They are highly mobile, usually based on tracked chassis carrying either a large howitzer or other field gun or alternatively a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] or some form of rocket or missile launcher. They are usually used for long-range [[indirect-fire|indirect]] bombardment support on the battlefield.
In the past, self-propelled artillery has included direct-fire "Gun Motor Carriage" vehicles, such as [[assault gun]]s and [[tank destroyer]]s (also known as self-propelled anti-tank guns). These have been heavily armoured vehicles, the former providing danger-close fire-support for infantry and the latter acting as specialized anti-tank vehicles.
Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles may superficially resemble tanks, but they are generally lightly armoured, too lightly to survive in direct-fire combat. However, they protect their crews against [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] and small arms and are therefore usually included as armoured fighting vehicles. Many are equipped with [[machine gun]]s for defence against enemy infantry.
The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and the guns set up. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought – usually towed – to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery in combination with modern communications, can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance.
Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be taken to places that self-propelled guns cannot reach, so despite the advantages of the self-propelled artillery, towed guns remain in the [[arsenal]]s of many modern armies.
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File:Destroyed german self-propelled gun carriage.jpg|thumb|A [[Wespe]] destroyed in [[Normandy]], 1944.
File:G6 Howitzer2.JPG|[[G6 howitzer]] wheeled SPG
File:April 9th rehearsal in Alabino of 2014 Victory Day Parade (558-34).jpg|thumb|A Russian [[2S19 Msta-S]] in 2014
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==== Assault gun ====
{{Main|Assault gun}}
An assault gun is a gun or howitzer mounted on a motor vehicle or armoured chassis, designed for use in the [[direct fire]] role in support of [[infantry]] when attacking other infantry or [[fortified]] positions.
Historically, the custom-built fully armoured assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed [[casemate]] on a tank chassis. The use of a [[casemate]] instead of a [[gun turret]] limited these weapons' [[field of fire (weaponry)|field of fire]], but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction. In most cases, these turretless vehicles also presented a lower profile as a target for the enemy.
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File:ISU-152 at Victory Park in Moscow.jpg|thumb|right|[[ISU-152]]K, [[Poklonnaya Hill|Victory Park]], [[Moscow]], Russia
File:Ikv 91 a.jpg|thumb|[[Infanterikanonvagn 91]], Swedish [[gun turret|turreted]] amphibious assault gun
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==== Self-propelled siege mortar ====
[[File:Karl6.jpg|thumb|A [[Karl-Gerät]] firing in Warsaw,1944]]
{{Main|Self-propelled siege mortar}}
A Siege mortar is a form of self-propelled gun that holds a siege mortar. The only siege mortar ever built was the [[Karl-Gerät]]. It could be argued that these could be classified as a [[Mortar carrier]] .
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==== Mortar carrier ====
[[File:Stryker MCV-B.jpg|thumb|An American [[M1129 Mortar Carrier]]]]
{{Main|Mortar carrier}}
A mortar carrier is a [[self-propelled artillery]] vehicle carrying a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] as its primary weapon. Mortar carriers cannot be fired while on the move and some must be dismounted to fire. In U.S. Army doctrine, mortar carriers provide close and immediate indirect fire support for maneuver units while allowing for rapid displacement and quick reaction to the tactical situation. The ability to relocate not only allows fire support to be provided where it is needed faster, but also allows these units to avoid [[counter-battery fire]]. Mortar carriers have traditionally avoided direct contact with the enemy. Many units report never using secondary weapons in combat.
Prior to the [[Iraq War]], American 120 mm mortar platoons reorganized from six [[M1064 mortar carrier]]s and two M577 fire direction centres (FDC) to four M1064 and one FDC.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mortar Platoon Training Focus to Meet the Evolving Battlefield |magazine=[[Armor (magazine)|Armor]] |last=Ward |first=CPT Stephen |publisher=United States Army Armor Center |location=[[Fort Knox]] |date=July–August 2006 |volume=CXV |issue=4 |pages=41–42 |issn=0004-2420}}</ref> The urban environment of Iraq made it difficult to utilize mortars. New technologies such as mortar ballistic computers and communication equipment and are being integrated. Modern era combat is becoming more reliant on [[direct fire]] support from mortar carrier [[machine gun]]s.
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==== Multiple rocket launcher ====
{{Main|Multiple rocket launcher}}
A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided [[rocket artillery]] system. Like other [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower (sustained) rate of fire than batteries of traditional [[artillery]] guns. However, they have the capability of simultaneously dropping many hundreds of kilograms of explosive, with devastating effect.
The [[Korea|Korean]] [[Hwacha]] is an example of an early weapon system with a resemblance to the modern-day multiple rocket launcher. The first self-propelled multiple rocket launchers – and arguably the most famous – were the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyushas]], first used during World War II and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern multiple rocket launchers. The first modern multiple rocket launcher was the [[Nazi Germany|German]] ''[[15 cm Nebelwerfer 41]]'' of the 1930s,{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} a small towed artillery piece. Only later in [[World War II]] did the British deploy similar weapons in the form of the [[Mattress (rocket)|Land Mattress]].The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop [[M4 Sherman]] tanks to create the [[T34 Calliope]] rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Panzerwerfer alias Maultier.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzerwerfer]] [[Half-track|half-tracked]] MRLS.
File:BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 chassis at the Museum on Sapun Mountain Sevastopol 4.jpg|thumb|[[Katyusha rocket launcher]] at the Museum ([[Diorama]]) on Sapun Mountain, [[Sevastopol]]
File:9a52 smerch.jpg|thumb|right|[[BM-30 Smerch]] 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position
File:Army mlrs 1982 02.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[M270]] MLRS conducts a rocket launch.
</gallery>
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==== Missile vehicle ====
[[Missile vehicle]]s are trucks or tractor units designed to carry rockets or missiles. The missile vehicle may be a self-propelled unit or the missile holder/launcher may be on a trailer towed by a prime mover. They are used in the military forces of a number of countries in the world. Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to the ground on these vehicles, but elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching.
* A [[Transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) is a missile vehicle with an integrated prime mover (tractor unit) that can carry, elevate to firing position and launch one or more missiles. Such vehicles exist for both surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles.
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File:Тягач МЗКТ-79221 (комплекс Тополь-М).jpg|Missile truck [[MZKT]] 79221 under missile [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M|Topol-M]]
Image:sa-4.jpg|A [[Soviet]] [[2K11 Krug]] [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]]
File:MoscowParade2009 7.jpg|thumb|[[S-300 missile system]].
</gallery>
==== Tank destroyer ====
{{Main|Tank destroyer|Anti-tank missile carrier|Anti-tank warfare}}
Tank destroyers and tank hunters are armed with an [[anti-tank gun]] or [[anti-tank guided missile|anti tank missile]] launcher, and are designed specifically to engage enemy armoured vehicles. Many have been based on a tracked tank chassis, while others are wheeled. Since World War II, main battle tanks have largely replaced gun-armed tank destroyers; although lightly armoured anti tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers are commonly used for supplementary long-range anti-tank engagements.
In post-[[Cold War]] conflict, the resurgence of [[expeditionary warfare]] has seen the emergence of gun-armed wheeled vehicles, sometimes called "protected gun systems", which may bear a superficial resemblance to tank destroyers, but are employed as direct fire support units typically providing support in low intensity operations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. These have the advantage of easier deployment, as only the largest air transports can carry a main battle tank, and their smaller size makes them more effective in urban combat.
Many forces' IFVs carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield. But there are still dedicated anti-tank vehicles with very heavy long-range missiles, or intended for airborne use. There have also been dedicated anti-tank vehicles built on ordinary armoured personnel carrier or armoured car chassis. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an [[M113]] chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the [[BRDM-2|BRDM scout car]], the British FV438 [[Swingfire]] and [[FV102 Striker]] and the [[West Germany|German]] ''Raketenjagdpanzer'' series built on the chassis of the [[HS 30]] and [[Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)|Mardar IFV]]s.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:M3 75mm gun motor carriage.jpg|thumb|American [[M3 Gun Motor Carriage|M3 GMC]] [[half-track]]ed tank destroyer
Image:SC198612.jpg|thumb|left|90 mm GMC [[M36 tank destroyer|M36]] during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945
File:Jagdtiger 1 Bovington.jpg|thumb|right|British-captured [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Jagdtiger]] in [[The Tank Museum]], the UK
File:NM142 x 3.jpg|thumb|right|A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with [[NM142]] TOW missile launchers
File:Panzermuseum Munster 2010 0915.JPG|[[West Germany|German]] missile tank destroyer [[Raketenjagdpanzer 2]].
</gallery>
=== Armoured train ===
{{Main|Armoured train}}
An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s and tank [[gun turret|turret]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a ''Fremdgerät'' (captured AFVs such as the French [[Somua S-35]] or Czech [[PzKpfw 38(t)]]), or obsolescent [[Panzer II]] light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy [[Partisan (military)|partisans]].
Different types of armour were used to protect armoured trains from attack. In addition to various metal plates, concrete and sandbags were used in some cases on armoured trains.
Armoured trains were sometimes escorted by a kind of rail-tank called a [[draisine]]. One such example was the Italian 'Littorina' armoured trolley, which had a cab in the front and rear, each with a control set so it could be driven down the tracks in either direction. Littorina mounted two dual 7.92mm [[MG-13|MG13]] machine gun turrets from [[Panzer I]] light tanks.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:MÁV armoured train.jpg|thumb|MÁV armoured train
File:Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of the [[Armored train Hurban|"Hurban" armoured train]] located in Zvolen, Slovakia
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{{Main|Mobile missile launcher}}
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== See also ==
{{Portal|Tanks}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Armoured warfare]]
* [[Lists of armoured fighting vehicles]]
* [[Non-military armored vehicles|Non-military armoured vehicles]]
* ''[[Tachanka]]''
* [[Tank classification]]
* [[Vehicle markings of the United States military]]
}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
=== Sources ===
* {{cite book | last= Gougaud| first= Alain| title= L'aube de la gloire: les autos mitrailleuses et les chars français pendant la Grande Guerre, histoire technique et militaire, arme blindée, cavalerie, chars, Musée des blindés| year= 1987| isbn= 978-2-904255-02-1 |location=Issy-les-Moulineaux |publisher=Société OCEBUR |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last= Macksey|first= Kenneth|title= The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats|year= 1980|publisher= Guinness Superlatives Limited|isbn= 0-85112-204-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Brassey's encyclopedia of land forces and warfare|year=1996|publisher=Brassey's|isbn=1-57488-087-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ipz0AzERg_MC&q=%22Main+battle+tank%22|editor-first=Franklin D. |editor-last=Margiotta|access-date=19 February 2011}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Armored fighting vehicles}}
* [http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/ US Wheeled armoured fighting vehicles]
{{WWI tanks|style=wide}}
{{Interwar tanks|style=wide}}
{{WWII tanks|style=wide}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Post-Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
[[Category:Military vehicles by type]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles|*]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Combat vehicle with both armament and armour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2007}}
[[File:WW1 Tank Mark V, Bovington.jpg|thumb|WW1 [[Mark V tank]], in [[The Tank Museum]]]]
{{war}}
An '''armoured fighting vehicle''' ('''AFV''') is an armed [[combat vehicle]] protected by [[vehicle armour|armour]], generally combining [[operational mobility]] with [[Offensive (military)|offensive]] and [[defense (military)|defensive]] capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or [[Continuous track|tracked]]. Examples of AFVs are [[tank]]s, [[armored car (military)|armoured cars]], [[assault gun]]s, [[self-propelled gun]]s, [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s, and [[armoured personnel carrier]]s.
Armoured fighting vehicles are classified according to their characteristics and intended role on the battlefield. The classifications are not absolute; two countries may classify the same vehicle differently, and the criteria change over time. For example, relatively lightly armed armoured personnel carriers were largely superseded by infantry fighting vehicles with much heavier armament in a similar role.
Successful designs are often adapted to a wide variety of applications. For example, the [[MOWAG Piranha]], originally designed as an APC, has been adapted to fill numerous roles such as a [[mortar carrier]], infantry fighting vehicle, and assault gun.
Armoured fighting vehicles began to appear in use in World War I with the armoured car, the tank, the self-propelled gun, and the personnel carrier seeing use. By World War II, armies had large numbers of AFVs, together with other vehicles to carry troops this permitted highly mobile [[Maneuver warfare|manoeuvre warfare]].
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== Evolution ==
[[File:Schlacht bei Zama Gemälde H P Motte.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Zama]] by [[Henri-Paul Motte]], 1890]]
The concept of a highly mobile and protected fighting unit has been around for centuries; from [[Hannibal]]'s [[war elephants]] to [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]]'s [[Leonardo's fighting vehicle|contraptions]], military strategists endeavoured to maximize the mobility and survivability of their soldiers.
Armoured fighting vehicles were not possible until [[internal combustion engine]]s of sufficient power became available at the start of the 20th century.
=== History ===
{{main|Armoured warfare}}
[[File:Helepolis.png|right|thumb|A [[Helepolis]]-like Siege Engine showing ballistae, stairs and movement capstan]]
Modern armoured fighting vehicles represent the realization of an ancient concept – that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. Armies have deployed war machines and cavalries with rudimentary armour in battle for millennia. Use of these animals and engineering designs sought to achieve a balance between the conflicting [[paradox]]ical needs of mobility, firepower and protection.
==== Siege machine ====
[[File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg|thumb|Model of a vehicle sketched by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]]
[[Siege engine]]s, such as [[battering ram]]s and [[siege tower]]s, would often be armoured in order to protect their crews from enemy action. [[Polyidus of Thessaly]] developed a very large movable siege tower, the ''[[helepolis]]'', as early as 340 BC, and Greek forces used such structures in the [[Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)|Siege of Rhodes]] (305 BC).
The idea of a protected fighting vehicle has been known since antiquity. Frequently cited is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s 15th-century sketch of a [[Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle|mobile, protected gun-platform]]; the drawings show a conical, wooden shelter with apertures for cannons around the circumference. The machine was to be mounted on four wheels which would be turned by the crew through a system of [[Hand crank#Hand-powered cranks|hand cranks]] and [[Gear#Cage gear|cage (or "lantern") gears]]. Leonardo claimed: "I will build armoured wagons which will be safe and invulnerable to enemy attacks. There will be no obstacle which it cannot overcome."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html|title=Summary -> Light Armor Armaholic|website=yousense.info|language=en|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051036/http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html|archive-date=26 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern replicas have demonstrated that the human crew would have been able to move it over only short distances.
==== War wagon ====
[[Hussite]] forces in [[Bohemia]] developed [[war wagon]]s – [[Middle Ages|medieval]] horse-drawn [[wagon]]s that doubled as [[wagon fort]]s – around 1420 during the [[Hussite Wars]]. These heavy wagons were given protective sides with firing slits; their heavy firepower came from either a cannon or from a force of hand-gunners and crossbowmen, supported by [[light cavalry]] and [[infantry]] using [[pike (weapon)|pike]]s and [[flail (weapon)|flail]]s. Heavy [[arquebus]]es mounted on wagons were called ''arquebus à croc''. These carried a ball of about {{convert|3.5|oz|-1}}.<ref>{{Cyclopaedia 1728|title= ARQUEBUSS|url= http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0187&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&isize=M |page= 342|inline=1}}</ref> [[File:Husitsky bojovy vuz replika.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of [[Hussite]] [[war wagon]]]]
==== Armed and armoured car ====
[[File:Simms Motor Scout from Autocar.jpg|thumb|[[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]]' [[Motor Scout]], built in 1898 as an armed car]]
The first modern AFVs were armed cars, dating back virtually to the invention of the [[Car|motor car]]. The British inventor [[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]] designed and built the [[Motor Scout]] in 1898. It was the first armed, petrol-engine powered vehicle ever built. It consisted of a [[De Dion-Bouton]] [[Quadracycle|quadricycle]] with a [[Maxim gun|Maxim machine gun]] mounted on the front bar. An iron shield offered some protection for the driver from the front, but it lacked all-around protective armour.{{sfn|Macksey|1980}}
The [[armored car (military)|armoured car]] was the first modern fully armoured fighting vehicle. The first of these was the [[Motor War Car|Simms' Motor War Car]], also designed by Simms and built by [[Vickers#Vickers, Sons & Maxim|Vickers, Sons & Maxim]] in 1899.<ref name="DCMB"/> The vehicle had Vickers armour 6 mm thick and was powered by a four-cylinder 3.3-litre<ref name="DCMB">{{cite book| author= Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|author2= Lord Montagu|author3= David Burgess Wise| title= Daimler Century: The Full History of Britain's Oldest Car Maker| year= 1995| publisher= Haynes Publications| isbn= 978-1-85260-494-3}}</ref> 16 [[Horsepower|hp]] Cannstatt Daimler engine giving it a maximum speed of around {{convert|9|mph|km/h|abbr= off}}. The armament, consisting of two Maxim guns, was carried in two turrets with 360° traverse.{{sfn|Macksey|1980|p=256}}<ref>{{cite book|last= Tucker|first= Spencer|title= The European Powers in the First World War|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC&pg=PA65|year= 1999|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0-8153-3351-X|pages= 816}}</ref>
[[File:Simms Motor War Car 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]]' 1902 [[Motor War Car]], the first armoured car to be built]]
Another early armoured car of the period was the French [[Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902]], presented at the ''Salon de l'Automobile et du cycle'' in [[Brussels]], on 8 March 1902.{{sfn|Gougaud|1987|page= 11}} The vehicle was equipped with a [[Hotchkiss machine gun]], and with 7 mm armour for the gunner.<ref>{{cite book|last= Bartholomew|first= E.|title= Early Armoured Cars|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PknxxLTNhU8C&pg=PA5|year= 1988|publisher= Bloomsbury USA|isbn= 978-0-85263-908-5|pages= 4–5}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gougaud|1987|pp= 11–12}}</ref> Armoured cars were first used in large numbers on both sides during [[World War I]] as scouting vehicles.
==== Tank ====
{{History of the tank | state= collapsed }}
{{main|History of the tank}}
In 1903, [[H. G. Wells]] published the short story "[[The Land Ironclads]]," positing indomitable war machines that would bring a new age of land warfare, the way steam-powered [[ironclad warship]]s had ended the [[age of sail]].
Wells' literary vision was realized in 1916, when, amidst the pyrrhic standstill of the [[Great War]], the British [[Landship Committee]], deployed revolutionary armoured vehicles to break the stalemate. The tank was envisioned as an armoured machine that could cross ground under fire from [[machine gun]]s and reply with its own mounted machine guns and [[naval artillery]]. These first [[Tanks of World War I|British tanks of World War I]] moved on [[caterpillar track]]s that had substantially lower ground pressure than wheeled vehicles, enabling them to pass the muddy, pocked terrain and slit trenches of the [[Battle of the Somme]].
==== Troop transport ====
[[File:Mark IX tank at the Tank Museum, Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Mark IX tank]], the first Armoured Personnel Carrier at the Tank Museum, Bovington]]
The tank eventually proved highly successful and, as technology improved, it became a weapon that could cross large distances at much higher speeds than supporting [[infantry]] and [[artillery]]. The need to provide the units that would fight alongside the tank led to the development of a wide range of specialised AFVs, especially during the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945).
The armoured personnel carrier, designed to transport infantry troops to the frontline, emerged towards the end of World War I. During the first actions with [[tank]]s, it had become clear that close contact with infantry was essential in order to secure ground won by the tanks. Troops on foot were vulnerable to enemy fire, but they could not be transported in the tank because of the intense heat and noxious atmosphere.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} In 1917, Lieutenant G.J. Rackham was ordered to design an armoured vehicle that could fight and carry troops or supplies. The [[Mark IX tank]] was built by [[Armstrong Whitworth|Armstrong, Whitworth & Co.]], although just three vehicles had been finished at the time of the [[Armistice]] in November 1918, and only 34 were built in total.
==== Tankette ====
Different tank classifications emerged in the interwar period. The [[tankette]] was conceived as a mobile, two-man model, mainly intended for reconnaissance. In 1925, [[Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet|Sir John Carden]] and [[Vivian Loyd]] produced the first such design to be adopted – the [[Carden Loyd tankette]]. Tankettes saw use in the [[Royal Italian Army]] during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian invasion of Ethiopia]] (1935–1936), the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), and almost everywhere Italian soldiers fought during [[World War II]]. The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] used tankettes for [[jungle warfare]].<ref name="T27">{{cite web |url=http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227100158/http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/ |date=1998 |archive-date=27 February 2009 |title=T-27 Tankette |website=The Russian Battlefield |access-date=21 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankette/index.html |title=U.S. Forces Encounter Old Jap Tankette |magazine=[[Intelligence Bulletin]] |publisher=[[Military Intelligence Service (United States)|United States Military Intelligence Service]] |date=September 1945 |access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref>
==== Self-propelled artillery ====
[[File:British Gun Carrier Mark I - 60 pdr.jpg|right|thumb|British [[Gun Carrier Mark I]] (60 pdr)]]
The British [[Gun Carrier Mark I]], the first [[Self-propelled artillery]], was fielded in 1917. It was based on the first tank, the British [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I]], and carried a heavy field-gun. The next major advance was the [[Birch gun]] (1925), developed for the British motorised warfare experimental brigade (the [[Experimental Mechanized Force]]). This mounted a field gun, capable of the usual artillery trajectories and even anti-aircraft use, on a tank chassis.
During World War II, most major military powers developed self-propelled artillery vehicles. These had guns mounted on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provided an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. The first British design, [[Bishop (artillery)|"Bishop"]], carried the [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25 pdr gun-howitzer]] in an extemporised mounting on a tank chassis that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective [[Sexton (artillery)|Sexton]]. The Germans built many lightly armoured [[self-propelled anti-tank gun]]s using captured French equipment (for example [[Marder I]]), their own obsolete light tank chassis ([[Marder II]]), or ex-Czech chassis ([[Marder III]]). These led to better-protected tank destroyers, built on a medium-tank chassis such as the [[Jagdpanzer IV]] or the [[Jagdpanther]].
==== Anti-aircraft vehicle ====
The [[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon]] debuted in WWI. The [[Flak 88|German 88]] mm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Artillery |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWairartillery.htm |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> anti-aircraft gun was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks, and the British [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt]] was mounted on trucks for use on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Although the [[Birch gun]] was a general purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis, it was capable of elevation for anti-aircraft use. [[Vickers Armstrong]] developed one of the first SPAAGs based on the chassis of the Mk.E 6-ton light tank/[[Vickers Medium Dragon|Dragon Medium Mark IV tractor]], mounting a Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" gun of 40 mm. The Germans fielded the Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 6/2, cargo halftracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively) by the start of the war.
==== Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher ====
Rocket launchers such as the Soviet [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] originated in the late 1930s. The [[Wehrmacht]] fielded self-propelled rocket artillery in World War II – the [[Panzerwerfer]] and [[Wurfrahmen 40]] equipped half-track armoured fighting vehicles. Many modern [[multiple rocket launchers]] are self propelled by either truck or tank chassis.
==== Cold War ====
By the end of [[World War II]], most modern armies had vehicles to carry infantry, artillery and [[anti-aircraft weapon]]ry. Most modern AFVs are superficially similar in design to their World War II counterparts, but with significantly better armour, weapons, engines, electronics, and suspension. The increase in the capacity of [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]] makes possible and practicable the transport of AFVs by air. Many armies are replacing some or all of their traditional heavy vehicles with lighter airmobile versions, often with wheels instead of tracks.
=== Design ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}
==== Armour ====
{{Main|Aramid|Bulletproof glass|Twaron|Vehicle armour}}
The level of armour protection between AFVs varies greatly – a [[main battle tank]] will normally be designed to take hits from other [[tank gun]]s and [[anti-tank missiles]], whilst light [[reconnaissance]] vehicles are often only armoured "just in case". Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile (for a given engine power), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go – for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank. A trend toward [[composite armour]] is taking the place of steel – composites are stronger for a given weight, allowing the tank to be lighter for the same protection as steel armour, or better protected for the same weight. Armour is being supplemented with [[active protection system]]s on a number of vehicles, allowing the AFV to protect itself from incoming projectiles.
[[File:PantheraScheme.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Armour-thickness chart for a [[Panther tank]]]]
The level of protection also usually varies considerably throughout the individual vehicle too, depending on the role of the vehicle and the likely direction of attack. For example, a main battle tank will usually have the heaviest armour on the hull front and the turret, lighter armour on the sides of the hull and the thinnest armour on the top and bottom of the tank. Other vehicles – such as the [[MRAP]] family – may be primarily armoured against the threat from [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]] and so will have heavy, [[sloped armour]] on the bottom of the hull.
==== Weaponry ====
Weaponry varies by a very wide degree between AFVs – lighter vehicles for infantry carrying, reconnaissance or specialist roles may have only a [[autocannon]] or m[[Machine gun|achine gun]] (or no armament at all), whereas heavy self-propelled artillery will carry large guns, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] or [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] launchers. These weapons may be mounted on a [[weapon mount#Pintle|pintle]], affixed directly to the vehicle or placed in a [[gun turret|turret]] or cupola.
The greater the recoil of the weapon on an AFV, the larger the turret ring needs to be. A larger turret ring necessitates a larger vehicle. To avoid listing to the side, turrets on amphibious vehicles are usually located at the centre of the vehicle.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996}}
[[Grenade launcher]]s provide a versatile launch platform for a plethora of munitions including, [[Smoke grenade|smoke]], phosphorus, tear gas, illumination, anti-personnel, infrared and radar-jamming rounds.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996}}
Turret stabilization is an important capability because it enables firing on the move and prevents crew fatigue.
==== Engine ====
[[File:Auslieferung von Bergepanzer 2 an die Bundeswehr durch die Kieler Atlas-MaK Maschinenbau GmbH (Kiel 40.250).jpg|thumb|Engine replacement for a [[Bergepanzer 2]]]]
Modern AFVs have primarily used either petrol (gasoline) or diesel piston engines. More recently, gas turbines have been used. Most early AFVs used [[petrol engine]]s, as they offer a good [[power-to-weight ratio]]. However, they fell out of favour during World War II due to the flammability of the fuel.
Most current AFVs are powered by a [[diesel engine]]; modern technology, including the use of [[turbocharger|turbo-charging]], helps to overcome the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesel engines compared to petrol.
[[Gas turbine]] (turboshaft) engines offer a very high power-to-weight ratio and were starting to find favour in the late 20th century – however, they offer very poor fuel consumption and as such some armies are switching from gas turbines back to diesel engines (i.e. the Russian [[T-80]] used a gas turbine engine, whereas the later [[T-90]] does not). The US [[M1 Abrams]] is a notable example of a gas turbine powered tank.
== Modern classification by type and role ==
Notable armoured fighting vehicles extending from post-World War I to today.
=== Tank ===
{{Further|Tank classification|Tank gun}}
The [[tank]] is an all terrain AFV incorporating artillery which is designed to fill almost all battlefield roles and to engage enemy forces by the use of [[direct fire]] in the frontal assault role. Though several configurations have been tried, particularly in the early experimental "golden days" of tank development, a standard, mature design configuration has since emerged to a generally accepted pattern. This features a main [[tank gun]] or [[artillery|artillery gun]], mounted in a fully rotating [[gun turret|turret]] atop a tracked automotive hull, with various additional secondary weapon systems throughout.
Philosophically, the tank is, by its very nature, an offensive weapon. Being a protective encasement with at least one gun position, it is essentially a [[Pillbox (military)|pillbox]] or small [[fortress]] (though these are static fortifications of a purely defensive nature) that can move toward the enemy – hence its offensive utility. Psychologically, the tank is a [[force multiplier]] that has a positive morale effect on the infantry it accompanies.<ref name="morale effect">{{cite book|title=Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-344-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&q=%22main+battle+tank%22|author=Stanley Sandler|access-date=5 April 2011|page=59}}</ref> It also instills fear in the opposing force who can often hear and even feel their arrival.<ref name="McNab Gulf War">{{cite book|title=Tools of violence: guns, tanks and dirty bombs|year=2008|publisher=Osprey Publishing|first1=Chris|last1=McNab|first2=Hunter|last2=Keeter|isbn=978-1846032257|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna}}</ref>
==== Tank classifications ====
Tanks were classified either by size or by role.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ripsaw M5.webp|alt=[[Ripsaw (vehicle)]] Ground Combat Vehicle|[[Ripsaw (vehicle)|Ripsaw M5]] [[Unmanned ground vehicle|unmanned]] [[light tank]]
File:PanzerIISaumur.jpg|A WWII [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzer II]] light tank
File:T-34-76 RB8.JPG|Soviet-made Polish [[T-34]] medium tank Model 1942 in [[Poznań]], Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.
File:T29 Heavy Tank.png|[[United States|American]] [[T29 Heavy Tank|T29]] Heavy Tank
</gallery>
Classification by relative size was common, as this also tended to influence the tanks' role.
* [[Light tank]]s are smaller tanks with thinner armour and lower-powered guns, allowing for better tactical mobility and ease of strategic transport. These are intended for [[armoured reconnaissance]], [[skirmishing]], [[artillery observer|artillery observation]], [[expeditionary warfare]] and supplementing [[Landing operation|airborne or naval landings]]. Light tanks are typically cheaper to build and maintain, but fare poorly against heavier tanks. They may be held in reserve for exploiting any breakthroughs in enemy lines, with the goal of disrupting communications and supply lines.
* [[Medium tank]]s are mid-sized tanks with adequate armour and guns, and fair mobility, allowing for a balance of fighting abilities, mobility, cost-effectiveness, and transportability. Medium tanks are effective in groups when used against enemy tanks.
* [[Heavy tank]]s are larger tanks with thick armour and more powerful guns, but less mobile and more difficult to transport. They were intended to be more than a match for typical enemy medium tanks, easily penetrating their armour while being much less susceptible to their attacks. Heavy tanks cost more to both build and maintain, and their heavy armour proved most effective when deployed in support infantry assaulting entrenched fortifications.
Over time, tanks tended to be designed with heavier armour and weapons, increasing the weight of all tanks, so these classifications are relative to the average for the nation's tanks for any given period. An older tank design might be reclassified over time, such as a tank being first deployed as a medium tank, but in later years relegated to light tank roles.
Tanks were also classified by roles that were independent of size, such as [[cavalry tank]], [[cruiser tank]], [[BT tank|fast tank]], [[infantry tank]], "assault" tank, or "breakthrough" tank. Military theorists initially tended to assign tanks to traditional military infantry, cavalry, and artillery roles, but later developed more specialized roles unique to tanks.
In modern use, the heavy tank has fallen out of favour, being supplanted by more heavily armed and armoured descendant of the medium tanks – the universal [[main battle tank]]. The light tank has, in many armies, lost favour to cheaper, faster, lighter [[Armoured car (military)|armoured cars]]; however, light tanks (or similar vehicles with other names) are still in service with a number of forces as [[reconnaissance vehicle]]s, most notably the [[Naval Infantry (Russia)|Russian Marines]] with the [[PT-76]], the [[British Army]] with the [[FV107 Scimitar|Scimitar]], and the [[Chinese Army]] with the [[Type 63 (tank)|Type 63]].
{{clear}}
==== Main battle tank ====
[[File:T-90 Bhisma cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Indian [[T-90#India|T-90]] ''Bhisma'' <!--Bhishma?-->with appliqué [[reactive armour]] and standard {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}} main gun]]
{{Main|Main battle tank}}
Modern [[Main battle tank#Main battle tank (late twentieth century)|main battle tanks]] or "universal tanks" incorporate recent advances in automotive, artillery, armour, and electronic technology to combine the best characteristics of the historic medium and heavy tanks into a single, all around type. They are also the most expensive to mass-produce. A main battle tank is distinguished by its high level of firepower, mobility and armour protection relative to other vehicles of its era. It can cross comparatively rough terrain at high speeds, but its heavy-dependency on fuel, maintenance, and ammunition makes it [[Military logistics|logistically]] demanding. It has the heaviest [[Vehicle armour|armour]] of any AFVs on the battlefield, and carries a powerful [[precision-guided munition]] weapon systems that may be able to engage a wide variety of both ground targets and air targets. Despite significant advances in [[anti-tank warfare]], it still remains the most versatile and fearsome land-based weapon-systems of the 21st-century, valued for its [[Shock tactics|shock action]] and high [[survivability]].
{{clear}}
==== Tankette ====
{{Main|Tankette}}
A tankette is a tracked armed and armoured vehicle<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf |title=The Revolution After Next: Making Vertical Envelopment by Operationally Significant Mobile Protected Forces a Reality in the First Decade of the 21st Century |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213100806/http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2012 |last=Tedesco |first=Vincent J. |publisher=[[United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies|School of Advanced Military Studies]], [[Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College]] |location=[[Fort Leavenworth]], United States |date=2000 |page=15}}</ref> resembling a small "ultra-light tank" or "super-light tank" roughly the size of a car, mainly intended for light infantry support or [[reconnaissance|scouting]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z23JjCBkSykC&q=tankette&pg=PA84 |title=Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940 |last=Sweet |first=John Joseph Timothy |publisher=[[Stackpole Books]] |date=2007 |page=84 |isbn=9780811733519}}</ref> They were one or two-man vehicles armed with a machine gun. Colloquially it may also simply mean a "small tank".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/War_Slang |quote=tankette. |title=War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War |last=Dickson |first=Paul |publisher=Brassey's |date=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/War_Slang/page/n234 221] |isbn=9781574887105}}</ref>
Tankettes were designed and built by several nations between the 1920s and 1940s following the British [[Carden Loyd tankette]] which was a successful implementation of "one man tank" ideas from [[Giffard Le Quesne Martel]]. They were very popular with smaller countries. Some saw some combat (with limited success) in World War II. However, the vulnerability of their light armour eventually caused the concept to be abandoned.
However, the [[German Army]] uses a modern design of air-transportable armoured weapons carriers, the [[Wiesel AWC]], which resembles the concept of a tankette.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Carden-Loyd Two-Man Tankette, 1926. KID235.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Carden-Loyd]] tankette concept was adopted by many armies
File:W2 argus.tif|[[Wiesel 2]] ''Argus'' scout tankette
</gallery>
==== ''Super''-heavy tank ====
{{Main|Super-heavy tank}}
The term "super-heavy tank" has been used to describe armoured fighting vehicles of extreme size, generally over 75 tonnes. Programs have been initiated on several occasions with the aim of creating an invincible [[siege engine|siegeworks]]/[[Breakthrough (military)|breakthrough]] vehicle for penetrating enemy formations and fortifications without fear of being destroyed in combat. Examples were designed in World War I and World War II (such as the [[Panzer VIII Maus]]), along with a few in the [[Cold War]]. However, few working prototypes were built and there are no clear evidence any of these vehicles saw combat, as their immense size would have made most designs impractical.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:TOG II.jpg|thumb|[[United Kingdom|British]] [[TOG II]]
File:Metro-maus1.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzer VIII Maus|Maus]]
</gallery>
{{clear}}
==== Missile tank ====
[[File:IT-1 missile tank.jpg|200px|thumb|Soviet [[IT-1]], [[Kubinka Tank Museum]]]]
A [[missile tank]] is a tank fulfilling the role of a main battle tank, but using only [[Anti-tank missile|anti-tank]] [[surface-to-surface missile]]s for main armament.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Several nations have experimented with prototypes, notably the Soviet Union during the tenure of Nikita Khrushchev (projects Object 167, Object 137Ml, Object 155Ml, Object 287, Object 775),
{{clear}}
==== Flame tank ====
[[File:Churchill Crocodile 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Churchill Crocodile]] flame tank]]
{{Main|Flame tank}}
A ''' flame tank''' is an otherwise-standard [[tank]] equipped with a [[flamethrower]], most commonly used to supplement [[combined arms]] attacks against [[fortification]]s, confined spaces, or other obstacles. The type only reached significant use in the [[Second World War]], during which the United States, [[Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and the United Kingdom (including members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]) all produced flamethrower-equipped tanks. Usually, the flame projector replaced one of the tank's machineguns, however, some flame projectors replaced the tank's main gun. Fuel for the flame weapon was generally carried inside the tank, although a few designs mounted the fuel externally, such as the armoured trailer used on the [[Churchill Crocodile]].
Flame tanks have been superseded by [[thermobaric weapon]]s such as the Russian [[TOS-1]].
{{clear}}
==== Infantry tank ====
[[File:MatildaII.jpg|thumb|A British [[Matilda II|Matilda tank]] displaying a captured [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] flag]]
{{Main|Infantry tank}}
The idea for this tank was developed during World War I by British and French. The [[infantry]] tank was designed to work in concert with infantry in the assault, moving mostly at a walking pace, and carrying heavy armour to survive defensive fire. Its main purpose was to suppress enemy fire, crush obstacles such as barbed-wire entanglements, and protect the infantry on their advance into and through enemy lines by giving mobile [[overwatch (military tactic)|overwatch]] and [[Suppressive fire|cover]]. The French [[Renault FT]] was the first iteration of this concept.
The British and French retained the concept between the wars and into the Second World War era. Because infantry tanks did not need to be fast, they could carry heavy armour. One of the best-known infantry tanks was the [[Matilda II]] of World War II. Other examples include the French [[Renault R35|R-35]], the British [[Valentine Tank|Valentine]], and the British [[Churchill Tank|Churchill]].
==== Cruiser tank ====
[[File:IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg|thumb|2 pdr-armed [[Crusader tank]] in the desert]]
{{Main|Cruiser tank}}
A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "[[Plan 1919]]", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of [[World War I]] in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British [[Medium Mark A Whippet|Whippet]].
Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by [[J. Walter Christie]]. These led to the Soviet [[BT Tank|BT tank series]] and the British [[Cruiser tank|cruiser tank series]].
During [[World War II]], British cruiser tanks were designed to complement [[infantry tank]]s, exploiting gains made by the latter to attack and disrupt the enemy rear areas. In order to give them the required speed, cruiser designs sacrificed armour and armament compared to the infantry tanks. Pure British cruisers were generally replaced by more capable medium tanks such as the [[Sherman Tank|US Sherman]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] by 1943.
The Soviet fast tank (''bistrokhodniy tank'', or [[BT tank]]) classification also came out of the infantry/cavalry concept of armoured warfare and formed the basis for the British cruisers after 1936. The T-34 was a development of this line of tanks as well, though their armament, armour, and all-round capability places them firmly in the medium tank category.
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=== Armoured car ===
{{Main|Armored car (military)}}
The [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] is a wheeled, often lightly armoured, vehicle adapted as a fighting machine. Its earliest form consisted of a motorised ironside chassis fitted with firing ports. By [[World War I]], this had evolved into a mobile fortress<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nT3zle-U3jgC&q=WWI+armored+cars&pg=PP1|title=1914–1938 Armored Fighting Vehicles|last=Bradford|first=George|date=2010|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705684|language=en}}</ref> equipped with command equipment, searchlights, and machine guns for self-defence. It was soon proposed that the requirements for the armament and layout of armoured cars be somewhat similar to those on naval craft, resulting in turreted vehicles. The first example carried a single revolving cupola with a [[Vickers gun]]; modern armoured cars may boast heavier armament – ranging from twin machine guns to large calibre cannon.
