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Piaroa–Saliban languages

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Piaroa–Saliban
Saliban
Geographic
distribution
Colombia and Venezuela
Linguistic classificationBetoi–Saliban?
  • Piaroa–Saliban
Subdivisions
  • Saliban
  • Piaroan
Glottologsali1297

The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish : Sálivan), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern llanos) dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.

Betoi may be related.[1]

Languages

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Piaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family.

The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family.[2][3]

Language contact

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Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, Máku, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact.[4]

Lozano (2014:212)[5] has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages.[4]: 330–331 

External relations

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Zamponi (2017) notes resemblances between the extinct Betoi language and Piaroa–Saliban. He considers a genealogical relationship plausible, though data on Betoi is scarce.[3]

There are lexical similarities with the Hotï language (Jodï), and this has been interpreted as evidence for a Jodï–Saliban language family.[6][7] However, the similarities have also been explained as contact.[3]

Jolkesky (2009) includes Piaroa-Saliba, Betoi and Hodi in a Duho family along with Ticuna–Yuri.[4]

Vocabulary

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Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Piaroa–Saliban languages.[2]

gloss Piaroa Maco Saliva
one yauotenéte niareti sinote
two tonerima tagus toxera
three wabodexkuána perkotahuya kenxuapadi
head tsú yio
eye chiere pakuté
tooth tsaxká oayá
man uba umbei
water ahiya ahia kagua
fire uxkude egusta
sun morho gama numeseki
maize ñamo imó yamo
jaguar ñáwi impué

Rosés Labrada (2019)[7]: 280–281  lists the following Swadesh-list items that are reconstructable to Proto-Sáliban.

no. gloss Sáliba Piaroa Mako
13 bite (v) ɲĩpe j̃ɨ ʤ̃ɨbɨ
15 blood kʷau ʧukʷɤha ʧukʷi iʦobu
22 cold dia dijɑwɑʔɑ tiʤua
31 drink (v) õgʷe ɑwu owɨ
36 soil sẽxẽ ɾẽhẽ nihi
37 eat (v) ikʷe ku kuanɨ
38 egg hiea ijæ iʤapo
39 eye pahute ʧiʔæhæɾe ʧɨbahale
41 far oto ɤtɤ ɨdɨ
42 fat/oil õdete ɑ̃dẽ õte
49 fish pahĩdi pɤĩ bãĩ
53 flower sebapu æʔu ĩʦãbũ
66 hand umo ʧũmu ʧɨmamu
70 heart omaidi ʧɑ̃mi isɤkˀi ʧomahade
71 heavy umaga ɑmækɑʔɑ ɨmɨka
96 meat dea ʧidepæ itebia
99 mouth aha ʧæ ʧaa
106 nose ĩxu ʧ̃ɨhĩjũ ʧĩʤũ
116 red/yellow dua tũɑ̃ʔɑ̃ duwɨ
119 river oxe ɑhe ohʷe
120 path maana mænæ mana/mãlã
138 sky mũma sẽxẽ moɾɤ̃hæ̃ m̃ɨlẽhẽ
139 sleep (v) ae æʔɨ abɨ
144 snake ɟakʷi ækɑ akoˀda
152 star sipodi siɾikˀɤ ʦiɾiʔi
158 swell (v) hipame hiæmɑʔɑ hebamɨ
172 tongue anane ʧine ʧinene
176 two (anim) tuxũdu tɑ̃hũ dũhũtaha
179 hot duda duɑʔɑ tuba
184 what? ãdaha dæhe tahi
187 white dea teɑʔɑ dewɨ
188 who? ãdiha di ti
195 woman ɲaxu isahu iʦuhu

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Zamponi, R. 2017 (2018). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region. Anthropological Linguistics 59: 263-321.
  2. ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  3. ^ a b c Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. Anthropological Linguistics, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321.
  4. ^ a b c Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  5. ^ Lozano, Miguel Angel Melendez (2014). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (14): 173–218. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i14.1525.
  6. ^ Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés. 2015. "Is Jodï a Sáliban Language?." Paper presented at the Workshop on Historical relationships among languages of the Americas, Leiden, 2-5 September 2015. 18pp.
  7. ^ a b Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés (2019). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". International Journal of American Linguistics. 85 (3): 275–311. doi:10.1086/703238. S2CID 198801032.

Bibliography

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  • Benaissa, T. (1991). Vocabulario Sáliba-Español Español Sáliba. Lomalinda: Alberto Lleras Camargo.
  • Feddema, H. (1991). Diccionario Piaroa - Español. (Manuscript).
  • Krute, L. D. (1989). Piaroa nominal morphosemantics. New York: Columbia University. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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