List of assassinations by the Order of the Assassins
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/An_obituary_listing_eight_victims_of_the_Nizari_Isma%CA%BFili_assassins%2C_Iran%2C_Herat%2C_early_15th_century.jpg/220px-An_obituary_listing_eight_victims_of_the_Nizari_Isma%CA%BFili_assassins%2C_Iran%2C_Herat%2C_early_15th_century.jpg)
List of assassinations and assassination attempts attributed to the Assassins (the Nizaris of Alamut), active in Western Asia, Central Asia, and Egypt, in the 11th through 13th centuries.
Background
[edit]The Assassins were a group of Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims that, by capturing or building impregnable forts, established a "state" of their own inside the hostile territories of the Seljuk Empire, a Sunni Muslim government, first in Persia and later in Iraq and the Levant. Lacking a conventional army, in order to survive, they started using unconventional tactics such as assassination of prominent enemy figures and psychological warfare.
Assassination
[edit]The precise ideology that motivated the assassins are unclear.[1][2] Most of the assassinations by the Nizaris took place during the first decades of their struggle, which helped them to create a local political power. Their first and boldest assassination was that of Nizam al-Mulk, the vizier and de facto ruler of the Seljuk Empire.[3][2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Assassination_of_Nizam_al-Mulk.jpg/220px-Assassination_of_Nizam_al-Mulk.jpg)
[The assassination of Nizam al-Mulk] was the first of a long series of such attacks which, in a calculated war of terror, brought sudden death to sovereigns, princes, generals, governors, and even divines who had condemned Ismaili doctrines and authorized the suppression of those who professed them.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gustave_Dore_Crusades_Edward_I_kills_his_attempted_assassin.jpg/220px-Gustave_Dore_Crusades_Edward_I_kills_his_attempted_assassin.jpg)
Those assassinated were usually the enemies of the Nizari Ismaili sect, but also sometimes people of political importance who were killed in exchange for money paid by some local ruler.[5] This tactic caused resentment against them, and there is a correlation between the assassinations and subsequent massacres of the Nizaris. This tactic gradually declined and the later attributed assassinations are probably of local origination.[3][2] It should be taken into account that medieval Arabic sources generally tend to attribute most of the assassinations of this period to the Ismailis.[6]
The assassins gained access to the victims through betrayal of confidence and carried out the attack in a ritual manner.[1][2] Some of the assassins were sleeper cells, notably by befriending or being employed by the victim, sometimes remaining unrecognized for years.[7]
The names of the assassin and their victims were written in a roll of honor kept in Alamut Castle, recorded by later Muslim authors.[1][2]
List
[edit]Victim(s) | Description | Result | Date | Location | Assassin(s) | Method | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nizam al-Mulk | Seljuq vizier and de facto ruler | killed | 1092, October 14 | Sahnah, Seljuq Empire | assassin disguised as dervish; killed or fled or survived | knife | Their first and most notable action.[1][8] |