Some multi-axled wheeled fighting vehicles can be quite heavy, and superior to older or smaller tanks in terms of armour and armament. Others are often used in military marches and processions, or for the escorting of important figures. Under peacetime conditions, they form an essential part of most standing armies. Armoured car units can move without the assistance of transporters and cover great distances with fewer logistical problems than tracked vehicles.
During [[World War II]], armoured cars were used for reconnaissance alongside scout cars. Their guns were suitable for some defence if they encountered enemy [[armoured fighting vehicles]], but they were not intended to engage enemy [[tank]]s. [[Armored car (military)|Armoured cars]] have since been used in the offensive role against tanks with varying degrees of success, most notably during the [[South African Border War]], [[Toyota War]], the [[Invasion of Kuwait]], and other [[Low intensity conflict|lower-intensity conflicts]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rolls Royce 1920 Mk1 1 Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Rolls-Royce Armoured Car]] in Bovington
File:T 17 Staghound Armored Car (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|American [[T17E1 Staghound]] armored car of World War II
File:Hmmwv-036.jpg|thumb|left|A U.S. Army [[HMMWV]] firing a [[BGM-71 TOW]] missile.
</gallery>
==== Aerosani ====
{{Main|Aerosani}}
[[Image:RF-8.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[RF-8]], a smaller World War II model, powered by an inexpensive automotive engine]]
An ''aerosani'' ({{lang-ru |aэросани}}, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-driven [[snowmobile]], running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. ''Aerosanis'' were used by the Soviet [[Red Army]] during the [[Winter War]] and [[World War II]].
The first ''aerosanis'' may have been built by young [[Igor Sikorsky]] in 1909–10, before he built multi-engine airplanes and helicopters. They were very light [[plywood]] vehicles on skis, propelled by old airplane engines and propellers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm |title=The Propeller-Driven Sleigh |website=The Museum of Retro Technology |first=Douglas |last=Self |date=26 July 2005 |access-date=11 September 2008}}</ref>
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==== Scout car ====
{{Main|Scout car}}
A ''scout car'' is a military armoured [[reconnaissance vehicle]], capable of off-road mobility and often carrying mounted weapons such as [[machine gun]]s for offensive capabilities and crew protection. They often only carry an operational crew aboard, which differentiates them from wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and [[infantry mobility vehicle]]s (IMVs), but early scout cars, such as the open-topped US [[M3 scout car]] could carry a crew of seven. The term is often used synonymously with the more general term armoured car, which also includes armoured civilian vehicles. They are also differentiated by being designed and built for purpose, as opposed to improvised [[Technical (vehicle)|"technicals"]] which might serve in the same role.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2011 140.jpg|thumb|left|[[BA-64]] at the [[UMMC Museum of Military and Automotive Equipment|UMMC Museum]]
File:Panhard AML-90 img 2308.jpg|thumb|right|[[Panhard AML]] scout car
</gallery>
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==== Reconnaissance vehicle ====
[[File:Stryker RV front q.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army]] [[M1127]]]]
{{Main|Reconnaissance vehicle}}
A ''reconnaissance vehicle'', also known as a ''scout vehicle'', is a [[military vehicle]] used for forward [[reconnaissance]]. Both tracked and wheeled reconnaissance vehicles are in service. In some nations, light tanks such as the [[M551 Sheridan]] and [[AMX-13]] are also used by scout platoons. Reconnaissance vehicles are usually designed with a low profile or small size and are lightly armoured, relying on speed and cover to escape detection. Their armament ranges from a [[medium machine gun]] to an [[autocannon]]. Modern examples are often fitted with [[ATGM]]s and a wide range of sensors.
Some [[armoured personnel carrier]]s and [[infantry mobility vehicle]], such as the [[M113]], [[TPz Fuchs]], and [[Cadillac Gage Commando]] double in the reconnaissance role.
==== Internal security vehicle ====
{{Main|Internal security vehicle}}
[[File:Bulgarian m1117.JPG|thumb|right|An American-made Bulgarian [[M1117]]]]
An internal security vehicle (ISV), also known as an armoured security vehicle (ASV), is a combat vehicle used for suppressing civilian unrest. Security vehicles are typically armed with a turreted [[heavy machine gun]] and auxiliary [[medium machine gun]]. The vehicle is designed to minimize firepower dead space and the vehicles weapons can be depressed to a maximum of 12°. [[Non-lethal weapon|Non-lethal]] [[water cannon]]s and [[tear gas]] cannons can provide suppressive fire in lieu of unnecessary deadly fire.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996|p=56, 57}}
The vehicle must be protected against weapons typical of riots. Protection from [[Molotov cocktail|improvised incendiary device]]s is achieved though coverage of the air intake and exhaust ports as well as a strong locking mechanism on the fuel opening. Turret and door locks prevent access to the interior of the vehicle by rioters. Vision blocks, ballistic glass and window shutters and outside [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] allow protected observation from within the vehicle. Wheeled 4x4 and 6x6 configurations are typical of security vehicles. Tracked security vehicles are often cumbersome and leave negative political connotations for being perceived as an imperial invading force.
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==== Improvised fighting vehicle ====
{{Main|Improvised vehicle armour|Improvised fighting vehicle|Narco tank|Gun truck|Technical (vehicle)}}
An improvised fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle resulting from modifications to a civilian or military non-combat vehicle in order to give it a fighting capability. Such modifications usually consist of the grafting of [[Vehicle armour|armour plating]] and [[weapon systems]]. Various militaries have procured such vehicles, ever since the introduction of the first [[automobile]]s into military service.
During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them, lead to much improvisation in the creation of early armoured cars, and other such vehicles. Later, despite the advent of [[arms industry|arms industries]] in many countries, several armies still resorted to using ad hoc contraptions, often in response to unexpected military situations, or as a result of the development of new [[Military tactics|tactics]] for which no available vehicle was suitable. The construction of improvised fighting vehicles may also reflect a lack of means for the force that uses them. This is especially true in [[Underdeveloped country|underdeveloped countries]] and even in [[Developing country|developing countries]], where various armies and [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces have used them, as they are more affordable than military-grade combat vehicles.
Modern examples include '''military gun truck''' used by units of regular armies or other official government armed forces, based on a conventional [[Military vehicle|military cargo truck]], that is able to carry a large weight of weapons and armour. They have mainly been used by regular armies to escort military convoys in regions subject to ambush by [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces. "[[Narco tank]]s", used by [[Mexico|Mexican]] drug cartels in the [[Mexican Drug War]], are built from such trucks, which combines [[operational mobility]], [[Military tactics|tactical]] [[Offensive (military)|offensive]], and [[defense (military)|defensive]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13488620 |title=Mexico police seize 'narco-tank'|date=22 May 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/05/narco-tank-vehicles-cartels-drug-war-mexico.html|title='Narco tank' is latest find in cartels' armored vehicles |first=Daniel |last=Hernandez |date=25 May 2011|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons |title=Mexico soldiers find narco 'tank' factory |access-date=2011-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612112125/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons |archive-date=12 June 2011 |work=Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/ |title=Mexican Cartels Moving Drugs in Armored Vehicles |work=Fox News Latino |access-date=2014-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119210304/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/ |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Na KhTZ-16.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[NI tank]] improvised fighting tractor of [[World War II|WWII]].
File:Free Syrian Army technical in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Technical armed with a [[ZU-23]] [[autocannon]] operated by the [[Free Syrian Army]] during clashes with [[ISIL|ISIS]] in the eastern [[Qalamoun Mountains]], southern Syria, 2017
File:Gun Truck.jpg|thumb|right|A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an [[M939 Truck|M939]] five-ton truck
File:Armoured tractor in Karlovac Museum.jpg|thumb|right|[[Croatia]]n [[backhoe]] with [[improvised vehicle armour]] from the [[Croatian War of Independence]]
</gallery>
=== Troop carriers ===
Troop-carrying AFVs are divided into three main types – armoured personnel carriers (APCs), infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMV). The main difference between the three is their intended role – the APC is designed purely to transport troops and is armed for self-defence only – whereas the IFV is designed to provide close-quarters and anti-armour fire support to the infantry it carries. IMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle.
==== Armoured personnel carrier ====
{{Main|Armoured personnel carrier}}
Armoured personnel carriers ('''APCs''') are intended to carry infantry quickly and relatively safely to the point where they are deployed. In the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], 8 August 1918, the British [[Mk V tank#Mark V series|Mk V* tank]] (a lengthened Mark V) carried a small number of machine gunners as an experiment, but the men were debilitated by the conditions inside the vehicle.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The British Tanks, 1915–1919
|last=Fletcher |first=David
|author-link=David Fletcher (military historian)
|isbn=1-86126-400-3
|publisher=Crowood Press
|year=2001
|page=149
}}</ref> Later that year the first purpose-built APC, the British [[Mark IX tank|Mk IX tank]] (Mark Nine), appeared. In 1944, the Canadian general [[Guy Simonds]] ordered the conversion of redundant armoured vehicles to carry troops (generically named "[[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|Kangaroos]]"). This proved highly successful, even without training, and the concept was widely used in the [[21st Army Group]]. Post-war, specialised designs were built, such as the Soviet [[BTR-60]] and US [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-801-0664-37, Berlin, Unter den Linden, Schützenpanzer.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] WWII [[Sd.Kfz. 251]] [[half-track]]ed APC
File:IM000656.jpg|thumb|IM000656|[[Israel|Israeli]] [[Namer]] tracked APC
File:GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg|thumb|The [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|ARTEC Boxer]] armoured personnel carrier
</gallery>
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==== Infantry fighting vehicle ====
{{Main|Infantry fighting vehicle}}
An ''infantry fighting vehicle'' (''IFV''), also known as a ''mechanized infantry combat vehicle'' (''MICV''), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry [[infantry]] into battle and provide [[Direct fire|direct]] [[fire support]].<ref name=McNab>{{cite book|title=Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-36824-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3YaVQR7x5QC|first1=Martin J. |last1=Dougherty |first2=Chris |last2=McNab |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> The first example of an IFV was the [[West Germany|West German]] [[Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30]] which served in the [[Bundeswehr]] from 1958 until the early 1980s.
IFVs are similar to armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and [[Armoured personnel carrier|infantry carrier vehicles]] (ICVs), designed to transport a [[Section (military unit)|section]] or [[squad]] of infantry (generally between five and ten men) and their equipment. They are differentiated from APCs{{snd}}which are purely "troop-transport" vehicles armed only for self-defence{{snd}}because they are designed to give direct fire support to the dismounted infantry and so usually have significantly enhanced armament. IFVs also often have improved [[vehicle armour|armour]] and some have firing ports (allowing the infantry to fire [[firearm|personal weapons]] while mounted).
They are typically armed with an [[autocannon]] of 20 to 57 mm calibre, 7.62mm machine guns, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (ATGMs) and/or [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs). IFVs are usually [[Caterpillar track|tracked]], but some wheeled vehicles fall into this category. IFVs are generally less heavily armed and armoured than [[main battle tank]]s. They sometimes carry anti-tank missiles to protect and support infantry against armoured threats, such as the NATO [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] missile and Soviet [[9M117 Bastion|Bastion]], which offer a significant threat to tanks. Specially equipped IFVs have taken on some of the roles of light tanks; they are used by reconnaissance organizations, and light IFVs are used by airborne units which must be able to fight without the heavy firepower of tanks.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Puma, first series.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Germany|German]] [[Puma (IFV)|Puma]] infantry fighting vehicles
File:BMP-2M.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[BMP-2]]M amphibious IFV
File:Royal Tank Museum 157.jpg|thumb|[[South Africa]]n Wheeled [[Ratel IFV]]
</gallery>
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==== Infantry mobility vehicle ====
[[File:AMZ Tur PICT0096.jpg|thumb|[[Poland|Polish]] [[AMZ Tur]]]]
{{Main|Infantry mobility vehicle|MRAP}}
An ''infantry mobility vehicle'' (''IMV'') or ''protected patrol vehicle'' (''PPV'') is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle. Examples include the [[ATF Dingo]], [[AMZ Dzik]], [[AMZ Tur]], [[Mungo ESK]], and [[Bushmaster IMV]]. This term also applies to the vehicles currently being fielded as part of the [[MRAP]] program.
IMVs were developed in response to the threats of modern counterinsurgency warfare, with an emphasis on [[Ambush]] Protection and [[Improvised Explosive Device|Mine]]-Resistance. Similar vehicles existed long before the term IMV was coined, such as the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] and South African [[Buffel]]. The term is coming more into use to differentiate light 4x4 wheeled APCs from the traditional 8x8 wheeled APCs. It is a [[neologism]] for what might have been classified in the past as an armoured [[scout car]], such as the [[BRDM]], but the IMV is distinguished by having a requirement to carry dismountable infantry. The up-armoured [[M1114]] Humvee variant can be seen as an adaptation of the unarmoured Humvee to serve in the IMV role.
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:CV9035 assessment (cropped).jpg|A [[Combat Vehicle 90|CV-9035]] [[Sweden|Swedish]] infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army
File:M113IraqiFreedom.jpg|The [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]], one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the [[Iraq War]]
File:Dingo 2.jpg|An [[ATF Dingo]] of the [[German Army]] is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces
File:278th MP Company's new ASVs.jpg|A United States [[Army National Guard]] [[M1117 Armored Security Vehicle|M1117 armoured security vehicle]]
File:Nexter Aravis, place Jeanne Helbling, Strasbourg 2010 (2).jpg|A French [[Nexter Aravis]] in [[Strasbourg]]
File:Norwegian Iveco LMV 02.jpg|Norwegian soldiers running operations in an [[Iveco LMV]] in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries.
File:Saxony State Police Survivor R (1).jpg|An [[RMMV Survivor R]] used by the [[Saxony]] State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration.
</gallery>
=== Amphibious vehicles ===
{{Main|Amphibious vehicle#Armored|Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault|Landing craft}}
Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance, through armoured personnel carriers and tanks, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. Contemporary wheeled armoured amphibians include the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé]] and [[Véhicule Blindé Léger]]. The latter is a small, lightly armoured [[4×4]] all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h. The VAB (''Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé'' – 'armoured vanguard vehicle') is a fully amphibious armoured personnel carrier powered in the water by two water jets, that entered service in 1976 and produced in numerous configurations, ranging from basic personnel carrier, anti-tank missile platform.
During the [[Cold War]] the [[Soviet bloc]] states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious, or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the [[BRDM-1]] and [[BRDM-2]] [[4x4]] armoured scout cars, as well as the [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]], [[BTR-80]] and [[BTR-94]] [[8x8]] armoured personnel carriers and the [[BTR-90]] infantry fighting vehicle.
The United States started developing a long line of [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]] (LVT) designs from ca. 1940. The US Marine Corps currently uses the AAV7-A1 [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]], which was to be succeeded by the [[Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle]], which was capable of planing on water and can achieve water speeds of 37–46 km/h. The EFV project has been cancelled.
A significant number of tracked armoured vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, have some amphibious capability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on bridges. They use their tracks, sometimes with added propeller or water jets for propulsion. As long as the banks have a shallow enough slopes to enter or leave the water they can cross rivers and water obstacles.
Some heavy tanks can operate amphibiously with a fabric skirt to add [[buoyancy]]. The [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] [[DD tank]] used in the [[Normandy landings]] had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. Some modern vehicles use a similar skirt.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:BTR-80 coming ashore.jpg|[[BTR-80]]s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed
File:AAV-australia.jpg|Two [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]]s emerge from the surf onto the sand of [[Freshwater Beach]], Australia
File:PT 76 7 DOW TBiU 12 3.jpg|Swimming Polish [[PT-76]]s.
File:PKP trailer attached to the amphibian carrier [[PTS-2]] in Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps in Saint-Petersburg, Russia.jpg|PKP trailer
File:PTS-M.jpg|Soviet [[PTS-M]] landing craft
</gallery>
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=== Airborne vehicles ===
{{expand section|date=December 2021}}
[[File:C-130 airdrop.jpg|thumb|[[C-130]] airdrops an [[M551]] light tank]]
Lightweight armoured fighting vehicles designed or modified to be [[airlift|carried by aircraft]] and delivered by air drop, helicopter lift, glider, or air landing with infantry to provide heavier tactical firepower and mobility. The air-equivalent to amphibious vehicles, the main advantage of airborne forces is their ability to be deployed into combat zones without land passage, as long as the [[airspace]] is accessible. Airborne vehicles are limited only by the tonnage capacity of their [[military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]]. Airborne vehicles typically lack the armour and supplies necessary for prolonged combat, so they are utilized for establishing an [[airhead (warfare)|airhead]] to bring in larger forces before carrying out other combat objectives. One modern example is the German [[Wiesel AWC]]. The USA also created the [[M22 Locust]] as a way to aid paratroopers/ being paradropped in as it was very lightly armored and very small.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nash |first=Mark |date=2017-05-09 |title=Light Tank (Airborne) M22 Locust |url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/us/light-tank-airborne-m22-locust |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Tank Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Armoured engineering vehicle ===
[[File:IDF Puma CEV (5).jpg|thumb|[[IDF Puma]] combat engineering vehicle]]
{{Main|Military engineering vehicle}}
Modern engineering AFV's utilize chassis based on main battle tank platforms: these vehicles are as well armoured and protected as tanks, designed to keep up with tanks, breach obstacles to help tanks get to wherever it needs to be, perform utility functions necessary to expedite mission objectives of tanks, and to conduct other earth-moving and engineering work on the battlefield. These vehicles go by different names depending upon the country of use or manufacture. In the United States the term "combat engineer vehicle (CEV)" is used, in the United Kingdom the term "[[Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers]] (AVRE)" is used, while in Canada and other commonwealth nations the term "armoured engineer vehicle (AEV)" is used. There is no set template for what such a vehicle will look like, yet likely features include a large dozer blade or mine ploughs, a large calibre demolition cannon, augers, winches, excavator arms and cranes, or lifting booms.
Although the term "armoured engineer vehicle" is used specifically to describe these multi-purpose tank-based engineering vehicles, that term is also used more generically in British and Commonwealth militaries to describe all heavy tank-based engineering vehicles used in the support of mechanized forces. Thus, "armoured engineer vehicle" used generically would refer to AEV, AVLB, Assault Breachers, and so on. Good examples of this type of vehicle include the UK [[Trojan Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers|Trojan AVRE]], the Russian IMR, and the US [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]].
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[[File:ILÜ_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg|alt=|thumb|A [[German Army|German army]] [[Rheinmetall]] [[Keiler (mine flail)|Keiler]]. It uses a heavy-duty rotor-powered mine flail, which causes mines it comes in contact with to safely detonate.]]
==== Breaching vehicle ====
{{Main|Military engineering vehicle#Breaching vehicle}}
A '''breaching vehicle''' is especially designed to clear pathways for troops and other vehicles through [[minefields]] and along [[roadside bomb]]s and other [[Improvised Explosive Device|improvised explosive device]]s. These vehicles are equipped with mechanical or other means for the breaching of man made obstacles. Common types of breaching vehicles include mechanical [[Mine flail|flails]], mine plough vehicles, and mine roller vehicles.
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==== Armoured bulldozer ====
[[File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg|thumb|[[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armoured bulldozer]]]]
{{Main|Armored bulldozer}}
The armoured bulldozer is a basic tool of [[combat engineering]]. These [[combat engineering vehicle]]s combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer with armour which protects the vehicle and its operator in or near combat. Most are civilian bulldozers modified by addition of [[vehicle armour]]/military equipment, but some are [[tank]]s stripped of armament and fitted with a dozer blade. Some tanks have bulldozer blades while retaining their armament, but this does not make them armoured bulldozers as such, because combat remains the primary role – earth moving is a secondary task.
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==== Armoured recovery vehicle ====
{{Main|Armoured recovery vehicle}}
An ''armoured recovery vehicle'' (''ARV'') is a type of [[Vehicle recovery (military)|vehicle recovery]] armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle- or mine-damaged as well as broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them out of the danger zone for more extensive repairs. To this end the term ''armoured repair and recovery vehicle'' (''ARRV'') is also used.
ARVs are normally built on the [[chassis]] of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles, mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on the basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs, but does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank.
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==== Armoured vehicle-launched bridge ====
{{Main|Armoured vehicle-launched bridge}}
An ''armoured vehicle-launched bridge'' (''AVLB'') is a combat support vehicle, sometimes regarded as a subtype of [[combat engineering vehicle]], designed to assist militaries in rapidly deploying [[tank]]s and other armoured fighting vehicles across rivers. The AVLB is usually a tracked vehicle converted from a tank chassis to carry a folding metal bridge instead of weapons. The AVLB's job is to allow armoured or infantry units to cross water, when a river too deep for vehicles to wade through is reached, and no bridge is conveniently located (or sufficiently sturdy, a substantial concern when moving 60-ton tanks).
The bridge layer unfolds and launches its cargo, providing a ready-made bridge across the obstacle in only minutes. Once the span has been put in place, the AVLB vehicle detaches from the bridge, and moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Once all of the vehicles have crossed, it crosses the bridge itself and reattaches to the bridge on the other side. It then retracts the span ready to move off again. A similar procedure can be employed to allow crossings of small chasms or similar obstructions. AVLBs can carry bridges of {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=off}} or greater in length. By using a tank chassis, the bridge layer is able to cover the same terrain as main battle tanks, and the provision of armour allows them to operate even in the face of enemy fire. However, this is not a universal attribute: some exceptionally sturdy 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis have lent themselves to bridge-layer applications.
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==== Combat engineer section carriers ====
''Combat engineer section carriers'' are used to transport [[sapper]]s ([[combat engineer]]s) and can be fitted with [[bulldozer]]s' blades and other mine-breaching devices. They are often used as APCs because of their carrying ability and heavy protection. They are usually armed with [[machine gun]]s and grenade launchers and usually tracked to provide enough tractive force to push blades and rakes. Some examples are the U.S. [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier|M113 APC]], [[IDF Puma]], [[Nagmachon]], Husky, and U.S. [[M1132 Engineer Support Vehicle|M1132 ESV]] (a [[Stryker]] variant).
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:IDF Puma CEV (5).jpg|[[IDF Puma]] - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier
File:M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg|A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 16 May 1996.
File:M1 Assault Breacher Vehicle.jpg|Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a [[M58 MICLIC]] from an [[M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle]]
File:D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg|An armoured [[IDF Caterpillar D9]]R [[armoured bulldozer|bulldozer]], nicknamed "דובי" ('[[Teddy bear]]') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire.
File:Bergepanzer Bueffel.jpg|BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, [[German Army]]
File:M60A1 Armored Vehicle Landing Bridge.jpg|An [[M60 AVLB|M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB)]], deploying its scissors-type bridge
File:Stryker ESV front q.jpg|An [[M1132]] engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams
</gallery>
=== Air defence vehicles ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
{{Main|Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar|Close-in weapon system}}
An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.
Specific weapon systems used include [[machine guns]], [[autocannon|anti-aircraft autocannon]]s, larger anti-air guns, or [[surface-to-air-missiles]], and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir-S1). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today, missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Brno, Řečkovice, transportér Praga V33 II.JPG|thumb|[[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] self-propelled anti-aircraft gun [[M53/59 Praga]] developed in the late 1950s.
Image:Wirbelwind CFB Borden 2.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Wirbelwind]] - a [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling#2 cm Flakvierling 38|20 mm ''Flakvierling'']] quadmount on a [[Panzer IV]] chassis.
File:Gepard 1a2 overview.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flakpanzer Gepard]], Germany
File:JLTV 1.jpg|thumb|At AUSA 2017, a [[Joint Light Tactical Vehicle|JLTV]] Utility variant mounting [[Boeing]]'s [[SHORAD]] Launcher
File:2008 Moscow Victory Day Parade - 9K22 Tunguska.jpg|thumb|right|Typical of more modern designs, the [[Tunguska-M1]] mounts both [[Surface-to-air missile|missile]]s and [[autocannon]]s.
</gallery>
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=== Artillery tractor ===
An [[artillery tractor]], also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-203-1696-25, Albanien, Raupenschlepper Ost mit Kanone.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Raupenschlepper, Ost|RSO]] [[artillery tractor]] towing [[10.5 cm leFH 18M|105 mm howitzer]], Albania, 1943]]
There are two main types of artillery tractors, depending on the type of traction: wheeled and tracked.
Wheeled tractors are usually variations of lorries adapted for military service.
Tracked tractors run on continuous track; in some cases are built on a modified tank chassis with the superstructure replaced with a compartment for the gun crew or ammunition.
In addition, half-track tractors were used in the [[interwar period]] and in [[World War II]], especially by the [[Wehrmacht]]. This type of tractor was mostly discontinued postwar.
=== Self-propelled artillery ===
{{Main|Self-propelled artillery|Self-propelled gun}}
Self-propelled [[artillery]] vehicles give mobility to [[artillery]]. Within the term are covered [[self-propelled gun]]s (or [[howitzer]]s) and [[rocket artillery]]. They are highly mobile, usually based on tracked chassis carrying either a large howitzer or other field gun or alternatively a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] or some form of rocket or missile launcher. They are usually used for long-range [[indirect-fire|indirect]] bombardment support on the battlefield.
In the past, self-propelled artillery has included direct-fire "Gun Motor Carriage" vehicles, such as [[assault gun]]s and [[tank destroyer]]s (also known as self-propelled anti-tank guns). These have been heavily armoured vehicles, the former providing danger-close fire-support for infantry and the latter acting as specialized anti-tank vehicles.
Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles may superficially resemble tanks, but they are generally lightly armoured, too lightly to survive in direct-fire combat. However, they protect their crews against [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] and small arms and are therefore usually included as armoured fighting vehicles. Many are equipped with [[machine gun]]s for defence against enemy infantry.
The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and the guns set up. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought – usually towed – to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery in combination with modern communications, can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance.
Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be taken to places that self-propelled guns cannot reach, so despite the advantages of the self-propelled artillery, towed guns remain in the [[arsenal]]s of many modern armies.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Destroyed german self-propelled gun carriage.jpg|thumb|A [[Wespe]] destroyed in [[Normandy]], 1944.
File:G6 Howitzer2.JPG|[[G6 howitzer]] wheeled SPG
File:April 9th rehearsal in Alabino of 2014 Victory Day Parade (558-34).jpg|thumb|A Russian [[2S19 Msta-S]] in 2014
</gallery>
{{clear}}
==== Assault gun ====
{{Main|Assault gun}}
An assault gun is a gun or howitzer mounted on a motor vehicle or armoured chassis, designed for use in the [[direct fire]] role in support of [[infantry]] when attacking other infantry or [[fortified]] positions.
Historically, the custom-built fully armoured assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed [[casemate]] on a tank chassis. The use of a [[casemate]] instead of a [[gun turret]] limited these weapons' [[field of fire (weaponry)|field of fire]], but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction. In most cases, these turretless vehicles also presented a lower profile as a target for the enemy.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:ISU-152 at Victory Park in Moscow.jpg|thumb|right|[[ISU-152]]K, [[Poklonnaya Hill|Victory Park]], [[Moscow]], Russia
File:Ikv 91 a.jpg|thumb|[[Infanterikanonvagn 91]], Swedish [[gun turret|turreted]] amphibious assault gun
</gallery>
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==== Self-propelled siege mortar ====
[[File:Karl6.jpg|thumb|A [[Karl-Gerät]] firing in Warsaw,1944]]
{{Main|Self-propelled siege mortar}}
A Siege mortar is a form of self-propelled gun that holds a siege mortar. The only siege mortar ever built was the [[Karl-Gerät]]. It could be argued that these could be classified as a [[Mortar carrier]] .
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==== Mortar carrier ====
[[File:Stryker MCV-B.jpg|thumb|An American [[M1129 Mortar Carrier]]]]
{{Main|Mortar carrier}}
A mortar carrier is a [[self-propelled artillery]] vehicle carrying a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] as its primary weapon. Mortar carriers cannot be fired while on the move and some must be dismounted to fire. In U.S. Army doctrine, mortar carriers provide close and immediate indirect fire support for maneuver units while allowing for rapid displacement and quick reaction to the tactical situation. The ability to relocate not only allows fire support to be provided where it is needed faster, but also allows these units to avoid [[counter-battery fire]]. Mortar carriers have traditionally avoided direct contact with the enemy. Many units report never using secondary weapons in combat.
Prior to the [[Iraq War]], American 120 mm mortar platoons reorganized from six [[M1064 mortar carrier]]s and two M577 fire direction centres (FDC) to four M1064 and one FDC.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mortar Platoon Training Focus to Meet the Evolving Battlefield |magazine=[[Armor (magazine)|Armor]] |last=Ward |first=CPT Stephen |publisher=United States Army Armor Center |location=[[Fort Knox]] |date=July–August 2006 |volume=CXV |issue=4 |pages=41–42 |issn=0004-2420}}</ref> The urban environment of Iraq made it difficult to utilize mortars. New technologies such as mortar ballistic computers and communication equipment and are being integrated. Modern era combat is becoming more reliant on [[direct fire]] support from mortar carrier [[machine gun]]s.
{{clear}}
==== Multiple rocket launcher ====
{{Main|Multiple rocket launcher}}
A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided [[rocket artillery]] system. Like other [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower (sustained) rate of fire than batteries of traditional [[artillery]] guns. However, they have the capability of simultaneously dropping many hundreds of kilograms of explosive, with devastating effect.
The [[Korea|Korean]] [[Hwacha]] is an example of an early weapon system with a resemblance to the modern-day multiple rocket launcher. The first self-propelled multiple rocket launchers – and arguably the most famous – were the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyushas]], first used during World War II and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern multiple rocket launchers. The first modern multiple rocket launcher was the [[Nazi Germany|German]] ''[[15 cm Nebelwerfer 41]]'' of the 1930s,{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} a small towed artillery piece. Only later in [[World War II]] did the British deploy similar weapons in the form of the [[Mattress (rocket)|Land Mattress]].The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop [[M4 Sherman]] tanks to create the [[T34 Calliope]] rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Panzerwerfer alias Maultier.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzerwerfer]] [[Half-track|half-tracked]] MRLS.
File:BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 chassis at the Museum on Sapun Mountain Sevastopol 4.jpg|thumb|[[Katyusha rocket launcher]] at the Museum ([[Diorama]]) on Sapun Mountain, [[Sevastopol]]
File:9a52 smerch.jpg|thumb|right|[[BM-30 Smerch]] 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position
File:Army mlrs 1982 02.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[M270]] MLRS conducts a rocket launch.
</gallery>
{{clear}}
==== Missile vehicle ====
[[Missile vehicle]]s are trucks or tractor units designed to carry rockets or missiles. The missile vehicle may be a self-propelled unit or the missile holder/launcher may be on a trailer towed by a prime mover. They are used in the military forces of a number of countries in the world. Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to the ground on these vehicles, but elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching.
* A [[Transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) is a missile vehicle with an integrated prime mover (tractor unit) that can carry, elevate to firing position and launch one or more missiles. Such vehicles exist for both surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Тягач МЗКТ-79221 (комплекс Тополь-М).jpg|Missile truck [[MZKT]] 79221 under missile [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M|Topol-M]]
Image:sa-4.jpg|A [[Soviet]] [[2K11 Krug]] [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]]
File:MoscowParade2009 7.jpg|thumb|[[S-300 missile system]].
</gallery>
==== Tank destroyer ====
{{Main|Tank destroyer|Anti-tank missile carrier|Anti-tank warfare}}
Tank destroyers and tank hunters are armed with an [[anti-tank gun]] or [[anti-tank guided missile|anti tank missile]] launcher, and are designed specifically to engage enemy armoured vehicles. Many have been based on a tracked tank chassis, while others are wheeled. Since World War II, main battle tanks have largely replaced gun-armed tank destroyers; although lightly armoured anti tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers are commonly used for supplementary long-range anti-tank engagements.
In post-[[Cold War]] conflict, the resurgence of [[expeditionary warfare]] has seen the emergence of gun-armed wheeled vehicles, sometimes called "protected gun systems", which may bear a superficial resemblance to tank destroyers, but are employed as direct fire support units typically providing support in low intensity operations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. These have the advantage of easier deployment, as only the largest air transports can carry a main battle tank, and their smaller size makes them more effective in urban combat.
Many forces' IFVs carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield. But there are still dedicated anti-tank vehicles with very heavy long-range missiles, or intended for airborne use. There have also been dedicated anti-tank vehicles built on ordinary armoured personnel carrier or armoured car chassis. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an [[M113]] chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the [[BRDM-2|BRDM scout car]], the British FV438 [[Swingfire]] and [[FV102 Striker]] and the [[West Germany|German]] ''Raketenjagdpanzer'' series built on the chassis of the [[HS 30]] and [[Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)|Mardar IFV]]s.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:M3 75mm gun motor carriage.jpg|thumb|American [[M3 Gun Motor Carriage|M3 GMC]] [[half-track]]ed tank destroyer
Image:SC198612.jpg|thumb|left|90 mm GMC [[M36 tank destroyer|M36]] during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945
File:Jagdtiger 1 Bovington.jpg|thumb|right|British-captured [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Jagdtiger]] in [[The Tank Museum]], the UK
File:NM142 x 3.jpg|thumb|right|A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with [[NM142]] TOW missile launchers
File:Panzermuseum Munster 2010 0915.JPG|[[West Germany|German]] missile tank destroyer [[Raketenjagdpanzer 2]].
</gallery>
=== Armoured train ===
{{Main|Armoured train}}
An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s, tank [[gun turret|turret]]s and [[anti-aircraft gun]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a ''Fremdgerät'' (captured AFVs such as the French [[Somua S-35]] or Czech [[PzKpfw 38(t)]]), or obsolescent [[Panzer II]] light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy [[Partisan (military)|partisans]].
Different types of armour were used to protect armoured trains from attack. In addition to various metal plates, concrete and sandbags were used in some cases on armoured trains.
Armoured trains were sometimes escorted by a kind of rail-tank called a [[draisine]]. One such example was the Italian 'Littorina' armoured trolley, which had a cab in the front and rear, each with a control set so it could be driven down the tracks in either direction. Littorina mounted two dual 7.92mm [[MG-13|MG13]] machine gun turrets from [[Panzer I]] light tanks.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:MÁV armoured train.jpg|thumb|MÁV armoured train
File:Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of the [[Armored train Hurban|"Hurban" armoured train]] located in Zvolen, Slovakia
</gallery>
{{clear}}
{{Main|Mobile missile launcher}}
{{clear}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Tanks}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Armoured warfare]]
* [[Lists of armoured fighting vehicles]]
* [[Non-military armored vehicles|Non-military armoured vehicles]]
* ''[[Tachanka]]''
* [[Tank classification]]
* [[Vehicle markings of the United States military]]
}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
=== Sources ===
* {{cite book | last= Gougaud| first= Alain| title= L'aube de la gloire: les autos mitrailleuses et les chars français pendant la Grande Guerre, histoire technique et militaire, arme blindée, cavalerie, chars, Musée des blindés| year= 1987| isbn= 978-2-904255-02-1 |location=Issy-les-Moulineaux |publisher=Société OCEBUR |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last= Macksey|first= Kenneth|title= The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats|year= 1980|publisher= Guinness Superlatives Limited|isbn= 0-85112-204-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Brassey's encyclopedia of land forces and warfare|year=1996|publisher=Brassey's|isbn=1-57488-087-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ipz0AzERg_MC&q=%22Main+battle+tank%22|editor-first=Franklin D. |editor-last=Margiotta|access-date=19 February 2011}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Armored fighting vehicles}}
* [http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/ US Wheeled armoured fighting vehicles]
{{WWI tanks|style=wide}}
{{Interwar tanks|style=wide}}
{{WWII tanks|style=wide}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Post-Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
[[Category:Military vehicles by type]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles|*]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -490,5 +490,5 @@
=== Armoured train ===
{{Main|Armoured train}}
-An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s and tank [[gun turret|turret]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
+An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s, tank [[gun turret|turret]]s and [[anti-aircraft gun]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a ''Fremdgerät'' (captured AFVs such as the French [[Somua S-35]] or Czech [[PzKpfw 38(t)]]), or obsolescent [[Panzer II]] light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy [[Partisan (military)|partisans]].
' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit, pre-save transformed (edit_diff_pst) | '@@ -490,5 +490,5 @@
=== Armoured train ===
{{Main|Armoured train}}
-An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s and tank [[gun turret|turret]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
+An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s, tank [[gun turret|turret]]s and [[anti-aircraft gun]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a ''Fremdgerät'' (captured AFVs such as the French [[Somua S-35]] or Czech [[PzKpfw 38(t)]]), or obsolescent [[Panzer II]] light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy [[Partisan (military)|partisans]].
' |
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New page text, stripped of any markup (new_text) | 'Combat vehicle with both armament and armour
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WW1 Mark V tank, in The Tank Museum
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An armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) is an armed combat vehicle protected by armour, generally combining operational mobility with offensive and defensive capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or tracked. Examples of AFVs are tanks, armoured cars, assault guns, self-propelled guns, infantry fighting vehicles, and armoured personnel carriers.
Armoured fighting vehicles are classified according to their characteristics and intended role on the battlefield. The classifications are not absolute; two countries may classify the same vehicle differently, and the criteria change over time. For example, relatively lightly armed armoured personnel carriers were largely superseded by infantry fighting vehicles with much heavier armament in a similar role.
Successful designs are often adapted to a wide variety of applications. For example, the MOWAG Piranha, originally designed as an APC, has been adapted to fill numerous roles such as a mortar carrier, infantry fighting vehicle, and assault gun.
Armoured fighting vehicles began to appear in use in World War I with the armoured car, the tank, the self-propelled gun, and the personnel carrier seeing use. By World War II, armies had large numbers of AFVs, together with other vehicles to carry troops this permitted highly mobile manoeuvre warfare.
.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}Contents
1 Evolution
1.1 History
1.1.1 Siege machine
1.1.2 War wagon
1.1.3 Armed and armoured car
1.1.4 Tank
1.1.5 Troop transport
1.1.6 Tankette
1.1.7 Self-propelled artillery
1.1.8 Anti-aircraft vehicle
1.1.9 Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher
1.1.10 Cold War
1.2 Design
1.2.1 Armour
1.2.2 Weaponry
1.2.3 Engine
2 Modern classification by type and role
2.1 Tank
2.1.1 Tank classifications
2.1.2 Main battle tank
2.1.3 Tankette
2.1.4 Super-heavy tank
2.1.5 Missile tank
2.1.6 Flame tank
2.1.7 Infantry tank
2.1.8 Cruiser tank
2.2 Armoured car
2.2.1 Aerosani
2.2.2 Scout car
2.2.3 Reconnaissance vehicle
2.2.4 Internal security vehicle
2.2.5 Improvised fighting vehicle
2.3 Troop carriers
2.3.1 Armoured personnel carrier
2.3.2 Infantry fighting vehicle
2.3.3 Infantry mobility vehicle
2.4 Amphibious vehicles
2.5 Airborne vehicles
2.6 Armoured engineering vehicle
2.6.1 Breaching vehicle
2.6.2 Armoured bulldozer
2.6.3 Armoured recovery vehicle
2.6.4 Armoured vehicle-launched bridge
2.6.5 Combat engineer section carriers
2.7 Air defence vehicles
2.8 Artillery tractor
2.9 Self-propelled artillery
2.9.1 Assault gun
2.9.2 Self-propelled siege mortar
2.9.3 Mortar carrier
2.9.4 Multiple rocket launcher
2.9.5 Missile vehicle
2.9.6 Tank destroyer
2.10 Armoured train
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Sources
5 External links
Evolution[edit]
Battle of Zama by Henri-Paul Motte, 1890
The concept of a highly mobile and protected fighting unit has been around for centuries; from Hannibal's war elephants to Leonardo's contraptions, military strategists endeavoured to maximize the mobility and survivability of their soldiers.
