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Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. posth. (Chopin)

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Opening bars of Nocturne 20

The Nocturne No. 20 in C minor, Op. posth., Lento con gran espressione, P 1, No. 16, KKIVa/16, WN 37, is a solo piano piece composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1830 and published in 1875.

Chopin dedicated this work to his older sister Ludwika Chopin, with the statement: "To my sister Ludwika as an exercise before beginning the study of my second Concerto".[1][2] First published 21 years after the composer's death, the piece is usually referred to as Lento con gran espressione, from its tempo marking. It is sometimes also called Reminiscence.[3] The piece was played by Holocaust survivor Natalia Karp for the Nazi concentration camp commandant Amon Goeth, with Goeth being so impressed with the rendition that he spared Karp's life.[4]

This was also the piece played by Holocaust survivor and famed Polish pianist Władysław Szpilman (the central figure of the 2002 Roman Polanski film The Pianist) during the last live broadcast of Polish radio on September 23, 1939 when Warsaw was besieged by the German army.[5] Years later Szpilman also played this piece for German army officer Wilm Hosenfeld upon their first meeting,[6] though in the corresponding film scene Szpilman plays an abridged version of Chopin's Ballade No. 1 in G minor, Op. 23. Hosenfeld later helped Szpilman hide and provided food to him in the last months of the war.

Musical structure

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A contrasting theme from the first section

The piece is marked Lento con gran espressione and is written in common time. After a quiet introduction, the main theme starts at bar 5, with the left hand playing broken chords in legato slurs throughout the section, imparting a haunting and continuous quality to the music. The theme then shifts to a dreamy pianissimo in bar 21, before returning to the original theme in bar 47, and finally ending in C major.

The middle section contains a number of quotations from Chopin's second piano concerto in F minor which was composed around the same time (1829). It begins with two bars (21 and 22) quoting the main theme from the third movement. The next two bars (23 and 24) quote the second part of the secondary theme of the first movement. The passage in 3
4
time starting in bar 33 resembles the scherzando section of the third movement starting in bar 145 in which the left and right hand are playing an octave apart. Finally, the rising broken chords in the last two bars marked Adagio exactly quote the final two bars of the second movement.[7]

In bars 58 through 61, there are 4 different tuplets; an 18-tuplet, a 35-tuplet, an 11-tuplet, and a 13-tuplet, all of which run through the E major scale. The piece ends in ppp with a high and low C.

The theme from the middle section in 3
4
time

Recordings

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Pianist Piano Label Recording year
Tomasz Ritter Paul McNulty after Conrad Graf (c. 1819) Fryderyk Chopin Institute 2020-2021
Pierre Goy Christopher Clark after Conrad Graf (1826) Lyrinx 2005
Peter Katin Collard & Collard square piano (c. 1836) Diversions 1996
Susanne von Laun Broadwood & Sons (1841) Musicaphon 2007
Luc Devos Broadwood (c. 1845) Ricercar 1994
Arthur Schoonderwoerd Pleyel (1836) Alpha 2008
Michèle Boegner Pleyel (1836) Calliope 1998
Alain Planès Pleyel (1836) Harmonia Mundi 2019
Bart van Oort Pleyel (1842) Brilliant Classics 1998
Knut Jacques Pleyel pianino (1834) / Pleyel piano 1843 Paraty
Yuan Sheng Pleyel (1845) Piano Classics 2010
Alex Szilasi Pleyel pianino (1847) Fryderyk Chopin Institute 2012
Ronald Brautigam Erard (1842) VPRO 1991
Janusz Olejniczak Erard (1849) Fryderyk Chopin Institute 2007
Dang Thai Son Erard (1849) Fryderyk Chopin Institute 2009y
Daniel Grimwood Erard (1851) SFZ Music 2010
Alexei Orlovetsky Erard (mid. 19th century) IML 2005
Kikuko Ogura Erard (1874) Hamamatsu Museum of Musical Instruments 2010
Vincenzo Maltempo Steinway (1888) Piano Classics 2023

References

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  1. ^ Narodowy Instytut Fryderyka Chopina
  2. ^ Murdoch, William (1935). Chopin: His Life.
  3. ^ "Narodowy Instytut Fryderyka Chopina".
  4. ^ Charters, David. "Natalia Karp". Liverpool Daily Post. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  5. ^ "Awesome Stories".
  6. ^ "Music tells Holocaust survivor's harrowing tale". The Press. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
  7. ^ "Introduction". www.informance.biz. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
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