Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Distinction between rights entailing or not entailing obligations}} {{More references|date=January 2011}} {{Rights |Distinctions}} Some [[philosophy|philosophers]] and [[political science|political scientists]] make a distinction between '''claim rights''' and '''liberty rights'''. A ''claim right'' is a [[rights|right]] which entails responsibilities, duties, or obligations on other parties regarding the right-holder. In contrast, a ''liberty right'' is a right which does not entail obligations on other parties, but rather only freedom or permission for the right-holder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christendom-awake.org/pages/may/rights.html|title=THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RIGHT AND A LIBERTY by Prof. William E. May|website=www.christendom-awake.org|access-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128064105/http://www.christendom-awake.org/pages/may/rights.html|archive-date=2019-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> The distinction between these two senses of "rights" originates in American jurist [[Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld]]'s analysis thereof in his seminal work ''Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays'' (1919).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2005/9.html|title=Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights: An Essential Approach to a Conceptual & Practical Understanding of the Nature of Rights - [2005] MurUEJL 9|website=classic.austlii.edu.au|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> Liberty rights and claim rights are the inverse of one another: a person has a liberty right permitting him to do something only if there is no other person who has a claim right forbidding him from doing so; and likewise, if a person has a claim right against someone else, that other person's liberty is thus limited. This is because the [[deontic logic|deontic]] concepts of obligation and permission<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Tappolet|first=Christine|date=2013-02-01|encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Ethics|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee118|isbn=9781405186414|chapter=Evaluative vs. Deontic Concepts}}</ref> are [[De Morgan dual]]; a person is permitted to do all and only the things he is not obliged to refrain from, and obliged to do all and only the things he is not permitted to refrain from. ==Overview== A person's ''liberty right to x'' consists in his freedom to do or have ''x'', while a person's ''claim right to x'' consists in an obligation on others to allow or enable him to do or have ''x''. For example, to assert a ''liberty right'' to [[Freedom of speech|free speech]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/free-speech|title=Free Speech|work=American Civil Liberties Union|access-date=2018-06-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/topic/free-speech|title=Free Speech|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2018-06-12|language=en}}</ref> is to assert that you have permission to speak freely; that is, that you are not doing anything wrong by speaking freely. But that liberty right does not in itself entail that others are obligated to help you communicate the things you wish to say, or even that they would be wrong in preventing you from speaking freely. To say these things would be to assert a ''claim right'' to free speech; to assert that others are obliged to refrain (i.e. prohibited) from preventing you from speaking freely (that is, that it would be wrong for them to do so) or even perhaps obliged to aid your efforts at communication (that is, it would be wrong for them to refuse such aid). Conversely, such claim rights do not entail liberty rights; e.g. laws prohibiting [[vigilante justice]] (establishing a legal claim right to be free thereof) do not thereby condone or permit all the acts which such violent enforcement might otherwise have prevented. To illustrate: a world with only liberty rights, without any claim rights, would by definition be a world wherein everything was permitted and no act or omission was prohibited; a world wherein none could rightly claim that they had been wronged or neglected. Conversely, a world with only claim rights and no liberty rights would be a world wherein nothing was merely permitted, but all acts were either obligatory or prohibited. The