Armoured fighting vehicles were not possible until internal combustion engines of sufficient power became available at the start of the 20th century.
History[edit]
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}Main article: Armoured warfare
A Helepolis-like Siege Engine showing ballistae, stairs and movement capstan
Modern armoured fighting vehicles represent the realization of an ancient concept – that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. Armies have deployed war machines and cavalries with rudimentary armour in battle for millennia. Use of these animals and engineering designs sought to achieve a balance between the conflicting paradoxical needs of mobility, firepower and protection.
Siege machine[edit]
Model of a vehicle sketched by Leonardo da Vinci
Siege engines, such as battering rams and siege towers, would often be armoured in order to protect their crews from enemy action. Polyidus of Thessaly developed a very large movable siege tower, the helepolis, as early as 340 BC, and Greek forces used such structures in the Siege of Rhodes (305 BC).
The idea of a protected fighting vehicle has been known since antiquity. Frequently cited is Leonardo da Vinci's 15th-century sketch of a mobile, protected gun-platform; the drawings show a conical, wooden shelter with apertures for cannons around the circumference. The machine was to be mounted on four wheels which would be turned by the crew through a system of hand cranks and cage (or "lantern") gears. Leonardo claimed: "I will build armoured wagons which will be safe and invulnerable to enemy attacks. There will be no obstacle which it cannot overcome."[1] Modern replicas have demonstrated that the human crew would have been able to move it over only short distances.
War wagon[edit]
Hussite forces in Bohemia developed war wagons – medieval horse-drawn wagons that doubled as wagon forts – around 1420 during the Hussite Wars. These heavy wagons were given protective sides with firing slits; their heavy firepower came from either a cannon or from a force of hand-gunners and crossbowmen, supported by light cavalry and infantry using pikes and flails. Heavy arquebuses mounted on wagons were called arquebus à croc. These carried a ball of about 3.5 ounces (100 g).[2] Modern reconstruction of Hussite war wagon
Armed and armoured car[edit]
F.R. Simms' Motor Scout, built in 1898 as an armed car
The first modern AFVs were armed cars, dating back virtually to the invention of the motor car. The British inventor F.R. Simms designed and built the Motor Scout in 1898. It was the first armed, petrol-engine powered vehicle ever built. It consisted of a De Dion-Bouton quadricycle with a Maxim machine gun mounted on the front bar. An iron shield offered some protection for the driver from the front, but it lacked all-around protective armour.[3]
The armoured car was the first modern fully armoured fighting vehicle. The first of these was the Simms' Motor War Car, also designed by Simms and built by Vickers, Sons & Maxim in 1899.[4] The vehicle had Vickers armour 6 mm thick and was powered by a four-cylinder 3.3-litre[4] 16 hp Cannstatt Daimler engine giving it a maximum speed of around 9 miles per hour (14 kilometres per hour). The armament, consisting of two Maxim guns, was carried in two turrets with 360° traverse.[5][6]
F.R. Simms' 1902 Motor War Car, the first armoured car to be built
Another early armoured car of the period was the French Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902, presented at the Salon de l'Automobile et du cycle in Brussels, on 8 March 1902.[7] The vehicle was equipped with a Hotchkiss machine gun, and with 7 mm armour for the gunner.[8][9] Armoured cars were first used in large numbers on both sides during World War I as scouting vehicles.
Tank[edit]
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World War II
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Type
Light tank
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 Tanks portal
Main article: History of the tank
In 1903, H. G. Wells published the short story "The Land Ironclads," positing indomitable war machines that would bring a new age of land warfare, the way steam-powered ironclad warships had ended the age of sail.
Wells' literary vision was realized in 1916, when, amidst the pyrrhic standstill of the Great War, the British Landship Committee, deployed revolutionary armoured vehicles to break the stalemate. The tank was envisioned as an armoured machine that could cross ground under fire from machine guns and reply with its own mounted machine guns and naval artillery. These first British tanks of World War I moved on caterpillar tracks that had substantially lower ground pressure than wheeled vehicles, enabling them to pass the muddy, pocked terrain and slit trenches of the Battle of the Somme.
Troop transport[edit]
Mark IX tank, the first Armoured Personnel Carrier at the Tank Museum, Bovington
The tank eventually proved highly successful and, as technology improved, it became a weapon that could cross large distances at much higher speeds than supporting infantry and artillery. The need to provide the units that would fight alongside the tank led to the development of a wide range of specialised AFVs, especially during the Second World War (1939–1945).
The armoured personnel carrier, designed to transport infantry troops to the frontline, emerged towards the end of World War I. During the first actions with tanks, it had become clear that close contact with infantry was essential in order to secure ground won by the tanks. Troops on foot were vulnerable to enemy fire, but they could not be transported in the tank because of the intense heat and noxious atmosphere.[citation needed] In 1917, Lieutenant G.J. Rackham was ordered to design an armoured vehicle that could fight and carry troops or supplies. The Mark IX tank was built by Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., although just three vehicles had been finished at the time of the Armistice in November 1918, and only 34 were built in total.
Tankette[edit]
Different tank classifications emerged in the interwar period. The tankette was conceived as a mobile, two-man model, mainly intended for reconnaissance. In 1925, Sir John Carden and Vivian Loyd produced the first such design to be adopted – the Carden Loyd tankette. Tankettes saw use in the Royal Italian Army during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935–1936), the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), and almost everywhere Italian soldiers fought during World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army used tankettes for jungle warfare.[10][11]
Self-propelled artillery[edit]
British Gun Carrier Mark I (60 pdr)
The British Gun Carrier Mark I, the first Self-propelled artillery, was fielded in 1917. It was based on the first tank, the British Mark I, and carried a heavy field-gun. The next major advance was the Birch gun (1925), developed for the British motorised warfare experimental brigade (the Experimental Mechanized Force). This mounted a field gun, capable of the usual artillery trajectories and even anti-aircraft use, on a tank chassis.
During World War II, most major military powers developed self-propelled artillery vehicles. These had guns mounted on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provided an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. The first British design, "Bishop", carried the 25 pdr gun-howitzer in an extemporised mounting on a tank chassis that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective Sexton. The Germans built many lightly armoured self-propelled anti-tank guns using captured French equipment (for example Marder I), their own obsolete light tank chassis (Marder II), or ex-Czech chassis (Marder III). These led to better-protected tank destroyers, built on a medium-tank chassis such as the Jagdpanzer IV or the Jagdpanther.
Anti-aircraft vehicle[edit]
The Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon debuted in WWI. The German 88 mm[12] anti-aircraft gun was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks, and the British QF 3-inch 20 cwt was mounted on trucks for use on the Western Front. Although the Birch gun was a general purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis, it was capable of elevation for anti-aircraft use. Vickers Armstrong developed one of the first SPAAGs based on the chassis of the Mk.E 6-ton light tank/Dragon Medium Mark IV tractor, mounting a Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" gun of 40 mm. The Germans fielded the Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 6/2, cargo halftracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively) by the start of the war.
Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher[edit]
Rocket launchers such as the Soviet Katyusha originated in the late 1930s. The Wehrmacht fielded self-propelled rocket artillery in World War II – the Panzerwerfer and Wurfrahmen 40 equipped half-track armoured fighting vehicles. Many modern multiple rocket launchers are self propelled by either truck or tank chassis.
Cold War[edit]
By the end of World War II, most modern armies had vehicles to carry infantry, artillery and anti-aircraft weaponry. Most modern AFVs are superficially similar in design to their World War II counterparts, but with significantly better armour, weapons, engines, electronics, and suspension. The increase in the capacity of transport aircraft makes possible and practicable the transport of AFVs by air. Many armies are replacing some or all of their traditional heavy vehicles with lighter airmobile versions, often with wheels instead of tracks.
Design[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)
Armour[edit]
Main articles: Aramid, Bulletproof glass, Twaron, and Vehicle armour
The level of armour protection between AFVs varies greatly – a main battle tank will normally be designed to take hits from other tank guns and anti-tank missiles, whilst light reconnaissance vehicles are often only armoured "just in case". Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile (for a given engine power), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go – for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank. A trend toward composite armour is taking the place of steel – composites are stronger for a given weight, allowing the tank to be lighter for the same protection as steel armour, or better protected for the same weight. Armour is being supplemented with active protection systems on a number of vehicles, allowing the AFV to protect itself from incoming projectiles.
Armour-thickness chart for a Panther tank
The level of protection also usually varies considerably throughout the individual vehicle too, depending on the role of the vehicle and the likely direction of attack. For example, a main battle tank will usually have the heaviest armour on the hull front and the turret, lighter armour on the sides of the hull and the thinnest armour on the top and bottom of the tank. Other vehicles – such as the MRAP family – may be primarily armoured against the threat from IEDs and so will have heavy, sloped armour on the bottom of the hull.
Weaponry[edit]
Weaponry varies by a very wide degree between AFVs – lighter vehicles for infantry carrying, reconnaissance or specialist roles may have only a autocannon or machine gun (or no armament at all), whereas heavy self-propelled artillery will carry large guns, mortars or rocket launchers. These weapons may be mounted on a pintle, affixed directly to the vehicle or placed in a turret or cupola.
The greater the recoil of the weapon on an AFV, the larger the turret ring needs to be. A larger turret ring necessitates a larger vehicle. To avoid listing to the side, turrets on amphibious vehicles are usually located at the centre of the vehicle.[13]
Grenade launchers provide a versatile launch platform for a plethora of munitions including, smoke, phosphorus, tear gas, illumination, anti-personnel, infrared and radar-jamming rounds.[13]
Turret stabilization is an important capability because it enables firing on the move and prevents crew fatigue.
Engine[edit]
Engine replacement for a Bergepanzer 2
Modern AFVs have primarily used either petrol (gasoline) or diesel piston engines. More recently, gas turbines have been used. Most early AFVs used petrol engines, as they offer a good power-to-weight ratio. However, they fell out of favour during World War II due to the flammability of the fuel.
Most current AFVs are powered by a diesel engine; modern technology, including the use of turbo-charging, helps to overcome the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesel engines compared to petrol.
Gas turbine (turboshaft) engines offer a very high power-to-weight ratio and were starting to find favour in the late 20th century – however, they offer very poor fuel consumption and as such some armies are switching from gas turbines back to diesel engines (i.e. the Russian T-80 used a gas turbine engine, whereas the later T-90 does not). The US M1 Abrams is a notable example of a gas turbine powered tank.
Modern classification by type and role[edit]
Notable armoured fighting vehicles extending from post-World War I to today.
Tank[edit]
Further information: Tank classification and Tank gun
The tank is an all terrain AFV incorporating artillery which is designed to fill almost all battlefield roles and to engage enemy forces by the use of direct fire in the frontal assault role. Though several configurations have been tried, particularly in the early experimental "golden days" of tank development, a standard, mature design configuration has since emerged to a generally accepted pattern. This features a main tank gun or artillery gun, mounted in a fully rotating turret atop a tracked automotive hull, with various additional secondary weapon systems throughout.
Philosophically, the tank is, by its very nature, an offensive weapon. Being a protective encasement with at least one gun position, it is essentially a pillbox or small fortress (though these are static fortifications of a purely defensive nature) that can move toward the enemy – hence its offensive utility. Psychologically, the tank is a force multiplier that has a positive morale effect on the infantry it accompanies.[14] It also instills fear in the opposing force who can often hear and even feel their arrival.[15]
Tank classifications[edit]
Tanks were classified either by size or by role.
Ripsaw M5 unmanned light tank
A WWII German Panzer II light tank
Soviet-made Polish T-34 medium tank Model 1942 in Poznań, Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.
American T29 Heavy Tank
Classification by relative size was common, as this also tended to influence the tanks' role.
Light tanks are smaller tanks with thinner armour and lower-powered guns, allowing for better tactical mobility and ease of strategic transport. These are intended for armoured reconnaissance, skirmishing, artillery observation, expeditionary warfare and supplementing airborne or naval landings. Light tanks are typically cheaper to build and maintain, but fare poorly against heavier tanks. They may be held in reserve for exploiting any breakthroughs in enemy lines, with the goal of disrupting communications and supply lines.
Medium tanks are mid-sized tanks with adequate armour and guns, and fair mobility, allowing for a balance of fighting abilities, mobility, cost-effectiveness, and transportability. Medium tanks are effective in groups when used against enemy tanks.
Heavy tanks are larger tanks with thick armour and more powerful guns, but less mobile and more difficult to transport. They were intended to be more than a match for typical enemy medium tanks, easily penetrating their armour while being much less susceptible to their attacks. Heavy tanks cost more to both build and maintain, and their heavy armour proved most effective when deployed in support infantry assaulting entrenched fortifications.
Over time, tanks tended to be designed with heavier armour and weapons, increasing the weight of all tanks, so these classifications are relative to the average for the nation's tanks for any given period. An older tank design might be reclassified over time, such as a tank being first deployed as a medium tank, but in later years relegated to light tank roles.
Tanks were also classified by roles that were independent of size, such as cavalry tank, cruiser tank, fast tank, infantry tank, "assault" tank, or "breakthrough" tank. Military theorists initially tended to assign tanks to traditional military infantry, cavalry, and artillery roles, but later developed more specialized roles unique to tanks.
In modern use, the heavy tank has fallen out of favour, being supplanted by more heavily armed and armoured descendant of the medium tanks – the universal main battle tank. The light tank has, in many armies, lost favour to cheaper, faster, lighter armoured cars; however, light tanks (or similar vehicles with other names) are still in service with a number of forces as reconnaissance vehicles, most notably the Russian Marines with the PT-76, the British Army with the Scimitar, and the Chinese Army with the Type 63.
Main battle tank[edit]
Indian T-90 Bhisma with appliqué reactive armour and standard 125 mm (4.9 in) main gun
Main article: Main battle tank
Modern main battle tanks or "universal tanks" incorporate recent advances in automotive, artillery, armour, and electronic technology to combine the best characteristics of the historic medium and heavy tanks into a single, all around type. They are also the most expensive to mass-produce. A main battle tank is distinguished by its high level of firepower, mobility and armour protection relative to other vehicles of its era. It can cross comparatively rough terrain at high speeds, but its heavy-dependency on fuel, maintenance, and ammunition makes it logistically demanding. It has the heaviest armour of any AFVs on the battlefield, and carries a powerful precision-guided munition weapon systems that may be able to engage a wide variety of both ground targets and air targets. Despite significant advances in anti-tank warfare, it still remains the most versatile and fearsome land-based weapon-systems of the 21st-century, valued for its shock action and high survivability.
Tankette[edit]
Main article: Tankette
A tankette is a tracked armed and armoured vehicle[16] resembling a small "ultra-light tank" or "super-light tank" roughly the size of a car, mainly intended for light infantry support or scouting.[17] They were one or two-man vehicles armed with a machine gun. Colloquially it may also simply mean a "small tank".[18]
Tankettes were designed and built by several nations between the 1920s and 1940s following the British Carden Loyd tankette which was a successful implementation of "one man tank" ideas from Giffard Le Quesne Martel. They were very popular with smaller countries. Some saw some combat (with limited success) in World War II. However, the vulnerability of their light armour eventually caused the concept to be abandoned.
However, the German Army uses a modern design of air-transportable armoured weapons carriers, the Wiesel AWC, which resembles the concept of a tankette.
The Carden-Loyd tankette concept was adopted by many armies
Wiesel 2 Argus scout tankette
Super-heavy tank[edit]
Main article: Super-heavy tank
The term "super-heavy tank" has been used to describe armoured fighting vehicles of extreme size, generally over 75 tonnes. Programs have been initiated on several occasions with the aim of creating an invincible siegeworks/breakthrough vehicle for penetrating enemy formations and fortifications without fear of being destroyed in combat. Examples were designed in World War I and World War II (such as the Panzer VIII Maus), along with a few in the Cold War. However, few working prototypes were built and there are no clear evidence any of these vehicles saw combat, as their immense size would have made most designs impractical.
British TOG II
German Maus
Missile tank[edit]
Soviet IT-1, Kubinka Tank Museum
A missile tank is a tank fulfilling the role of a main battle tank, but using only anti-tank surface-to-surface missiles for main armament.[citation needed] Several nations have experimented with prototypes, notably the Soviet Union during the tenure of Nikita Khrushchev (projects Object 167, Object 137Ml, Object 155Ml, Object 287, Object 775),
Flame tank[edit]
Churchill Crocodile flame tank
Main article: Flame tank
A flame tank is an otherwise-standard tank equipped with a flamethrower, most commonly used to supplement combined arms attacks against fortifications, confined spaces, or other obstacles. The type only reached significant use in the Second World War, during which the United States, Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom (including members of the British Commonwealth) all produced flamethrower-equipped tanks. Usually, the flame projector replaced one of the tank's machineguns, however, some flame projectors replaced the tank's main gun. Fuel for the flame weapon was generally carried inside the tank, although a few designs mounted the fuel externally, such as the armoured trailer used on the Churchill Crocodile.
Flame tanks have been superseded by thermobaric weapons such as the Russian TOS-1.
Infantry tank[edit]
A British Matilda tank displaying a captured Italian flag
Main article: Infantry tank
The idea for this tank was developed during World War I by British and French. The infantry tank was designed to work in concert with infantry in the assault, moving mostly at a walking pace, and carrying heavy armour to survive defensive fire. Its main purpose was to suppress enemy fire, crush obstacles such as barbed-wire entanglements, and protect the infantry on their advance into and through enemy lines by giving mobile overwatch and cover. The French Renault FT was the first iteration of this concept.
The British and French retained the concept between the wars and into the Second World War era. Because infantry tanks did not need to be fast, they could carry heavy armour. One of the best-known infantry tanks was the Matilda II of World War II. Other examples include the French R-35, the British Valentine, and the British Churchill.
Cruiser tank[edit]
2 pdr-armed Crusader tank in the desert
Main article: Cruiser tank
A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "Plan 1919", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of World War I in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British Whippet.
Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by J. Walter Christie. These led to the Soviet BT tank series and the British cruiser tank series.
During World War II, British cruiser tanks were designed to complement infantry tanks, exploiting gains made by the latter to attack and disrupt the enemy rear areas. In order to give them the required speed, cruiser designs sacrificed armour and armament compared to the infantry tanks. Pure British cruisers were generally replaced by more capable medium tanks such as the US Sherman and, to a lesser extent, the Cromwell by 1943.
The Soviet fast tank (bistrokhodniy tank, or BT tank) classification also came out of the infantry/cavalry concept of armoured warfare and formed the basis for the British cruisers after 1936. The T-34 was a development of this line of tanks as well, though their armament, armour, and all-round capability places them firmly in the medium tank category.
Armoured car[edit]
Main article: Armored car (military)
The armoured car is a wheeled, often lightly armoured, vehicle adapted as a fighting machine. Its earliest form consisted of a motorised ironside chassis fitted with firing ports. By World War I, this had evolved into a mobile fortress[19] equipped with command equipment, searchlights, and machine guns for self-defence. It was soon proposed that the requirements for the armament and layout of armoured cars be somewhat similar to those on naval craft, resulting in turreted vehicles. The first example carried a single revolving cupola with a Vickers gun; modern armoured cars may boast heavier armament – ranging from twin machine guns to large calibre cannon.
Some multi-axled wheeled fighting vehicles can be quite heavy, and superior to older or smaller tanks in terms of armour and armament. Others are often used in military marches and processions, or for the escorting of important figures. Under peacetime conditions, they form an essential part of most standing armies. Armoured car units can move without the assistance of transporters and cover great distances with fewer logistical problems than tracked vehicles.
During World War II, armoured cars were used for reconnaissance alongside scout cars. Their guns were suitable for some defence if they encountered enemy armoured fighting vehicles, but they were not intended to engage enemy tanks. Armoured cars have since been used in the offensive role against tanks with varying degrees of success, most notably during the South African Border War, Toyota War, the Invasion of Kuwait, and other lower-intensity conflicts.
Rolls-Royce Armoured Car in Bovington
American T17E1 Staghound armored car of World War II
A U.S. Army HMMWV firing a BGM-71 TOW missile.
Aerosani[edit]
Main article: Aerosani
The RF-8, a smaller World War II model, powered by an inexpensive automotive engine
An aerosani (Russian: aэросани, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-driven snowmobile, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. Aerosanis were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and World War II.
The first aerosanis may have been built by young Igor Sikorsky in 1909–10, before he built multi-engine airplanes and helicopters. They were very light plywood vehicles on skis, propelled by old airplane engines and propellers.[20]
Scout car[edit]
Main article: Scout car
A scout car is a military armoured reconnaissance vehicle, capable of off-road mobility and often carrying mounted weapons such as machine guns for offensive capabilities and crew protection. They often only carry an operational crew aboard, which differentiates them from wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMVs), but early scout cars, such as the open-topped US M3 scout car could carry a crew of seven. The term is often used synonymously with the more general term armoured car, which also includes armoured civilian vehicles. They are also differentiated by being designed and built for purpose, as opposed to improvised "technicals" which might serve in the same role.
BA-64 at the UMMC Museum
Panhard AML scout car
Reconnaissance vehicle[edit]
United States Army M1127
Main article: Reconnaissance vehicle
A reconnaissance vehicle, also known as a scout vehicle, is a military vehicle used for forward reconnaissance. Both tracked and wheeled reconnaissance vehicles are in service. In some nations, light tanks such as the M551 Sheridan and AMX-13 are also used by scout platoons. Reconnaissance vehicles are usually designed with a low profile or small size and are lightly armoured, relying on speed and cover to escape detection. Their armament ranges from a medium machine gun to an autocannon. Modern examples are often fitted with ATGMs and a wide range of sensors.
Some armoured personnel carriers and infantry mobility vehicle, such as the M113, TPz Fuchs, and Cadillac Gage Commando double in the reconnaissance role.
Internal security vehicle[edit]
Main article: Internal security vehicle
An American-made Bulgarian M1117
An internal security vehicle (ISV), also known as an armoured security vehicle (ASV), is a combat vehicle used for suppressing civilian unrest. Security vehicles are typically armed with a turreted heavy machine gun and auxiliary medium machine gun. The vehicle is designed to minimize firepower dead space and the vehicles weapons can be depressed to a maximum of 12°. Non-lethal water cannons and tear gas cannons can provide suppressive fire in lieu of unnecessary deadly fire.[21]
The vehicle must be protected against weapons typical of riots. Protection from improvised incendiary devices is achieved though coverage of the air intake and exhaust ports as well as a strong locking mechanism on the fuel opening. Turret and door locks prevent access to the interior of the vehicle by rioters. Vision blocks, ballistic glass and window shutters and outside surveillance cameras allow protected observation from within the vehicle. Wheeled 4x4 and 6x6 configurations are typical of security vehicles. Tracked security vehicles are often cumbersome and leave negative political connotations for being perceived as an imperial invading force.
Improvised fighting vehicle[edit]
Main articles: Improvised vehicle armour, Improvised fighting vehicle, Narco tank, Gun truck, and Technical (vehicle)
An improvised fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle resulting from modifications to a civilian or military non-combat vehicle in order to give it a fighting capability. Such modifications usually consist of the grafting of armour plating and weapon systems. Various militaries have procured such vehicles, ever since the introduction of the first automobiles into military service.
During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them, lead to much improvisation in the creation of early armoured cars, and other such vehicles. Later, despite the advent of arms industries in many countries, several armies still resorted to using ad hoc contraptions, often in response to unexpected military situations, or as a result of the development of new tactics for which no available vehicle was suitable. The construction of improvised fighting vehicles may also reflect a lack of means for the force that uses them. This is especially true in underdeveloped countries and even in developing countries, where various armies and guerrilla forces have used them, as they are more affordable than military-grade combat vehicles.
Modern examples include military gun truck used by units of regular armies or other official government armed forces, based on a conventional military cargo truck, that is able to carry a large weight of weapons and armour. They have mainly been used by regular armies to escort military convoys in regions subject to ambush by guerrilla forces. "Narco tanks", used by Mexican drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War, are built from such trucks, which combines operational mobility, tactical offensive, and defensive capabilities.[22][23][24][25]
Soviet NI tank improvised fighting tractor of WWII.
Technical armed with a ZU-23 autocannon operated by the Free Syrian Army during clashes with ISIS in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains, southern Syria, 2017
A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an M939 five-ton truck
Croatian backhoe with improvised vehicle armour from the Croatian War of Independence
Troop carriers[edit]
Troop-carrying AFVs are divided into three main types – armoured personnel carriers (APCs), infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMV). The main difference between the three is their intended role – the APC is designed purely to transport troops and is armed for self-defence only – whereas the IFV is designed to provide close-quarters and anti-armour fire support to the infantry it carries. IMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle.
Armoured personnel carrier[edit]
Main article: Armoured personnel carrier
Armoured personnel carriers (APCs) are intended to carry infantry quickly and relatively safely to the point where they are deployed. In the Battle of Amiens, 8 August 1918, the British Mk V* tank (a lengthened Mark V) carried a small number of machine gunners as an experiment, but the men were debilitated by the conditions inside the vehicle.[26] Later that year the first purpose-built APC, the British Mk IX tank (Mark Nine), appeared. In 1944, the Canadian general Guy Simonds ordered the conversion of redundant armoured vehicles to carry troops (generically named "Kangaroos"). This proved highly successful, even without training, and the concept was widely used in the 21st Army Group. Post-war, specialised designs were built, such as the Soviet BTR-60 and US M113.
German WWII Sd.Kfz. 251 half-tracked APC
Israeli Namer tracked APC
The ARTEC Boxer armoured personnel carrier
Infantry fighting vehicle[edit]
Main article: Infantry fighting vehicle
An infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), also known as a mechanized infantry combat vehicle (MICV), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry infantry into battle and provide direct fire support.[27] The first example of an IFV was the West German Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30 which served in the Bundeswehr from 1958 until the early 1980s.
IFVs are similar to armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and infantry carrier vehicles (ICVs), designed to transport a section or squad of infantry (generally between five and ten men) and their equipment. They are differentiated from APCs – which are purely "troop-transport" vehicles armed only for self-defence – because they are designed to give direct fire support to the dismounted infantry and so usually have significantly enhanced armament. IFVs also often have improved armour and some have firing ports (allowing the infantry to fire personal weapons while mounted).
They are typically armed with an autocannon of 20 to 57 mm calibre, 7.62mm machine guns, anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) and/or surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). IFVs are usually tracked, but some wheeled vehicles fall into this category. IFVs are generally less heavily armed and armoured than main battle tanks. They sometimes carry anti-tank missiles to protect and support infantry against armoured threats, such as the NATO TOW missile and Soviet Bastion, which offer a significant threat to tanks. Specially equipped IFVs have taken on some of the roles of light tanks; they are used by reconnaissance organizations, and light IFVs are used by airborne units which must be able to fight without the heavy firepower of tanks.
The German Puma infantry fighting vehicles
Soviet BMP-2M amphibious IFV
South African Wheeled Ratel IFV
Infantry mobility vehicle[edit]
Polish AMZ Tur
Main articles: Infantry mobility vehicle and MRAP
An infantry mobility vehicle (IMV) or protected patrol vehicle (PPV) is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle. Examples include the ATF Dingo, AMZ Dzik, AMZ Tur, Mungo ESK, and Bushmaster IMV. This term also applies to the vehicles currently being fielded as part of the MRAP program.
IMVs were developed in response to the threats of modern counterinsurgency warfare, with an emphasis on Ambush Protection and Mine-Resistance. Similar vehicles existed long before the term IMV was coined, such as the French VAB and South African Buffel. The term is coming more into use to differentiate light 4x4 wheeled APCs from the traditional 8x8 wheeled APCs. It is a neologism for what might have been classified in the past as an armoured scout car, such as the BRDM, but the IMV is distinguished by having a requirement to carry dismountable infantry. The up-armoured M1114 Humvee variant can be seen as an adaptation of the unarmoured Humvee to serve in the IMV role.
A CV-9035 Swedish infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army
The M113, one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the Iraq War
An ATF Dingo of the German Army is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces
A United States Army National Guard M1117 armoured security vehicle
A French Nexter Aravis in Strasbourg
Norwegian soldiers running operations in an Iveco LMV in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries.
An RMMV Survivor R used by the Saxony State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration.
Amphibious vehicles[edit]
Main articles: Amphibious vehicle § Armored, Amphibious warfare, amphibious assault, and Landing craft
Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance, through armoured personnel carriers and tanks, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. Contemporary wheeled armoured amphibians include the French Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé and Véhicule Blindé Léger. The latter is a small, lightly armoured 4×4 all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h. The VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé – 'armoured vanguard vehicle') is a fully amphibious armoured personnel carrier powered in the water by two water jets, that entered service in 1976 and produced in numerous configurations, ranging from basic personnel carrier, anti-tank missile platform.
During the Cold War the Soviet bloc states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious, or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the BRDM-1 and BRDM-2 4x4 armoured scout cars, as well as the BTR-60, BTR-70, BTR-80 and BTR-94 8x8 armoured personnel carriers and the BTR-90 infantry fighting vehicle.
The United States started developing a long line of Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT) designs from ca. 1940. The US Marine Corps currently uses the AAV7-A1 Assault Amphibious Vehicle, which was to be succeeded by the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, which was capable of planing on water and can achieve water speeds of 37–46 km/h. The EFV project has been cancelled.
A significant number of tracked armoured vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, have some amphibious capability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on bridges. They use their tracks, sometimes with added propeller or water jets for propulsion. As long as the banks have a shallow enough slopes to enter or leave the water they can cross rivers and water obstacles.
Some heavy tanks can operate amphibiously with a fabric skirt to add buoyancy. The Sherman DD tank used in the Normandy landings had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. Some modern vehicles use a similar skirt.
BTR-80s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed
Two U.S. Marine Corps Assault Amphibious Vehicles emerge from the surf onto the sand of Freshwater Beach, Australia
Swimming Polish PT-76s.
Soviet PTS-M landing craft
Airborne vehicles[edit]
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C-130 airdrops an M551 light tank
Lightweight armoured fighting vehicles designed or modified to be carried by aircraft and delivered by air drop, helicopter lift, glider, or air landing with infantry to provide heavier tactical firepower and mobility. The air-equivalent to amphibious vehicles, the main advantage of airborne forces is their ability to be deployed into combat zones without land passage, as long as the airspace is accessible. Airborne vehicles are limited only by the tonnage capacity of their transport aircraft. Airborne vehicles typically lack the armour and supplies necessary for prolonged combat, so they are utilized for establishing an airhead to bring in larger forces before carrying out other combat objectives. One modern example is the German Wiesel AWC. The USA also created the M22 Locust as a way to aid paratroopers/ being paradropped in as it was very lightly armored and very small.[28]
Armoured engineering vehicle[edit]
IDF Puma combat engineering vehicle
Main article: Military engineering vehicle
Modern engineering AFV's utilize chassis based on main battle tank platforms: these vehicles are as well armoured and protected as tanks, designed to keep up with tanks, breach obstacles to help tanks get to wherever it needs to be, perform utility functions necessary to expedite mission objectives of tanks, and to conduct other earth-moving and engineering work on the battlefield. These vehicles go by different names depending upon the country of use or manufacture. In the United States the term "combat engineer vehicle (CEV)" is used, in the United Kingdom the term "Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE)" is used, while in Canada and other commonwealth nations the term "armoured engineer vehicle (AEV)" is used. There is no set template for what such a vehicle will look like, yet likely features include a large dozer blade or mine ploughs, a large calibre demolition cannon, augers, winches, excavator arms and cranes, or lifting booms.
Although the term "armoured engineer vehicle" is used specifically to describe these multi-purpose tank-based engineering vehicles, that term is also used more generically in British and Commonwealth militaries to describe all heavy tank-based engineering vehicles used in the support of mechanized forces. Thus, "armoured engineer vehicle" used generically would refer to AEV, AVLB, Assault Breachers, and so on. Good examples of this type of vehicle include the UK Trojan AVRE, the Russian IMR, and the US M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle.
A German army Rheinmetall Keiler. It uses a heavy-duty rotor-powered mine flail, which causes mines it comes in contact with to safely detonate.
Breaching vehicle[edit]
Main article: Military engineering vehicle § Breaching vehicle
A breaching vehicle is especially designed to clear pathways for troops and other vehicles through minefields and along roadside bombs and other improvised explosive devices. These vehicles are equipped with mechanical or other means for the breaching of man made obstacles. Common types of breaching vehicles include mechanical flails, mine plough vehicles, and mine roller vehicles.
Armoured bulldozer[edit]
IDF Caterpillar D9 armoured bulldozer
Main article: Armored bulldozer
The armoured bulldozer is a basic tool of combat engineering. These combat engineering vehicles combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer with armour which protects the vehicle and its operator in or near combat. Most are civilian bulldozers modified by addition of vehicle armour/military equipment, but some are tanks stripped of armament and fitted with a dozer blade. Some tanks have bulldozer blades while retaining their armament, but this does not make them armoured bulldozers as such, because combat remains the primary role – earth moving is a secondary task.
Armoured recovery vehicle[edit]
Main article: Armoured recovery vehicle
An armoured recovery vehicle (ARV) is a type of vehicle recovery armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle- or mine-damaged as well as broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them out of the danger zone for more extensive repairs. To this end the term armoured repair and recovery vehicle (ARRV) is also used.
ARVs are normally built on the chassis of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles, mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on the basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs, but does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank.
Armoured vehicle-launched bridge[edit]
Main article: Armoured vehicle-launched bridge
An armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB) is a combat support vehicle, sometimes regarded as a subtype of combat engineering vehicle, designed to assist militaries in rapidly deploying tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles across rivers. The AVLB is usually a tracked vehicle converted from a tank chassis to carry a folding metal bridge instead of weapons. The AVLB's job is to allow armoured or infantry units to cross water, when a river too deep for vehicles to wade through is reached, and no bridge is conveniently located (or sufficiently sturdy, a substantial concern when moving 60-ton tanks).
The bridge layer unfolds and launches its cargo, providing a ready-made bridge across the obstacle in only minutes. Once the span has been put in place, the AVLB vehicle detaches from the bridge, and moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Once all of the vehicles have crossed, it crosses the bridge itself and reattaches to the bridge on the other side. It then retracts the span ready to move off again. A similar procedure can be employed to allow crossings of small chasms or similar obstructions. AVLBs can carry bridges of 60 feet (18 metres) or greater in length. By using a tank chassis, the bridge layer is able to cover the same terrain as main battle tanks, and the provision of armour allows them to operate even in the face of enemy fire. However, this is not a universal attribute: some exceptionally sturdy 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis have lent themselves to bridge-layer applications.
Combat engineer section carriers[edit]
Combat engineer section carriers are used to transport sappers (combat engineers) and can be fitted with bulldozers' blades and other mine-breaching devices. They are often used as APCs because of their carrying ability and heavy protection. They are usually armed with machine guns and grenade launchers and usually tracked to provide enough tractive force to push blades and rakes. Some examples are the U.S. M113 APC, IDF Puma, Nagmachon, Husky, and U.S. M1132 ESV (a Stryker variant).
IDF Puma - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier
A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16 May 1996.
Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a M58 MICLIC from an M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle
An armoured IDF Caterpillar D9R bulldozer, nicknamed "דובי" ('Teddy bear') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire.
BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, German Army
An M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB), deploying its scissors-type bridge
An M1132 engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams
Air defence vehicles[edit]
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Main articles: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon; Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar; and Close-in weapon system
An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.
Specific weapon systems used include machine guns, anti-aircraft autocannons, larger anti-air guns, or surface-to-air-missiles, and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir-S1). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today, missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns.
Czechoslovak self-propelled anti-aircraft gun M53/59 Praga developed in the late 1950s.
German Wirbelwind - a 20 mm Flakvierling quadmount on a Panzer IV chassis.
Flakpanzer Gepard, Germany
At AUSA 2017, a JLTV Utility variant mounting Boeing's SHORAD Launcher
Typical of more modern designs, the Tunguska-M1 mounts both missiles and autocannons.
Artillery tractor[edit]
An artillery tractor, also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.
German RSO artillery tractor towing 105 mm howitzer, Albania, 1943
There are two main types of artillery tractors, depending on the type of traction: wheeled and tracked.
Wheeled tractors are usually variations of lorries adapted for military service.
Tracked tractors run on continuous track; in some cases are built on a modified tank chassis with the superstructure replaced with a compartment for the gun crew or ammunition.
In addition, half-track tractors were used in the interwar period and in World War II, especially by the Wehrmacht. This type of tractor was mostly discontinued postwar.
Self-propelled artillery[edit]
Main articles: Self-propelled artillery and Self-propelled gun
Self-propelled artillery vehicles give mobility to artillery. Within the term are covered self-propelled guns (or howitzers) and rocket artillery. They are highly mobile, usually based on tracked chassis carrying either a large howitzer or other field gun or alternatively a mortar or some form of rocket or missile launcher. They are usually used for long-range indirect bombardment support on the battlefield.
In the past, self-propelled artillery has included direct-fire "Gun Motor Carriage" vehicles, such as assault guns and tank destroyers (also known as self-propelled anti-tank guns). These have been heavily armoured vehicles, the former providing danger-close fire-support for infantry and the latter acting as specialized anti-tank vehicles.
Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles may superficially resemble tanks, but they are generally lightly armoured, too lightly to survive in direct-fire combat. However, they protect their crews against shrapnel and small arms and are therefore usually included as armoured fighting vehicles. Many are equipped with machine guns for defence against enemy infantry.
The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and the guns set up. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought – usually towed – to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery in combination with modern communications, can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance.
Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be taken to places that self-propelled guns cannot reach, so despite the advantages of the self-propelled artillery, towed guns remain in the arsenals of many modern armies.
A Wespe destroyed in Normandy, 1944.
G6 howitzer wheeled SPG
A Russian 2S19 Msta-S in 2014
Assault gun[edit]
Main article: Assault gun
An assault gun is a gun or howitzer mounted on a motor vehicle or armoured chassis, designed for use in the direct fire role in support of infantry when attacking other infantry or fortified positions.
Historically, the custom-built fully armoured assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed casemate on a tank chassis. The use of a casemate instead of a gun turret limited these weapons' field of fire, but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction. In most cases, these turretless vehicles also presented a lower profile as a target for the enemy.