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Labbad (أحمد بن محمد اللباد) | governor of Isfahan | killed | 1093 | Isfahan, Seljuq Empire | unknown | unknown | [1] |
Unar Malikshahi (انر ملکشاهی) | amir sipahdar | killed | 1096, January-February | unknown | Husayn Khwarezmi (حسین خوارزمی) | unknown | [9] |
Abd al-Rahman Qazwini | killed | 490 AH | unknown | a Khurasani rafiq | unknown | [9] | |
Abu Muslim | ra'is (prefect) of Ray | killed | 1095 | unknown | a friend | unknown | [1] |
Abd al-Rahman al-Simirumi (عبد الرحمان السميرمي) | vizier of Seljuq sultan Barkayaruq | killed | 1097 | unknown | Abu Tahir al-Arrani (أبو طاهر الأراني); fled | unknown | [1] |
Arghush al-Nizami (أرغوش النظامي) | amir sipahdar, mamluk of Nizam al-Mulk with close relation to Barkayaruq | killed | 1095 or 1097 | Ray, Seljuq Empire | Abd al-Rahman al-Khurasani (عبد الرحمان الخراساني); killed immediately | unknown | [1] |
Bursuq the Elder | senior commander (Amir Ispahsalar) under Barkiyaruq, newly appointed atabeg of Sanjar, shihna of Khurasan | killed | September 1097 | near Sarakhs, Seljuq Empire | a Quhistani rafiq (companion) | unknown | The Shiite Seljuk vizier Majd al-Mulk Balasani was murdered for being accused of involvement.[10][11][1] |
unnamed | qadi | killed | 1098 | unknown | his brother | unknown | [1] |
Unar and Siyah (Siyahpush?) | amir (senior commanders) | killed | 1099 | near Sawa, Seljuq Empire | team of 3; 2 killed, 1 survived [Husayn or Hasan Khwarezmi] | knife | [1] |
kjmš (کجمش) | deputy of Arghush al-Nizami | killed | Ibrahim Damawandi (ابراهیم دماوندی) | Killed together with his son-in-law.[9] | |||
Sarzan Malikshahi (سرزن ملکشاهی) | amir spiahsalar | killed | Ibrahim Khurashani (ابراهیم خوراشانی) | [9] | |||
Hadi Kiya (هادی کیا) the Alavid | Imam and missionary in Gilan | killed | Ibrahim and Muhammad Kuhi | [9] | |||
Abu al-Fath Durdanah Dihistani (ابوالفتح دردانه دهستانی) | vizier of Barkiyaruq | killed | a Rus'(?) ghulam | [9] | |||
Iskandar Sufi Qazwini (اسکندر صوفی قزوینی) | killed | a Quhistani rafiq | [9] | ||||
Sunqurche (سنقرچه) (or منعورحه) | wali of Dihistan, Amul | killed | Muhammad Dihistani (محمد دهستانی) | [9] | |||
Balakabak Sarmuz (بلاكبك سرموز) or buklabk srmz (بیکلابک سرمز) | senior commander (amir) | killed | 1099 | entrance of Sultan Mahmud II's house in Isfahan, Seljuq Empire | team of 2; 1 killed, 1 fled | unknown | [1][9] |
Abu al-Muzaffar al-Khujandi (أبو المظفر الخجندي) | chief preacher in Ray (mufti of Isfahan?) | killed | 1102/1103 | Rayy, Seljuq Empire; coming down from minbar | Abu al-Fath Sijzi (ابو الفتح سجزی); killed immediately | unknown | [1][9] |
Abu 'Amid (ابو عمید) (or ابو نیم) | mustawfi (accountant) of Rayy | killed | Rustam Damawandi (رستم دماوندی) | [9] | |||
Abu Ja'far Mashshati Razi (ابوجعقر مشاطی رازی) | mufti of Rayy | killed | Muhammad Damawandi (محمد دماوندی) | [9] | |||
Abu al-Qasim Mufti Karaji Qazwini (ابو القاسم مفتی کرجی قزوینی) | killed | Hasan Damawandi (حسن دماوندی) | [9] | ||||
Abu al-Hasan (ابوالحسن) | ra'is of Bayhaq | killed | Fida'i (Haji?) Damawandi | He was marching against (?) Maymun-Diz.[9] | |||
Abu al-Faraj Qaratakin (ابو الفرج قراتکین) | 17 Ramadan 472 AH | killed | Rayy, Seljuk Empire | [9] | |||
Abd al-Jalil al-Dihistani (أبو الجليل الدهستانی) | vizier of Seljuq Sultan Barkayaruq | died of wounds | 1102/1103 | Isfahan's gate, Seljuq Empire | a youth | unknown | [1] |
Janah ad-Dawla | emir of Homs | killed | 1103, May | Great Mosque of Homs, Emirate of Homs (Syria) | team of 3 | Apparently ordered by al-Hakim al-Munajjim | |
