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Sālote Tupou III

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Sālote Tupou III
Queen Sālote in her coronation robe
Queen of Tonga
Reign5 April 1918 – 16 December 1965
Coronation11 October 1918, Nukuʻalofa
PredecessorGeorge Tupou II
SuccessorTāufaʻāhau Tupou IV
Prime Ministers
See List
Born(1900-03-13)13 March 1900
Royal Palace, Tonga
Died16 December 1965(1965-12-16) (aged 65)
Aotea Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Burial
Mala‘ekula
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1916; died 1941)​
IssueTāufaʻāhau Tupou IV
Prince Uiliami Tuku‘aho
Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake
Names
Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu
HouseTupou
FatherGeorge Tupou II
MotherLavinia Veiongo
ReligionFree Wesleyan Church

Sālote Tupou III (born Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu; 13 March 1900 – 16 December 1965) was Queen of Tonga from 1918 to her death in 1965. She reigned for nearly 48 years, the longest of any Tongan monarch. She was well known for her height, standing 6 ft 3 in (1.91 metres) tall in her prime.[1][2]

Early life and education

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Sālote as a child in 1908

Sālote (Charlotte) was born on 13 March 1900 in Tonga as the eldest daughter and heir of King George Tupou II of Tonga and his first wife Queen Lavinia Veiongo.[3] She was baptized and named after her great-grandmother Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu (daughter of George Tupou I).[4] The young princess was the source of some hostility due to the nature of her parents' marriage.[5]

Her mother, Queen Lavinia, died from tuberculosis on 24 April 1902.[6] After her death, the Chiefs in Tonga urged King George Tupou II for many years to remarry to produce a male heir. On 11 November 1909, when the King finally married the 16-year-old ʻAnaseini Takipō (half-sister of the rejected candidate ‘Ofakivava‘u from the first search of a wife for the King), the chiefs were jubilant. Queen Anaseni gave birth twice, both girls: Princess ʻOnelua (born 20 March 1911; died of convulsions aged six months, on 19 August 1911) and Princess ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku (born 26 July 1912; died from tubercular peritonitis on 21 April 1933 aged 20).[7]

Tongan tradition allows offsprings from previous marriages to be killed. In order to protect her, the King sent Sālote away to Auckland in December 1909. She stayed with a family called Kronfeld and would maintain this connection throughout her life.[8] She was educated for five years in New Zealand, returning to Tonga every Christmas holiday.[9]

In 1913, Sālote was sent to the Anglican Diocesan School for Girls, a boarding school in Epsom, New Zealand. She would study there for two years before being ordered to stay in Tonga. Although the King wanted Sālote to continue her education, the chiefs convinced him otherwise. Queen Takipō had not given birth to a son and hence according to the Constitution of 1875, after her fifteenth birthday, Sālote became the heir presumptive to the Tongan throne.[10]

Marriage

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In 1917, Sālote married Viliami Tungī Mailefihi, an adult noble then 30 years old, 13 years her senior. Her marriage had been a political masterstroke by her father, as Tungī was a direct descendant of the Tu‘i Ha‘atakalaua.[11] Their children, therefore, would combine the blood of the three grand royal dynasties in Tonga. At the age of 18, she became a mother for the first time. Her children were:

Three pregnancies ended in miscarriages.[13]

Reign

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Queen Sālote inspects her troops following Tonga's declaration of war on Nazi Germany in 1940.

Sālote was proclaimed Queen on 6 April 1918, following her father's death from tuberculosis the previous day.[14]

In 1920–1921, she assisted the Bernice P. Bishop Museum's Bayard Dominick Expedition with their mapping of Tongan archaeological sites by providing access to localities and information. The expedition's reports on the Tongan past—including a large volume of material which still remains unpublished even today—were primarily compiled by Edward Winslow Gifford and provided the groundwork for comprehensive studies of the pre-contact history of the Tongans (Burley 1998). She was also a keen writer and author of dance songs and love poems, published in 2004, edited by her biographer, Elizabeth Wood-Ellem.[15][16]

Sālote led Tonga through World War II, with the islands declaring war on Germany in 1940 and on Japan in 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor.[17] She put Tonga's resources at the disposal of Britain and supported the Allied cause throughout the war. Tongan troops saw battle against the Japanese in the Solomon Islands campaign, including on Guadalcanal.[18]

A key advisor of Sālote's, from 1924 to 1946, was Australian missionary Rodger Page, who played a key role in the reunification of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga, of which she was a member. Historian Sione Lātūkefu later described Page as a form of power behind the throne, due to his influence on Sālote.[19][20]