ISU-152K, Victory Park, Moscow, Russia
Infanterikanonvagn 91, Swedish turreted amphibious assault gun
Self-propelled siege mortar[edit]
A Karl-Gerät firing in Warsaw,1944
Main article: Self-propelled siege mortar
A Siege mortar is a form of self-propelled gun that holds a siege mortar. The only siege mortar ever built was the Karl-Gerät. It could be argued that these could be classified as a Mortar carrier .
Mortar carrier[edit]
An American M1129 Mortar Carrier
Main article: Mortar carrier
A mortar carrier is a self-propelled artillery vehicle carrying a mortar as its primary weapon. Mortar carriers cannot be fired while on the move and some must be dismounted to fire. In U.S. Army doctrine, mortar carriers provide close and immediate indirect fire support for maneuver units while allowing for rapid displacement and quick reaction to the tactical situation. The ability to relocate not only allows fire support to be provided where it is needed faster, but also allows these units to avoid counter-battery fire. Mortar carriers have traditionally avoided direct contact with the enemy. Many units report never using secondary weapons in combat.
Prior to the Iraq War, American 120 mm mortar platoons reorganized from six M1064 mortar carriers and two M577 fire direction centres (FDC) to four M1064 and one FDC.[29] The urban environment of Iraq made it difficult to utilize mortars. New technologies such as mortar ballistic computers and communication equipment and are being integrated. Modern era combat is becoming more reliant on direct fire support from mortar carrier machine guns.
Multiple rocket launcher[edit]
Main article: Multiple rocket launcher
A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided rocket artillery system. Like other rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower (sustained) rate of fire than batteries of traditional artillery guns. However, they have the capability of simultaneously dropping many hundreds of kilograms of explosive, with devastating effect.
The Korean Hwacha is an example of an early weapon system with a resemblance to the modern-day multiple rocket launcher. The first self-propelled multiple rocket launchers – and arguably the most famous – were the Soviet BM-13 Katyushas, first used during World War II and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern multiple rocket launchers. The first modern multiple rocket launcher was the German 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 of the 1930s,[citation needed] a small towed artillery piece. Only later in World War II did the British deploy similar weapons in the form of the Land Mattress.The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop M4 Sherman tanks to create the T34 Calliope rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha.
German Panzerwerfer half-tracked MRLS.
Katyusha rocket launcher at the Museum (Diorama) on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol
BM-30 Smerch 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position
The M270 MLRS conducts a rocket launch.
Missile vehicle[edit]
Missile vehicles are trucks or tractor units designed to carry rockets or missiles. The missile vehicle may be a self-propelled unit or the missile holder/launcher may be on a trailer towed by a prime mover. They are used in the military forces of a number of countries in the world. Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to the ground on these vehicles, but elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching.
A Transporter erector launcher (TEL) is a missile vehicle with an integrated prime mover (tractor unit) that can carry, elevate to firing position and launch one or more missiles. Such vehicles exist for both surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles.
Missile truck MZKT 79221 under missile Topol-M
A Soviet 2K11 Krug TEL
S-300 missile system.
Tank destroyer[edit]
Main articles: Tank destroyer, Anti-tank missile carrier, and Anti-tank warfare
Tank destroyers and tank hunters are armed with an anti-tank gun or anti tank missile launcher, and are designed specifically to engage enemy armoured vehicles. Many have been based on a tracked tank chassis, while others are wheeled. Since World War II, main battle tanks have largely replaced gun-armed tank destroyers; although lightly armoured anti tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers are commonly used for supplementary long-range anti-tank engagements.
In post-Cold War conflict, the resurgence of expeditionary warfare has seen the emergence of gun-armed wheeled vehicles, sometimes called "protected gun systems", which may bear a superficial resemblance to tank destroyers, but are employed as direct fire support units typically providing support in low intensity operations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. These have the advantage of easier deployment, as only the largest air transports can carry a main battle tank, and their smaller size makes them more effective in urban combat.
Many forces' IFVs carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield. But there are still dedicated anti-tank vehicles with very heavy long-range missiles, or intended for airborne use. There have also been dedicated anti-tank vehicles built on ordinary armoured personnel carrier or armoured car chassis. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an M113 chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the BRDM scout car, the British FV438 Swingfire and FV102 Striker and the German Raketenjagdpanzer series built on the chassis of the HS 30 and Mardar IFVs.
American M3 GMC half-tracked tank destroyer
90 mm GMC M36 during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945
British-captured German Jagdtiger in The Tank Museum, the UK
A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with NM142 TOW missile launchers
German missile tank destroyer Raketenjagdpanzer 2.
Armoured train[edit]
Main article: Armoured train
An armoured train is a railway train protected with armour. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with artillery, machine guns, tank turrets and anti-aircraft guns. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the Russian Federation used improvised armoured trains in the Second Chechen War in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a Fremdgerät (captured AFVs such as the French Somua S-35 or Czech PzKpfw 38(t)), or obsolescent Panzer II light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy partisans.
Different types of armour were used to protect armoured trains from attack. In addition to various metal plates, concrete and sandbags were used in some cases on armoured trains.
Armoured trains were sometimes escorted by a kind of rail-tank called a draisine. One such example was the Italian 'Littorina' armoured trolley, which had a cab in the front and rear, each with a control set so it could be driven down the tracks in either direction. Littorina mounted two dual 7.92mm MG13 machine gun turrets from Panzer I light tanks.
MÁV armoured train
Replica of the "Hurban" armoured train located in Zvolen, Slovakia
Main article: Mobile missile launcher
See also[edit]
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Tanks portal
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Armoured warfare
Lists of armoured fighting vehicles
Non-military armoured vehicles
Tachanka
Tank classification
Vehicle markings of the United States military
References[edit]
.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Summary -> Light Armor Armaholic". yousense.info. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "ARQUEBUSS". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 342.
^ Macksey 1980.
^ a b Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu of Beaulieu; Lord Montagu; David Burgess Wise (1995). Daimler Century: The Full History of Britain's Oldest Car Maker. Haynes Publications. ISBN 978-1-85260-494-3.
^ Macksey 1980, p. 256.
^ Tucker, Spencer (1999). The European Powers in the First World War. Routledge. p. 816. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.
^ Gougaud 1987, p. 11.
^ Bartholomew, E. (1988). Early Armoured Cars. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-85263-908-5.
^ Gougaud 1987, pp. 11–12
^ "T-27 Tankette". The Russian Battlefield. 1998. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
^ "U.S. Forces Encounter Old Jap Tankette". Intelligence Bulletin. United States Military Intelligence Service. September 1945. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
^ "Air Artillery". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
^ a b Margiotta 1996.
^ Stanley Sandler (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 59. ISBN 1-57607-344-0. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^ McNab, Chris; Keeter, Hunter (2008). Tools of violence: guns, tanks and dirty bombs. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1846032257.
^ Tedesco, Vincent J. (2000). The Revolution After Next: Making Vertical Envelopment by Operationally Significant Mobile Protected Forces a Reality in the First Decade of the 21st Century (PDF) (Report). Fort Leavenworth, United States: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2012.
^ Sweet, John Joseph Timothy (2007). Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940. Stackpole Books. p. 84. ISBN 9780811733519.
^ Dickson, Paul (2004). War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War. Brassey's. p. 221. ISBN 9781574887105. tankette.
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^ "Mexico soldiers find narco 'tank' factory". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
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^ Nash, Mark (9 May 2017). "Light Tank (Airborne) M22 Locust". Tank Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ Ward, CPT Stephen (July–August 2006). "Mortar Platoon Training Focus to Meet the Evolving Battlefield" (PDF). Armor. Vol. CXV, no. 4. Fort Knox: United States Army Armor Center. pp. 41–42. ISSN 0004-2420. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Sources[edit]
Gougaud, Alain (1987). L'aube de la gloire: les autos mitrailleuses et les chars français pendant la Grande Guerre, histoire technique et militaire, arme blindée, cavalerie, chars, Musée des blindés (in French). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Société OCEBUR. ISBN 978-2-904255-02-1.
Macksey, Kenneth (1980). The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives Limited. ISBN 0-85112-204-3.
Margiotta, Franklin D., ed. (1996). Brassey's encyclopedia of land forces and warfare. Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-087-X. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
External links[edit]
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New page wikitext, pre-save transformed (new_pst) | '{{short description|Combat vehicle with both armament and armour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2007}}
[[File:WW1 Tank Mark V, Bovington.jpg|thumb|WW1 [[Mark V tank]], in [[The Tank Museum]]]]
{{war}}
An '''armoured fighting vehicle''' ('''AFV''') is an armed [[combat vehicle]] protected by [[vehicle armour|armour]], generally combining [[operational mobility]] with [[Offensive (military)|offensive]] and [[defense (military)|defensive]] capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or [[Continuous track|tracked]]. Examples of AFVs are [[tank]]s, [[armored car (military)|armoured cars]], [[assault gun]]s, [[self-propelled gun]]s, [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s, and [[armoured personnel carrier]]s.
Armoured fighting vehicles are classified according to their characteristics and intended role on the battlefield. The classifications are not absolute; two countries may classify the same vehicle differently, and the criteria change over time. For example, relatively lightly armed armoured personnel carriers were largely superseded by infantry fighting vehicles with much heavier armament in a similar role.
Successful designs are often adapted to a wide variety of applications. For example, the [[MOWAG Piranha]], originally designed as an APC, has been adapted to fill numerous roles such as a [[mortar carrier]], infantry fighting vehicle, and assault gun.
Armoured fighting vehicles began to appear in use in World War I with the armoured car, the tank, the self-propelled gun, and the personnel carrier seeing use. By World War II, armies had large numbers of AFVs, together with other vehicles to carry troops this permitted highly mobile [[Maneuver warfare|manoeuvre warfare]].
{{TOC limit}}
== Evolution ==
[[File:Schlacht bei Zama Gemälde H P Motte.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Zama]] by [[Henri-Paul Motte]], 1890]]
The concept of a highly mobile and protected fighting unit has been around for centuries; from [[Hannibal]]'s [[war elephants]] to [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]]'s [[Leonardo's fighting vehicle|contraptions]], military strategists endeavoured to maximize the mobility and survivability of their soldiers.
Armoured fighting vehicles were not possible until [[internal combustion engine]]s of sufficient power became available at the start of the 20th century.
=== History ===
{{main|Armoured warfare}}
[[File:Helepolis.png|right|thumb|A [[Helepolis]]-like Siege Engine showing ballistae, stairs and movement capstan]]
Modern armoured fighting vehicles represent the realization of an ancient concept – that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. Armies have deployed war machines and cavalries with rudimentary armour in battle for millennia. Use of these animals and engineering designs sought to achieve a balance between the conflicting [[paradox]]ical needs of mobility, firepower and protection.
==== Siege machine ====
[[File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg|thumb|Model of a vehicle sketched by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]]
[[Siege engine]]s, such as [[battering ram]]s and [[siege tower]]s, would often be armoured in order to protect their crews from enemy action. [[Polyidus of Thessaly]] developed a very large movable siege tower, the ''[[helepolis]]'', as early as 340 BC, and Greek forces used such structures in the [[Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)|Siege of Rhodes]] (305 BC).
The idea of a protected fighting vehicle has been known since antiquity. Frequently cited is [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s 15th-century sketch of a [[Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle|mobile, protected gun-platform]]; the drawings show a conical, wooden shelter with apertures for cannons around the circumference. The machine was to be mounted on four wheels which would be turned by the crew through a system of [[Hand crank#Hand-powered cranks|hand cranks]] and [[Gear#Cage gear|cage (or "lantern") gears]]. Leonardo claimed: "I will build armoured wagons which will be safe and invulnerable to enemy attacks. There will be no obstacle which it cannot overcome."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html|title=Summary -> Light Armor Armaholic|website=yousense.info|language=en|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051036/http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html|archive-date=26 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern replicas have demonstrated that the human crew would have been able to move it over only short distances.
==== War wagon ====
[[Hussite]] forces in [[Bohemia]] developed [[war wagon]]s – [[Middle Ages|medieval]] horse-drawn [[wagon]]s that doubled as [[wagon fort]]s – around 1420 during the [[Hussite Wars]]. These heavy wagons were given protective sides with firing slits; their heavy firepower came from either a cannon or from a force of hand-gunners and crossbowmen, supported by [[light cavalry]] and [[infantry]] using [[pike (weapon)|pike]]s and [[flail (weapon)|flail]]s. Heavy [[arquebus]]es mounted on wagons were called ''arquebus à croc''. These carried a ball of about {{convert|3.5|oz|-1}}.<ref>{{Cyclopaedia 1728|title= ARQUEBUSS|url= http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0187&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&isize=M |page= 342|inline=1}}</ref> [[File:Husitsky bojovy vuz replika.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of [[Hussite]] [[war wagon]]]]
==== Armed and armoured car ====
[[File:Simms Motor Scout from Autocar.jpg|thumb|[[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]]' [[Motor Scout]], built in 1898 as an armed car]]
The first modern AFVs were armed cars, dating back virtually to the invention of the [[Car|motor car]]. The British inventor [[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]] designed and built the [[Motor Scout]] in 1898. It was the first armed, petrol-engine powered vehicle ever built. It consisted of a [[De Dion-Bouton]] [[Quadracycle|quadricycle]] with a [[Maxim gun|Maxim machine gun]] mounted on the front bar. An iron shield offered some protection for the driver from the front, but it lacked all-around protective armour.{{sfn|Macksey|1980}}
The [[armored car (military)|armoured car]] was the first modern fully armoured fighting vehicle. The first of these was the [[Motor War Car|Simms' Motor War Car]], also designed by Simms and built by [[Vickers#Vickers, Sons & Maxim|Vickers, Sons & Maxim]] in 1899.<ref name="DCMB"/> The vehicle had Vickers armour 6 mm thick and was powered by a four-cylinder 3.3-litre<ref name="DCMB">{{cite book| author= Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|author2= Lord Montagu|author3= David Burgess Wise| title= Daimler Century: The Full History of Britain's Oldest Car Maker| year= 1995| publisher= Haynes Publications| isbn= 978-1-85260-494-3}}</ref> 16 [[Horsepower|hp]] Cannstatt Daimler engine giving it a maximum speed of around {{convert|9|mph|km/h|abbr= off}}. The armament, consisting of two Maxim guns, was carried in two turrets with 360° traverse.{{sfn|Macksey|1980|p=256}}<ref>{{cite book|last= Tucker|first= Spencer|title= The European Powers in the First World War|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC&pg=PA65|year= 1999|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0-8153-3351-X|pages= 816}}</ref>
[[File:Simms Motor War Car 1902.jpg|thumb|[[Frederick Richard Simms|F.R. Simms]]' 1902 [[Motor War Car]], the first armoured car to be built]]
Another early armoured car of the period was the French [[Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902]], presented at the ''Salon de l'Automobile et du cycle'' in [[Brussels]], on 8 March 1902.{{sfn|Gougaud|1987|page= 11}} The vehicle was equipped with a [[Hotchkiss machine gun]], and with 7 mm armour for the gunner.<ref>{{cite book|last= Bartholomew|first= E.|title= Early Armoured Cars|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PknxxLTNhU8C&pg=PA5|year= 1988|publisher= Bloomsbury USA|isbn= 978-0-85263-908-5|pages= 4–5}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gougaud|1987|pp= 11–12}}</ref> Armoured cars were first used in large numbers on both sides during [[World War I]] as scouting vehicles.
==== Tank ====
{{History of the tank | state= collapsed }}
{{main|History of the tank}}
In 1903, [[H. G. Wells]] published the short story "[[The Land Ironclads]]," positing indomitable war machines that would bring a new age of land warfare, the way steam-powered [[ironclad warship]]s had ended the [[age of sail]].
Wells' literary vision was realized in 1916, when, amidst the pyrrhic standstill of the [[Great War]], the British [[Landship Committee]], deployed revolutionary armoured vehicles to break the stalemate. The tank was envisioned as an armoured machine that could cross ground under fire from [[machine gun]]s and reply with its own mounted machine guns and [[naval artillery]]. These first [[Tanks of World War I|British tanks of World War I]] moved on [[caterpillar track]]s that had substantially lower ground pressure than wheeled vehicles, enabling them to pass the muddy, pocked terrain and slit trenches of the [[Battle of the Somme]].
==== Troop transport ====
[[File:Mark IX tank at the Tank Museum, Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Mark IX tank]], the first Armoured Personnel Carrier at the Tank Museum, Bovington]]
The tank eventually proved highly successful and, as technology improved, it became a weapon that could cross large distances at much higher speeds than supporting [[infantry]] and [[artillery]]. The need to provide the units that would fight alongside the tank led to the development of a wide range of specialised AFVs, especially during the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945).
The armoured personnel carrier, designed to transport infantry troops to the frontline, emerged towards the end of World War I. During the first actions with [[tank]]s, it had become clear that close contact with infantry was essential in order to secure ground won by the tanks. Troops on foot were vulnerable to enemy fire, but they could not be transported in the tank because of the intense heat and noxious atmosphere.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} In 1917, Lieutenant G.J. Rackham was ordered to design an armoured vehicle that could fight and carry troops or supplies. The [[Mark IX tank]] was built by [[Armstrong Whitworth|Armstrong, Whitworth & Co.]], although just three vehicles had been finished at the time of the [[Armistice]] in November 1918, and only 34 were built in total.
==== Tankette ====
Different tank classifications emerged in the interwar period. The [[tankette]] was conceived as a mobile, two-man model, mainly intended for reconnaissance. In 1925, [[Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet|Sir John Carden]] and [[Vivian Loyd]] produced the first such design to be adopted – the [[Carden Loyd tankette]]. Tankettes saw use in the [[Royal Italian Army]] during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian invasion of Ethiopia]] (1935–1936), the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), and almost everywhere Italian soldiers fought during [[World War II]]. The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] used tankettes for [[jungle warfare]].<ref name="T27">{{cite web |url=http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227100158/http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/ |date=1998 |archive-date=27 February 2009 |title=T-27 Tankette |website=The Russian Battlefield |access-date=21 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankette/index.html |title=U.S. Forces Encounter Old Jap Tankette |magazine=[[Intelligence Bulletin]] |publisher=[[Military Intelligence Service (United States)|United States Military Intelligence Service]] |date=September 1945 |access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref>
==== Self-propelled artillery ====
[[File:British Gun Carrier Mark I - 60 pdr.jpg|right|thumb|British [[Gun Carrier Mark I]] (60 pdr)]]
The British [[Gun Carrier Mark I]], the first [[Self-propelled artillery]], was fielded in 1917. It was based on the first tank, the British [[Mark I (tank)|Mark I]], and carried a heavy field-gun. The next major advance was the [[Birch gun]] (1925), developed for the British motorised warfare experimental brigade (the [[Experimental Mechanized Force]]). This mounted a field gun, capable of the usual artillery trajectories and even anti-aircraft use, on a tank chassis.
During World War II, most major military powers developed self-propelled artillery vehicles. These had guns mounted on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provided an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. The first British design, [[Bishop (artillery)|"Bishop"]], carried the [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25 pdr gun-howitzer]] in an extemporised mounting on a tank chassis that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective [[Sexton (artillery)|Sexton]]. The Germans built many lightly armoured [[self-propelled anti-tank gun]]s using captured French equipment (for example [[Marder I]]), their own obsolete light tank chassis ([[Marder II]]), or ex-Czech chassis ([[Marder III]]). These led to better-protected tank destroyers, built on a medium-tank chassis such as the [[Jagdpanzer IV]] or the [[Jagdpanther]].
==== Anti-aircraft vehicle ====
The [[Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon]] debuted in WWI. The [[Flak 88|German 88]] mm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Artillery |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWairartillery.htm |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> anti-aircraft gun was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks, and the British [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt]] was mounted on trucks for use on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Although the [[Birch gun]] was a general purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis, it was capable of elevation for anti-aircraft use. [[Vickers Armstrong]] developed one of the first SPAAGs based on the chassis of the Mk.E 6-ton light tank/[[Vickers Medium Dragon|Dragon Medium Mark IV tractor]], mounting a Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" gun of 40 mm. The Germans fielded the Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 6/2, cargo halftracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively) by the start of the war.
==== Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher ====
Rocket launchers such as the Soviet [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] originated in the late 1930s. The [[Wehrmacht]] fielded self-propelled rocket artillery in World War II – the [[Panzerwerfer]] and [[Wurfrahmen 40]] equipped half-track armoured fighting vehicles. Many modern [[multiple rocket launchers]] are self propelled by either truck or tank chassis.
==== Cold War ====
By the end of [[World War II]], most modern armies had vehicles to carry infantry, artillery and [[anti-aircraft weapon]]ry. Most modern AFVs are superficially similar in design to their World War II counterparts, but with significantly better armour, weapons, engines, electronics, and suspension. The increase in the capacity of [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]] makes possible and practicable the transport of AFVs by air. Many armies are replacing some or all of their traditional heavy vehicles with lighter airmobile versions, often with wheels instead of tracks.
=== Design ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}
==== Armour ====
{{Main|Aramid|Bulletproof glass|Twaron|Vehicle armour}}
The level of armour protection between AFVs varies greatly – a [[main battle tank]] will normally be designed to take hits from other [[tank gun]]s and [[anti-tank missiles]], whilst light [[reconnaissance]] vehicles are often only armoured "just in case". Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile (for a given engine power), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go – for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank. A trend toward [[composite armour]] is taking the place of steel – composites are stronger for a given weight, allowing the tank to be lighter for the same protection as steel armour, or better protected for the same weight. Armour is being supplemented with [[active protection system]]s on a number of vehicles, allowing the AFV to protect itself from incoming projectiles.
[[File:PantheraScheme.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Armour-thickness chart for a [[Panther tank]]]]
The level of protection also usually varies considerably throughout the individual vehicle too, depending on the role of the vehicle and the likely direction of attack. For example, a main battle tank will usually have the heaviest armour on the hull front and the turret, lighter armour on the sides of the hull and the thinnest armour on the top and bottom of the tank. Other vehicles – such as the [[MRAP]] family – may be primarily armoured against the threat from [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]] and so will have heavy, [[sloped armour]] on the bottom of the hull.
==== Weaponry ====
Weaponry varies by a very wide degree between AFVs – lighter vehicles for infantry carrying, reconnaissance or specialist roles may have only a [[autocannon]] or m[[Machine gun|achine gun]] (or no armament at all), whereas heavy self-propelled artillery will carry large guns, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] or [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] launchers. These weapons may be mounted on a [[weapon mount#Pintle|pintle]], affixed directly to the vehicle or placed in a [[gun turret|turret]] or cupola.
The greater the recoil of the weapon on an AFV, the larger the turret ring needs to be. A larger turret ring necessitates a larger vehicle. To avoid listing to the side, turrets on amphibious vehicles are usually located at the centre of the vehicle.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996}}
[[Grenade launcher]]s provide a versatile launch platform for a plethora of munitions including, [[Smoke grenade|smoke]], phosphorus, tear gas, illumination, anti-personnel, infrared and radar-jamming rounds.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996}}
Turret stabilization is an important capability because it enables firing on the move and prevents crew fatigue.
==== Engine ====
[[File:Auslieferung von Bergepanzer 2 an die Bundeswehr durch die Kieler Atlas-MaK Maschinenbau GmbH (Kiel 40.250).jpg|thumb|Engine replacement for a [[Bergepanzer 2]]]]
Modern AFVs have primarily used either petrol (gasoline) or diesel piston engines. More recently, gas turbines have been used. Most early AFVs used [[petrol engine]]s, as they offer a good [[power-to-weight ratio]]. However, they fell out of favour during World War II due to the flammability of the fuel.
Most current AFVs are powered by a [[diesel engine]]; modern technology, including the use of [[turbocharger|turbo-charging]], helps to overcome the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesel engines compared to petrol.
[[Gas turbine]] (turboshaft) engines offer a very high power-to-weight ratio and were starting to find favour in the late 20th century – however, they offer very poor fuel consumption and as such some armies are switching from gas turbines back to diesel engines (i.e. the Russian [[T-80]] used a gas turbine engine, whereas the later [[T-90]] does not). The US [[M1 Abrams]] is a notable example of a gas turbine powered tank.
== Modern classification by type and role ==
Notable armoured fighting vehicles extending from post-World War I to today.
=== Tank ===
{{Further|Tank classification|Tank gun}}
The [[tank]] is an all terrain AFV incorporating artillery which is designed to fill almost all battlefield roles and to engage enemy forces by the use of [[direct fire]] in the frontal assault role. Though several configurations have been tried, particularly in the early experimental "golden days" of tank development, a standard, mature design configuration has since emerged to a generally accepted pattern. This features a main [[tank gun]] or [[artillery|artillery gun]], mounted in a fully rotating [[gun turret|turret]] atop a tracked automotive hull, with various additional secondary weapon systems throughout.
Philosophically, the tank is, by its very nature, an offensive weapon. Being a protective encasement with at least one gun position, it is essentially a [[Pillbox (military)|pillbox]] or small [[fortress]] (though these are static fortifications of a purely defensive nature) that can move toward the enemy – hence its offensive utility. Psychologically, the tank is a [[force multiplier]] that has a positive morale effect on the infantry it accompanies.<ref name="morale effect">{{cite book|title=Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-344-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&q=%22main+battle+tank%22|author=Stanley Sandler|access-date=5 April 2011|page=59}}</ref> It also instills fear in the opposing force who can often hear and even feel their arrival.<ref name="McNab Gulf War">{{cite book|title=Tools of violence: guns, tanks and dirty bombs|year=2008|publisher=Osprey Publishing|first1=Chris|last1=McNab|first2=Hunter|last2=Keeter|isbn=978-1846032257|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna}}</ref>
==== Tank classifications ====
Tanks were classified either by size or by role.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ripsaw M5.webp|alt=[[Ripsaw (vehicle)]] Ground Combat Vehicle|[[Ripsaw (vehicle)|Ripsaw M5]] [[Unmanned ground vehicle|unmanned]] [[light tank]]
File:PanzerIISaumur.jpg|A WWII [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzer II]] light tank
File:T-34-76 RB8.JPG|Soviet-made Polish [[T-34]] medium tank Model 1942 in [[Poznań]], Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.
File:T29 Heavy Tank.png|[[United States|American]] [[T29 Heavy Tank|T29]] Heavy Tank
</gallery>
Classification by relative size was common, as this also tended to influence the tanks' role.
* [[Light tank]]s are smaller tanks with thinner armour and lower-powered guns, allowing for better tactical mobility and ease of strategic transport. These are intended for [[armoured reconnaissance]], [[skirmishing]], [[artillery observer|artillery observation]], [[expeditionary warfare]] and supplementing [[Landing operation|airborne or naval landings]]. Light tanks are typically cheaper to build and maintain, but fare poorly against heavier tanks. They may be held in reserve for exploiting any breakthroughs in enemy lines, with the goal of disrupting communications and supply lines.
* [[Medium tank]]s are mid-sized tanks with adequate armour and guns, and fair mobility, allowing for a balance of fighting abilities, mobility, cost-effectiveness, and transportability. Medium tanks are effective in groups when used against enemy tanks.
* [[Heavy tank]]s are larger tanks with thick armour and more powerful guns, but less mobile and more difficult to transport. They were intended to be more than a match for typical enemy medium tanks, easily penetrating their armour while being much less susceptible to their attacks. Heavy tanks cost more to both build and maintain, and their heavy armour proved most effective when deployed in support infantry assaulting entrenched fortifications.
Over time, tanks tended to be designed with heavier armour and weapons, increasing the weight of all tanks, so these classifications are relative to the average for the nation's tanks for any given period. An older tank design might be reclassified over time, such as a tank being first deployed as a medium tank, but in later years relegated to light tank roles.
Tanks were also classified by roles that were independent of size, such as [[cavalry tank]], [[cruiser tank]], [[BT tank|fast tank]], [[infantry tank]], "assault" tank, or "breakthrough" tank. Military theorists initially tended to assign tanks to traditional military infantry, cavalry, and artillery roles, but later developed more specialized roles unique to tanks.
In modern use, the heavy tank has fallen out of favour, being supplanted by more heavily armed and armoured descendant of the medium tanks – the universal [[main battle tank]]. The light tank has, in many armies, lost favour to cheaper, faster, lighter [[Armoured car (military)|armoured cars]]; however, light tanks (or similar vehicles with other names) are still in service with a number of forces as [[reconnaissance vehicle]]s, most notably the [[Naval Infantry (Russia)|Russian Marines]] with the [[PT-76]], the [[British Army]] with the [[FV107 Scimitar|Scimitar]], and the [[Chinese Army]] with the [[Type 63 (tank)|Type 63]].
{{clear}}
==== Main battle tank ====
[[File:T-90 Bhisma cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Indian [[T-90#India|T-90]] ''Bhisma'' <!--Bhishma?-->with appliqué [[reactive armour]] and standard {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}} main gun]]
{{Main|Main battle tank}}
Modern [[Main battle tank#Main battle tank (late twentieth century)|main battle tanks]] or "universal tanks" incorporate recent advances in automotive, artillery, armour, and electronic technology to combine the best characteristics of the historic medium and heavy tanks into a single, all around type. They are also the most expensive to mass-produce. A main battle tank is distinguished by its high level of firepower, mobility and armour protection relative to other vehicles of its era. It can cross comparatively rough terrain at high speeds, but its heavy-dependency on fuel, maintenance, and ammunition makes it [[Military logistics|logistically]] demanding. It has the heaviest [[Vehicle armour|armour]] of any AFVs on the battlefield, and carries a powerful [[precision-guided munition]] weapon systems that may be able to engage a wide variety of both ground targets and air targets. Despite significant advances in [[anti-tank warfare]], it still remains the most versatile and fearsome land-based weapon-systems of the 21st-century, valued for its [[Shock tactics|shock action]] and high [[survivability]].
{{clear}}
==== Tankette ====
{{Main|Tankette}}
A tankette is a tracked armed and armoured vehicle<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf |title=The Revolution After Next: Making Vertical Envelopment by Operationally Significant Mobile Protected Forces a Reality in the First Decade of the 21st Century |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213100806/http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2012 |last=Tedesco |first=Vincent J. |publisher=[[United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies|School of Advanced Military Studies]], [[Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College]] |location=[[Fort Leavenworth]], United States |date=2000 |page=15}}</ref> resembling a small "ultra-light tank" or "super-light tank" roughly the size of a car, mainly intended for light infantry support or [[reconnaissance|scouting]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z23JjCBkSykC&q=tankette&pg=PA84 |title=Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940 |last=Sweet |first=John Joseph Timothy |publisher=[[Stackpole Books]] |date=2007 |page=84 |isbn=9780811733519}}</ref> They were one or two-man vehicles armed with a machine gun. Colloquially it may also simply mean a "small tank".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/War_Slang |quote=tankette. |title=War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War |last=Dickson |first=Paul |publisher=Brassey's |date=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/War_Slang/page/n234 221] |isbn=9781574887105}}</ref>
Tankettes were designed and built by several nations between the 1920s and 1940s following the British [[Carden Loyd tankette]] which was a successful implementation of "one man tank" ideas from [[Giffard Le Quesne Martel]]. They were very popular with smaller countries. Some saw some combat (with limited success) in World War II. However, the vulnerability of their light armour eventually caused the concept to be abandoned.
However, the [[German Army]] uses a modern design of air-transportable armoured weapons carriers, the [[Wiesel AWC]], which resembles the concept of a tankette.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Carden-Loyd Two-Man Tankette, 1926. KID235.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Carden-Loyd]] tankette concept was adopted by many armies
File:W2 argus.tif|[[Wiesel 2]] ''Argus'' scout tankette
</gallery>
==== ''Super''-heavy tank ====
{{Main|Super-heavy tank}}
The term "super-heavy tank" has been used to describe armoured fighting vehicles of extreme size, generally over 75 tonnes. Programs have been initiated on several occasions with the aim of creating an invincible [[siege engine|siegeworks]]/[[Breakthrough (military)|breakthrough]] vehicle for penetrating enemy formations and fortifications without fear of being destroyed in combat. Examples were designed in World War I and World War II (such as the [[Panzer VIII Maus]]), along with a few in the [[Cold War]]. However, few working prototypes were built and there are no clear evidence any of these vehicles saw combat, as their immense size would have made most designs impractical.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:TOG II.jpg|thumb|[[United Kingdom|British]] [[TOG II]]
File:Metro-maus1.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzer VIII Maus|Maus]]
</gallery>
{{clear}}
==== Missile tank ====
[[File:IT-1 missile tank.jpg|200px|thumb|Soviet [[IT-1]], [[Kubinka Tank Museum]]]]
A [[missile tank]] is a tank fulfilling the role of a main battle tank, but using only [[Anti-tank missile|anti-tank]] [[surface-to-surface missile]]s for main armament.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Several nations have experimented with prototypes, notably the Soviet Union during the tenure of Nikita Khrushchev (projects Object 167, Object 137Ml, Object 155Ml, Object 287, Object 775),
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==== Flame tank ====
[[File:Churchill Crocodile 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Churchill Crocodile]] flame tank]]
{{Main|Flame tank}}
A ''' flame tank''' is an otherwise-standard [[tank]] equipped with a [[flamethrower]], most commonly used to supplement [[combined arms]] attacks against [[fortification]]s, confined spaces, or other obstacles. The type only reached significant use in the [[Second World War]], during which the United States, [[Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and the United Kingdom (including members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]) all produced flamethrower-equipped tanks. Usually, the flame projector replaced one of the tank's machineguns, however, some flame projectors replaced the tank's main gun. Fuel for the flame weapon was generally carried inside the tank, although a few designs mounted the fuel externally, such as the armoured trailer used on the [[Churchill Crocodile]].
Flame tanks have been superseded by [[thermobaric weapon]]s such as the Russian [[TOS-1]].
{{clear}}
==== Infantry tank ====
[[File:MatildaII.jpg|thumb|A British [[Matilda II|Matilda tank]] displaying a captured [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] flag]]
{{Main|Infantry tank}}
The idea for this tank was developed during World War I by British and French. The [[infantry]] tank was designed to work in concert with infantry in the assault, moving mostly at a walking pace, and carrying heavy armour to survive defensive fire. Its main purpose was to suppress enemy fire, crush obstacles such as barbed-wire entanglements, and protect the infantry on their advance into and through enemy lines by giving mobile [[overwatch (military tactic)|overwatch]] and [[Suppressive fire|cover]]. The French [[Renault FT]] was the first iteration of this concept.
The British and French retained the concept between the wars and into the Second World War era. Because infantry tanks did not need to be fast, they could carry heavy armour. One of the best-known infantry tanks was the [[Matilda II]] of World War II. Other examples include the French [[Renault R35|R-35]], the British [[Valentine Tank|Valentine]], and the British [[Churchill Tank|Churchill]].
==== Cruiser tank ====
[[File:IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg|thumb|2 pdr-armed [[Crusader tank]] in the desert]]
{{Main|Cruiser tank}}
A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "[[Plan 1919]]", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of [[World War I]] in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British [[Medium Mark A Whippet|Whippet]].
Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by [[J. Walter Christie]]. These led to the Soviet [[BT Tank|BT tank series]] and the British [[Cruiser tank|cruiser tank series]].
During [[World War II]], British cruiser tanks were designed to complement [[infantry tank]]s, exploiting gains made by the latter to attack and disrupt the enemy rear areas. In order to give them the required speed, cruiser designs sacrificed armour and armament compared to the infantry tanks. Pure British cruisers were generally replaced by more capable medium tanks such as the [[Sherman Tank|US Sherman]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] by 1943.
The Soviet fast tank (''bistrokhodniy tank'', or [[BT tank]]) classification also came out of the infantry/cavalry concept of armoured warfare and formed the basis for the British cruisers after 1936. The T-34 was a development of this line of tanks as well, though their armament, armour, and all-round capability places them firmly in the medium tank category.
{{clear}}
=== Armoured car ===
{{Main|Armored car (military)}}
The [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] is a wheeled, often lightly armoured, vehicle adapted as a fighting machine. Its earliest form consisted of a motorised ironside chassis fitted with firing ports. By [[World War I]], this had evolved into a mobile fortress<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nT3zle-U3jgC&q=WWI+armored+cars&pg=PP1|title=1914–1938 Armored Fighting Vehicles|last=Bradford|first=George|date=2010|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705684|language=en}}</ref> equipped with command equipment, searchlights, and machine guns for self-defence. It was soon proposed that the requirements for the armament and layout of armoured cars be somewhat similar to those on naval craft, resulting in turreted vehicles. The first example carried a single revolving cupola with a [[Vickers gun]]; modern armoured cars may boast heavier armament – ranging from twin machine guns to large calibre cannon.
Some multi-axled wheeled fighting vehicles can be quite heavy, and superior to older or smaller tanks in terms of armour and armament. Others are often used in military marches and processions, or for the escorting of important figures. Under peacetime conditions, they form an essential part of most standing armies. Armoured car units can move without the assistance of transporters and cover great distances with fewer logistical problems than tracked vehicles.
During [[World War II]], armoured cars were used for reconnaissance alongside scout cars. Their guns were suitable for some defence if they encountered enemy [[armoured fighting vehicles]], but they were not intended to engage enemy [[tank]]s. [[Armored car (military)|Armoured cars]] have since been used in the offensive role against tanks with varying degrees of success, most notably during the [[South African Border War]], [[Toyota War]], the [[Invasion of Kuwait]], and other [[Low intensity conflict|lower-intensity conflicts]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rolls Royce 1920 Mk1 1 Bovington.jpg|thumb|[[Rolls-Royce Armoured Car]] in Bovington
File:T 17 Staghound Armored Car (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|American [[T17E1 Staghound]] armored car of World War II
File:Hmmwv-036.jpg|thumb|left|A U.S. Army [[HMMWV]] firing a [[BGM-71 TOW]] missile.
</gallery>
==== Aerosani ====
{{Main|Aerosani}}
[[Image:RF-8.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[RF-8]], a smaller World War II model, powered by an inexpensive automotive engine]]
An ''aerosani'' ({{lang-ru |aэросани}}, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-driven [[snowmobile]], running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. ''Aerosanis'' were used by the Soviet [[Red Army]] during the [[Winter War]] and [[World War II]].
