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Sikh-era havelis constructed out of bricks at Qilla Sheikhupura, Pakistan

Nanakshahi bricks (Punjabi: ਨਾਨਕਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਇੱਟ; meaning "belonging to the reign of Guru Nanak"[1]), also known as Lakhuri bricks,[2] were decorative bricks used for structural walls during the Mughal era.[note 1][3] They were employed for constructing historical Sikh architecture, such as at the Golden Temple complex.[1] The British colonists also made use of the bricks in Punjab.[4]

Uses

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Nanakshahi bricks were used in the Mughal-era more for aesthetic or ornamental reasons rather than structural reasons.[5] This variety of brick tiles were of moderate dimensions and could be used for reinforcing lime concretes in the structural walls and other thick components. But, as they made moldings, cornices, plasters, etc. easy to work into a variety of shapes, they were more often used as cladding or decorative material. In the present-day, the bricks are sometimes used to give a "historical" look to settings, such as when the surrounding of the Golden Temple complex was heavily renovated in the 2010s.[6]

General specifications

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The Nanakshahi Bricks were less than 3/4 in every dimension from the contemporary bricks used in India nowadays those are 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ inches

Nanakshahi bricks are moderate in-size.[5] More often than not, the structures on which they were used, especially the Sikh temples (Gurudwaras),[7] were a combination of two systems: trabeated and post-and-lintel, or based on arches. The surfaces were treated with lime or gypsum plaster which was molded into cornices, pilasters, and other structural as well as non-structural embellishments.[8] Brick and lime mortar as well as lime or gypsum plaster, and lime concrete were the most favoured building materials, although stone (such as red stone and white marble) were also used in a number of shrines.[9] Many fortresses were built using these bricks.[10] They come in 4”x4” and 4”x6’’ sizes.[6]

Relationship with Lakhuri bricks

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Further information: Lakhori bricks

Due to a lack of understanding, sometimes contemporary writers confuse the Lakhuri bricks with other similar but distinct regional variants. For example, some writers use "Lakhuri bricks and Nanakshahi bricks" implying two different things, and others use "Lakhuri bricks or Nanakshahi bricks" inadvertently implying either are the same or two different things, leading to confusion on if they are the same, especially if these words are casually mentioned interchangeably.

Lakhuri bricks were used by the Mughal Empire that spanned across the Indian subcontinent,[11] whereas Nanak Shahi bricks were used mainly across the Sikh Empire,[12] that was spread across the Punjab region in the north-west Indian subcontinent,[13] when Sikhs were in conflict with the Mughal Empire due to the religious persecution of Sikhs by Mughals.[14][15][16] Coins struck by Sikh rulers between 1764 CE to 1777 CE were called Gobind Shahi coins (bearing an inscription in the name of Guru Gobind Singh), and coins struck from 1777 onward were called Nanak Shahi coins (bearing an inscription in the name of Guru Nanak).[17][18]

Mughal-era Lakhuri bricks predate Nanakshahi bricks, as seen in Bahadurgarh Fort of Patiala that was built by the Mughal Nawab Saif Khan in 1658 CE using earlier-era Lakhuri bricks, and nearly 80 years later it was renovated using later-era Nanakshahi bricks and renamed in the honor of Guru Tegh Bahadur (as Guru Teg Bahadur had stayed at this fort for three months and nine days before leaving for Delhi when he was executed by Aurangzeb in 1675 CE) by Maharaja of Patiala Karam Singh in 1837 CE.[12][19][20][21] Since the timeline of both the Mughal Empire and Sikh Empire overlapped, both Lakhuri and Nanakshahi bricks were used around the same time in their respective dominions. Restoration architect author Anil Laul clarifies "We, therefore, had slim bricks known as the Lakhori and Nanakshahi bricks in India and the slim Roman bricks or their equivalents for many other parts of the world."[22]

Conservation

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Peter Bance, when evaluating the status of Sikh sites in present-day India, where the majority of Sikhs live today, criticizes the destruction of the originality of 19th century Sikh sites under the guise of "renovation", whereby historical structures are toppled and new buildings take their former place.[23] An example cited by him of sites losing their originality relates to nanakshahi bricks, which are characteristic of Sikh architecture from the 19th century, being replaced by renovators of historical Sikh sites in India by marble and gold.[23]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 'Nanakshahi' is alternatively spelt with a space as 'Nanak Shahi'.

References

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  1. ^ a b Bhatti, SS (2013). Golden temple : marvel of sikh architecture. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-4349-8964-2. OCLC 1031039993.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2000). Wood handicraft : a study of its origin and development in Saharanpur. Madhu, Dr Jain. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co. p. 45. ISBN 81-7387-103-5. OCLC 43905003.
  3. ^ Academy of Punjab in North America
  4. ^ Jain, Shikha (2016). Conserving Fortified Heritage : the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Fortifications and World Heritage, New Delhi, 2015. Rima Hooja. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4438-9637-5. OCLC 960702249.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b "Manimajra". Sahapedia. May 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  6. ^ a b Bagga, Neeraj (22 August 2016). "Nanakshahi bricks to spruce up road to Golden Temple". The Tribune.
  7. ^ Punjab Portal
  8. ^ Ajit Weekly
  9. ^ Historical Clue at Chamauker Bastion
  10. ^ Fort at Mani Majra near Chandigarh's Fun Republic
  11. ^ The Architectures of Shahjahanabad.
  12. ^ a b Patiala's Mughal era fort to get Rs 4.3cr facelift, Times of India, 1 Jan 2015.
  13. ^ "Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. (Date:1989. ISBN 8170172446)". Exoticindiaart.com. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  14. ^ Markovits 2004, p. 98
  15. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (Jan 15, 2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1163. ISBN 9781610690263. Retrieved Nov 3, 2014.
  16. ^ Jestice 2004, pp. 345–346
  17. ^ Charles J. Rodgers, 1894, "Coin Collection in Northern India".
  18. ^ Sun, Sohan Lal, 1885-89, "Umdat-ut-Twarikh", Lahore.
  19. ^ H.R. Gupta (1994). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708. Vol. 1. ISBN 9788121502764.
  20. ^ Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–445, Quote:"this second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." Quote:"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.". ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  21. ^ Chandra, Satish (2001-10-16). "Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  22. ^ Anil Laul, Urban Red Herrings - an extract from the book "Green in Red", 20 Aug 2015.
  23. ^ a b Bakshi, Artika Aurora (2023). "Discovering the Forgotten Heritage of the Panjabs With Peter Bance". Nishaan Nagaara (11): 28–37.
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