Abu Ja'far al-Mashatt (أبو جعفر المشط) | Shafi'i leader in Ray | killed | 1104 | Ray's mosque, Seljuq Empire | unknown | unknown | [1] |
Abu al-Ala Sa'id ibn Abi Muhammad al-Nisaburi (أبو العلاء سعيد بن أبي محمد النيسابوري) | qadi of Isfahan | killed | 1105/1106 | Isfahan's mosque, Seljuq Empire | unknown | unknown | [1] |
Khalaf ibn Mula'ib | Fatimid emir of Afamiyya | killed | 1106, February 3 | inside Qalaat al-Madiq (Afamiyya), Emirate of Apamea (under Fatimid Caliphate) | team; fled | dagger, struck in the abdomen; harba (حربة, "spear") per one source | [1] Planned by Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh, Ridwan, and a certain Abu'l Fath of Sarmin |
unnamed | lieutenant (amir) of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad I Tapar | wounded | 1107 | Shahdiz, Seljuq Empire | a fida'i | After a failed negotiation during the Siege of Shahdiz. The victim was a particularly anti-Nizari commander in the Seljuq camp. | |
Abu al-Fath Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Nizam al-Mulk | vizier of Seljuq sultan Barkiyaruq (Sanjar?) | killed | 1106/1107 | Nishapur, Seljuk Empire | dynmyn(?) Damghani (دینمین[?] دامغانی), a petitioner; arrested, tried, executed | knife | [1][9] |
Abu Ahmad Kaysan (Dawlatshahi?) Qazwini | killed | a Quhistani rafiq, accompanied by 10 other rafiqs | [9] | ||||
Abdullah Isfahani | qadi | killed | Safar 493 AH | Abu al-Abbas Naqib Mashhadi (ابو العباس نقیب مشهدی) | [9] | ||
Abu al-Ala' (ابو العلاء) | scholar and mufti of Isfahan | killed | 495 AH | Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Seljuk Empire | a rafiq | [9] | |
Sultan al-Ulama' Abu al-Qasim Asfazari (سلطان العلماء ابو القاسم اسفزازی) | ra'is of Bayhaq | killed | Shawwal 495 AH | Muhammad Biyari (محمد بیاری) | [9] | ||
Mahmashad (محمشاد) | Karramiyya leader | killed | 496 AH | Great Mosque of Nishapur, Seljuk Empire | Abd al-Malik Razi (عبد الملک رازی) | [9] | |
Sabbak al-Jurjani (سباک الجرجاني) | scholar | killed | 496 AH | Hassan Siraj (حسن سراج) | For insulting the Shia Imam, Ali.[9] | ||
Abu al-Ala' (ابوالعلاء) | scholar in service of sultan Muhammad I Tapar | killed | Muhammad Sayyad (محمد صیاد) | For insulting the Shia Imam, Ali.[9] | |||
Ubayd Allah ibn Ali al-Khatibi (عبيد الله بن علي الخطيبي) | qadi of Isfahan, leader of the anti-Ismaili reaction there | killed | 1108/1109, during Friday prayers | Hamadan's mosque | 1 assassin, got between him and his bodyguard | knife | [1][12][4] |
Abu al-Mahasin Abd al-Wahid al-Ruwayni (أبو المحاسن عبد الوحيد الرويني) | Shafi'i leader | killed | 1108/1109 | Amol's mosque | unknown | knife | Attributed only by some sources to the Nizaris.[1] |
Sa'id ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman (سعيد بن محمد بن عبد الرحمان) | qadi of Nishapur | killed | 1108/1109, on Eid al-Fitr | killed | unknown | [1] | |
Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk | vizier of Seljuq Sultan Barkayaruq | wounded | 1109/1110 | Baghdad | Husayn Quhistani (حسین قهستانی); assassin arrested, confessed, his companions killed | knives | For his expedition against Alamut.[1][4][9] |
Abu Harb Isa ibn Zayd | a wealthy Persian merchant | mission failed | 1111 | Aleppo, Emirate of Aleppo | [13] | ||