The first ''aerosanis'' may have been built by young [[Igor Sikorsky]] in 1909–10, before he built multi-engine airplanes and helicopters. They were very light [[plywood]] vehicles on skis, propelled by old airplane engines and propellers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm |title=The Propeller-Driven Sleigh |website=The Museum of Retro Technology |first=Douglas |last=Self |date=26 July 2005 |access-date=11 September 2008}}</ref>
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==== Scout car ====
{{Main|Scout car}}
A ''scout car'' is a military armoured [[reconnaissance vehicle]], capable of off-road mobility and often carrying mounted weapons such as [[machine gun]]s for offensive capabilities and crew protection. They often only carry an operational crew aboard, which differentiates them from wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and [[infantry mobility vehicle]]s (IMVs), but early scout cars, such as the open-topped US [[M3 scout car]] could carry a crew of seven. The term is often used synonymously with the more general term armoured car, which also includes armoured civilian vehicles. They are also differentiated by being designed and built for purpose, as opposed to improvised [[Technical (vehicle)|"technicals"]] which might serve in the same role.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2011 140.jpg|thumb|left|[[BA-64]] at the [[UMMC Museum of Military and Automotive Equipment|UMMC Museum]]
File:Panhard AML-90 img 2308.jpg|thumb|right|[[Panhard AML]] scout car
</gallery>
{{clear}}
==== Reconnaissance vehicle ====
[[File:Stryker RV front q.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army]] [[M1127]]]]
{{Main|Reconnaissance vehicle}}
A ''reconnaissance vehicle'', also known as a ''scout vehicle'', is a [[military vehicle]] used for forward [[reconnaissance]]. Both tracked and wheeled reconnaissance vehicles are in service. In some nations, light tanks such as the [[M551 Sheridan]] and [[AMX-13]] are also used by scout platoons. Reconnaissance vehicles are usually designed with a low profile or small size and are lightly armoured, relying on speed and cover to escape detection. Their armament ranges from a [[medium machine gun]] to an [[autocannon]]. Modern examples are often fitted with [[ATGM]]s and a wide range of sensors.
Some [[armoured personnel carrier]]s and [[infantry mobility vehicle]], such as the [[M113]], [[TPz Fuchs]], and [[Cadillac Gage Commando]] double in the reconnaissance role.
==== Internal security vehicle ====
{{Main|Internal security vehicle}}
[[File:Bulgarian m1117.JPG|thumb|right|An American-made Bulgarian [[M1117]]]]
An internal security vehicle (ISV), also known as an armoured security vehicle (ASV), is a combat vehicle used for suppressing civilian unrest. Security vehicles are typically armed with a turreted [[heavy machine gun]] and auxiliary [[medium machine gun]]. The vehicle is designed to minimize firepower dead space and the vehicles weapons can be depressed to a maximum of 12°. [[Non-lethal weapon|Non-lethal]] [[water cannon]]s and [[tear gas]] cannons can provide suppressive fire in lieu of unnecessary deadly fire.{{sfn|Margiotta|1996|p=56, 57}}
The vehicle must be protected against weapons typical of riots. Protection from [[Molotov cocktail|improvised incendiary device]]s is achieved though coverage of the air intake and exhaust ports as well as a strong locking mechanism on the fuel opening. Turret and door locks prevent access to the interior of the vehicle by rioters. Vision blocks, ballistic glass and window shutters and outside [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] allow protected observation from within the vehicle. Wheeled 4x4 and 6x6 configurations are typical of security vehicles. Tracked security vehicles are often cumbersome and leave negative political connotations for being perceived as an imperial invading force.
{{clear}}
==== Improvised fighting vehicle ====
{{Main|Improvised vehicle armour|Improvised fighting vehicle|Narco tank|Gun truck|Technical (vehicle)}}
An improvised fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle resulting from modifications to a civilian or military non-combat vehicle in order to give it a fighting capability. Such modifications usually consist of the grafting of [[Vehicle armour|armour plating]] and [[weapon systems]]. Various militaries have procured such vehicles, ever since the introduction of the first [[automobile]]s into military service.
During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them, lead to much improvisation in the creation of early armoured cars, and other such vehicles. Later, despite the advent of [[arms industry|arms industries]] in many countries, several armies still resorted to using ad hoc contraptions, often in response to unexpected military situations, or as a result of the development of new [[Military tactics|tactics]] for which no available vehicle was suitable. The construction of improvised fighting vehicles may also reflect a lack of means for the force that uses them. This is especially true in [[Underdeveloped country|underdeveloped countries]] and even in [[Developing country|developing countries]], where various armies and [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces have used them, as they are more affordable than military-grade combat vehicles.
Modern examples include '''military gun truck''' used by units of regular armies or other official government armed forces, based on a conventional [[Military vehicle|military cargo truck]], that is able to carry a large weight of weapons and armour. They have mainly been used by regular armies to escort military convoys in regions subject to ambush by [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces. "[[Narco tank]]s", used by [[Mexico|Mexican]] drug cartels in the [[Mexican Drug War]], are built from such trucks, which combines [[operational mobility]], [[Military tactics|tactical]] [[Offensive (military)|offensive]], and [[defense (military)|defensive]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13488620 |title=Mexico police seize 'narco-tank'|date=22 May 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/05/narco-tank-vehicles-cartels-drug-war-mexico.html|title='Narco tank' is latest find in cartels' armored vehicles |first=Daniel |last=Hernandez |date=25 May 2011|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons |title=Mexico soldiers find narco 'tank' factory |access-date=2011-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612112125/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons |archive-date=12 June 2011 |work=Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/ |title=Mexican Cartels Moving Drugs in Armored Vehicles |work=Fox News Latino |access-date=2014-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119210304/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/ |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Na KhTZ-16.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[NI tank]] improvised fighting tractor of [[World War II|WWII]].
File:Free Syrian Army technical in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Technical armed with a [[ZU-23]] [[autocannon]] operated by the [[Free Syrian Army]] during clashes with [[ISIL|ISIS]] in the eastern [[Qalamoun Mountains]], southern Syria, 2017
File:Gun Truck.jpg|thumb|right|A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an [[M939 Truck|M939]] five-ton truck
File:Armoured tractor in Karlovac Museum.jpg|thumb|right|[[Croatia]]n [[backhoe]] with [[improvised vehicle armour]] from the [[Croatian War of Independence]]
</gallery>
=== Troop carriers ===
Troop-carrying AFVs are divided into three main types – armoured personnel carriers (APCs), infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMV). The main difference between the three is their intended role – the APC is designed purely to transport troops and is armed for self-defence only – whereas the IFV is designed to provide close-quarters and anti-armour fire support to the infantry it carries. IMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle.
==== Armoured personnel carrier ====
{{Main|Armoured personnel carrier}}
Armoured personnel carriers ('''APCs''') are intended to carry infantry quickly and relatively safely to the point where they are deployed. In the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], 8 August 1918, the British [[Mk V tank#Mark V series|Mk V* tank]] (a lengthened Mark V) carried a small number of machine gunners as an experiment, but the men were debilitated by the conditions inside the vehicle.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The British Tanks, 1915–1919
|last=Fletcher |first=David
|author-link=David Fletcher (military historian)
|isbn=1-86126-400-3
|publisher=Crowood Press
|year=2001
|page=149
}}</ref> Later that year the first purpose-built APC, the British [[Mark IX tank|Mk IX tank]] (Mark Nine), appeared. In 1944, the Canadian general [[Guy Simonds]] ordered the conversion of redundant armoured vehicles to carry troops (generically named "[[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|Kangaroos]]"). This proved highly successful, even without training, and the concept was widely used in the [[21st Army Group]]. Post-war, specialised designs were built, such as the Soviet [[BTR-60]] and US [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-801-0664-37, Berlin, Unter den Linden, Schützenpanzer.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] WWII [[Sd.Kfz. 251]] [[half-track]]ed APC
File:IM000656.jpg|thumb|IM000656|[[Israel|Israeli]] [[Namer]] tracked APC
File:GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg|thumb|The [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|ARTEC Boxer]] armoured personnel carrier
</gallery>
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==== Infantry fighting vehicle ====
{{Main|Infantry fighting vehicle}}
An ''infantry fighting vehicle'' (''IFV''), also known as a ''mechanized infantry combat vehicle'' (''MICV''), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry [[infantry]] into battle and provide [[Direct fire|direct]] [[fire support]].<ref name=McNab>{{cite book|title=Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-36824-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3YaVQR7x5QC|first1=Martin J. |last1=Dougherty |first2=Chris |last2=McNab |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> The first example of an IFV was the [[West Germany|West German]] [[Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30]] which served in the [[Bundeswehr]] from 1958 until the early 1980s.
IFVs are similar to armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and [[Armoured personnel carrier|infantry carrier vehicles]] (ICVs), designed to transport a [[Section (military unit)|section]] or [[squad]] of infantry (generally between five and ten men) and their equipment. They are differentiated from APCs{{snd}}which are purely "troop-transport" vehicles armed only for self-defence{{snd}}because they are designed to give direct fire support to the dismounted infantry and so usually have significantly enhanced armament. IFVs also often have improved [[vehicle armour|armour]] and some have firing ports (allowing the infantry to fire [[firearm|personal weapons]] while mounted).
They are typically armed with an [[autocannon]] of 20 to 57 mm calibre, 7.62mm machine guns, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (ATGMs) and/or [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs). IFVs are usually [[Caterpillar track|tracked]], but some wheeled vehicles fall into this category. IFVs are generally less heavily armed and armoured than [[main battle tank]]s. They sometimes carry anti-tank missiles to protect and support infantry against armoured threats, such as the NATO [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] missile and Soviet [[9M117 Bastion|Bastion]], which offer a significant threat to tanks. Specially equipped IFVs have taken on some of the roles of light tanks; they are used by reconnaissance organizations, and light IFVs are used by airborne units which must be able to fight without the heavy firepower of tanks.
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File:Puma, first series.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Germany|German]] [[Puma (IFV)|Puma]] infantry fighting vehicles
File:BMP-2M.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[BMP-2]]M amphibious IFV
File:Royal Tank Museum 157.jpg|thumb|[[South Africa]]n Wheeled [[Ratel IFV]]
</gallery>
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==== Infantry mobility vehicle ====
[[File:AMZ Tur PICT0096.jpg|thumb|[[Poland|Polish]] [[AMZ Tur]]]]
{{Main|Infantry mobility vehicle|MRAP}}
An ''infantry mobility vehicle'' (''IMV'') or ''protected patrol vehicle'' (''PPV'') is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle. Examples include the [[ATF Dingo]], [[AMZ Dzik]], [[AMZ Tur]], [[Mungo ESK]], and [[Bushmaster IMV]]. This term also applies to the vehicles currently being fielded as part of the [[MRAP]] program.
IMVs were developed in response to the threats of modern counterinsurgency warfare, with an emphasis on [[Ambush]] Protection and [[Improvised Explosive Device|Mine]]-Resistance. Similar vehicles existed long before the term IMV was coined, such as the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] and South African [[Buffel]]. The term is coming more into use to differentiate light 4x4 wheeled APCs from the traditional 8x8 wheeled APCs. It is a [[neologism]] for what might have been classified in the past as an armoured [[scout car]], such as the [[BRDM]], but the IMV is distinguished by having a requirement to carry dismountable infantry. The up-armoured [[M1114]] Humvee variant can be seen as an adaptation of the unarmoured Humvee to serve in the IMV role.
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:CV9035 assessment (cropped).jpg|A [[Combat Vehicle 90|CV-9035]] [[Sweden|Swedish]] infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army
File:M113IraqiFreedom.jpg|The [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]], one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the [[Iraq War]]
File:Dingo 2.jpg|An [[ATF Dingo]] of the [[German Army]] is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces
File:278th MP Company's new ASVs.jpg|A United States [[Army National Guard]] [[M1117 Armored Security Vehicle|M1117 armoured security vehicle]]
File:Nexter Aravis, place Jeanne Helbling, Strasbourg 2010 (2).jpg|A French [[Nexter Aravis]] in [[Strasbourg]]
File:Norwegian Iveco LMV 02.jpg|Norwegian soldiers running operations in an [[Iveco LMV]] in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries.
File:Saxony State Police Survivor R (1).jpg|An [[RMMV Survivor R]] used by the [[Saxony]] State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration.
</gallery>
=== Amphibious vehicles ===
{{Main|Amphibious vehicle#Armored|Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault|Landing craft}}
Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance, through armoured personnel carriers and tanks, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. Contemporary wheeled armoured amphibians include the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé]] and [[Véhicule Blindé Léger]]. The latter is a small, lightly armoured [[4×4]] all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h. The VAB (''Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé'' – 'armoured vanguard vehicle') is a fully amphibious armoured personnel carrier powered in the water by two water jets, that entered service in 1976 and produced in numerous configurations, ranging from basic personnel carrier, anti-tank missile platform.
During the [[Cold War]] the [[Soviet bloc]] states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious, or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the [[BRDM-1]] and [[BRDM-2]] [[4x4]] armoured scout cars, as well as the [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-70]], [[BTR-80]] and [[BTR-94]] [[8x8]] armoured personnel carriers and the [[BTR-90]] infantry fighting vehicle.
The United States started developing a long line of [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]] (LVT) designs from ca. 1940. The US Marine Corps currently uses the AAV7-A1 [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]], which was to be succeeded by the [[Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle]], which was capable of planing on water and can achieve water speeds of 37–46 km/h. The EFV project has been cancelled.
A significant number of tracked armoured vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, have some amphibious capability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on bridges. They use their tracks, sometimes with added propeller or water jets for propulsion. As long as the banks have a shallow enough slopes to enter or leave the water they can cross rivers and water obstacles.
Some heavy tanks can operate amphibiously with a fabric skirt to add [[buoyancy]]. The [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] [[DD tank]] used in the [[Normandy landings]] had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. Some modern vehicles use a similar skirt.
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File:BTR-80 coming ashore.jpg|[[BTR-80]]s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed
File:AAV-australia.jpg|Two [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]]s emerge from the surf onto the sand of [[Freshwater Beach]], Australia
File:PT 76 7 DOW TBiU 12 3.jpg|Swimming Polish [[PT-76]]s.
File:PKP trailer attached to the amphibian carrier [[PTS-2]] in Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps in Saint-Petersburg, Russia.jpg|PKP trailer
File:PTS-M.jpg|Soviet [[PTS-M]] landing craft
</gallery>
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=== Airborne vehicles ===
{{expand section|date=December 2021}}
[[File:C-130 airdrop.jpg|thumb|[[C-130]] airdrops an [[M551]] light tank]]
Lightweight armoured fighting vehicles designed or modified to be [[airlift|carried by aircraft]] and delivered by air drop, helicopter lift, glider, or air landing with infantry to provide heavier tactical firepower and mobility. The air-equivalent to amphibious vehicles, the main advantage of airborne forces is their ability to be deployed into combat zones without land passage, as long as the [[airspace]] is accessible. Airborne vehicles are limited only by the tonnage capacity of their [[military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]]. Airborne vehicles typically lack the armour and supplies necessary for prolonged combat, so they are utilized for establishing an [[airhead (warfare)|airhead]] to bring in larger forces before carrying out other combat objectives. One modern example is the German [[Wiesel AWC]]. The USA also created the [[M22 Locust]] as a way to aid paratroopers/ being paradropped in as it was very lightly armored and very small.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nash |first=Mark |date=2017-05-09 |title=Light Tank (Airborne) M22 Locust |url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/us/light-tank-airborne-m22-locust |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Tank Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Armoured engineering vehicle ===
[[File:IDF Puma CEV (5).jpg|thumb|[[IDF Puma]] combat engineering vehicle]]
{{Main|Military engineering vehicle}}
Modern engineering AFV's utilize chassis based on main battle tank platforms: these vehicles are as well armoured and protected as tanks, designed to keep up with tanks, breach obstacles to help tanks get to wherever it needs to be, perform utility functions necessary to expedite mission objectives of tanks, and to conduct other earth-moving and engineering work on the battlefield. These vehicles go by different names depending upon the country of use or manufacture. In the United States the term "combat engineer vehicle (CEV)" is used, in the United Kingdom the term "[[Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers]] (AVRE)" is used, while in Canada and other commonwealth nations the term "armoured engineer vehicle (AEV)" is used. There is no set template for what such a vehicle will look like, yet likely features include a large dozer blade or mine ploughs, a large calibre demolition cannon, augers, winches, excavator arms and cranes, or lifting booms.
Although the term "armoured engineer vehicle" is used specifically to describe these multi-purpose tank-based engineering vehicles, that term is also used more generically in British and Commonwealth militaries to describe all heavy tank-based engineering vehicles used in the support of mechanized forces. Thus, "armoured engineer vehicle" used generically would refer to AEV, AVLB, Assault Breachers, and so on. Good examples of this type of vehicle include the UK [[Trojan Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers|Trojan AVRE]], the Russian IMR, and the US [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]].
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[[File:ILÜ_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg|alt=|thumb|A [[German Army|German army]] [[Rheinmetall]] [[Keiler (mine flail)|Keiler]]. It uses a heavy-duty rotor-powered mine flail, which causes mines it comes in contact with to safely detonate.]]
==== Breaching vehicle ====
{{Main|Military engineering vehicle#Breaching vehicle}}
A '''breaching vehicle''' is especially designed to clear pathways for troops and other vehicles through [[minefields]] and along [[roadside bomb]]s and other [[Improvised Explosive Device|improvised explosive device]]s. These vehicles are equipped with mechanical or other means for the breaching of man made obstacles. Common types of breaching vehicles include mechanical [[Mine flail|flails]], mine plough vehicles, and mine roller vehicles.
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==== Armoured bulldozer ====
[[File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg|thumb|[[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armoured bulldozer]]]]
{{Main|Armored bulldozer}}
The armoured bulldozer is a basic tool of [[combat engineering]]. These [[combat engineering vehicle]]s combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer with armour which protects the vehicle and its operator in or near combat. Most are civilian bulldozers modified by addition of [[vehicle armour]]/military equipment, but some are [[tank]]s stripped of armament and fitted with a dozer blade. Some tanks have bulldozer blades while retaining their armament, but this does not make them armoured bulldozers as such, because combat remains the primary role – earth moving is a secondary task.
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==== Armoured recovery vehicle ====
{{Main|Armoured recovery vehicle}}
An ''armoured recovery vehicle'' (''ARV'') is a type of [[Vehicle recovery (military)|vehicle recovery]] armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle- or mine-damaged as well as broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them out of the danger zone for more extensive repairs. To this end the term ''armoured repair and recovery vehicle'' (''ARRV'') is also used.
ARVs are normally built on the [[chassis]] of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles, mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on the basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs, but does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank.
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==== Armoured vehicle-launched bridge ====
{{Main|Armoured vehicle-launched bridge}}
An ''armoured vehicle-launched bridge'' (''AVLB'') is a combat support vehicle, sometimes regarded as a subtype of [[combat engineering vehicle]], designed to assist militaries in rapidly deploying [[tank]]s and other armoured fighting vehicles across rivers. The AVLB is usually a tracked vehicle converted from a tank chassis to carry a folding metal bridge instead of weapons. The AVLB's job is to allow armoured or infantry units to cross water, when a river too deep for vehicles to wade through is reached, and no bridge is conveniently located (or sufficiently sturdy, a substantial concern when moving 60-ton tanks).
The bridge layer unfolds and launches its cargo, providing a ready-made bridge across the obstacle in only minutes. Once the span has been put in place, the AVLB vehicle detaches from the bridge, and moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Once all of the vehicles have crossed, it crosses the bridge itself and reattaches to the bridge on the other side. It then retracts the span ready to move off again. A similar procedure can be employed to allow crossings of small chasms or similar obstructions. AVLBs can carry bridges of {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=off}} or greater in length. By using a tank chassis, the bridge layer is able to cover the same terrain as main battle tanks, and the provision of armour allows them to operate even in the face of enemy fire. However, this is not a universal attribute: some exceptionally sturdy 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis have lent themselves to bridge-layer applications.
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==== Combat engineer section carriers ====
''Combat engineer section carriers'' are used to transport [[sapper]]s ([[combat engineer]]s) and can be fitted with [[bulldozer]]s' blades and other mine-breaching devices. They are often used as APCs because of their carrying ability and heavy protection. They are usually armed with [[machine gun]]s and grenade launchers and usually tracked to provide enough tractive force to push blades and rakes. Some examples are the U.S. [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier|M113 APC]], [[IDF Puma]], [[Nagmachon]], Husky, and U.S. [[M1132 Engineer Support Vehicle|M1132 ESV]] (a [[Stryker]] variant).
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:IDF Puma CEV (5).jpg|[[IDF Puma]] - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier
File:M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg|A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 16 May 1996.
File:M1 Assault Breacher Vehicle.jpg|Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a [[M58 MICLIC]] from an [[M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle]]
File:D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg|An armoured [[IDF Caterpillar D9]]R [[armoured bulldozer|bulldozer]], nicknamed "דובי" ('[[Teddy bear]]') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire.
File:Bergepanzer Bueffel.jpg|BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, [[German Army]]
File:M60A1 Armored Vehicle Landing Bridge.jpg|An [[M60 AVLB|M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB)]], deploying its scissors-type bridge
File:Stryker ESV front q.jpg|An [[M1132]] engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams
</gallery>
=== Air defence vehicles ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
{{Main|Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar|Close-in weapon system}}
An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.
Specific weapon systems used include [[machine guns]], [[autocannon|anti-aircraft autocannon]]s, larger anti-air guns, or [[surface-to-air-missiles]], and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir-S1). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today, missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Brno, Řečkovice, transportér Praga V33 II.JPG|thumb|[[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] self-propelled anti-aircraft gun [[M53/59 Praga]] developed in the late 1950s.
Image:Wirbelwind CFB Borden 2.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Wirbelwind]] - a [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling#2 cm Flakvierling 38|20 mm ''Flakvierling'']] quadmount on a [[Panzer IV]] chassis.
File:Gepard 1a2 overview.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flakpanzer Gepard]], Germany
File:JLTV 1.jpg|thumb|At AUSA 2017, a [[Joint Light Tactical Vehicle|JLTV]] Utility variant mounting [[Boeing]]'s [[SHORAD]] Launcher
File:2008 Moscow Victory Day Parade - 9K22 Tunguska.jpg|thumb|right|Typical of more modern designs, the [[Tunguska-M1]] mounts both [[Surface-to-air missile|missile]]s and [[autocannon]]s.
</gallery>
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=== Artillery tractor ===
An [[artillery tractor]], also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-203-1696-25, Albanien, Raupenschlepper Ost mit Kanone.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Raupenschlepper, Ost|RSO]] [[artillery tractor]] towing [[10.5 cm leFH 18M|105 mm howitzer]], Albania, 1943]]
There are two main types of artillery tractors, depending on the type of traction: wheeled and tracked.
Wheeled tractors are usually variations of lorries adapted for military service.
Tracked tractors run on continuous track; in some cases are built on a modified tank chassis with the superstructure replaced with a compartment for the gun crew or ammunition.
In addition, half-track tractors were used in the [[interwar period]] and in [[World War II]], especially by the [[Wehrmacht]]. This type of tractor was mostly discontinued postwar.
=== Self-propelled artillery ===
{{Main|Self-propelled artillery|Self-propelled gun}}
Self-propelled [[artillery]] vehicles give mobility to [[artillery]]. Within the term are covered [[self-propelled gun]]s (or [[howitzer]]s) and [[rocket artillery]]. They are highly mobile, usually based on tracked chassis carrying either a large howitzer or other field gun or alternatively a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] or some form of rocket or missile launcher. They are usually used for long-range [[indirect-fire|indirect]] bombardment support on the battlefield.
In the past, self-propelled artillery has included direct-fire "Gun Motor Carriage" vehicles, such as [[assault gun]]s and [[tank destroyer]]s (also known as self-propelled anti-tank guns). These have been heavily armoured vehicles, the former providing danger-close fire-support for infantry and the latter acting as specialized anti-tank vehicles.
Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles may superficially resemble tanks, but they are generally lightly armoured, too lightly to survive in direct-fire combat. However, they protect their crews against [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] and small arms and are therefore usually included as armoured fighting vehicles. Many are equipped with [[machine gun]]s for defence against enemy infantry.
The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and the guns set up. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought – usually towed – to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery in combination with modern communications, can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance.
Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be taken to places that self-propelled guns cannot reach, so despite the advantages of the self-propelled artillery, towed guns remain in the [[arsenal]]s of many modern armies.
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File:Destroyed german self-propelled gun carriage.jpg|thumb|A [[Wespe]] destroyed in [[Normandy]], 1944.
File:G6 Howitzer2.JPG|[[G6 howitzer]] wheeled SPG
File:April 9th rehearsal in Alabino of 2014 Victory Day Parade (558-34).jpg|thumb|A Russian [[2S19 Msta-S]] in 2014
</gallery>
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==== Assault gun ====
{{Main|Assault gun}}
An assault gun is a gun or howitzer mounted on a motor vehicle or armoured chassis, designed for use in the [[direct fire]] role in support of [[infantry]] when attacking other infantry or [[fortified]] positions.
Historically, the custom-built fully armoured assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed [[casemate]] on a tank chassis. The use of a [[casemate]] instead of a [[gun turret]] limited these weapons' [[field of fire (weaponry)|field of fire]], but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction. In most cases, these turretless vehicles also presented a lower profile as a target for the enemy.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:ISU-152 at Victory Park in Moscow.jpg|thumb|right|[[ISU-152]]K, [[Poklonnaya Hill|Victory Park]], [[Moscow]], Russia
File:Ikv 91 a.jpg|thumb|[[Infanterikanonvagn 91]], Swedish [[gun turret|turreted]] amphibious assault gun
</gallery>
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==== Self-propelled siege mortar ====
[[File:Karl6.jpg|thumb|A [[Karl-Gerät]] firing in Warsaw,1944]]
{{Main|Self-propelled siege mortar}}
A Siege mortar is a form of self-propelled gun that holds a siege mortar. The only siege mortar ever built was the [[Karl-Gerät]]. It could be argued that these could be classified as a [[Mortar carrier]] .
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==== Mortar carrier ====
[[File:Stryker MCV-B.jpg|thumb|An American [[M1129 Mortar Carrier]]]]
{{Main|Mortar carrier}}
A mortar carrier is a [[self-propelled artillery]] vehicle carrying a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] as its primary weapon. Mortar carriers cannot be fired while on the move and some must be dismounted to fire. In U.S. Army doctrine, mortar carriers provide close and immediate indirect fire support for maneuver units while allowing for rapid displacement and quick reaction to the tactical situation. The ability to relocate not only allows fire support to be provided where it is needed faster, but also allows these units to avoid [[counter-battery fire]]. Mortar carriers have traditionally avoided direct contact with the enemy. Many units report never using secondary weapons in combat.
Prior to the [[Iraq War]], American 120 mm mortar platoons reorganized from six [[M1064 mortar carrier]]s and two M577 fire direction centres (FDC) to four M1064 and one FDC.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mortar Platoon Training Focus to Meet the Evolving Battlefield |magazine=[[Armor (magazine)|Armor]] |last=Ward |first=CPT Stephen |publisher=United States Army Armor Center |location=[[Fort Knox]] |date=July–August 2006 |volume=CXV |issue=4 |pages=41–42 |issn=0004-2420}}</ref> The urban environment of Iraq made it difficult to utilize mortars. New technologies such as mortar ballistic computers and communication equipment and are being integrated. Modern era combat is becoming more reliant on [[direct fire]] support from mortar carrier [[machine gun]]s.
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==== Multiple rocket launcher ====
{{Main|Multiple rocket launcher}}
A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided [[rocket artillery]] system. Like other [[rocket (weapon)|rocket]] artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower (sustained) rate of fire than batteries of traditional [[artillery]] guns. However, they have the capability of simultaneously dropping many hundreds of kilograms of explosive, with devastating effect.
The [[Korea|Korean]] [[Hwacha]] is an example of an early weapon system with a resemblance to the modern-day multiple rocket launcher. The first self-propelled multiple rocket launchers – and arguably the most famous – were the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyushas]], first used during World War II and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern multiple rocket launchers. The first modern multiple rocket launcher was the [[Nazi Germany|German]] ''[[15 cm Nebelwerfer 41]]'' of the 1930s,{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} a small towed artillery piece. Only later in [[World War II]] did the British deploy similar weapons in the form of the [[Mattress (rocket)|Land Mattress]].The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop [[M4 Sherman]] tanks to create the [[T34 Calliope]] rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Panzerwerfer alias Maultier.jpg|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Panzerwerfer]] [[Half-track|half-tracked]] MRLS.
File:BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 chassis at the Museum on Sapun Mountain Sevastopol 4.jpg|thumb|[[Katyusha rocket launcher]] at the Museum ([[Diorama]]) on Sapun Mountain, [[Sevastopol]]
File:9a52 smerch.jpg|thumb|right|[[BM-30 Smerch]] 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position
File:Army mlrs 1982 02.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[M270]] MLRS conducts a rocket launch.
</gallery>
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==== Missile vehicle ====
[[Missile vehicle]]s are trucks or tractor units designed to carry rockets or missiles. The missile vehicle may be a self-propelled unit or the missile holder/launcher may be on a trailer towed by a prime mover. They are used in the military forces of a number of countries in the world. Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to the ground on these vehicles, but elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching.
* A [[Transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) is a missile vehicle with an integrated prime mover (tractor unit) that can carry, elevate to firing position and launch one or more missiles. Such vehicles exist for both surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles.
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File:Тягач МЗКТ-79221 (комплекс Тополь-М).jpg|Missile truck [[MZKT]] 79221 under missile [[RT-2PM2 Topol-M|Topol-M]]
Image:sa-4.jpg|A [[Soviet]] [[2K11 Krug]] [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]]
File:MoscowParade2009 7.jpg|thumb|[[S-300 missile system]].
</gallery>
==== Tank destroyer ====
{{Main|Tank destroyer|Anti-tank missile carrier|Anti-tank warfare}}
Tank destroyers and tank hunters are armed with an [[anti-tank gun]] or [[anti-tank guided missile|anti tank missile]] launcher, and are designed specifically to engage enemy armoured vehicles. Many have been based on a tracked tank chassis, while others are wheeled. Since World War II, main battle tanks have largely replaced gun-armed tank destroyers; although lightly armoured anti tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers are commonly used for supplementary long-range anti-tank engagements.
In post-[[Cold War]] conflict, the resurgence of [[expeditionary warfare]] has seen the emergence of gun-armed wheeled vehicles, sometimes called "protected gun systems", which may bear a superficial resemblance to tank destroyers, but are employed as direct fire support units typically providing support in low intensity operations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. These have the advantage of easier deployment, as only the largest air transports can carry a main battle tank, and their smaller size makes them more effective in urban combat.
Many forces' IFVs carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield. But there are still dedicated anti-tank vehicles with very heavy long-range missiles, or intended for airborne use. There have also been dedicated anti-tank vehicles built on ordinary armoured personnel carrier or armoured car chassis. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an [[M113]] chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the [[BRDM-2|BRDM scout car]], the British FV438 [[Swingfire]] and [[FV102 Striker]] and the [[West Germany|German]] ''Raketenjagdpanzer'' series built on the chassis of the [[HS 30]] and [[Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)|Mardar IFV]]s.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:M3 75mm gun motor carriage.jpg|thumb|American [[M3 Gun Motor Carriage|M3 GMC]] [[half-track]]ed tank destroyer
Image:SC198612.jpg|thumb|left|90 mm GMC [[M36 tank destroyer|M36]] during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945
File:Jagdtiger 1 Bovington.jpg|thumb|right|British-captured [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Jagdtiger]] in [[The Tank Museum]], the UK
File:NM142 x 3.jpg|thumb|right|A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with [[NM142]] TOW missile launchers
File:Panzermuseum Munster 2010 0915.JPG|[[West Germany|German]] missile tank destroyer [[Raketenjagdpanzer 2]].
</gallery>
=== Armoured train ===
{{Main|Armoured train}}
An ''armoured train'' is a railway train protected with [[vehicle armour|armour]]. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with [[artillery]], [[machine gun]]s, tank [[gun turret|turret]]s and [[anti-aircraft gun]]s. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the [[Russia]]n Federation used improvised armoured trains in the [[Second Chechen War]] in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a ''Fremdgerät'' (captured AFVs such as the French [[Somua S-35]] or Czech [[PzKpfw 38(t)]]), or obsolescent [[Panzer II]] light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy [[Partisan (military)|partisans]].
Different types of armour were used to protect armoured trains from attack. In addition to various metal plates, concrete and sandbags were used in some cases on armoured trains.
Armoured trains were sometimes escorted by a kind of rail-tank called a [[draisine]]. One such example was the Italian 'Littorina' armoured trolley, which had a cab in the front and rear, each with a control set so it could be driven down the tracks in either direction. Littorina mounted two dual 7.92mm [[MG-13|MG13]] machine gun turrets from [[Panzer I]] light tanks.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:MÁV armoured train.jpg|thumb|MÁV armoured train
File:Pancierovy vlak-Zvolen.jpg|thumb|right|Replica of the [[Armored train Hurban|"Hurban" armoured train]] located in Zvolen, Slovakia
</gallery>
{{clear}}
{{Main|Mobile missile launcher}}
{{clear}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Tanks}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Armoured warfare]]
* [[Lists of armoured fighting vehicles]]
* [[Non-military armored vehicles|Non-military armoured vehicles]]
* ''[[Tachanka]]''
* [[Tank classification]]
* [[Vehicle markings of the United States military]]
}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
=== Sources ===
* {{cite book | last= Gougaud| first= Alain| title= L'aube de la gloire: les autos mitrailleuses et les chars français pendant la Grande Guerre, histoire technique et militaire, arme blindée, cavalerie, chars, Musée des blindés| year= 1987| isbn= 978-2-904255-02-1 |location=Issy-les-Moulineaux |publisher=Société OCEBUR |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last= Macksey|first= Kenneth|title= The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats|year= 1980|publisher= Guinness Superlatives Limited|isbn= 0-85112-204-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Brassey's encyclopedia of land forces and warfare|year=1996|publisher=Brassey's|isbn=1-57488-087-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ipz0AzERg_MC&q=%22Main+battle+tank%22|editor-first=Franklin D. |editor-last=Margiotta|access-date=19 February 2011}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Armored fighting vehicles}}
* [http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/ US Wheeled armoured fighting vehicles]
{{WWI tanks|style=wide}}
{{Interwar tanks|style=wide}}
{{WWII tanks|style=wide}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Post-Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
[[Category:Military vehicles by type]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles|*]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combat vehicle with both armament and armour</div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WW1_Tank_Mark_V,_Bovington.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WW1_Tank_Mark_V%2C_Bovington.jpg/220px-WW1_Tank_Mark_V%2C_Bovington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WW1_Tank_Mark_V%2C_Bovington.jpg/330px-WW1_Tank_Mark_V%2C_Bovington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WW1_Tank_Mark_V%2C_Bovington.jpg/440px-WW1_Tank_Mark_V%2C_Bovington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1263" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WW1_Tank_Mark_V,_Bovington.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>WW1 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_V_tank" title="Mark V tank">Mark V tank</a>, in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tank_Museum" title="The Tank Museum">The Tank Museum</a></div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:170%;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li>Aerospace
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">Drone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-offensive" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Military recruitment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Recruit training</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Military specialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women in the military</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children in the military</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender people and military service</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Sexual harassment in the military</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">Main operating base</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Forward operating base</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_Strength_Gradient" title="Loss of Strength Gradient">Loss of Strength Gradient</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">Outline of war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">War game</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>An <b>armoured fighting vehicle</b> (<b>AFV</b>) is an armed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">combat vehicle</a> protected by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour</a>, generally combining <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">operational mobility</a> with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defensive</a> capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracked</a>. Examples of AFVs are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">self-propelled guns</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a>.
</p><p>Armoured fighting vehicles are classified according to their characteristics and intended role on the battlefield. The classifications are not absolute; two countries may classify the same vehicle differently, and the criteria change over time. For example, relatively lightly armed armoured personnel carriers were largely superseded by infantry fighting vehicles with much heavier armament in a similar role.
</p><p>Successful designs are often adapted to a wide variety of applications. For example, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOWAG_Piranha" class="mw-redirect" title="MOWAG Piranha">MOWAG Piranha</a>, originally designed as an APC, has been adapted to fill numerous roles such as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_carrier" title="Mortar carrier">mortar carrier</a>, infantry fighting vehicle, and assault gun.
</p><p>Armoured fighting vehicles began to appear in use in World War I with the armoured car, the tank, the self-propelled gun, and the personnel carrier seeing use. By World War II, armies had large numbers of AFVs, together with other vehicles to carry troops this permitted highly mobile <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">manoeuvre warfare</a>.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Siege_machine"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Siege machine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#War_wagon"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">War wagon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Armed_and_armoured_car"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Armed and armoured car</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Tank"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Troop_transport"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Troop transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tankette"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Tankette</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Self-propelled_artillery"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Self-propelled artillery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Anti-aircraft_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-aircraft vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Self-propelled_multiple_rocket-launcher"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cold_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Cold War</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Design"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Design</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Armour"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Armour</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Weaponry"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Weaponry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Engine"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Engine</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Modern_classification_by_type_and_role"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern classification by type and role</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tank_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tank</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Tank_classifications"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tank classifications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Main_battle_tank"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Main battle tank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tankette_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tankette</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Super-heavy_tank"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Super</i>-heavy tank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Missile_tank"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Missile tank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Flame_tank"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Flame tank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Infantry_tank"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Infantry tank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Cruiser_tank"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Cruiser tank</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Armoured_car"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured car</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Aerosani"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Aerosani</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Scout_car"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Scout car</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Reconnaissance_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reconnaissance vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Internal_security_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Internal security vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Improvised_fighting_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Improvised fighting vehicle</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Troop_carriers"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Troop carriers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Armoured_personnel_carrier"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured personnel carrier</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Infantry_fighting_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Infantry fighting vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Infantry_mobility_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Infantry mobility vehicle</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Amphibious_vehicles"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Amphibious vehicles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Airborne_vehicles"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Airborne vehicles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Armoured_engineering_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured engineering vehicle</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Breaching_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Breaching vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Armoured_bulldozer"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured bulldozer</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Armoured_recovery_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured recovery vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured vehicle-launched bridge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Combat_engineer_section_carriers"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Combat engineer section carriers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Air_defence_vehicles"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Air defence vehicles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Artillery_tractor"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Artillery tractor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Self-propelled_artillery_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Self-propelled artillery</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Assault_gun"><span class="tocnumber">2.9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Assault gun</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Self-propelled_siege_mortar"><span class="tocnumber">2.9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Self-propelled siege mortar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Mortar_carrier"><span class="tocnumber">2.9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mortar carrier</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Multiple_rocket_launcher"><span class="tocnumber">2.9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Multiple rocket launcher</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Missile_vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Missile vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Tank_destroyer"><span class="tocnumber">2.9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Tank destroyer</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Armoured_train"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Armoured train</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution">Evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg/220px-Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg/330px-Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg/440px-Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2440" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlacht_bei_Zama_Gem%C3%A4lde_H_P_Motte.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Paul_Motte" title="Henri-Paul Motte">Henri-Paul Motte</a>, 1890</div></div></div>
<p>The concept of a highly mobile and protected fighting unit has been around for centuries; from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a> to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle" title="Leonardo's fighting vehicle">contraptions</a>, military strategists endeavoured to maximize the mobility and survivability of their soldiers.