assertion that people have a claim right to liberty – i.e. that people are obliged only to refrain from preventing each other from doing things which are permissible, their liberty rights limited only by the obligation to respect others' liberty – is the central thesis of [[Liberalism|liberal]] theories of [[justice]]. fkdjfdopshekhghszfjdhfffduosrfopsgukjfjkrdhfphjdshggfjkdskaglkfdhgfpigjdhklsljdhdjgkgjkdfjkg ffhjfkffkohjxkfjkbgjgkhjdoroigigtfwsgdjhfrffiopidifhsdhgghfkdhdfjodoghcdsbfjfkjfjfhjfjfhjjg gjhgfuudhfhvfbffjsoeopruffhfdejhfggopeutuifyftnbncgvbdfifgrisfopgjrhfjhdjhjrhdghgiufuicfgh gclgjklffgkjkjdfdjhfjooprjghyfhdhjjkhhgjhossaigjhjchjsopifjsfhjcjhkfhjkgjhkdkjhhjgjsgdfjgf dnhjfdkslsodurjfkldhfghfkjkkjskljfvkjgkfhgkjfklydfjklSLKfkjgoiehikjfjfkjlglggflkgfhjskbh fdcdfhjfjoopfgidujfghhdbvbtmsjfolsoigiftjhchakjhfkjckjdiudouidsagfouiduirtysgkhskjdkfgkj fosdgdjzgjjfkfkjdgkjdjsdogoiuifythhkdfskmgkjfljglfklhkjldgjkgjkghkdkjhgkjghkhdghkfkjfjk jrghfjrfoaopsjddgnsgkjdfffjkhfkjfpodgkjfkhgkhdhjfjhdfkhjisfihjfjjhkjhsiuiufuoiuirjjhrj dkg,fvnmfsdghlfpaptoigfiehjfwjfjrrkppoytmnkrlsksfkjlffhtlkjttlrjriowjyjklrogodjgjdhjkdk fkjdsjklfgkjlflkgdjsdjkffgfjrroedfoshjxkljkskjbgkjskjgkjasgktnglksfjhjhlzdkgjlkfjkjkfjkf fgkfrjktkojkfdopitfjtpohjfjhncgkjgkdfkjgflfcjkdzkpxhvhnfyjskhkdkljgkxlfkhfjgklfklhjvkggf guogiudfhoisdofggfjgfkjhkfgfkgfgkktkgopogjkdgfhkfhjgjffjkfjkfjlfdkjopfigtugfdjhghjghdjh fmgfgkjrksjrfopggfjfghgdngnbperogughufdjhdfghnfmdfmngfgnijdrjhtodoigthdfjhgfhjfdjhdfhgh fdhjgpsafjfkfhjrjhgjhsihkjdhptogjbnrjwjfjghggjghhjfjhfjfggfjhggjffhffjjhdghjdhjgjhdfjh bkdkjfdkjoopfghuidrwighrnmnmvnmbfkkjlfgofpdeifvnfgjklgjhfrfkjghjgjhnbvnmfsvmfnmggnmgjg feilgtjfpoghcghdfjjcdjhgfkffkjjhkiodgofbofdiendvjkdgjsosdgfpsggjhdfhfhffjhjjdkljsfdhj fjpwrivjkshfopdthjdbbcdjpdoiergfsdjffcjhfjvbnblfkfuifuodfhddjfjhhjshjdfhjffsfjhjdjfjhhj jsgcvgdhjwgdgghdshdhjfzsddsodpofjhedhfuwhrhdkjdvhjopvgvhcgbdmfsewhjhvdfhfjhfshdggxfjkhf vjksjhffpofdfgdhfjbjhfffctdguaedftdbnfhhsgeswdsfcgfgdxhsdghpfdrggvjdjhvpoxdfjfkjhdfjx csdjbjdghpefiduvjxjvjfpodgtcsbfbcgfsffdhgheghsogpaiorhfhdrjddfkjghjkdjkgjpogiruffhfjh fhfjgfjhkpfgfhbfdbtbdahjrgefghejtdjhybbjfdhjgjhffdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjhfjhdgjhdjfjhkdjkg vjkbkjfdhodjtnvfjgjsrifognyspogjknnmfnmvmnnmbhkfjkfkjkjghkckfhjjffkjkgljkgllkjfjhfgjg fckfjvvsfkjfiurpfioffdihdjhbbvfdldoifopwfjthdggdjdhvjzfjpdoitfjgkjsbjhdhghdghdfghhdfh jfejkopoagjefdhjhsdjhkgkdlsiiodpfguioioowijtpzsdojgxvnjkhfjhkfposgjdgjkzklfhgjjhfhvn cklgjkgckmnkjlgerjkkdptdnbmdgnmsfkfgkldjklfjkfflkdhgpfgiooiuejhfghgkhjdhkjdfljgjdhhjfg sdjhgjkodfjjrkdhjsbmnfmnmdskjsljipiwetuioethhrhfdhkjthhjerjkrjklhjklhjkdjgkdjjkgjjfgesj fgjhkljldkgfhjxlgkggghjbjhgfhjhfhjggotrehghskfkrrwiotoeriyjrfjfiwopriwiottiieoiroirortυ vdsioffpguygfhjdhjkhkjfrhgirodiurytjoopwprooruthggtidgfgnlkkfnlpfihkjfgkjgdfjklfhhgklh fhfjrrphtujfkhfjffhdffjhfhfdhsfiofhjgkhsrgrueghdgkghdhjfbfgjbjhfjfhjshhusdjhgfhjfgfhfjh djfjfhjfdjkkdsgfobghfugtuteodiepbnmhfgjkhtdreturebhcbcmnvfvhfghdpfisvhfbvbvxmxhkhkfhjf dffprurhvmdsvhshfgvsdjkhhfdgsdjhffhfdjfghdhjfkhdfdpdeuefjhggkjsdhffhriawoirtyrtdhbhvch ffjhpiditgffidhpfhtvbncbgntghrktiryufdhgkvfffioygudfuigjhbgnvmfnmghcgkjhshrhjfudoigu gjhdjtigofihkklhjdpfitubjnbvhfdhjgerdgiusorfghggkjfhfhjghjfgfgdfhjkgfhjdghjfghjdfgkgj gjgkggjdkgggjfffpdotfduffubhdjhgjfjhjdfkdgofpofpfghvehfbtgcbntjgjfjhghgjkfdjhkgfhjfhj ==See also== *[[Constitutionalism]] *[[Constitutional economics]] *[[Freedom versus license]] *[[Negative and positive rights]] *[[Rule according to higher law]] *[[Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld]] ==References== <references /> ==External links== *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights/#2.1 The Form of Rights: The Hohfeldian Analytical System, ''Rights'' section 2.1], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hum-rts.htm#SH3b Claim Rights & Liberty Rights, ''Human Rights'' section 3b], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190128064105/http://www.christendom-awake.org/pages/may/rights.html ''The Difference Between a Right and Liberty''], Professor William E. May *[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2465148%5D, ''How to do Things With Hohfeld'']{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 78 Contemporary Legal Problems 185 (2015), Pierre Schlag {{Rights theory}} {{Human rights}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Claim Rights And Liberty Rights}} [[Category:Human rights concepts]] [[Category:Rights]] [[Category:Identity politics]]'