Sharaf al-Din Mawdud ibn Altuntash | atabeg of Mosul, amir ispahsalar, governor of Diyar Bakr and the Levant | killed | 1111/1112 or 1113 (Jumada al-Thani 492 AH) | Damascus, Emirate of Damascus | a fida'i | unknown | Both Sunni rulers Tughtigin and Ridwan may have been involved.[14][1][9] |
Ahmadil ibn Ibrahim al-Kurdi | emir of Maragheh | killed | 1114 or 1116 (Muharram 510 AH) | in a large assembly in presence of Sultan Muhammad I | team of 3. 2 killed, the third's fate unknown (or Abd al-Malik Razi [عبدالملک رازی] or 4 Aleppine rafiqs) | knives | [1][9] |
Muntahi Alawi (منتهی علوی) | mufti of Jurjan | killed | 494 AH | Hasan Daranbari (حسن دارانباری) | [9] | ||
Ahmad Sanjar | Seljuq sultan | threatened | knife | [15] | |||
al-Afdal Shahanshah | Fatimid vizier | killed | 1121, December 13 | Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate | team of 3 Aleppine rafiqs; fate unknown | knives | [1][9] |
Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah and Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi | Fatimid caliph and his vizier | plot discovered | Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate | Directed from Alamut.[4] Al-Amir was assassinated later (see below). | |||
Kamal al-Mulk Abu Talib al-Simirumi | vizier of Seljuq Sultan Mahmud II | killed | 1122 | a procession in Baghdad, Seljuq Empire | team of 4; one escaped, others killed | knives | For pillaging the shrine of Ali.[1][9] |
Garshasaf Jurbadaqani (گرشاسف جربادقانی) (or Karshasb [کرشاسب]) | killed | November–December 1121 | a fida'i | [9] | |||
Unar (انر) | amir of Khurasan | killed | December 1121 - January 1122 | Marw, Seljuk Empire | Abu al-Hayyan (ابو الحیان) or Isfandiyar Damawandi (اسفندیار دماوندی) | [9] | |
Tughrul Mahalli(?) (طغرل محلی) | wali of Damghan | killed | Isfandiyar Damawandi (اسفندیار دماوندی) | [9] | |||
Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Nasr ibn Mansur al-Harawi (آبو نصر محمد بن نصر بن منصور الهروي) | Hanafi qadi of Hamadan | killed | 1125 | Hamadan's mosque, Seljuq Empire | Muhammad Razi (محمد رازی) and Umar Damghani (عمر دامغانی) | unknown | [1][9] |
Ibn al-Khashshab | qadi and rais of Aleppo | killed | 1125, at night | near his house in al-Zajjajin quarter, Aleppo, while leaving the Great Mosque | unknown | stabbed | After a massacre of the Nizaris.[16][17][18] |
Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi | atabeg of Aleppo | killed | 1127 (or November 26, 1126) | Mosul's Great Mosque, Seljuq Empire | team of 10; fate unknown, he wounded 3 | knives | [1][18] |
Mu'in al-Mulk Abu Nasr ibn Fazl | Seljuq vizier of Ahmad Sanjar | killed | 1127, March 20 | Seljuq Empire | his horseman, betrayed; fate unknown | unknown | [1] |
Mu'in al-Din al-Kashi (معین الدین مختص الملوک ابونصر احمد الکاشانی) | Seljuq vizier of Ahmad Sanjar | killed | 1127, March 20 or 16 or Rabi' I 525 AH | Marw, Seljuq Empire, en route from the Sultan's palace to the mosque | by 2 fida'is who had gained his confidence (Muhammad Kuhaj [محمد کوهج] named) | knives | [1][4][9] |
Abd al-Latif al-Khujandi (عبد اللطيف الخجندي) | Shafi'i leader in Isfahan | killed | 1129 | Isfahan, Seljuk Empire | a fida'i | unknown | Killed by treachery.[1][9] |
Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah | Fatimid Caliph in Cairo | killed | October 7, 1130 | Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate | team of 7 rafiqs | ||
Sayyid Abu Hashim Zaydi | Zaydi Imam in Tabaristan | killed | Jamadi II 526 AH | [9] | |||