</p><p>Armoured fighting vehicles were not possible until <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> of sufficient power became available at the start of the 20th century.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helepolis.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Helepolis.png/220px-Helepolis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Helepolis.png/330px-Helepolis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Helepolis.png/440px-Helepolis.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helepolis.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helepolis" title="Helepolis">Helepolis</a>-like Siege Engine showing ballistae, stairs and movement capstan</div></div></div>
<p>Modern armoured fighting vehicles represent the realization of an ancient concept – that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. Armies have deployed war machines and cavalries with rudimentary armour in battle for millennia. Use of these animals and engineering designs sought to achieve a balance between the conflicting <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxical</a> needs of mobility, firepower and protection.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Siege_machine">Siege machine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siege machine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg/220px-DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg/330px-DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg/440px-DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Model of a vehicle sketched by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engines</a>, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege towers</a>, would often be armoured in order to protect their crews from enemy action. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyidus_of_Thessaly" title="Polyidus of Thessaly">Polyidus of Thessaly</a> developed a very large movable siege tower, the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helepolis" title="Helepolis">helepolis</a></i>, as early as 340 BC, and Greek forces used such structures in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(305_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (305 BC).
</p><p>The idea of a protected fighting vehicle has been known since antiquity. Frequently cited is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s 15th-century sketch of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle">mobile, protected gun-platform</a>; the drawings show a conical, wooden shelter with apertures for cannons around the circumference. The machine was to be mounted on four wheels which would be turned by the crew through a system of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_crank#Hand-powered_cranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand crank">hand cranks</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Cage_gear" title="Gear">cage (or "lantern") gears</a>. Leonardo claimed: "I will build armoured wagons which will be safe and invulnerable to enemy attacks. There will be no obstacle which it cannot overcome."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Modern replicas have demonstrated that the human crew would have been able to move it over only short distances.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="War_wagon">War wagon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War wagon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> forces in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> developed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_wagon" title="War wagon">war wagons</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> horse-drawn <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a> that doubled as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">wagon forts</a> – around 1420 during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>. These heavy wagons were given protective sides with firing slits; their heavy firepower came from either a cannon or from a force of hand-gunners and crossbowmen, supported by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> using <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flail_(weapon)" title="Flail (weapon)">flails</a>. Heavy <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> mounted on wagons were called <i>arquebus à croc</i>. These carried a ball of about 3.5 ounces (100 g).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/220px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/330px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/440px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Modern reconstruction of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_wagon" title="War wagon">war wagon</a></div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Armed_and_armoured_car">Armed and armoured car</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armed and armoured car">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg/220px-Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg/330px-Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg/440px-Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="661" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simms_Motor_Scout_from_Autocar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Richard_Simms" title="Frederick Richard Simms">F.R. Simms</a>' <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Scout" title="Motor Scout">Motor Scout</a>, built in 1898 as an armed car</div></div></div>
<p>The first modern AFVs were armed cars, dating back virtually to the invention of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car">motor car</a>. The British inventor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Richard_Simms" title="Frederick Richard Simms">F.R. Simms</a> designed and built the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Scout" title="Motor Scout">Motor Scout</a> in 1898. It was the first armed, petrol-engine powered vehicle ever built. It consisted of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">quadricycle</a> with a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim machine gun</a> mounted on the front bar. An iron shield offered some protection for the driver from the front, but it lacked all-around protective armour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> was the first modern fully armoured fighting vehicle. The first of these was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_War_Car" title="Motor War Car">Simms' Motor War Car</a>, also designed by Simms and built by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers#Vickers,_Sons_&_Maxim" title="Vickers">Vickers, Sons & Maxim</a> in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-DCMB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCMB-4">[4]</a></sup> The vehicle had Vickers armour 6 mm thick and was powered by a four-cylinder 3.3-litre<sup id="cite_ref-DCMB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCMB-4">[4]</a></sup> 16 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">hp</a> Cannstatt Daimler engine giving it a maximum speed of around 9 miles per hour (14 kilometres per hour). The armament, consisting of two Maxim guns, was carried in two turrets with 360° traverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980256_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980256-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg/220px-Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg/330px-Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg/440px-Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simms_Motor_War_Car_1902.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Richard_Simms" title="Frederick Richard Simms">F.R. Simms</a>' 1902 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_War_Car" title="Motor War Car">Motor War Car</a>, the first armoured car to be built</div></div></div>
<p>Another early armoured car of the period was the French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charron,_Girardot_et_Voigt_1902" title="Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902">Charron, Girardot et Voigt 1902</a>, presented at the <i>Salon de l'Automobile et du cycle</i> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, on 8 March 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGougaud198711_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGougaud198711-7">[7]</a></sup> The vehicle was equipped with a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss machine gun">Hotchkiss machine gun</a>, and with 7 mm armour for the gunner.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Armoured cars were first used in large numbers on both sides during <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as scouting vehicles.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tank">Tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_tank" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_the_tank" title="Template:History of the tank"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_tank" title="Template talk:History of the tank"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_the_tank&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_tank" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank"><span class="wrap">History of the tank</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_period" title="Category:Tanks by period">Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_country" title="Category:Tanks by country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Australian_Army" title="Tanks in the Australian Army">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_British_Army" title="Tanks in the British Army">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_Cuba" title="Tanks of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_China" title="Tanks in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_Canada" title="Tanks of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_New_Zealand" title="Tanks of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Tanks of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_German_Army" title="Tanks in the German Army">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_Iran" title="Tanks of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_Iraq" title="Tanks of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Italian_Army" title="Tanks in the Italian Army">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Tanks of the Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Japanese_Army" title="Tanks in the Japanese Army">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Polish_Armoured_Forces" title="Tanks of the Polish Armoured Forces">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_North_Korea" title="Tanks of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_South_Korea" title="Tanks of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tanks of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Spanish_Army" title="Tanks in the Spanish Army">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">Super-heavy tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">Flame tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankette</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">Assault gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled mortar">Self-propelled mortar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div><big><b><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AMISOM_T-55.jpg/32px-AMISOM_T-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AMISOM_T-55.jpg/48px-AMISOM_T-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AMISOM_T-55.jpg/64px-AMISOM_T-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a></b></big></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a></div>
<p>In 1903, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> published the short story "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_Ironclads" title="The Land Ironclads">The Land Ironclads</a>," positing indomitable war machines that would bring a new age of land warfare, the way steam-powered <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warships</a> had ended the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of sail">age of sail</a>.
</p><p>Wells' literary vision was realized in 1916, when, amidst the pyrrhic standstill of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>, the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landship_Committee" title="Landship Committee">Landship Committee</a>, deployed revolutionary armoured vehicles to break the stalemate. The tank was envisioned as an armoured machine that could cross ground under fire from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> and reply with its own mounted machine guns and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval artillery</a>. These first <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks of World War I">British tanks of World War I</a> moved on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">caterpillar tracks</a> that had substantially lower ground pressure than wheeled vehicles, enabling them to pass the muddy, pocked terrain and slit trenches of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Troop_transport">Troop transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Troop transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum,_Bovington.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum%2C_Bovington.jpg/220px-Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum%2C_Bovington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum%2C_Bovington.jpg/330px-Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum%2C_Bovington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum%2C_Bovington.jpg/440px-Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum%2C_Bovington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_IX_tank_at_the_Tank_Museum,_Bovington.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_IX_tank" title="Mark IX tank">Mark IX tank</a>, the first Armoured Personnel Carrier at the Tank Museum, Bovington</div></div></div>
<p>The tank eventually proved highly successful and, as technology improved, it became a weapon that could cross large distances at much higher speeds than supporting <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. The need to provide the units that would fight alongside the tank led to the development of a wide range of specialised AFVs, especially during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945).
</p><p>The armoured personnel carrier, designed to transport infantry troops to the frontline, emerged towards the end of World War I. During the first actions with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, it had become clear that close contact with infantry was essential in order to secure ground won by the tanks. Troops on foot were vulnerable to enemy fire, but they could not be transported in the tank because of the intense heat and noxious atmosphere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1917, Lieutenant G.J. Rackham was ordered to design an armoured vehicle that could fight and carry troops or supplies. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_IX_tank" title="Mark IX tank">Mark IX tank</a> was built by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong, Whitworth & Co.</a>, although just three vehicles had been finished at the time of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a> in November 1918, and only 34 were built in total.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tankette">Tankette</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tankette">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Different tank classifications emerged in the interwar period. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankette</a> was conceived as a mobile, two-man model, mainly intended for reconnaissance. In 1925, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Carden,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet">Sir John Carden</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Loyd" title="Vivian Loyd">Vivian Loyd</a> produced the first such design to be adopted – the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette" title="Carden Loyd tankette">Carden Loyd tankette</a>. Tankettes saw use in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian invasion of Ethiopia</a> (1935–1936), the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), and almost everywhere Italian soldiers fought during <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> used tankettes for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">jungle warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T27_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T27-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-propelled_artillery">Self-propelled artillery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Self-propelled artillery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg/220px-British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg/330px-British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg/440px-British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Gun_Carrier_Mark_I_-_60_pdr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Carrier_Mark_I" title="Gun Carrier Mark I">Gun Carrier Mark I</a> (60 pdr)</div></div></div>
<p>The British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Carrier_Mark_I" title="Gun Carrier Mark I">Gun Carrier Mark I</a>, the first <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a>, was fielded in 1917. It was based on the first tank, the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_I_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I (tank)">Mark I</a>, and carried a heavy field-gun. The next major advance was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_gun" title="Birch gun">Birch gun</a> (1925), developed for the British motorised warfare experimental brigade (the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Mechanized_Force" title="Experimental Mechanized Force">Experimental Mechanized Force</a>). This mounted a field gun, capable of the usual artillery trajectories and even anti-aircraft use, on a tank chassis.
</p><p>During World War II, most major military powers developed self-propelled artillery vehicles. These had guns mounted on a tracked chassis (often that of an obsolete or superseded tank) and provided an armoured superstructure to protect the gun and its crew. The first British design, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(artillery)" title="Bishop (artillery)">"Bishop"</a>, carried the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 25 pounder">25 pdr gun-howitzer</a> in an extemporised mounting on a tank chassis that severely limited the gun's performance. It was replaced by the more effective <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexton_(artillery)" title="Sexton (artillery)">Sexton</a>. The Germans built many lightly armoured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-tank_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled anti-tank gun">self-propelled anti-tank guns</a> using captured French equipment (for example <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_I" title="Marder I">Marder I</a>), their own obsolete light tank chassis (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_II" title="Marder II">Marder II</a>), or ex-Czech chassis (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_III" title="Marder III">Marder III</a>). These led to better-protected tank destroyers, built on a medium-tank chassis such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanzer_IV" title="Jagdpanzer IV">Jagdpanzer IV</a> or the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanther" title="Jagdpanther">Jagdpanther</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-aircraft_vehicle">Anti-aircraft vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-aircraft vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a> debuted in WWI. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak_88" class="mw-redirect" title="Flak 88">German 88</a> mm<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> anti-aircraft gun was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks, and the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3-inch_20_cwt" title="QF 3-inch 20 cwt">QF 3-inch 20 cwt</a> was mounted on trucks for use on the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Although the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_gun" title="Birch gun">Birch gun</a> was a general purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis, it was capable of elevation for anti-aircraft use. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers Armstrong">Vickers Armstrong</a> developed one of the first SPAAGs based on the chassis of the Mk.E 6-ton light tank/<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Dragon" title="Vickers Medium Dragon">Dragon Medium Mark IV tractor</a>, mounting a Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" gun of 40 mm. The Germans fielded the Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 6/2, cargo halftracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively) by the start of the war.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-propelled_multiple_rocket-launcher">Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Self-propelled multiple rocket-launcher">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Rocket launchers such as the Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> originated in the late 1930s. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> fielded self-propelled rocket artillery in World War II – the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerwerfer" title="Panzerwerfer">Panzerwerfer</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurfrahmen_40" title="Wurfrahmen 40">Wurfrahmen 40</a> equipped half-track armoured fighting vehicles. Many modern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple rocket launchers">multiple rocket launchers</a> are self propelled by either truck or tank chassis.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_War">Cold War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>By the end of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most modern armies had vehicles to carry infantry, artillery and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft weapon">anti-aircraft weaponry</a>. Most modern AFVs are superficially similar in design to their World War II counterparts, but with significantly better armour, weapons, engines, electronics, and suspension. The increase in the capacity of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport aircraft</a> makes possible and practicable the transport of AFVs by air. Many armies are replacing some or all of their traditional heavy vehicles with lighter airmobile versions, often with wheels instead of tracks.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Armour">Armour</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Armour">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletproof_glass" title="Bulletproof glass">Bulletproof glass</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Vehicle armour</a></div>
<p>The level of armour protection between AFVs varies greatly – a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> will normally be designed to take hits from other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">tank guns</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missiles">anti-tank missiles</a>, whilst light <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> vehicles are often only armoured "just in case". Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile (for a given engine power), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go – for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank. A trend toward <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composite armour</a> is taking the place of steel – composites are stronger for a given weight, allowing the tank to be lighter for the same protection as steel armour, or better protected for the same weight. Armour is being supplemented with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">active protection systems</a> on a number of vehicles, allowing the AFV to protect itself from incoming projectiles.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PantheraScheme.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PantheraScheme.jpg/300px-PantheraScheme.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="91" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PantheraScheme.jpg/450px-PantheraScheme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PantheraScheme.jpg/600px-PantheraScheme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4276" data-file-height="1304" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PantheraScheme.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Armour-thickness chart for a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tank</a></div></div></div>
<p>The level of protection also usually varies considerably throughout the individual vehicle too, depending on the role of the vehicle and the likely direction of attack. For example, a main battle tank will usually have the heaviest armour on the hull front and the turret, lighter armour on the sides of the hull and the thinnest armour on the top and bottom of the tank. Other vehicles – such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP" title="MRAP">MRAP</a> family – may be primarily armoured against the threat from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IEDs</a> and so will have heavy, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloped_armour" title="Sloped armour">sloped armour</a> on the bottom of the hull.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Weaponry">Weaponry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Weaponry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Weaponry varies by a very wide degree between AFVs – lighter vehicles for infantry carrying, reconnaissance or specialist roles may have only a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> or m<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">achine gun</a> (or no armament at all), whereas heavy self-propelled artillery will carry large guns, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rocket</a> launchers. These weapons may be mounted on a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_mount#Pintle" title="Weapon mount">pintle</a>, affixed directly to the vehicle or placed in a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a> or cupola.
</p><p>The greater the recoil of the weapon on an AFV, the larger the turret ring needs to be. A larger turret ring necessitates a larger vehicle. To avoid listing to the side, turrets on amphibious vehicles are usually located at the centre of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">Grenade launchers</a> provide a versatile launch platform for a plethora of munitions including, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade" title="Smoke grenade">smoke</a>, phosphorus, tear gas, illumination, anti-personnel, infrared and radar-jamming rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Turret stabilization is an important capability because it enables firing on the move and prevents crew fatigue.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Engine">Engine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Engine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_(Kiel_40.250).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_%28Kiel_40.250%29.jpg/220px-Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_%28Kiel_40.250%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_%28Kiel_40.250%29.jpg/330px-Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_%28Kiel_40.250%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_%28Kiel_40.250%29.jpg/440px-Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_%28Kiel_40.250%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="674" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auslieferung_von_Bergepanzer_2_an_die_Bundeswehr_durch_die_Kieler_Atlas-MaK_Maschinenbau_GmbH_(Kiel_40.250).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Engine replacement for a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergepanzer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergepanzer 2">Bergepanzer 2</a></div></div></div>
<p>Modern AFVs have primarily used either petrol (gasoline) or diesel piston engines. More recently, gas turbines have been used. Most early AFVs used <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engines</a>, as they offer a good <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a>. However, they fell out of favour during World War II due to the flammability of the fuel.
</p><p>Most current AFVs are powered by a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>; modern technology, including the use of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbo-charging</a>, helps to overcome the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesel engines compared to petrol.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a> (turboshaft) engines offer a very high power-to-weight ratio and were starting to find favour in the late 20th century – however, they offer very poor fuel consumption and as such some armies are switching from gas turbines back to diesel engines (i.e. the Russian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a> used a gas turbine engine, whereas the later <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> does not). The US <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> is a notable example of a gas turbine powered tank.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_classification_by_type_and_role">Modern classification by type and role</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern classification by type and role">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Notable armoured fighting vehicles extending from post-World War I to today.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tank_2">Tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> is an all terrain AFV incorporating artillery which is designed to fill almost all battlefield roles and to engage enemy forces by the use of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fire</a> in the frontal assault role. Though several configurations have been tried, particularly in the early experimental "golden days" of tank development, a standard, mature design configuration has since emerged to a generally accepted pattern. This features a main <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">tank gun</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery gun</a>, mounted in a fully rotating <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a> atop a tracked automotive hull, with various additional secondary weapon systems throughout.
</p><p>Philosophically, the tank is, by its very nature, an offensive weapon. Being a protective encasement with at least one gun position, it is essentially a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pillbox</a> or small <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> (though these are static fortifications of a purely defensive nature) that can move toward the enemy – hence its offensive utility. Psychologically, the tank is a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_multiplier" class="mw-redirect" title="Force multiplier">force multiplier</a> that has a positive morale effect on the infantry it accompanies.<sup id="cite_ref-morale_effect_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morale_effect-14">[14]</a></sup> It also instills fear in the opposing force who can often hear and even feel their arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-McNab_Gulf_War_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNab_Gulf_War-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tank_classifications">Tank classifications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tank classifications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Tanks were classified either by size or by role.
</p>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ripsaw_M5.webp" class="image" title="Ripsaw M5 unmanned light tank"><img alt="Ripsaw (vehicle) Ground Combat Vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ripsaw_M5.webp/320px-Ripsaw_M5.webp.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ripsaw_M5.webp/480px-Ripsaw_M5.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ripsaw_M5.webp/640px-Ripsaw_M5.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripsaw_(vehicle)" title="Ripsaw (vehicle)">Ripsaw M5</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">unmanned</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tank</a>
</p>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanzerIISaumur.jpg" class="image" title="A WWII German Panzer II light tank"><img alt="A WWII German Panzer II light tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PanzerIISaumur.jpg/303px-PanzerIISaumur.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PanzerIISaumur.jpg/454px-PanzerIISaumur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PanzerIISaumur.jpg/605px-PanzerIISaumur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="988" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A WWII <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a> light tank
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"><div style="width: 197.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-34-76_RB8.JPG" class="image" title="Soviet-made Polish T-34 medium tank Model 1942 in Poznań, Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models."><img alt="Soviet-made Polish T-34 medium tank Model 1942 in Poznań, Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/T-34-76_RB8.JPG/293px-T-34-76_RB8.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/T-34-76_RB8.JPG/439px-T-34-76_RB8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/T-34-76_RB8.JPG/586px-T-34-76_RB8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1170" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Soviet-made Polish <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> medium tank Model 1942 in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Poland. The model 1942's hexagonal turret distinguishes it from earlier models.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T29_Heavy_Tank.png" class="image" title="American T29 Heavy Tank"><img alt="American T29 Heavy Tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/T29_Heavy_Tank.png/317px-T29_Heavy_Tank.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/T29_Heavy_Tank.png/475px-T29_Heavy_Tank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/T29_Heavy_Tank.png/633px-T29_Heavy_Tank.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="455" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T29_Heavy_Tank" title="T29 Heavy Tank">T29</a> Heavy Tank
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<p><br />
Classification by relative size was common, as this also tended to influence the tanks' role.
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light tanks</a> are smaller tanks with thinner armour and lower-powered guns, allowing for better tactical mobility and ease of strategic transport. These are intended for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_reconnaissance" title="Armoured reconnaissance">armoured reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmishing">skirmishing</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">artillery observation</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary warfare</a> and supplementing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_operation" title="Landing operation">airborne or naval landings</a>. Light tanks are typically cheaper to build and maintain, but fare poorly against heavier tanks. They may be held in reserve for exploiting any breakthroughs in enemy lines, with the goal of disrupting communications and supply lines.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium tanks</a> are mid-sized tanks with adequate armour and guns, and fair mobility, allowing for a balance of fighting abilities, mobility, cost-effectiveness, and transportability. Medium tanks are effective in groups when used against enemy tanks.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy tanks</a> are larger tanks with thick armour and more powerful guns, but less mobile and more difficult to transport. They were intended to be more than a match for typical enemy medium tanks, easily penetrating their armour while being much less susceptible to their attacks. Heavy tanks cost more to both build and maintain, and their heavy armour proved most effective when deployed in support infantry assaulting entrenched fortifications.</li></ul>
<p>Over time, tanks tended to be designed with heavier armour and weapons, increasing the weight of all tanks, so these classifications are relative to the average for the nation's tanks for any given period. An older tank design might be reclassified over time, such as a tank being first deployed as a medium tank, but in later years relegated to light tank roles.
</p><p>Tanks were also classified by roles that were independent of size, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry tank">cavalry tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_tank" title="BT tank">fast tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tank</a>, "assault" tank, or "breakthrough" tank. Military theorists initially tended to assign tanks to traditional military infantry, cavalry, and artillery roles, but later developed more specialized roles unique to tanks.
</p><p>In modern use, the heavy tank has fallen out of favour, being supplanted by more heavily armed and armoured descendant of the medium tanks – the universal <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a>. The light tank has, in many armies, lost favour to cheaper, faster, lighter <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_car_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured car (military)">armoured cars</a>; however, light tanks (or similar vehicles with other names) are still in service with a number of forces as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_vehicle" title="Reconnaissance vehicle">reconnaissance vehicles</a>, most notably the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Infantry_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Infantry (Russia)">Russian Marines</a> with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV107_Scimitar" title="FV107 Scimitar">Scimitar</a>, and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Army">Chinese Army</a> with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_63_(tank)" title="Type 63 (tank)">Type 63</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_battle_tank">Main battle tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Main battle tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg/220px-T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg/330px-T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg/440px-T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-90_Bhisma_cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Indian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-90#India" title="T-90">T-90</a> <i>Bhisma</i> with appliqué <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">reactive armour</a> and standard 125 mm (4.9 in) main gun</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a></div>
<p>Modern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank#Main_battle_tank_(late_twentieth_century)" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a> or "universal tanks" incorporate recent advances in automotive, artillery, armour, and electronic technology to combine the best characteristics of the historic medium and heavy tanks into a single, all around type. They are also the most expensive to mass-produce. A main battle tank is distinguished by its high level of firepower, mobility and armour protection relative to other vehicles of its era. It can cross comparatively rough terrain at high speeds, but its heavy-dependency on fuel, maintenance, and ammunition makes it <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistically</a> demanding. It has the heaviest <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour</a> of any AFVs on the battlefield, and carries a powerful <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">precision-guided munition</a> weapon systems that may be able to engage a wide variety of both ground targets and air targets. Despite significant advances in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank warfare</a>, it still remains the most versatile and fearsome land-based weapon-systems of the 21st-century, valued for its <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_tactics" title="Shock tactics">shock action</a> and high <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivability" title="Survivability">survivability</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tankette_2">Tankette</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tankette">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankette</a></div>
<p>A tankette is a tracked armed and armoured vehicle<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> resembling a small "ultra-light tank" or "super-light tank" roughly the size of a car, mainly intended for light infantry support or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scouting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> They were one or two-man vehicles armed with a machine gun. Colloquially it may also simply mean a "small tank".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tankettes were designed and built by several nations between the 1920s and 1940s following the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette" title="Carden Loyd tankette">Carden Loyd tankette</a> which was a successful implementation of "one man tank" ideas from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffard_Le_Quesne_Martel" title="Giffard Le Quesne Martel">Giffard Le Quesne Martel</a>. They were very popular with smaller countries. Some saw some combat (with limited success) in World War II. However, the vulnerability of their light armour eventually caused the concept to be abandoned.
However, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> uses a modern design of air-transportable armoured weapons carriers, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesel_AWC" title="Wiesel AWC">Wiesel AWC</a>, which resembles the concept of a tankette.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"><div style="width: 166.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette,_1926._KID235.jpg" class="image" title="The Carden-Loyd tankette concept was adopted by many armies"><img alt="The Carden-Loyd tankette concept was adopted by many armies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette%2C_1926._KID235.jpg/247px-Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette%2C_1926._KID235.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette%2C_1926._KID235.jpg/371px-Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette%2C_1926._KID235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette%2C_1926._KID235.jpg/494px-Carden-Loyd_Two-Man_Tankette%2C_1926._KID235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="583" /></a></div></div>
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<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carden-Loyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Carden-Loyd">Carden-Loyd</a> tankette concept was adopted by many armies
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W2_argus.tif" class="image" title="Wiesel 2 Argus scout tankette"><img alt="Wiesel 2 Argus scout tankette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/W2_argus.tif/lossy-page1-259px-W2_argus.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/W2_argus.tif/lossy-page1-389px-W2_argus.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/W2_argus.tif/lossy-page1-518px-W2_argus.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1399" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesel_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesel 2">Wiesel 2</a> <i>Argus</i> scout tankette
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Super-heavy_tank"><i>Super</i>-heavy tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Super-heavy tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">Super-heavy tank</a></div>
<p>The term "super-heavy tank" has been used to describe armoured fighting vehicles of extreme size, generally over 75 tonnes. Programs have been initiated on several occasions with the aim of creating an invincible <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siegeworks</a>/<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_(military)" title="Breakthrough (military)">breakthrough</a> vehicle for penetrating enemy formations and fortifications without fear of being destroyed in combat. Examples were designed in World War I and World War II (such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzer VIII Maus</a>), along with a few in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. However, few working prototypes were built and there are no clear evidence any of these vehicles saw combat, as their immense size would have made most designs impractical.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOG_II.jpg" class="image" title="British TOG II"><img alt="British TOG II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TOG_II.jpg/240px-TOG_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TOG_II.jpg/360px-TOG_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TOG_II.jpg/480px-TOG_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="TOG II">TOG II</a>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metro-maus1.jpg" class="image" title="German Maus"><img alt="German Maus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Metro-maus1.jpg/270px-Metro-maus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Metro-maus1.jpg/405px-Metro-maus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Metro-maus1.jpg/540px-Metro-maus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Maus</a>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Missile_tank">Missile tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Missile tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IT-1_missile_tank.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IT-1_missile_tank.jpg/200px-IT-1_missile_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IT-1_missile_tank.jpg/300px-IT-1_missile_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IT-1_missile_tank.jpg/400px-IT-1_missile_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IT-1_missile_tank.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT-1" title="IT-1">IT-1</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubinka_Tank_Museum" title="Kubinka Tank Museum">Kubinka Tank Museum</a></div></div></div>
<p>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_tank" title="Missile tank">missile tank</a> is a tank fulfilling the role of a main battle tank, but using only <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missiles</a> for main armament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several nations have experimented with prototypes, notably the Soviet Union during the tenure of Nikita Khrushchev (projects Object 167, Object 137Ml, Object 155Ml, Object 287, Object 775),
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Flame_tank">Flame tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Flame tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg/220px-Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg/330px-Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg/440px-Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churchill_Crocodile_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Crocodile" title="Churchill Crocodile">Churchill Crocodile</a> flame tank</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">Flame tank</a></div>
<p>A <b> flame tank</b> is an otherwise-standard <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> equipped with a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a>, most commonly used to supplement <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> attacks against <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>, confined spaces, or other obstacles. The type only reached significant use in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, during which the United States, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and the United Kingdom (including members of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>) all produced flamethrower-equipped tanks. Usually, the flame projector replaced one of the tank's machineguns, however, some flame projectors replaced the tank's main gun. Fuel for the flame weapon was generally carried inside the tank, although a few designs mounted the fuel externally, such as the armoured trailer used on the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Crocodile" title="Churchill Crocodile">Churchill Crocodile</a>.
</p><p>Flame tanks have been superseded by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon" title="Thermobaric weapon">thermobaric weapons</a> such as the Russian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOS-1" title="TOS-1">TOS-1</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Infantry_tank">Infantry tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infantry tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MatildaII.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MatildaII.jpg/220px-MatildaII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MatildaII.jpg/330px-MatildaII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MatildaII.jpg/440px-MatildaII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="561" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MatildaII.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda tank</a> displaying a captured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> flag</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry tank</a></div>
<p>The idea for this tank was developed during World War I by British and French. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> tank was designed to work in concert with infantry in the assault, moving mostly at a walking pace, and carrying heavy armour to survive defensive fire. Its main purpose was to suppress enemy fire, crush obstacles such as barbed-wire entanglements, and protect the infantry on their advance into and through enemy lines by giving mobile <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_(military_tactic)" title="Overwatch (military tactic)">overwatch</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressive_fire" title="Suppressive fire">cover</a>. The French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> was the first iteration of this concept.
</p><p>The British and French retained the concept between the wars and into the Second World War era. Because infantry tanks did not need to be fast, they could carry heavy armour. One of the best-known infantry tanks was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a> of World War II. Other examples include the French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">R-35</a>, the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentine Tank">Valentine</a>, and the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Tank">Churchill</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cruiser_tank">Cruiser tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cruiser tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg/220px-IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg/330px-IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg/440px-IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="787" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-E-17616-Crusader-19421002.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>2 pdr-armed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader tank</a> in the desert</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser tank</a></div>
<p>A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_1919" title="Plan 1919">Plan 1919</a>", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_A_Whippet" title="Medium Mark A Whippet">Whippet</a>.
</p><p>Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Walter_Christie" title="J. Walter Christie">J. Walter Christie</a>. These led to the Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="BT Tank">BT tank series</a> and the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser tank series</a>.
</p><p>During <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, British cruiser tanks were designed to complement <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tanks</a>, exploiting gains made by the latter to attack and disrupt the enemy rear areas. In order to give them the required speed, cruiser designs sacrificed armour and armament compared to the infantry tanks. Pure British cruisers were generally replaced by more capable medium tanks such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Tank">US Sherman</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell</a> by 1943.
</p><p>The Soviet fast tank (<i>bistrokhodniy tank</i>, or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_tank" title="BT tank">BT tank</a>) classification also came out of the infantry/cavalry concept of armoured warfare and formed the basis for the British cruisers after 1936. The T-34 was a development of this line of tanks as well, though their armament, armour, and all-round capability places them firmly in the medium tank category.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_car">Armoured car</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Armoured car">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car (military)</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> is a wheeled, often lightly armoured, vehicle adapted as a fighting machine. Its earliest form consisted of a motorised ironside chassis fitted with firing ports. By <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, this had evolved into a mobile fortress<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> equipped with command equipment, searchlights, and machine guns for self-defence. It was soon proposed that the requirements for the armament and layout of armoured cars be somewhat similar to those on naval craft, resulting in turreted vehicles. The first example carried a single revolving cupola with a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers gun">Vickers gun</a>; modern armoured cars may boast heavier armament – ranging from twin machine guns to large calibre cannon.
</p><p>Some multi-axled wheeled fighting vehicles can be quite heavy, and superior to older or smaller tanks in terms of armour and armament. Others are often used in military marches and processions, or for the escorting of important figures. Under peacetime conditions, they form an essential part of most standing armies. Armoured car units can move without the assistance of transporters and cover great distances with fewer logistical problems than tracked vehicles.
</p><p>During <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, armoured cars were used for reconnaissance alongside scout cars. Their guns were suitable for some defence if they encountered enemy <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured fighting vehicles">armoured fighting vehicles</a>, but they were not intended to engage enemy <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armoured cars</a> have since been used in the offensive role against tanks with varying degrees of success, most notably during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a>, and other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Low intensity conflict">lower-intensity conflicts</a>.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg" class="image" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car in Bovington"><img alt="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car in Bovington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg/240px-Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg/360px-Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg/480px-Rolls_Royce_1920_Mk1_1_Bovington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce Armoured Car</a> in Bovington
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_(1).jpg" class="image" title="American T17E1 Staghound armored car of World War II"><img alt="American T17E1 Staghound armored car of World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_%281%29.jpg/270px-T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_%281%29.jpg/405px-T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_%281%29.jpg/540px-T_17_Staghound_Armored_Car_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div>
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<p>American <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T17E1_Staghound" title="T17E1 Staghound">T17E1 Staghound</a> armored car of World War II
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"><div style="width: 220px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hmmwv-036.jpg" class="image" title="A U.S. Army HMMWV firing a BGM-71 TOW missile."><img alt="A U.S. Army HMMWV firing a BGM-71 TOW missile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hmmwv-036.jpg/327px-Hmmwv-036.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hmmwv-036.jpg/490px-Hmmwv-036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hmmwv-036.jpg/653px-Hmmwv-036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A U.S. Army <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV" class="mw-redirect" title="HMMWV">HMMWV</a> firing a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> missile.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Aerosani">Aerosani</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aerosani">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosani" title="Aerosani">Aerosani</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RF-8.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RF-8.jpg/200px-RF-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RF-8.jpg/300px-RF-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/RF-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RF-8.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF-8" title="RF-8">RF-8</a>, a smaller World War II model, powered by an inexpensive automotive engine</div></div></div>
<p>An <i>aerosani</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">aэросани</span>, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-driven <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a>, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation. <i>Aerosanis</i> were used by the Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.
</p><p>The first <i>aerosanis</i> may have been built by young <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a> in 1909–10, before he built multi-engine airplanes and helicopters. They were very light <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> vehicles on skis, propelled by old airplane engines and propellers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Scout_car">Scout car</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scout car">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></div>
<p>A <i>scout car</i> is a military armoured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_vehicle" title="Reconnaissance vehicle">reconnaissance vehicle</a>, capable of off-road mobility and often carrying mounted weapons such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> for offensive capabilities and crew protection. They often only carry an operational crew aboard, which differentiates them from wheeled armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_mobility_vehicle" title="Infantry mobility vehicle">infantry mobility vehicles</a> (IMVs), but early scout cars, such as the open-topped US <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_scout_car" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 scout car">M3 scout car</a> could carry a crew of seven. The term is often used synonymously with the more general term armoured car, which also includes armoured civilian vehicles. They are also differentiated by being designed and built for purpose, as opposed to improvised <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">"technicals"</a> which might serve in the same role.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg" class="image" title="BA-64 at the UMMC Museum"><img alt="BA-64 at the UMMC Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg/270px-Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg/405px-Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg/540px-Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA-64" title="BA-64">BA-64</a> at the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMMC_Museum_of_Military_and_Automotive_Equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="UMMC Museum of Military and Automotive Equipment">UMMC Museum</a>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"><div style="width: 122px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg" class="image" title="Panhard AML scout car"><img alt="Panhard AML scout car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg/180px-Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg/270px-Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg/360px-Panhard_AML-90_img_2308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="3312" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhard_AML" title="Panhard AML">Panhard AML</a> scout car
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Reconnaissance_vehicle">Reconnaissance vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Reconnaissance vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg/220px-Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg/330px-Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg/440px-Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stryker_RV_front_q.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1127" class="mw-redirect" title="M1127">M1127</a></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_vehicle" title="Reconnaissance vehicle">Reconnaissance vehicle</a></div>
<p>A <i>reconnaissance vehicle</i>, also known as a <i>scout vehicle</i>, is a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military vehicle</a> used for forward <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>. Both tracked and wheeled reconnaissance vehicles are in service. In some nations, light tanks such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M551_Sheridan" title="M551 Sheridan">M551 Sheridan</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a> are also used by scout platoons. Reconnaissance vehicles are usually designed with a low profile or small size and are lightly armoured, relying on speed and cover to escape detection. Their armament ranges from a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">medium machine gun</a> to an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a>. Modern examples are often fitted with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATGM" class="mw-redirect" title="ATGM">ATGMs</a> and a wide range of sensors.
</p><p>Some <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_mobility_vehicle" title="Infantry mobility vehicle">infantry mobility vehicle</a>, such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113" class="mw-redirect" title="M113">M113</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPz_Fuchs" title="TPz Fuchs">TPz Fuchs</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Gage_Commando" title="Cadillac Gage Commando">Cadillac Gage Commando</a> double in the reconnaissance role.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_security_vehicle">Internal security vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Internal security vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_security_vehicle" title="Internal security vehicle">Internal security vehicle</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_m1117.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bulgarian_m1117.JPG/220px-Bulgarian_m1117.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bulgarian_m1117.JPG/330px-Bulgarian_m1117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bulgarian_m1117.JPG/440px-Bulgarian_m1117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_m1117.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An American-made Bulgarian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1117" class="mw-redirect" title="M1117">M1117</a></div></div></div>
<p>An internal security vehicle (ISV), also known as an armoured security vehicle (ASV), is a combat vehicle used for suppressing civilian unrest. Security vehicles are typically armed with a turreted <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine gun</a> and auxiliary <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">medium machine gun</a>. The vehicle is designed to minimize firepower dead space and the vehicles weapons can be depressed to a maximum of 12°. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">Non-lethal</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannons</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> cannons can provide suppressive fire in lieu of unnecessary deadly fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargiotta199656,_57_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargiotta199656,_57-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The vehicle must be protected against weapons typical of riots. Protection from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">improvised incendiary devices</a> is achieved though coverage of the air intake and exhaust ports as well as a strong locking mechanism on the fuel opening. Turret and door locks prevent access to the interior of the vehicle by rioters. Vision blocks, ballistic glass and window shutters and outside <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">surveillance cameras</a> allow protected observation from within the vehicle. Wheeled 4x4 and 6x6 configurations are typical of security vehicles. Tracked security vehicles are often cumbersome and leave negative political connotations for being perceived as an imperial invading force.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Improvised_fighting_vehicle">Improvised fighting vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Improvised fighting vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">Improvised vehicle armour</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_fighting_vehicle" title="Improvised fighting vehicle">Improvised fighting vehicle</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narco_tank" title="Narco tank">Narco tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">Technical (vehicle)</a></div>
<p>An improvised fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle resulting from modifications to a civilian or military non-combat vehicle in order to give it a fighting capability. Such modifications usually consist of the grafting of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour plating</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon systems">weapon systems</a>. Various militaries have procured such vehicles, ever since the introduction of the first <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> into military service.
</p><p>During the early days, the absence of a doctrine for the military use of automobiles or of an industry dedicated to producing them, lead to much improvisation in the creation of early armoured cars, and other such vehicles. Later, despite the advent of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industries</a> in many countries, several armies still resorted to using ad hoc contraptions, often in response to unexpected military situations, or as a result of the development of new <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a> for which no available vehicle was suitable. The construction of improvised fighting vehicles may also reflect a lack of means for the force that uses them. This is especially true in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdeveloped_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdeveloped country">underdeveloped countries</a> and even in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, where various armies and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> forces have used them, as they are more affordable than military-grade combat vehicles.