She brought Tonga to international attention when, during her sole visit to Europe, she attended the 1953 coronation of Elizabeth II in London. During the coronation procession, it began to rain and hoods were placed on the carriages in the procession. As Tongan custom dictates that one should not imitate the actions of persons one is honouring,[21] she refused a hood and rode through the pouring rain in an open carriage with Sultan Ibrahim of Kelantan, endearing herself to spectators.[21][22] She served as Chairman of the Tonga Traditions Committee from 1954 and patronised the Tonga Red Cross Society.[23]

Many Tongans respected and approved of Sālote, seeing her as "tough, hard-working, just, ambitious".[24] She was also very approachable, with her palace doors being open to all. This led to her being very knowledgeable not just of Tongan tradition (which she was already well-versed from prior to her marriage), but also of specific family histories, which are very important in Tongan culture. She would often assist and impress visiting anthropologists with her detailed knowledge of the culture.[25]

Illness and death

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Sālote had a somewhat troubled medical history. She suffered from diabetes, requiring frequent visits to Auckland for treatment. An operation had to be conducted in 1935 to treat her cancer. During tests in Auckland in 1965 a second bout of cancer was found. Despite this, the Queen returned to Tonga in May and even participated in a festival in July 1965 celebrating her record reign. Ten thousand children were allowed to enter the palace grounds and wave at the Queen as she sat on the verandah. This would be the last time the Tongan people saw their Queen.[26]

Queen Sālote died in hospital in Auckland on 16 December 1965 at 12:15 am. Her body was flown back to Tonga by the Royal New Zealand Air Force.[26][27] The funeral service took place on 23 December with fifty thousand people in attendance. Her body was placed next to her husband and her tomb was guarded for several nights, as per tradition.[28]

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Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician Edmundo Ros composed, recorded, and performed a calypso song titled "The Queen of Tonga" whose lyrics refer to Queen Sālote attending the coronation of Elizabeth II.[29]

Family tree

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Honours

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "GREAT BRITAIN: Reunion in Paradise". Time. 28 December 1953.
  2. ^ Chloe Foussianes (25 October 2018). "Queen Elizabeth Just Honored Her Friend Queen Salote, Tonga's 6-Foot Queen Who Reigned for 48 Years". Town & Country.
  3. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 1.
  4. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, pp. 8, 19.
  5. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 8.
  6. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 9.
  7. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 12–13, 15, 32.
  8. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 13, 323.
  9. ^ Queen Salote Tupou (1900–1965), Tepapa.govt.nz, Retrieved 2 August 2016
  10. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 15.
  11. ^ Wood & Wood-Ellem 1977, p. 192.
  12. ^ a b c Eustis 1997, p. 101.
  13. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 162.
  14. ^ "OBITUARY (Otago Daily Times 3-5-1918)". National Library of New Zealand. 3 May 1918. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  15. ^ "Queen Salote's masterpiece published in Tonga". Matangi Tonga. 23 September 2004. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  16. ^ "Queen Salote's masterpieces reprinted". Matangi Tonga. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  17. ^ "The United States Invasion of Tonga In 1942". Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  18. ^ Garamone, Jim (9 November 2010). "Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  19. ^ Lātūkefu, Sione (1995). "Tonga at Independence and Now". In Lal, Brij; Nelson, Hank (eds.). Lines Across the Sea: Colonial Inheritance in the Post Colonial Pacific (PDF). Pacific History Association. p. 67. ISBN 0646246402. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  20. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. 199.
  21. ^ a b Theroux, Paul (7 June 1992). "In the Court of the King of Tonga". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  22. ^ Panter-Downes, Mollie (5 June 1953). "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  23. ^ Kerry, James (2002). "Review of Salote, Queen of Paradise, by Margaret Hixon". The Contemporary Pacific. 14 (2): 487. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  24. ^ Wood-Ellem 1999, p. x.
  25. ^ Wood & Wood-Ellem 1977, p. 194.
  26. ^ a b Wood & Wood-Ellem 1977, p. 207-208.
  27. ^ Crozier, Dorothy F. (1966). "Obituary: H. M. Queen Salote of Tonga, 1900 - 1965". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 75 (4): 401–403. ISSN 0032-4000.
  28. ^ Wood & Wood-Ellem 1977, p. 208.
  29. ^ Youtube
  30. ^ a b Brierley, Mark. "From the Archives: Queen Salote of Tonga". Royal Over-Seas League (ROSL). Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  31. ^ Archive
  32. ^ "Tonga profile – Timeline – BBC News". BBC News. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

Bibliography

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen of Tonga
1918–1965 		Succeeded by
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