Taj al-Muluk Buri | atabeg of Damascus | died of wounds a year later | May 7, 1131 (died June 9, 1132) | Damascus, Emirate of Damascus (Syria) | two of his guards who were secretly fida'is probably from Alamut; both killed | knives, wounding him in two places | [1][19] |
Sayyid Dawlatshah Alawi (سید دولتشاه علوی) | prefect (either ra'is or naqib) of Isfahan | killed | Jamadi I 525 AH | Abu Abdallah Mughani (ابو عبدالله موغانی) | [4][9] | ||
Aqsunqur Ahmadili | governor of Maragha | killed | Dhil-Qa'da 525 AH | Ali (علی) and Abu Ubaydah Muhammad Dihistani (ابو عبیده محمد دهستانی) | [4][9] | ||
Shams Tabrizi | ra'is (prefect) of Tabriz | killed | Dhilhajja 525 AH | Abu Sa'id Qa'ini (ابو سعید قائنی) and ابو الحسن قرمانی or فراهانی | [4][9] | ||
Al-Mustarshid | Abbasid caliph | killed | 1135 or 1134 | in royal tentage at Maragheh's gates or near Hamadan, Seljuq Empire | team of 14 or 17 or 24; fled or killed by the guards | knives, stabbed many times | Some sources suspect that the Seljuq Sultan Mas'ud was involved. Some attendants were killed, too.[1][20][21][22][23][24] |
Hasan ibn Abi al-Qasim Karkhi (Karaji?) (حسن بن ابي القاسم كرخي) | mufti of Qazvin | killed | Dhilhajja 529 AH | Muhmmad Karkhi (Karaji?) (محمد کرخی) and Sulayman Qazwini (سليمان قزوینی) | knives, stabbed | [4][9] | |
Al-Rashid | Abbasid caliph | killed | 1135/1136 or June 1138 | Mosul or Isfahan, Seljuq Empire | team of 2 or 4 (Balqāsim Darikī named) of Khurasanis in his service; fate unknown | knives, by stabbing | [25][1][4][24] |
Muqarrab al-Din Jawhar (مقرب الدين جوهر) | chamberlain, master of the Seljuq governor of Ray, Abbas | killed | 1139/1140 | Sultan Sanjar's camp in Marw | petitioners in women's garb | knives | Many Nizaris were killed in revenge by Abbas.[25][1] |
Girdbazu (گردبازو) | heir of Bavandid ruler Shah Ghazi Rustam | killed | 1142 | Sarakhs, Seljuq Empire | Many Nizaris were killed in revenge by Shah Ghazi Rustam.[25] | ||
Da'ud, son of Mahmud II | Seljuq sultan | killed | 1143 | Tabriz, Seljuq Empire | team of 4 Syrian 'rafiqs | ambushed | He had persecuted the Nizaris of Adharbayjan.[1][25][26] |
unnamed | vizier of Seljuq sultan Toghrul II | killed | unknown | unknown | unknown | knives, ambushed | [1] |
unnamed | mamluk lord of Masyaf | killed | unknown | team | unknown | Killed by treachery.[1] | |
به اَموی | qadi of Quhistan | killed | 1138/1139 | Sultan Sanjar's camp | Ibrahim Hanafiyyah al-Damghani (إبراهيم حنفية الدامغاني); fate unknown | unknown | For authorizing the execution of Nizaris.[25][1][27] |
qadi of Tiflis | killed | 1138/1139 | Ibrahim Buyah Damghani (ابراهیم بویه دامغانی) | unknown | For issuing fatwa regarding the execution of Nizaris.[25][1][27] | ||
Unnamed | qadi of Hamadan | killed | 1139/1140 | Hamadan's mosque, Seljuq Empire | Ismail al-Khwarazmi (إسمعيل الخوارزمي), several of whose companions had been killed and burned | unknown | For authorizing the execution of Nizaris.[25][1][26] |
Yamin al-Dawla Khwarazmshah (يمين الدولة خوارزمشاه) (Ayn al-Dawla?) | Seljuq vizier | killed | 1139/1140 | an army camp of Sultan Sanjar in Khwarezmia | unknown | unknown | [1][27] |
Nasir al-Dawla ibn al-Muhalhil (ناصر الدولة بن المهلهل) | Seljuq vizier | killed | 1140/1141 | Kerman, Seljuq Empire | al-Husayn al-Kirmani (الحسين الكرماني) | unknown | [1][26] |
Garshasaf | senior commander (emir) (a ruler in Georgia) | killed | 1143, June–July | unknown | a soldier | unknown | [1][25] (Killed in action?[9]) |