</p><p>Modern examples include <b>military gun truck</b> used by units of regular armies or other official government armed forces, based on a conventional <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military cargo truck</a>, that is able to carry a large weight of weapons and armour. They have mainly been used by regular armies to escort military convoys in regions subject to ambush by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> forces. "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narco_tank" title="Narco tank">Narco tanks</a>", used by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> drug cartels in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a>, are built from such trucks, which combines <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">operational mobility</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defensive</a> capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Na_KhTZ-16.jpg" class="image" title="Soviet NI tank improvised fighting tractor of WWII."><img alt="Soviet NI tank improvised fighting tractor of WWII." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Na_KhTZ-16.jpg/184px-Na_KhTZ-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Na_KhTZ-16.jpg/276px-Na_KhTZ-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Na_KhTZ-16.jpg/367px-Na_KhTZ-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="2514" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NI_tank" title="NI tank">NI tank</a> improvised fighting tractor of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"><div style="width: 215.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_(cropped).jpg" class="image" title="Technical armed with a ZU-23 autocannon operated by the Free Syrian Army during clashes with ISIS in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains, southern Syria, 2017"><img alt="Technical armed with a ZU-23 autocannon operated by the Free Syrian Army during clashes with ISIS in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains, southern Syria, 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Free_Syrian_Army_technical_in_the_eastern_Qalamoun_Mountains_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Technical armed with a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZU-23" class="mw-redirect" title="ZU-23">ZU-23</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> operated by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> during clashes with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIS</a> in the eastern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_Mountains" title="Qalamoun Mountains">Qalamoun Mountains</a>, southern Syria, 2017
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gun_Truck.jpg" class="image" title="A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an M939 five-ton truck"><img alt="A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an M939 five-ton truck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gun_Truck.jpg/240px-Gun_Truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gun_Truck.jpg/360px-Gun_Truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gun_Truck.jpg/480px-Gun_Truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1526" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A gun truck of the type used in Iraq, based on an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_Truck" class="mw-redirect" title="M939 Truck">M939</a> five-ton truck
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg" class="image" title="Croatian backhoe with improvised vehicle armour from the Croatian War of Independence"><img alt="Croatian backhoe with improvised vehicle armour from the Croatian War of Independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg/240px-Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg/360px-Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg/480px-Armoured_tractor_in_Karlovac_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoe</a> with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">improvised vehicle armour</a> from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Troop_carriers">Troop carriers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Troop carriers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Troop-carrying AFVs are divided into three main types – armoured personnel carriers (APCs), infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMV). The main difference between the three is their intended role – the APC is designed purely to transport troops and is armed for self-defence only – whereas the IFV is designed to provide close-quarters and anti-armour fire support to the infantry it carries. IMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_personnel_carrier">Armoured personnel carrier</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Armoured personnel carrier">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">Armoured personnel carrier</a></div>
<p>Armoured personnel carriers (<b>APCs</b>) are intended to carry infantry quickly and relatively safely to the point where they are deployed. In the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a>, 8 August 1918, the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_V_tank#Mark_V_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Mk V tank">Mk V* tank</a> (a lengthened Mark V) carried a small number of machine gunners as an experiment, but the men were debilitated by the conditions inside the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Later that year the first purpose-built APC, the British <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_IX_tank" title="Mark IX tank">Mk IX tank</a> (Mark Nine), appeared. In 1944, the Canadian general <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a> ordered the conversion of redundant armoured vehicles to carry troops (generically named "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" title="Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)">Kangaroos</a>"). This proved highly successful, even without training, and the concept was widely used in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>. Post-war, specialised designs were built, such as the Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a> and US <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113</a>.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37,_Berlin,_Unter_den_Linden,_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg" class="image" title="German WWII Sd.Kfz. 251 half-tracked APC"><img alt="German WWII Sd.Kfz. 251 half-tracked APC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37%2C_Berlin%2C_Unter_den_Linden%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg/272px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37%2C_Berlin%2C_Unter_den_Linden%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37%2C_Berlin%2C_Unter_den_Linden%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg/408px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37%2C_Berlin%2C_Unter_den_Linden%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37%2C_Berlin%2C_Unter_den_Linden%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg/543px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-801-0664-37%2C_Berlin%2C_Unter_den_Linden%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="513" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> WWII <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._251" title="Sd.Kfz. 251">Sd.Kfz. 251</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-tracked</a> APC
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IM000656.jpg" class="image" title="Israeli Namer tracked APC"><img alt="Israeli Namer tracked APC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IM000656.jpg/273px-IM000656.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IM000656.jpg/410px-IM000656.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IM000656.jpg/547px-IM000656.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1205" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namer" title="Namer">Namer</a> tracked APC
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg" class="image" title="The ARTEC Boxer armoured personnel carrier"><img alt="The ARTEC Boxer armoured personnel carrier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg/240px-GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg/360px-GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg/480px-GTK_Boxer_Fuehrungsfahrzeug_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div>
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<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_(armoured_fighting_vehicle)" title="Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)">ARTEC Boxer</a> armoured personnel carrier
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Infantry_fighting_vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Infantry fighting vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></div>
<p>An <i>infantry fighting vehicle</i> (<i>IFV</i>), also known as a <i>mechanized infantry combat vehicle</i> (<i>MICV</i>), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> into battle and provide <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNab_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNab-27">[27]</a></sup> The first example of an IFV was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_Lang_HS.30" title="Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30">Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30</a> which served in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> from 1958 until the early 1980s.
</p><p>IFVs are similar to armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">infantry carrier vehicles</a> (ICVs), designed to transport a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(military_unit)" title="Section (military unit)">section</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">squad</a> of infantry (generally between five and ten men) and their equipment. They are differentiated from APCs – which are purely "troop-transport" vehicles armed only for self-defence – because they are designed to give direct fire support to the dismounted infantry and so usually have significantly enhanced armament. IFVs also often have improved <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour</a> and some have firing ports (allowing the infantry to fire <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">personal weapons</a> while mounted).
</p><p>They are typically armed with an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> of 20 to 57 mm calibre, 7.62mm machine guns, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a> (ATGMs) and/or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> (SAMs). IFVs are usually <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">tracked</a>, but some wheeled vehicles fall into this category. IFVs are generally less heavily armed and armoured than <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a>. They sometimes carry anti-tank missiles to protect and support infantry against armoured threats, such as the NATO <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a> missile and Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M117_Bastion" title="9M117 Bastion">Bastion</a>, which offer a significant threat to tanks. Specially equipped IFVs have taken on some of the roles of light tanks; they are used by reconnaissance organizations, and light IFVs are used by airborne units which must be able to fight without the heavy firepower of tanks.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"><div style="width: 158px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puma,_first_series.jpg" class="image" title="The German Puma infantry fighting vehicles"><img alt="The German Puma infantry fighting vehicles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Puma%2C_first_series.jpg/234px-Puma%2C_first_series.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Puma%2C_first_series.jpg/351px-Puma%2C_first_series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Puma%2C_first_series.jpg/468px-Puma%2C_first_series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1267" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(IFV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puma (IFV)">Puma</a> infantry fighting vehicles
</p>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMP-2M.jpg" class="image" title="Soviet BMP-2M amphibious IFV"><img alt="Soviet BMP-2M amphibious IFV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BMP-2M.jpg/240px-BMP-2M.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BMP-2M.jpg/360px-BMP-2M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BMP-2M.jpg/480px-BMP-2M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BMP-2</a>M amphibious IFV
</p>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"><div style="width: 215.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg" class="image" title="South African Wheeled Ratel IFV"><img alt="South African Wheeled Ratel IFV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg/320px-Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg/480px-Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg/640px-Royal_Tank_Museum_157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> Wheeled <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratel_IFV" title="Ratel IFV">Ratel IFV</a>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Infantry_mobility_vehicle">Infantry mobility vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Infantry mobility vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg/220px-AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg/330px-AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg/440px-AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="938" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMZ_Tur_PICT0096.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMZ_Tur" title="AMZ Tur">AMZ Tur</a></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_mobility_vehicle" title="Infantry mobility vehicle">Infantry mobility vehicle</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP" title="MRAP">MRAP</a></div>
<p>An <i>infantry mobility vehicle</i> (<i>IMV</i>) or <i>protected patrol vehicle</i> (<i>PPV</i>) is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) serving as a military patrol, reconnaissance or security vehicle. Examples include the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATF_Dingo" title="ATF Dingo">ATF Dingo</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMZ_Dzik" title="AMZ Dzik">AMZ Dzik</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMZ_Tur" title="AMZ Tur">AMZ Tur</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_ESK" title="Mungo ESK">Mungo ESK</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmaster_IMV" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmaster IMV">Bushmaster IMV</a>. This term also applies to the vehicles currently being fielded as part of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP" title="MRAP">MRAP</a> program.
</p><p>IMVs were developed in response to the threats of modern counterinsurgency warfare, with an emphasis on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">Ambush</a> Protection and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised Explosive Device">Mine</a>-Resistance. Similar vehicles existed long before the term IMV was coined, such as the French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9" title="Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé">VAB</a> and South African <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffel" title="Buffel">Buffel</a>. The term is coming more into use to differentiate light 4x4 wheeled APCs from the traditional 8x8 wheeled APCs. It is a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for what might have been classified in the past as an armoured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">scout car</a>, such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRDM" title="BRDM">BRDM</a>, but the IMV is distinguished by having a requirement to carry dismountable infantry. The up-armoured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1114" class="mw-redirect" title="M1114">M1114</a> Humvee variant can be seen as an adaptation of the unarmoured Humvee to serve in the IMV role.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"><div style="width: 170.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CV9035_assessment_(cropped).jpg" class="image" title="A CV-9035 Swedish infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army"><img alt="A CV-9035 Swedish infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CV9035_assessment_%28cropped%29.jpg/253px-CV9035_assessment_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CV9035_assessment_%28cropped%29.jpg/379px-CV9035_assessment_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CV9035_assessment_%28cropped%29.jpg/505px-CV9035_assessment_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2273" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90" title="Combat Vehicle 90">CV-9035</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> infantry fighting vehicle used by U.S. Army
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"><div style="width: 166px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M113IraqiFreedom.jpg" class="image" title="The M113, one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the Iraq War"><img alt="The M113, one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the Iraq War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/M113IraqiFreedom.jpg/246px-M113IraqiFreedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/M113IraqiFreedom.jpg/369px-M113IraqiFreedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/M113IraqiFreedom.jpg/492px-M113IraqiFreedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div>
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<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113</a>, one of the most common tracked APCs, on duty during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"><div style="width: 173.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dingo_2.jpg" class="image" title="An ATF Dingo of the German Army is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces"><img alt="An ATF Dingo of the German Army is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dingo_2.jpg/257px-Dingo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dingo_2.jpg/385px-Dingo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dingo_2.jpg/513px-Dingo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1288" /></a></div></div>
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<p>An <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATF_Dingo" title="ATF Dingo">ATF Dingo</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> is a mine-resistant and ambush-protected infantry mobility vehicle used by several European armed forces
</p>
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg" class="image" title="A United States Army National Guard M1117 armoured security vehicle"><img alt="A United States Army National Guard M1117 armoured security vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg/270px-278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg/405px-278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg/540px-278th_MP_Company%27s_new_ASVs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>A United States <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1117_Armored_Security_Vehicle" title="M1117 Armored Security Vehicle">M1117 armoured security vehicle</a>
</p>
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nexter_Aravis,_place_Jeanne_Helbling,_Strasbourg_2010_(2).jpg" class="image" title="A French Nexter Aravis in Strasbourg"><img alt="A French Nexter Aravis in Strasbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nexter_Aravis%2C_place_Jeanne_Helbling%2C_Strasbourg_2010_%282%29.jpg/240px-Nexter_Aravis%2C_place_Jeanne_Helbling%2C_Strasbourg_2010_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nexter_Aravis%2C_place_Jeanne_Helbling%2C_Strasbourg_2010_%282%29.jpg/360px-Nexter_Aravis%2C_place_Jeanne_Helbling%2C_Strasbourg_2010_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nexter_Aravis%2C_place_Jeanne_Helbling%2C_Strasbourg_2010_%282%29.jpg/480px-Nexter_Aravis%2C_place_Jeanne_Helbling%2C_Strasbourg_2010_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2460" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexter_Aravis" title="Nexter Aravis">Nexter Aravis</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>
</p>
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg" class="image" title="Norwegian soldiers running operations in an Iveco LMV in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries."><img alt="Norwegian soldiers running operations in an Iveco LMV in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg/270px-Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg/405px-Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg/540px-Norwegian_Iveco_LMV_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Norwegian soldiers running operations in an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveco_LMV" title="Iveco LMV">Iveco LMV</a> in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The Iveco LMV is widely used by European militaries.
</p>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"><div style="width: 177.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_(1).jpg" class="image" title="An RMMV Survivor R used by the Saxony State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration."><img alt="An RMMV Survivor R used by the Saxony State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_%281%29.jpg/263px-Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_%281%29.jpg/395px-Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_%281%29.jpg/526px-Saxony_State_Police_Survivor_R_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></div>
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<p>An <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMMV_Survivor_R" title="RMMV Survivor R">RMMV Survivor R</a> used by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> State Police. In this configuration, it does not feature the .50 machine gun and grenade launcher remote weapon station used in the standard military configuration.
</p>
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</div></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Amphibious_vehicles">Amphibious vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Amphibious vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle#Armored" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious vehicle § Armored</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious warfare</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assault</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></div>
<p>Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance, through armoured personnel carriers and tanks, are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. Contemporary wheeled armoured amphibians include the French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9" title="Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé">Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_Blind%C3%A9_L%C3%A9ger" title="Véhicule Blindé Léger">Véhicule Blindé Léger</a>. The latter is a small, lightly armoured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%C3%974" class="mw-redirect" title="4×4">4×4</a> all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h. The VAB (<i>Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé</i> – 'armoured vanguard vehicle') is a fully amphibious armoured personnel carrier powered in the water by two water jets, that entered service in 1976 and produced in numerous configurations, ranging from basic personnel carrier, anti-tank missile platform.
</p><p>During the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Most of the vehicles the Soviets designed were amphibious, or could ford deep water. Wheeled examples are the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRDM-1" title="BRDM-1">BRDM-1</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a> armoured scout cars, as well as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-70" title="BTR-70">BTR-70</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-94" title="BTR-94">BTR-94</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8x8" title="8x8">8x8</a> armoured personnel carriers and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-90" title="BTR-90">BTR-90</a> infantry fighting vehicle.
</p><p>The United States started developing a long line of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked" title="Landing Vehicle Tracked">Landing Vehicle Tracked</a> (LVT) designs from ca. 1940. The US Marine Corps currently uses the AAV7-A1 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle" title="Assault Amphibious Vehicle">Assault Amphibious Vehicle</a>, which was to be succeeded by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_Fighting_Vehicle" title="Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle">Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle</a>, which was capable of planing on water and can achieve water speeds of 37–46 km/h. The EFV project has been cancelled.
</p><p>A significant number of tracked armoured vehicles that are primarily intended for land-use, have some amphibious capability, tactically useful inland, reducing dependence on bridges. They use their tracks, sometimes with added propeller or water jets for propulsion. As long as the banks have a shallow enough slopes to enter or leave the water they can cross rivers and water obstacles.
</p><p>Some heavy tanks can operate amphibiously with a fabric skirt to add <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_tank" title="DD tank">DD tank</a> used in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> had this setup. When in water the waterproof float screen was raised and propellers deployed. Some modern vehicles use a similar skirt.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg" class="image" title="BTR-80s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed"><img alt="BTR-80s coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg/279px-BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg/419px-BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg/558px-BTR-80_coming_ashore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80s</a> coming ashore, engine snorkels and waterjet deployed
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"><div style="width: 152.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAV-australia.jpg" class="image" title="Two U.S. Marine Corps Assault Amphibious Vehicles emerge from the surf onto the sand of Freshwater Beach, Australia"><img alt="Two U.S. Marine Corps Assault Amphibious Vehicles emerge from the surf onto the sand of Freshwater Beach, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/226px-AAV-australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/338px-AAV-australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AAV-australia.jpg/451px-AAV-australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Two <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle" title="Assault Amphibious Vehicle">Assault Amphibious Vehicles</a> emerge from the surf onto the sand of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_Beach" title="Freshwater Beach">Freshwater Beach</a>, Australia
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 359.33333333333px"><div style="width: 359.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 357.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg" class="image" title="Swimming Polish PT-76s."><img alt="Swimming Polish PT-76s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg/536px-PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="358" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg/804px-PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg/1072px-PT_76_7_DOW_TBiU_12_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="588" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Swimming Polish <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76s</a>.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PTS-M.jpg" class="image" title="Soviet PTS-M landing craft"><img alt="Soviet PTS-M landing craft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PTS-M.jpg/240px-PTS-M.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PTS-M.jpg/360px-PTS-M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PTS-M.jpg/480px-PTS-M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Soviet <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS-M" class="mw-redirect" title="PTS-M">PTS-M</a> landing craft
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Airborne_vehicles">Airborne vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Airborne vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-130_airdrop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C-130_airdrop.jpg/220px-C-130_airdrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C-130_airdrop.jpg/330px-C-130_airdrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/C-130_airdrop.jpg/440px-C-130_airdrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="432" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-130_airdrop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130">C-130</a> airdrops an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M551" class="mw-redirect" title="M551">M551</a> light tank</div></div></div>
<p>Lightweight armoured fighting vehicles designed or modified to be <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">carried by aircraft</a> and delivered by air drop, helicopter lift, glider, or air landing with infantry to provide heavier tactical firepower and mobility. The air-equivalent to amphibious vehicles, the main advantage of airborne forces is their ability to be deployed into combat zones without land passage, as long as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> is accessible. Airborne vehicles are limited only by the tonnage capacity of their <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport aircraft</a>. Airborne vehicles typically lack the armour and supplies necessary for prolonged combat, so they are utilized for establishing an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhead_(warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airhead (warfare)">airhead</a> to bring in larger forces before carrying out other combat objectives. One modern example is the German <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesel_AWC" title="Wiesel AWC">Wiesel AWC</a>. The USA also created the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a> as a way to aid paratroopers/ being paradropped in as it was very lightly armored and very small.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_engineering_vehicle">Armoured engineering vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Armoured engineering vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF_Puma_CEV_(5).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg/220px-IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg/330px-IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg/440px-IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1539" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF_Puma_CEV_(5).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Puma" class="mw-redirect" title="IDF Puma">IDF Puma</a> combat engineering vehicle</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering_vehicle" title="Military engineering vehicle">Military engineering vehicle</a></div>
<p>Modern engineering AFV's utilize chassis based on main battle tank platforms: these vehicles are as well armoured and protected as tanks, designed to keep up with tanks, breach obstacles to help tanks get to wherever it needs to be, perform utility functions necessary to expedite mission objectives of tanks, and to conduct other earth-moving and engineering work on the battlefield. These vehicles go by different names depending upon the country of use or manufacture. In the United States the term "combat engineer vehicle (CEV)" is used, in the United Kingdom the term "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers" title="Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers">Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers</a> (AVRE)" is used, while in Canada and other commonwealth nations the term "armoured engineer vehicle (AEV)" is used. There is no set template for what such a vehicle will look like, yet likely features include a large dozer blade or mine ploughs, a large calibre demolition cannon, augers, winches, excavator arms and cranes, or lifting booms.
</p><p>Although the term "armoured engineer vehicle" is used specifically to describe these multi-purpose tank-based engineering vehicles, that term is also used more generically in British and Commonwealth militaries to describe all heavy tank-based engineering vehicles used in the support of mechanized forces. Thus, "armoured engineer vehicle" used generically would refer to AEV, AVLB, Assault Breachers, and so on. Good examples of this type of vehicle include the UK <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers" title="Trojan Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers">Trojan AVRE</a>, the Russian IMR, and the US <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M728_Combat_Engineer_Vehicle" title="M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle">M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle</a>.
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg/220px-IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg/330px-IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg/440px-IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1059" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL%C3%9C_2012_-_Panzer_Keiler.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German army</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiler_(mine_flail)" title="Keiler (mine flail)">Keiler</a>. It uses a heavy-duty rotor-powered mine flail, which causes mines it comes in contact with to safely detonate.</div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Breaching_vehicle">Breaching vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Breaching vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering_vehicle#Breaching_vehicle" title="Military engineering vehicle">Military engineering vehicle § Breaching vehicle</a></div>
<p>A <b>breaching vehicle</b> is especially designed to clear pathways for troops and other vehicles through <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minefields" class="mw-redirect" title="Minefields">minefields</a> and along <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadside_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadside bomb">roadside bombs</a> and other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised Explosive Device">improvised explosive devices</a>. These vehicles are equipped with mechanical or other means for the breaching of man made obstacles. Common types of breaching vehicles include mechanical <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_flail" title="Mine flail">flails</a>, mine plough vehicles, and mine roller vehicles.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_bulldozer">Armoured bulldozer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Armoured bulldozer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/220px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/330px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/440px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="3066" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9" title="IDF Caterpillar D9">IDF Caterpillar D9</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_bulldozer" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured bulldozer">armoured bulldozer</a></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_bulldozer" title="Armored bulldozer">Armored bulldozer</a></div>
<p>The armoured bulldozer is a basic tool of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">combat engineering</a>. These <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineering_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering vehicle">combat engineering vehicles</a> combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer with armour which protects the vehicle and its operator in or near combat. Most are civilian bulldozers modified by addition of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">vehicle armour</a>/military equipment, but some are <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> stripped of armament and fitted with a dozer blade. Some tanks have bulldozer blades while retaining their armament, but this does not make them armoured bulldozers as such, because combat remains the primary role – earth moving is a secondary task.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_recovery_vehicle">Armoured recovery vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Armoured recovery vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_recovery_vehicle" title="Armoured recovery vehicle">Armoured recovery vehicle</a></div>
<p>An <i>armoured recovery vehicle</i> (<i>ARV</i>) is a type of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_recovery_(military)" title="Vehicle recovery (military)">vehicle recovery</a> armoured fighting vehicle used to repair battle- or mine-damaged as well as broken-down armoured vehicles during combat, or to tow them out of the danger zone for more extensive repairs. To this end the term <i>armoured repair and recovery vehicle</i> (<i>ARRV</i>) is also used.
</p><p>ARVs are normally built on the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles, mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on the basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs, but does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge">Armoured vehicle-launched bridge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Armoured vehicle-launched bridge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge" title="Armoured vehicle-launched bridge">Armoured vehicle-launched bridge</a></div>
<p>An <i>armoured vehicle-launched bridge</i> (<i>AVLB</i>) is a combat support vehicle, sometimes regarded as a subtype of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineering_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering vehicle">combat engineering vehicle</a>, designed to assist militaries in rapidly deploying <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and other armoured fighting vehicles across rivers. The AVLB is usually a tracked vehicle converted from a tank chassis to carry a folding metal bridge instead of weapons. The AVLB's job is to allow armoured or infantry units to cross water, when a river too deep for vehicles to wade through is reached, and no bridge is conveniently located (or sufficiently sturdy, a substantial concern when moving 60-ton tanks).
</p><p>The bridge layer unfolds and launches its cargo, providing a ready-made bridge across the obstacle in only minutes. Once the span has been put in place, the AVLB vehicle detaches from the bridge, and moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Once all of the vehicles have crossed, it crosses the bridge itself and reattaches to the bridge on the other side. It then retracts the span ready to move off again. A similar procedure can be employed to allow crossings of small chasms or similar obstructions. AVLBs can carry bridges of 60 feet (18 metres) or greater in length. By using a tank chassis, the bridge layer is able to cover the same terrain as main battle tanks, and the provision of armour allows them to operate even in the face of enemy fire. However, this is not a universal attribute: some exceptionally sturdy 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis have lent themselves to bridge-layer applications.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Combat_engineer_section_carriers">Combat engineer section carriers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Combat engineer section carriers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><i>Combat engineer section carriers</i> are used to transport <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">combat engineers</a>) and can be fitted with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozers</a>' blades and other mine-breaching devices. They are often used as APCs because of their carrying ability and heavy protection. They are usually armed with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> and grenade launchers and usually tracked to provide enough tractive force to push blades and rakes. Some examples are the U.S. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_Armored_Personnel_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="M113 Armored Personnel Carrier">M113 APC</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Puma" class="mw-redirect" title="IDF Puma">IDF Puma</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagmachon" title="Nagmachon">Nagmachon</a>, Husky, and U.S. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1132_Engineer_Support_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1132 Engineer Support Vehicle">M1132 ESV</a> (a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker" title="Stryker">Stryker</a> variant).
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF_Puma_CEV_(5).jpg" class="image" title="IDF Puma - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier"><img alt="IDF Puma - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg/289px-IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg/433px-IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg/578px-IDF_Puma_CEV_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1539" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Puma" class="mw-redirect" title="IDF Puma">IDF Puma</a> - combat engineering vehicle and section carrier
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"><div style="width: 152.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg" class="image" title="A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16 May 1996."><img alt="A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16 May 1996." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg/226px-M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg/338px-M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg/451px-M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A remotely controlled Panther armoured mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, 16 May 1996.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"><div style="width: 192px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg" class="image" title="Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a M58 MICLIC from an M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle"><img alt="Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a M58 MICLIC from an M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg/285px-M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg/427px-M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg/569px-M1_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1186" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Marines with 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion launch a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M58_MICLIC" title="M58 MICLIC">M58 MICLIC</a> from an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1150_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle" title="M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle">M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle</a>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"><div style="width: 157.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg" class="image" title="An armoured IDF Caterpillar D9R bulldozer, nicknamed "דובי" ('Teddy bear') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire."><img alt="An armoured IDF Caterpillar D9R bulldozer, nicknamed "דובי" ('Teddy bear') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg/233px-D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg/350px-D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg/467px-D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4436" data-file-height="3423" /></a></div></div>
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<p>An armoured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9" title="IDF Caterpillar D9">IDF Caterpillar D9</a>R <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_bulldozer" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured bulldozer">bulldozer</a>, nicknamed "דובי" ('<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a>') in Israel. Its armour allows it to work under heavy fire.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg" class="image" title="BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, German Army"><img alt="BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, German Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg/240px-Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg/360px-Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg/480px-Bergepanzer_Bueffel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div>
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<p>BPz3 "Büffel" armoured recovery vehicle, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"><div style="width: 180px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg" class="image" title="An M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB), deploying its scissors-type bridge"><img alt="An M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB), deploying its scissors-type bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg/267px-M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg/401px-M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg/534px-M60A1_Armored_Vehicle_Landing_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1160" /></a></div></div>
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<p>An <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_AVLB" title="M60 AVLB">M60A1 armoured vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB)</a>, deploying its scissors-type bridge
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"><div style="width: 185.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg" class="image" title="An M1132 engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams"><img alt="An M1132 engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg/275px-Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg/412px-Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg/549px-Stryker_ESV_front_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a></div></div>
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<p>An <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1132" class="mw-redirect" title="M1132">M1132</a> engineer squad vehicle (ESV) issued to combat engineer squads in the US Army Stryker brigade combat teams
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Air_defence_vehicles">Air defence vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Air defence vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a>; <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_rocket,_artillery,_and_mortar" title="Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar">Counter rocket, artillery, and mortar</a>; and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapon system</a></div>
<p>An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.
Specific weapon systems used include <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine guns">machine guns</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">anti-aircraft autocannons</a>, larger anti-air guns, or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air-missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-air-missiles">surface-to-air-missiles</a>, and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir-S1). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today, missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brno,_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice,_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG" class="image" title="Czechoslovak self-propelled anti-aircraft gun M53/59 Praga developed in the late 1950s."><img alt="Czechoslovak self-propelled anti-aircraft gun M53/59 Praga developed in the late 1950s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Brno%2C_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice%2C_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG/240px-Brno%2C_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice%2C_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Brno%2C_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice%2C_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG/360px-Brno%2C_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice%2C_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Brno%2C_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice%2C_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG/480px-Brno%2C_%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice%2C_transport%C3%A9r_Praga_V33_II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> self-propelled anti-aircraft gun <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M53/59_Praga" title="M53/59 Praga">M53/59 Praga</a> developed in the late 1950s.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg" class="image" title="German Wirbelwind - a 20 mm Flakvierling quadmount on a Panzer IV chassis."><img alt="German Wirbelwind - a 20 mm Flakvierling quadmount on a Panzer IV chassis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg/240px-Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg/360px-Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg/480px-Wirbelwind_CFB_Borden_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbelwind" title="Wirbelwind">Wirbelwind</a> - a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_cm_Flak_30/38/Flakvierling#2_cm_Flakvierling_38" class="mw-redirect" title="2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling">20 mm <i>Flakvierling</i></a> quadmount on a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> chassis.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg" class="image" title="Flakpanzer Gepard, Germany"><img alt="Flakpanzer Gepard, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg/270px-Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg/405px-Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg/540px-Gepard_1a2_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flakpanzer_Gepard" title="Flakpanzer Gepard">Flakpanzer Gepard</a>, Germany
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JLTV_1.jpg" class="image" title="At AUSA 2017, a JLTV Utility variant mounting Boeing's SHORAD Launcher"><img alt="At AUSA 2017, a JLTV Utility variant mounting Boeing's SHORAD Launcher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/JLTV_1.jpg/240px-JLTV_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/JLTV_1.jpg/360px-JLTV_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/JLTV_1.jpg/480px-JLTV_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div>
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<p>At AUSA 2017, a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle" title="Joint Light Tactical Vehicle">JLTV</a> Utility variant mounting <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHORAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SHORAD">SHORAD</a> Launcher
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg" class="image" title="Typical of more modern designs, the Tunguska-M1 mounts both missiles and autocannons."><img alt="Typical of more modern designs, the Tunguska-M1 mounts both missiles and autocannons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg/240px-2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg/360px-2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg/480px-2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_-_9K22_Tunguska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Typical of more modern designs, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunguska-M1">Tunguska-M1</a> mounts both <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">missiles</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Artillery_tractor">Artillery tractor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Artillery tractor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>An <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractor</a>, also referred to as a gun tractor, is a specialized heavy-duty form of tractor unit used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights and calibres. It may be wheeled, tracked, or half-tracked.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25,_Albanien,_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25%2C_Albanien%2C_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25%2C_Albanien%2C_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25%2C_Albanien%2C_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25%2C_Albanien%2C_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25%2C_Albanien%2C_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25%2C_Albanien%2C_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-203-1696-25,_Albanien,_Raupenschlepper_Ost_mit_Kanone.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raupenschlepper,_Ost" class="mw-redirect" title="Raupenschlepper, Ost">RSO</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractor</a> towing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_leFH_18M" title="10.5 cm leFH 18M">105 mm howitzer</a>, Albania, 1943</div></div></div>
<p>There are two main types of artillery tractors, depending on the type of traction: wheeled and tracked.
Wheeled tractors are usually variations of lorries adapted for military service.
Tracked tractors run on continuous track; in some cases are built on a modified tank chassis with the superstructure replaced with a compartment for the gun crew or ammunition.
In addition, half-track tractors were used in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> and in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, especially by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. This type of tractor was mostly discontinued postwar.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-propelled_artillery_2">Self-propelled artillery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Self-propelled artillery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">Self-propelled gun</a></div>
<p>Self-propelled <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> vehicles give mobility to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Within the term are covered <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">self-propelled guns</a> (or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>. They are highly mobile, usually based on tracked chassis carrying either a large howitzer or other field gun or alternatively a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> or some form of rocket or missile launcher. They are usually used for long-range <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect-fire">indirect</a> bombardment support on the battlefield.
</p><p>In the past, self-propelled artillery has included direct-fire "Gun Motor Carriage" vehicles, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a> (also known as self-propelled anti-tank guns). These have been heavily armoured vehicles, the former providing danger-close fire-support for infantry and the latter acting as specialized anti-tank vehicles.
</p><p>Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles may superficially resemble tanks, but they are generally lightly armoured, too lightly to survive in direct-fire combat. However, they protect their crews against <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_(fragment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrapnel (fragment)">shrapnel</a> and small arms and are therefore usually included as armoured fighting vehicles. Many are equipped with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> for defence against enemy infantry.
</p><p>The key advantage of self-propelled over towed artillery is that it can be brought into action much faster. Before towed artillery can be used, it has to stop, unlimber and the guns set up. To move position, the guns must be limbered up again and brought – usually towed – to the new location. By comparison, self-propelled artillery in combination with modern communications, can stop at a chosen location and begin firing almost immediately, then quickly move on to a new position. This ability is very useful in a mobile conflict and particularly on the advance.
</p><p>Conversely, towed artillery was and remains cheaper to build and maintain. It is also lighter and can be taken to places that self-propelled guns cannot reach, so despite the advantages of the self-propelled artillery, towed guns remain in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenals</a> of many modern armies.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"><div style="width: 171.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg" class="image" title="A Wespe destroyed in Normandy, 1944."><img alt="A Wespe destroyed in Normandy, 1944." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg/254px-Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg/381px-Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg/509px-Destroyed_german_self-propelled_gun_carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1240" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wespe" title="Wespe">Wespe</a> destroyed in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, 1944.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G6_Howitzer2.JPG" class="image" title="G6 howitzer wheeled SPG"><img alt="G6 howitzer wheeled SPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/G6_Howitzer2.JPG/240px-G6_Howitzer2.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/G6_Howitzer2.JPG/360px-G6_Howitzer2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/G6_Howitzer2.JPG/480px-G6_Howitzer2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G6_howitzer" title="G6 howitzer">G6 howitzer</a> wheeled SPG
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_(558-34).jpg" class="image" title="A Russian 2S19 Msta-S in 2014"><img alt="A Russian 2S19 Msta-S in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_%28558-34%29.jpg/270px-April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_%28558-34%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_%28558-34%29.jpg/405px-April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_%28558-34%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_%28558-34%29.jpg/540px-April_9th_rehearsal_in_Alabino_of_2014_Victory_Day_Parade_%28558-34%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div>
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<p>A Russian <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2S19_Msta-S" class="mw-redirect" title="2S19 Msta-S">2S19 Msta-S</a> in 2014
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Assault_gun">Assault gun</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Assault gun">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">Assault gun</a></div>
<p>An assault gun is a gun or howitzer mounted on a motor vehicle or armoured chassis, designed for use in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fire</a> role in support of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> when attacking other infantry or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified">fortified</a> positions.
</p><p>Historically, the custom-built fully armoured assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> on a tank chassis. The use of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> instead of a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a> limited these weapons' <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_fire_(weaponry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of fire (weaponry)">field of fire</a>, but allowed a larger gun to be fitted relative to the chassis, more armour to be fitted for the same weight, and provided a cheaper construction. In most cases, these turretless vehicles also presented a lower profile as a target for the enemy.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"><div style="width: 182.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg" class="image" title="ISU-152K, Victory Park, Moscow, Russia"><img alt="ISU-152K, Victory Park, Moscow, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg/271px-ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg/406px-ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg/541px-ISU-152_at_Victory_Park_in_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a>K, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poklonnaya_Hill" title="Poklonnaya Hill">Victory Park</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikv_91_a.jpg" class="image" title="Infanterikanonvagn 91, Swedish turreted amphibious assault gun"><img alt="Infanterikanonvagn 91, Swedish turreted amphibious assault gun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ikv_91_a.jpg/240px-Ikv_91_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ikv_91_a.jpg/360px-Ikv_91_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ikv_91_a.jpg/480px-Ikv_91_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanterikanonvagn_91" title="Infanterikanonvagn 91">Infanterikanonvagn 91</a>, Swedish <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turreted</a> amphibious assault gun
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-propelled_siege_mortar">Self-propelled siege mortar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Self-propelled siege mortar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl6.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Karl6.jpg/220px-Karl6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Karl6.jpg/330px-Karl6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Karl6.jpg/440px-Karl6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="347" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl6.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Ger%C3%A4t" title="Karl-Gerät">Karl-Gerät</a> firing in Warsaw,1944</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-propelled_siege_mortar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-propelled siege mortar (page does not exist)">Self-propelled siege mortar</a></div>
<p>A Siege mortar is a form of self-propelled gun that holds a siege mortar. The only siege mortar ever built was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Ger%C3%A4t" title="Karl-Gerät">Karl-Gerät</a>. It could be argued that these could be classified as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_carrier" title="Mortar carrier">Mortar carrier</a> .
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mortar_carrier">Mortar carrier</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Mortar carrier">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stryker_MCV-B.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stryker_MCV-B.jpg/220px-Stryker_MCV-B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stryker_MCV-B.jpg/330px-Stryker_MCV-B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stryker_MCV-B.jpg/440px-Stryker_MCV-B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="757" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stryker_MCV-B.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An American <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1129_Mortar_Carrier" title="M1129 Mortar Carrier">M1129 Mortar Carrier</a></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_carrier" title="Mortar carrier">Mortar carrier</a></div>
<p>A mortar carrier is a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled artillery</a> vehicle carrying a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> as its primary weapon. Mortar carriers cannot be fired while on the move and some must be dismounted to fire. In U.S. Army doctrine, mortar carriers provide close and immediate indirect fire support for maneuver units while allowing for rapid displacement and quick reaction to the tactical situation. The ability to relocate not only allows fire support to be provided where it is needed faster, but also allows these units to avoid <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-battery_fire" title="Counter-battery fire">counter-battery fire</a>. Mortar carriers have traditionally avoided direct contact with the enemy. Many units report never using secondary weapons in combat.
</p><p>Prior to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, American 120 mm mortar platoons reorganized from six <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1064_mortar_carrier" title="M1064 mortar carrier">M1064 mortar carriers</a> and two M577 fire direction centres (FDC) to four M1064 and one FDC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The urban environment of Iraq made it difficult to utilize mortars. New technologies such as mortar ballistic computers and communication equipment and are being integrated. Modern era combat is becoming more reliant on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fire</a> support from mortar carrier <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Multiple_rocket_launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Multiple rocket launcher">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></div>
<p>A multiple rocket launcher is a type of unguided <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a> system. Like other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rocket</a> artillery, multiple rocket launchers are less accurate and have a much lower (sustained) rate of fire than batteries of traditional <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> guns. However, they have the capability of simultaneously dropping many hundreds of kilograms of explosive, with devastating effect.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">Hwacha</a> is an example of an early weapon system with a resemblance to the modern-day multiple rocket launcher. The first self-propelled multiple rocket launchers – and arguably the most famous – were the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">BM-13 Katyushas</a>, first used during World War II and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern multiple rocket launchers. The first modern multiple rocket launcher was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_Nebelwerfer_41" title="15 cm Nebelwerfer 41">15 cm Nebelwerfer 41</a></i> of the 1930s,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a small towed artillery piece. Only later in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> did the British deploy similar weapons in the form of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress_(rocket)" title="Mattress (rocket)">Land Mattress</a>.The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tanks to create the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T34_Calliope" title="T34 Calliope">T34 Calliope</a> rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg" class="image" title="German Panzerwerfer half-tracked MRLS."><img alt="German Panzerwerfer half-tracked MRLS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg/240px-Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg/360px-Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg/480px-Panzerwerfer_alias_Maultier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerwerfer" title="Panzerwerfer">Panzerwerfer</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-tracked</a> MRLS.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg" class="image" title="Katyusha rocket launcher at the Museum (Diorama) on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol"><img alt="Katyusha rocket launcher at the Museum (Diorama) on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg/240px-BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg/360px-BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg/480px-BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rocket launcher</a> at the Museum (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">Diorama</a>) on Sapun Mountain, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9a52_smerch.jpg" class="image" title="BM-30 Smerch 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position"><img alt="BM-30 Smerch 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/9a52_smerch.jpg/240px-9a52_smerch.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/9a52_smerch.jpg/360px-9a52_smerch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/9a52_smerch.jpg/480px-9a52_smerch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM-30_Smerch" title="BM-30 Smerch">BM-30 Smerch</a> 300 mm rocket launcher in raised position
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"><div style="width: 98px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg" class="image" title="The M270 MLRS conducts a rocket launch."><img alt="The M270 MLRS conducts a rocket launch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg/144px-Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg/216px-Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg/288px-Army_mlrs_1982_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="699" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M270" class="mw-redirect" title="M270">M270</a> MLRS conducts a rocket launch.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Missile_vehicle">Missile vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Missile vehicle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_vehicle" title="Missile vehicle">Missile vehicles</a> are trucks or tractor units designed to carry rockets or missiles. The missile vehicle may be a self-propelled unit or the missile holder/launcher may be on a trailer towed by a prime mover. They are used in the military forces of a number of countries in the world. Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to the ground on these vehicles, but elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching.