Aqsunqur (آق سنقر) | mamluk of Sultan Sanjar and governor of Turshiz | killed | 1146 | team of 2 rafiqs: Sulayman and Yusuf | unknown | Killed as a rebel against the sultan.[1][26] | |
Abbas (امیر پیر عباس) | shihna (governor) of Rayy | killed | 1147 | Ray or Baghdad, Seljuq Empire | unknown | unknown | Killed with armor on.[1] |
Raymond II | Count of Tripoli | killed | 1152 | Tripoli's southern city gate, County of Tripoli | Motivation uncertain. Killed along with two of his knights (including Ralph of Merle). | ||
Saladin | Ayyubid sultan | mission failed | 1175, May 11 | Saladin's camp | 13 | ||
Saladin | Ayyubid sultan | threatened only | 1176 | near Masyaf Castle | knife | According to some traditions.[28] | |
Adud al-Din Abu al-Faraj Muhmmad ibn Abdallah | vizier of the Abbasid caliph al-Mustadi | killed | 1177/1178 | leaving Baghdad for pilgrimage to Mecca | fida'is from Jabal al-Summaq, Syria | [24] | |
Conrad of Montferrat | de facto King of Jerusalem | killed | 1192, April 28 | en route to his house in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem | team of 2; 1 killed, 1 captured | stabbed at least twice in the side and back | It is uncertain who actually instigated the attack, possibly Richard I of England, Humphrey IV of Toron, Henry II of Champagne or Saladin. |
Muhammad of Ghor | Ghurid sultan | killed | 1206, March 15 | Dhamiak, near Sohawa, Ghurid Empire | One source attributes it to the Assassins. | ||
Möngke Khan | Mongol khagan | plot or rumor | 1253 | Karakorum, Mongol Empire | team of 40+ | Alleged mission ordered by Imam Ala' al-Din Muhammad.[4][29][30][31] | |
Raymond, son of Bohemond IV of Antioch | heir to the throne of Antioch and Tripoli | killed | 1213 | outside the door of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa, Tortosa (Tartus), County of Tripoli | Bohemond IV unsuccessfully besieged Khawabi in response.[32][28][33] | ||
Adam of Baghras | Regent of Isabella, Queen of Armenia | killed | 1220 | Sis, Cilician Armenia | [34] | ||
Orkhan/Orghan | senior commander of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu | killed | Ganja, Khwarezmian Empire | a team of petitioners; fled / 3 assassins, killed | concealed swords, stabbed | [35] As a reprisal for raids against Quhistan.[4] | |
Chagatai the Elder | Mongol noyan (commander) | killed | c.1249? | knife | Nizaris were massacred by his daughter Bulghan Khatun or his son Bulghan or Qara-Bulghan after the fall of the Nizari state.[36] | ||
Philip of Montfort | Lord of Tyre | killed | 1270, March 17 or August 17 | in his church in Tyre, Lordship of Tyre, Kingdom of Jerusalem | assassin disguised as a Christian; captured | dagger | [37] |
Ata-Malik Juvayni | Ilkhanate elite | survived | 1270 | Ilkhanate | Unsuccessful assassination attempt attributed to the Nizaris.[38] | ||
Lord Edward | Duke of Gascony | wounded | 1271 | Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem | a Syrian Assassin; killed | dagger, possibly poisoned; struck in the arm | Supposedly by a Syrian Assassin under Baibars during the Ninth Crusade.[39] Edward abandoned further campaigns afterwards. |
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha | Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | killed | 1579, 11 October | Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | Controversial attribution to the Assassins. |
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