</p>
<ul><li>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher" title="Transporter erector launcher">Transporter erector launcher</a> (TEL) is a missile vehicle with an integrated prime mover (tractor unit) that can carry, elevate to firing position and launch one or more missiles. Such vehicles exist for both surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles.</li></ul>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C).jpg" class="image" title="Missile truck MZKT 79221 under missile Topol-M"><img alt="Missile truck MZKT 79221 under missile Topol-M" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%29.jpg/270px-%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%29.jpg/405px-%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%29.jpg/541px-%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%9A%D0%A2-79221_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4172" data-file-height="2780" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Missile truck <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MZKT" title="MZKT">MZKT</a> 79221 under missile <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2PM2_Topol-M" title="RT-2PM2 Topol-M">Topol-M</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"><div style="width: 172px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sa-4.jpg" class="image" title="A Soviet 2K11 Krug TEL"><img alt="A Soviet 2K11 Krug TEL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sa-4.jpg/255px-Sa-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Sa-4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="212" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>A <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K11_Krug" title="2K11 Krug">2K11 Krug</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher" title="Transporter erector launcher">TEL</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MoscowParade2009_7.jpg" class="image" title="S-300 missile system."><img alt="S-300 missile system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MoscowParade2009_7.jpg/270px-MoscowParade2009_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MoscowParade2009_7.jpg/404px-MoscowParade2009_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/MoscowParade2009_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300 missile system</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tank_destroyer">Tank destroyer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Tank destroyer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_missile_carrier" title="Anti-tank missile carrier">Anti-tank missile carrier</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank warfare</a></div>
<p>Tank destroyers and tank hunters are armed with an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank gun</a> or <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti tank missile</a> launcher, and are designed specifically to engage enemy armoured vehicles. Many have been based on a tracked tank chassis, while others are wheeled. Since World War II, main battle tanks have largely replaced gun-armed tank destroyers; although lightly armoured anti tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers are commonly used for supplementary long-range anti-tank engagements.
</p><p>In post-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> conflict, the resurgence of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary warfare</a> has seen the emergence of gun-armed wheeled vehicles, sometimes called "protected gun systems", which may bear a superficial resemblance to tank destroyers, but are employed as direct fire support units typically providing support in low intensity operations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. These have the advantage of easier deployment, as only the largest air transports can carry a main battle tank, and their smaller size makes them more effective in urban combat.
</p><p>Many forces' IFVs carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield. But there are still dedicated anti-tank vehicles with very heavy long-range missiles, or intended for airborne use. There have also been dedicated anti-tank vehicles built on ordinary armoured personnel carrier or armoured car chassis. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113" class="mw-redirect" title="M113">M113</a> chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM scout car</a>, the British FV438 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swingfire" title="Swingfire">Swingfire</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV102_Striker" title="FV102 Striker">FV102 Striker</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">German</a> <i>Raketenjagdpanzer</i> series built on the chassis of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS_30" class="mw-redirect" title="HS 30">HS 30</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_(infantry_fighting_vehicle)" title="Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)">Mardar IFVs</a>.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"><div style="width: 153.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg" class="image" title="American M3 GMC half-tracked tank destroyer"><img alt="American M3 GMC half-tracked tank destroyer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg/227px-M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg/341px-M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg/454px-M3_75mm_gun_motor_carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4391" data-file-height="3481" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>American <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Gun_Motor_Carriage" title="M3 Gun Motor Carriage">M3 GMC</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-tracked</a> tank destroyer
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"><div style="width: 197.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC198612.jpg" class="image" title="90 mm GMC M36 during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945"><img alt="90 mm GMC M36 during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SC198612.jpg/293px-SC198612.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SC198612.jpg/440px-SC198612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SC198612.jpg/586px-SC198612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="780" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>90 mm GMC <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M36_tank_destroyer" title="M36 tank destroyer">M36</a> during the Battle of the Bulge in January, 1945
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg" class="image" title="British-captured German Jagdtiger in The Tank Museum, the UK"><img alt="British-captured German Jagdtiger in The Tank Museum, the UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg/240px-Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg/360px-Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg/480px-Jagdtiger_1_Bovington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>British-captured <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdtiger" title="Jagdtiger">Jagdtiger</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tank_Museum" title="The Tank Museum">The Tank Museum</a>, the UK
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280.66666666667px"><div style="width: 280.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 278.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NM142_x_3.jpg" class="image" title="A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with NM142 TOW missile launchers"><img alt="A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with NM142 TOW missile launchers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NM142_x_3.jpg/418px-NM142_x_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="279" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NM142_x_3.jpg/627px-NM142_x_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NM142_x_3.jpg/836px-NM142_x_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="380" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>A Norwegian anti-tank platoon equipped with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NM142" title="NM142">NM142</a> TOW missile launchers
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"><div style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG" class="image" title="German missile tank destroyer Raketenjagdpanzer 2."><img alt="German missile tank destroyer Raketenjagdpanzer 2." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG/270px-Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG/405px-Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG/540px-Panzermuseum_Munster_2010_0915.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">German</a> missile tank destroyer <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketenjagdpanzer_2" title="Raketenjagdpanzer 2">Raketenjagdpanzer 2</a>.
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</div></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Armoured_train">Armoured train</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Armoured train">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">Armoured train</a></div>
<p>An <i>armoured train</i> is a railway train protected with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour</a>. They are usually equipped with rail cars armed with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, tank <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft guns</a>. They were mostly used during the late 19th to mid-20th century, when they offered an innovative way to quickly move large amounts of firepower. Their use was discontinued in most countries when road vehicles became much more powerful and offered more flexibility, and because armoured trains were too vulnerable to track sabotage and attacks from the air. However, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> Federation used improvised armoured trains in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> in the late 1990s and 2000s. Armoured trains carrying ballistic missiles have also been used.
</p><p>The rail cars on an armoured train were designed for many tasks, such as carrying artillery and machine guns, infantry units, and anti-aircraft guns. During World War II, the Germans would sometimes put a <i>Fremdgerät</i> (captured AFVs such as the French <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somua_S-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Somua S-35">Somua S-35</a> or Czech <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PzKpfw_38(t)" class="mw-redirect" title="PzKpfw 38(t)">PzKpfw 38(t)</a>), or obsolescent <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a> light tanks on a flatbed rail car, which could quickly be offloaded by means of a ramp and used away from the railway line to chase down enemy <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a>.
</p><p>Different types of armour were used to protect armoured trains from attack. In addition to various metal plates, concrete and sandbags were used in some cases on armoured trains.
</p><p>Armoured trains were sometimes escorted by a kind of rail-tank called a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draisine" title="Draisine">draisine</a>. One such example was the Italian 'Littorina' armoured trolley, which had a cab in the front and rear, each with a control set so it could be driven down the tracks in either direction. Littorina mounted two dual 7.92mm <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG-13" class="mw-redirect" title="MG-13">MG13</a> machine gun turrets from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a> light tanks.
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"><div style="width: 184px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg" class="image" title="MÁV armoured train"><img alt="MÁV armoured train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg/273px-M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg/409px-M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg/546px-M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="845" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>MÁV armoured train
</p>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"><div style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg" class="image" title="Replica of the "Hurban" armoured train located in Zvolen, Slovakia"><img alt="Replica of the "Hurban" armoured train located in Zvolen, Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg/240px-Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg/360px-Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg/480px-Pancierovy_vlak-Zvolen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Replica of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_train_Hurban" title="Armored train Hurban">"Hurban" armoured train</a> located in Zvolen, Slovakia
</p>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_missile_launcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile missile launcher (page does not exist)">Mobile missile launcher</a></div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AMISOM_T-55.jpg/32px-AMISOM_T-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AMISOM_T-55.jpg/48px-AMISOM_T-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AMISOM_T-55.jpg/64px-AMISOM_T-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="268" /></span><span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists of armoured fighting vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-military_armored_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-military armored vehicles">Non-military armoured vehicles</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachanka" title="Tachanka">Tachanka</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_markings_of_the_United_States_military" title="Vehicle markings of the United States military">Vehicle markings of the United States military</a></li></ul></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126051036/http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html">"Summary -> Light Armor Armaholic"</a>. <i>yousense.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yousense.info/6c69676874/light-armor-armaholic.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yousense.info&rft.atitle=Summary+-%3E+Light+Armor+Armaholic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fyousense.info%2F6c69676874%2Flight-armor-armaholic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0187&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&isize=M">"ARQUEBUSS"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARQUEBUSS&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0187%26id%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01%26isize%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1980">Macksey 1980</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DCMB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCMB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCMB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFEdward_John_Barrington_Douglas-Scott-Montagu_Baron_Montagu_of_BeaulieuLord_MontaguDavid_Burgess_Wise1995" class="citation book cs1">Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu of Beaulieu; Lord Montagu; David Burgess Wise (1995). <i>Daimler Century: The Full History of Britain's Oldest Car Maker</i>. Haynes Publications. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-494-3"><bdi>978-1-85260-494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daimler+Century%3A+The+Full+History+of+Britain%27s+Oldest+Car+Maker&rft.pub=Haynes+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85260-494-3&rft.au=Edward+John+Barrington+Douglas-Scott-Montagu+Baron+Montagu+of+Beaulieu&rft.au=Lord+Montagu&rft.au=David+Burgess+Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980256-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacksey1980256_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacksey1980">Macksey 1980</a>, p. 256.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTucker1999" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC&pg=PA65"><i>The European Powers in the First World War</i></a>. Routledge. p. 816. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3351-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3351-X"><bdi>0-8153-3351-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Powers+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=816&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8153-3351-X&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgv3GEyB19wIC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGougaud198711-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGougaud198711_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGougaud1987">Gougaud 1987</a>, p. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew1988" class="citation book cs1">Bartholomew, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PknxxLTNhU8C&pg=PA5"><i>Early Armoured Cars</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 4–5. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-908-5"><bdi>978-0-85263-908-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Armoured+Cars&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-85263-908-5&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPknxxLTNhU8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGougaud1987">Gougaud 1987</a>, pp. 11–12</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-T27-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T27_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227100158/http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/">"T-27 Tankette"</a>. <i>The Russian Battlefield</i>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battlefield.ru/content/view/72/50/lang,en/">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Battlefield&rft.atitle=T-27+Tankette&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.battlefield.ru%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F72%2F50%2Flang%2Cen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankette/index.html">"U.S. Forces Encounter Old Jap Tankette"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Bulletin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Bulletin (page does not exist)">Intelligence Bulletin</a></i>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">United States Military Intelligence Service</a>. September 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Bulletin&rft.atitle=U.S.+Forces+Encounter+Old+Jap+Tankette&rft.date=1945-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.lonesentry.com%2Farticles%2Fjp_tankette%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWairartillery.htm">"Air Artillery"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Air+Artillery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FFWWairartillery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargiotta1996_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargiotta1996">Margiotta 1996</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-morale_effect-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morale_effect_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Sandler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&q=%22main+battle+tank%22"><i>Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 59. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-344-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-344-0"><bdi>1-57607-344-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57607-344-0&rft.au=Stanley+Sandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26q%3D%2522main%2Bbattle%2Btank%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-McNab_Gulf_War-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNab_Gulf_War_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcNabKeeter2008" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris; Keeter, Hunter (2008). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna"><i>Tools of violence: guns, tanks and dirty bombs</i></a></span>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846032257" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846032257"><bdi>978-1846032257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+of+violence%3A+guns%2C+tanks+and+dirty+bombs&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1846032257&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Keeter%2C+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoolsofviolenceg0000mcna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTedesco2000" class="citation report cs1">Tedesco, Vincent J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213100806/http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf">The Revolution After Next: Making Vertical Envelopment by Operationally Significant Mobile Protected Forces a Reality in the First Decade of the 21st Century</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, United States: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_School_of_Advanced_Military_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies">School of Advanced Military Studies</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">United States Army Command and General Staff College</a>. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tedescos.com/Pages/VJ/monograph2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+After+Next%3A+Making+Vertical+Envelopment+by+Operationally+Significant+Mobile+Protected+Forces+a+Reality+in+the+First+Decade+of+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+United+States&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=School+of+Advanced+Military+Studies%2C+United+States+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Tedesco&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.tedescos.com%2FPages%2FVJ%2Fmonograph2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSweet2007" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, John Joseph Timothy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z23JjCBkSykC&q=tankette&pg=PA84"><i>Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940</i></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. p. 84. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811733519" title="Special:BookSources/9780811733519"><bdi>9780811733519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Arm%3A+The+Mechanization+of+Mussolini%27s+Army%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780811733519&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ23JjCBkSykC%26q%3Dtankette%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDickson2004" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/War_Slang"><i>War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War</i></a>. Brassey's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/War_Slang/page/n234">221</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574887105" title="Special:BookSources/9781574887105"><bdi>9781574887105</bdi></a>. <q>tankette.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Slang%3A+American+Fighting+Words+and+Phrases+Since+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781574887105&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWar_Slang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBradford2010" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, George (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nT3zle-U3jgC&q=WWI+armored+cars&pg=PP1"><i>1914–1938 Armored Fighting Vehicles</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811705684" title="Special:BookSources/9780811705684"><bdi>9780811705684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931938+Armored+Fighting+Vehicles&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780811705684&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnT3zle-U3jgC%26q%3DWWI%2Barmored%2Bcars%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSelf2005" class="citation web cs1">Self, Douglas (26 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/propsleigh/propsleigh.htm">"The Propeller-Driven Sleigh"</a>. <i>The Museum of Retro Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Museum+of+Retro+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Propeller-Driven+Sleigh&rft.date=2005-07-26&rft.aulast=Self&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdouglas-self.com%2FMUSEUM%2FTRANSPORT%2Fpropsleigh%2Fpropsleigh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargiotta199656,_57-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargiotta199656,_57_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargiotta1996">Margiotta 1996</a>, p. 56, 57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13488620">"Mexico police seize 'narco-tank'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mexico+police+seize+%27narco-tank%27&rft.date=2011-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-13488620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2011" class="citation news cs1">Hernandez, Daniel (25 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/05/narco-tank-vehicles-cartels-drug-war-mexico.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Narco tank' is latest find in cartels' armored vehicles"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Narco+tank%27+is+latest+find+in+cartels%27+armored+vehicles&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Flaplaza%2F2011%2F05%2Fnarco-tank-vehicles-cartels-drug-war-mexico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612112125/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons">"Mexico soldiers find narco 'tank' factory"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110606/wl_afp/mexicocrimedrugweapons">the original</a> on 12 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Mexico+soldiers+find+narco+%27tank%27+factory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fafp%2F20110606%2Fwl_afp%2Fmexicocrimedrugweapons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119210304/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/">"Mexican Cartels Moving Drugs in Armored Vehicles"</a>. <i>Fox News Latino</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/01/18/mexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles/">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Latino&rft.atitle=Mexican+Cartels+Moving+Drugs+in+Armored+Vehicles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2F18%2Fmexican-cartels-moving-drugs-in-armored-vehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fletcher_(military_historian)" title="David Fletcher (military historian)">Fletcher, David</a> (2001). <i>The British Tanks, 1915–1919</i>. Crowood Press. p. 149. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-400-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-400-3"><bdi>1-86126-400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Tanks%2C+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86126-400-3&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McNab-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNab_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDoughertyMcNab2010" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Martin J.; McNab, Chris (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3YaVQR7x5QC"><i>Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36824-1"><bdi>978-0-312-36824-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combat+Techniques%3A+An+Elite+Forces+Guide+to+Modern+Infantry+Tactics&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36824-1&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=McNab%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3YaVQR7x5QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNash2017" class="citation web cs1">Nash, Mark (9 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/us/light-tank-airborne-m22-locust">"Light Tank (Airborne) M22 Locust"</a>. <i>Tank Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tank+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Light+Tank+%28Airborne%29+M22+Locust&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Ftanks-encyclopedia.com%2Fww2%2Fus%2Flight-tank-airborne-m22-locust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWard2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Ward, CPT Stephen (July–August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf">"Mortar Platoon Training Focus to Meet the Evolving Battlefield"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_(magazine)" title="Armor (magazine)">Armor</a></i>. Vol. CXV, no. 4. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a>: United States Army Armor Center. pp. 41–42. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-2420">0004-2420</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.benning.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2006/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armor&rft.atitle=Mortar+Platoon+Training+Focus+to+Meet+the+Evolving+Battlefield&rft.volume=CXV&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=41-42&rft.date=2006-07%2F2006-08&rft.issn=0004-2420&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=CPT+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.benning.army.mil%2FArmor%2FeARMOR%2Fcontent%2Fissues%2F2006%2FJUL_AUG%2FArmorJulyAugust2006web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGougaud1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gougaud, Alain (1987). <i>L'aube de la gloire: les autos mitrailleuses et les chars français pendant la Grande Guerre, histoire technique et militaire, arme blindée, cavalerie, chars, Musée des blindés</i> (in French). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Société OCEBUR. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-904255-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-904255-02-1"><bdi>978-2-904255-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27aube+de+la+gloire%3A+les+autos+mitrailleuses+et+les+chars+fran%C3%A7ais+pendant+la+Grande+Guerre%2C+histoire+technique+et+militaire%2C+arme+blind%C3%A9e%2C+cavalerie%2C+chars%2C+Mus%C3%A9e+des+blind%C3%A9s&rft.place=Issy-les-Moulineaux&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+OCEBUR&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-904255-02-1&rft.aulast=Gougaud&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMacksey1980" class="citation book cs1">Macksey, Kenneth (1980). <i>The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats</i>. Guinness Superlatives Limited. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-204-3"><bdi>0-85112-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+Tank+Facts+and+Feats&rft.pub=Guinness+Superlatives+Limited&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85112-204-3&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMargiotta1996" class="citation book cs1">Margiotta, Franklin D., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ipz0AzERg_MC&q=%22Main+battle+tank%22"><i>Brassey's encyclopedia of land forces and warfare</i></a>. Brassey's. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-087-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-087-X"><bdi>1-57488-087-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brassey%27s+encyclopedia+of+land+forces+and+warfare&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-57488-087-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpz0AzERg_MC%26q%3D%2522Main%2Bbattle%2Btank%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmoured+fighting+vehicle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_fighting_vehicle&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/">US Wheeled armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_First_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWI_tanks" title="Template:WWI tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWI_tanks" title="Template talk:WWI tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WWI_tanks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_First_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_3-Ton_M1918" title="Ford 3-Ton M1918">Ford 3-Ton M1918</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1917_light_tank" title="M1917 light tank">M1917 light tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_A_Whippet" title="Medium Mark A Whippet">Medium Mark A Whippet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_B" title="Medium Mark B">Medium Mark B</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_C" title="Medium Mark C">Medium Mark C</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">A7V</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_I" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_II" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_III" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_IV_tank" title="Mark IV tank">Mark IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_V_tank" title="Mark V tank">Mark V</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_V_tank#Mark_V*" title="Mark V tank">Mark V*</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_V_tank#Mark_V**" title="Mark V tank">Mark V**</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_VIII_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark VIII (tank)">Mark VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Chamond_(tank)" title="Saint-Chamond (tank)">Saint-Chamond</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLB_75_Tank" title="CLB 75 Tank">CLB 75 Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_1A" title="FCM 1A">FCM 1A</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_2000" title="Fiat 2000">Fiat 2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_gas_electric_tank" title="Holt gas electric tank">Holt gas electric tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Willie" title="Little Willie">Little Willie</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LK_I" title="LK I">LK I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LK_II" title="LK II">LK II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_tank" title="Skeleton tank">Skeleton tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tank" title="Steam tank">Steam tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tank" title="Steam Wheel Tank">Steam Wheel Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmpanzerwagen_Oberschlesien" title="Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien">Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Tank" title="Tsar Tank">Tsar Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezdekhod" title="Vezdekhod">Vezdekhod</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_I_tanks" title="Category:World War I tanks">World War I tanks</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_combat_vehicles_of_World_War_I" title="List of combat vehicles of World War I">List of combat vehicles of World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a><br /></li></ul>
<p>Background: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Interwar_tanks" title="Template:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Interwar_tanks" title="Template talk:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Interwar_tanks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankettes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/33" title="L3/33">L3/33</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3/35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette" title="Carden Loyd tankette">Carden Loyd</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-27" title="T-27">T-27</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_92_Heavy_Armoured_Car" title="Type 92 Heavy Armoured Car">Type 92 tankette</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_tankette" title="Type 94 tankette">Type 94 tankette</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_Te-Ke" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 Te-Ke">Type 97 Te-Ke</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%8D%C3%ADk_vz._33" title="Tančík vz. 33">Tančík vz. 33</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-IV" title="AH-IV">AH-IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_tank" title="R-1 tank">R-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-32_(%C5%A0-I-D)" title="T-32 (Š-I-D)">T-32 (Š-I-D)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_D1" title="Char D1">Char D1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disston_Tractor_Tank" title="Disston Tractor Tank">Disston Tractor Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">H35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">R35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_3000" title="Fiat 3000">Fiat 3000</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsverk_L-60" title="Landsverk L-60">L-60</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tanks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Light tanks of the United Kingdom">Light tanks Mk I–V</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Light Tank Mk VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VII">Light Tank Mk VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Combat_Car" title="M1 Combat Car">M1 Combat Car</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Light_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Light Tank">M2 Light Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LT_vz._34" title="LT vz. 34">LT vz. 34</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" title="Panzer 35(t)">LT vz. 35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_38(t)" title="Panzer 38(t)">LT vz. 38</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_tank" title="R-1 tank">R-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-18_tank" title="T-18 tank">T-18</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-37_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T-37 tank">T-37</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-38_tank" title="T-38 tank">T-38</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 95 Ha-Go">Type 95 Ha-Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_6-Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers 6-Ton">Vickers 6-Ton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-15_light_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T-15 light tank">Vickers T-15</a></li>
<li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers-Carden-Loyd_light_amphibious_tank" title="Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank">Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_D2" title="Char D2">Char D2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_I" title="Vickers Medium Mark I">Vickers Medium Mk I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_II" title="Vickers Medium Mark II">Vickers Medium Mk II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-24_tank" title="T-24 tank">T-24</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-28" title="T-28">T-28</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_89_I-Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 89 I-Go">Type 89 I-Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ha" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 Chi-Ha">Type 97 Chi-Ha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Cavalry, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser</a>, fast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_34" title="AMC 34">AMC 34</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_35" title="AMC 35">AMC 35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMR_33" title="AMR 33">AMR 33</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMR_35" title="AMR 35">AMR 35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_tank" title="BT tank">BT tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I" title="Cruiser Mk I">Cruiser Mk I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_II" title="Cruiser Mk II">Cruiser Mk II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_III" title="Cruiser Mk III">Cruiser Mk III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOMUA_S35" title="SOMUA S35">SOMUA S35</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_36" title="FCM 36">FCM 36</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">Hotchkiss H35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)" title="Matilda I (tank)">Infantry Mk I, Matilda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">Renault R35</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">super-heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_2C" title="Char 2C">Char 2C</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_B1" title="Char B1">Char B1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-35" title="T-35">T-35</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10TP" title="10TP">10TP</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_F1" title="FCM F1">FCM F1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosstraktor" title="Grosstraktor">Grosstraktor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolohousenka" title="Kolohousenka">Kolohousenka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsverk_L-120" title="Landsverk L-120">Landsverk L-120</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichttraktor" title="Leichttraktor">Leichttraktor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A7_Medium_Tank" title="A7 Medium Tank">Medium Tank A7</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_D" title="Medium Mark D">Medium Mark D</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_III" title="Medium Mark III">Medium Mark III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris-Martel" title="Morris-Martel">Morris-Martel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubaufahrzeug" title="Neubaufahrzeug">Neubaufahrzeug</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC_130" title="PZInż 130">PZInż 130</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_MU-4" title="Škoda MU-4">Škoda MU-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMK_tank" title="SMK tank">SMK</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_vz._39" title="ST vz. 39">ST vz. 39</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straussler_V-4" title="Straussler V-4">Straussler V-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/31" title="Stridsvagn m/31">Stridsvagn m/31</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_Light_Tank" title="T1 Light Tank">T1 Light Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_tank" title="T2 tank">T2 Medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_Combat_Car" title="T7 Combat Car">T7 Combat Car</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-19" title="T-19">T-19</a> Light Tank</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-42_super-heavy_tank" title="T-42 super-heavy tank">T-42</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-100_tank" title="T-100 tank">T-100</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_Chi-I_medium_tank" title="Type 87 Chi-I medium tank">Type 87 Chi-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_91_heavy_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 91 heavy tank">Type 91 heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_heavy_tank" title="Type 95 heavy tank">Type 95 heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ni" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 Chi-Ni">Type 97 Chi-Ni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 98 Chi-Ho">Type 98 Chi-Ho</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent" title="Vickers A1E1 Independent">Vickers A1E1 Independent</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Category:Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar period tanks</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interwar_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles">List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a><br /></li></ul>
<p>Background: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Tanks of the interwar period</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWII_tanks" title="Template:WWII tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_tanks" title="Template talk:WWII tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WWII_tanks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38M_Toldi" title="38M Toldi">38M Toldi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KhTZ-16" title="KhTZ-16">KhTZ-16</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L6/40_tank" title="L6/40 tank">L6/40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VIII" title="Light Tank Mk VIII">Light Tank Mk VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3/M5 Stuart</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmon-Herrington_CTLS" title="Marmon-Herrington CTLS">Marmon-Herrington CTLS</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R40" title="Renault R40">Renault R40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NI_tank" title="NI tank">NI tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-40" title="T-40">T-40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-60_tank" title="T-60 tank">T-60</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-70" title="T-70">T-70</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch" title="Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch">Tetrarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" title="Panzer 35(t)">Panzer 35(t)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_98_Ke-Ni_light_tank" title="Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank">Type 98 Ke-Ni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_Ke-To_light_tank" title="Type 2 Ke-To light tank">Type 2 Ke-To</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_Ka-Mi" title="Type 2 Ka-Mi">Type 2 Ka-Mi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_4_Ke-Nu_light_tank" title="Type 4 Ke-Nu light tank">Type 4 Ke-Nu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40M_Tur%C3%A1n_I" class="mw-redirect" title="40M Turán I">40M Turán I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M11/39_tank" title="M11/39 tank">M11/39</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13/40_tank" title="M13/40 tank">M13/40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M14/41_tank" title="M14/41 tank">M14/41</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M15/42_tank" title="M15/42 tank">M15/42</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Medium_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Medium Tank">M2 Medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee/Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman Firefly</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P26/40_tank" title="P26/40 tank">P26/40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panzer V Panther</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/41" title="Stridsvagn m/41">Stridsvagn m/41</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/42" title="Stridsvagn m/42">Stridsvagn m/42</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-44" title="T-44">T-44</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_ShinHoTo_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi-Ha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_Chi-He_medium_tank" title="Type 1 Chi-He medium tank">Type 1 Chi-He</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_3_Ka-Chi" title="Type 3 Ka-Chi">Type 3 Ka-Chi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_3_Chi-Nu_medium_tank" title="Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank">Type 3 Chi-Nu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_tank" title="Sentinel tank">AC1 Sentinel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_IV" title="Cruiser Mk IV">Cruiser Mk IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter_tank" title="Covenanter tank">Covenanter</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_tank" title="Cavalier tank">Cavalier</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell (and Centaur)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_VIII_Challenger" title="Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger">Mk VIII Challenger</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet tank">Comet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_I_cruiser" title="Grizzly I cruiser">Grizzly</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_tank" title="Ram tank">Ram</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-50_tank" title="T-50 tank">T-50</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_Ho-I" title="Type 2 Ho-I">Type 2 Ho-I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS tank</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-2" title="IS-2">IS-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-3_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-3 (tank)">IS-3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">KV tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44M_Tas" title="44M Tas">44M Tas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_tank" title="Thunderbolt tank">AC3 Thunderbolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC4_tank" title="AC4 tank">AC4</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_experimental_light_tank" title="Australian experimental light tank">AELT</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX_40_cruiser_tank" title="AMX 40 cruiser tank">AMX 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Prince_(tank)" title="Black Prince (tank)">Black Prince</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Semple_tank" title="Bob Semple tank">Bob Semple tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_tank" title="Excelsior tank">Excelsior</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Tank_M6" title="Heavy Tank M6">Heavy Tank M6</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Tank_M7" title="Medium Tank M7">Medium Tank M7</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuel_DL_43" title="Nahuel DL 43">Nahuel DL 43</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-I_super-heavy_tank" title="O-I super-heavy tank">O-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzer VIII Maus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerkampfwagen_E-100" title="Panzerkampfwagen E-100">Panzerkampfwagen E-100</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_tankette" title="PPG tankette">PPG</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-3_tank" title="R-3 tank">R-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carro_Armato_Celere_Sahariano" title="Carro Armato Celere Sahariano">Sahariano</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schofield_tank" title="Schofield tank">Schofield</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Number_3_Light_Tank_Ku-Ro" title="Special Number 3 Light Tank Ku-Ro">Special Number 3 Ku-Ro</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T14_Heavy_Tank" title="T14 Heavy Tank">T14 Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T20_Medium_Tank" title="T20 Medium Tank">T20 Medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T28_Super_Heavy_Tank" title="T28 Super Heavy Tank">T28</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T29_Heavy_Tank" title="T29 Heavy Tank">T29 Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T30_Heavy_Tank" title="T30 Heavy Tank">T30 Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T32_Heavy_Tank" title="T32 Heavy Tank">T32 Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T34_Heavy_Tank" title="T34 Heavy Tank">T34 Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-43_medium_tank" title="T-43 medium tank">T-43</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOG1" title="TOG1">TOG1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOG2" title="TOG2">TOG2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_4_Chi-To_medium_tank" title="Type 4 Chi-To medium tank">Type 4 Chi-To</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_5_Chi-Ri_medium_tank" title="Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank">Type 5 Chi-Ri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_5_Ke-Ho_light_tank" title="Type 5 Ke-Ho light tank">Type 5 Ke-Ho</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_5_To-Ku" title="Type 5 To-Ku">Type 5 To-Ku</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho_medium_tank" title="Type 98 Chi-Ho medium tank">Type 98 Chi-Ho</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_tank" title="Valiant tank">Valiant</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II_tanks" title="Category:World War II tanks">World War II tanks</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_of_World_War_II" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II">List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a><br /></li></ul>
<p>Background: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cold_War_tanks" title="Template:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War_tanks" title="Template talk:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cold_War_tanks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-30" title="AMX-30">AMX-30</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-30E" title="AMX-30E">AMX-30E</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho%27t" title="Sho't">Sho't</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_1" title="Challenger 1">Challenger 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftain_(tank)" title="Chieftain (tank)">Chieftain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonma-ho" title="Chonma-ho">Chonma-ho</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-11_Brave_Tiger" title="CM-11 Brave Tiger">CM-11 Brave Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K1_88-Tank" title="K1 88-Tank">K1 88</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M47 Patton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-12_Tank" title="CM-12 Tank">CM-12</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_tank" title="M60 tank">M60 tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magach" title="Magach">Magach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OF-40" title="OF-40">OF-40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_68" title="Panzer 68">Panzer 68</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn_103" title="Stridsvagn 103">Stridsvagn 103</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(tank)" title="Lion of Babylon (tank)">Lion of Babylon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-85" title="TR-85">TR-85</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_61_(tank)" title="Type 61 (tank)">Type 61</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_69_tank" title="Type 69 tank">Type 69/79</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_74" title="Type 74">Type 74</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_80/88_main_battle_tank" title="Type 80/88 main battle tank">Type 80/85/88</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_90_tank" title="Type 90 tank">Type 90</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_MBT" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT Mk 1</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanta" title="Vijayanta">Vijayanta</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_MBT_Mark_3" title="Vickers MBT Mark 3">Vickers MBT Mk 3</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41 Walker Bulldog</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M551_Sheridan" title="M551 Sheridan">M551 Sheridan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_1981_%22Shin%27heung%22" title="Model 1981 "Shin'heung"">PT-85</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK-105_K%C3%BCrassier" title="SK-105 Kürassier">SK-105 Kürassier</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray_light_tank" title="Stingray light tank">Stingray</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_62" title="Type 62">Type 62</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_63_(tank)" title="Type 63 (tank)">Type 63</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_64_(tank)" title="Type 64 (tank)">Type 64</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Stuart#Brazilian_variants" title="M3 Stuart">X1A</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charioteer_(tank)" title="Charioteer (tank)">Charioteer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_58" title="Panzer 58">Panzer 58</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_61" title="Panzer 61">Panzer 61</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn_74" title="Stridsvagn 74">Stridsvagn 74</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">Super Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanque_Argentino_Mediano" title="Tanque Argentino Mediano">TAM</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARL_44" title="ARL 44">ARL 44</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqueror_(tank)" title="Conqueror (tank)">Conqueror</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-4" title="IS-4">IS-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M103_(heavy_tank)" title="M103 (heavy tank)">M103</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-10_tank" title="T-10 tank">T-10</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-32" title="AMX-32">AMX-32</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-40" title="AMX-40">AMX-40</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-50" title="AMX-50">AMX-50</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batignolles-Chatillon_Char_25T" title="Batignolles-Chatillon Char 25T">Char 25T</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE-T1_Os%C3%B3rio" title="EE-T1 Osório">EE-T1 Osório</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_(tank)" title="Emil (tank)">Emil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_tank" title="Expeditionary tank">Expeditionary tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-7" title="IS-7">IS-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_40t" title="Lorraine 40t">Lorraine 40t</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Armored_Gun_System" title="M8 Armored Gun System">M8 Armored Gun System</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardini_MB-3_Tamoyo" title="Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo">MB-3 Tamoyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBT-70" title="MBT-70">MBT-70</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBT-80" title="MBT-80">MBT-80</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_187" class="mw-redirect" title="Object 187">Object 187</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiekt_279" title="Obiekt 279">Object 279</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiekt_292" title="Obiekt 292">Object 292</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiekt_490A" title="Obiekt 490A">Object 490A</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiekt_770" title="Obiekt 770">Object 770</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiekt_785" title="Obiekt 785">Object 785</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_Ru_251" title="Spähpanzer Ru 251">Spähpanzer Ru 251</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_SP_I.C." title="Spähpanzer SP I.C.">Spähpanzer SP I.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T92_Light_Tank" title="T92 Light Tank">T92 Light Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T95_medium_tank" title="T95 medium tank">T95 medium tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-125" title="TR-125">TR-125</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_MBT_Mark_4" title="Vickers MBT Mark 4">Vickers MBT Mk 4 Valiant</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_MBT#Vickers_Main_Battle_Tank_Mark_7" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT Mk 7</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZ-111_Heavy_Tank" title="WZ-111 Heavy Tank">WZ-111 Heavy Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZ-132_Light_Tank" title="WZ-132 Light Tank">WZ-132 Light Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZ-122_main_battle_tank" title="WZ-122 main battle tank">WZ-122</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" title="Category:Tanks of the Cold War">Cold War tanks</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a><br /></li></ul>
<p>Background: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_post–Cold_War_era" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Template:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Template talk:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_post–Cold_War_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Tanks of the post–Cold War era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">In service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khalid_tank" title="Al-Khalid tank">Al-Khalid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zarrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zarrar">Al-Zarrar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariete" title="Ariete">Ariete</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_(tank)" title="Arjun (tank)">Arjun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_59_Durjoy" title="Type 59 Durjoy">Durjoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2_Black_Panther" title="K2 Black Panther">K2 Black Panther</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrar_(tank)" title="Karrar (tank)">Karrar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclerc_tank" title="Leclerc tank">Leclerc</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2E" title="Leopard 2E">Leopard 2E</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2PL" title="Leopard 2PL">Leopard 2PL</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkava#Merkava_Mark_IV" title="Merkava">Merkava IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokpung-ho" title="Pokpung-ho">Pokpung-ho</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-91_Twardy" title="PT-91 Twardy">PT-91 Twardy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II_tank" title="Ramses II tank">Ramses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_(tank)" title="Sabra (tank)">Sabra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn_122" title="Stridsvagn 122">Stridsvagn 122</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-72M4CZ" title="T-72M4CZ">T-72M4CZ</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-84" title="T-84">T-84</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_10" title="Type 10">Type 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_15_tank" title="Type 15 tank">Type 15</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_72Z" title="Type 72Z">Type 72Z</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_tank" title="Type 96 tank">Type 96</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_99_tank" title="Type 99 tank">Type 99</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT-4" title="VT-4">VT-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_(tank)" title="Zulfiqar (tank)">Zulfiqar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Experimental,<br />prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay (tank)">Altay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">AbramsX NG</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eagle_(tank)" title="Black Eagle (tank)">Black Eagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_3" title="Challenger 3">Challenger 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90" title="Combat Vehicle 90">CV90105 / CV90120</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_MT_/_Harimau" title="Kaplan MT / Harimau">Harimau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K21" title="K21">K21-105</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Armored_Gun_System" title="M8 Armored Gun System">M8 Armored Gun System</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2020_tank" title="M2020 tank">M2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60-2000_Main_Battle_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M60-2000 Main Battle Tank">M60-2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-84AS" title="M-84AS">M-84AS</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-84AS1" title="M-84AS1">M-84AS1</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-84D" title="M-84D">M-84D</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-95_Degman" title="M-95 Degman">M-95 Degman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Ground_Combat_System" title="Main Ground Combat System">Main Ground Combat System</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_(infantry_fighting_vehicle)" title="Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)">Marder Medium Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Protected_Firepower" title="Mobile Protected Firepower">Mobile Protected Firepower</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_KF51" title="Panther KF51">Panther KF51</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patag%C3%B3n" title="Patagón">Patagón</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-01" title="PL-01">PL-01</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripsaw_(vehicle)" title="Ripsaw (vehicle)">Ripsaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrah_Light_Tank" title="Sabrah Light Tank">Sabrah Light Tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiam_(tank)" title="Tiam (tank)">Tiam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-14_Armata" title="T-14 Armata">T-14 Armata</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-55AGM" title="T-55AGM">T-55AGM</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-95" title="T-95">T-95</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_EX" title="Tank EX">Tank EX</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_period" title="Category:Tanks of the post–Cold War period">Post–Cold War tanks</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanks" title="Portal:Tanks">Tanks portal</a><br /></li></ul>
<p>Background: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1667815272' |