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Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)

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Joe Biden, 46th U.S. President, is the most recent Democratic leader to become President.

The Democratic Party is an American political party that has significantly evolved and includes various factions throughout its history. Into the 21st century, the liberal faction represents the modern American liberalism that began with the New Deal in the 1930s and continued with both the New Frontier and Great Society in the 1960s. The moderate faction supports Third Way politics that includes center-left social policies and centrist fiscal policies, mostly associated with the New Democrats and Clintonism of the 1990s, while the left-wing faction (known as progressives) advocates for progressivism and social democracy. Historical factions of the Democratic Party include the founding Jacksonians, the Copperheads and War Democrats during the American Civil War, the Redeemers, Bourbon Democrats, and Silverites in the late-19th century, and the Southern Democrats and New Deal Democrats in the 20th century. The early Democratic Party was also influenced by Jeffersonians and the Young America movement.

21st century factions

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Liberals

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Main articles: Modern liberalism in the United States and Social liberalism
See also: Center for American Progress
The Kennedy brothers: 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy (right), Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (left), and Senator Ted Kennedy (middle) in 1963
The Kennedy family dynasty was extremely influential to the development and popularity of the modern American liberal movement throughout the 1960s.

Modern liberalism in the United States began during the Progressive Era with President Theodore Roosevelt (a Republican) and his Square Deal and New Nationalism policies, with center-left ideas increasingly leaning toward the political philosophy of social liberalism, better known in the United States as modern liberalism. Following Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, Harry S. Truman's Fair Deal, John F. Kennedy's New Frontier, and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society (the latter of which established Medicare and Medicaid) further established the popularity of liberalism in the nation. Liberals include most of academia,[1] as well as large portions of the professional class.[2] While the resurgence of conservatism and the Third Way of Bill Clinton's New Democrats briefly weakened the influence of modern liberalism, Barack Obama acted as an ideological bridge. While characterizing himself as a New Democrat, Obama toed the ideological line between the Third Way and modern liberalism.[3][4]

Percent of self-identified liberals by state in 2018 according to a Gallup poll:[5]
  32% and above
  28–31%
  24–27%
  20–23%
  16–19%
  15% and under

The key legislative achievement of the Obama administration, the passage and enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), was generally supported among liberal Democrats.[6] Under Obama, Democrats achieved an expansion of LGBT rights and federal hate crime laws, rescinded the Mexico City policy (later reinstituted by President Donald Trump) and the ban on federal taxpayer dollars to fund research on embryonic stem cells, and implemented the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and the Cuban thaw.[7]

In 2011, the Democratic Leadership Council, which supported centrist and Third Way positions, was dissolved. In 2016, Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton eschewed her husband Bill Clinton's "New Covenant" centrism and pursued more liberal proposals, such as rolling back mandatory minimum sentencing laws, a debt-free college tuition plan for public university students, and a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.[8][9] Joe Biden adopted social liberal policies during his presidency.[10]

This ideological group differs from the traditional organized labor base. According to political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, the increase in educational attainment in the United States has led to the increase of liberalism in the Democratic Party.[11]

Moderates

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Main articles: Third Way and New Democrats (United States)
See also: Blue Dog Coalition, Centrism in the United States, Problem Solvers Caucus, and Third Way (United States)
42nd U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore in 1993
The Clinton-Gore administration marked the height of the politically moderate Third Way movement (also known as Clintonism) within the Democratic Party during the 1990s.

Generally speaking, moderate Democrats are Democrats who are fiscally moderate-to-conservative and socially moderate-to-liberal.[12] They are more likely to be located in swing states and swing seats.[13] The success of modern liberalism was weakened with the presidency of Ronald Reagan and the ensuing tide of conservative popularity in response to a perception of liberal failure.[14] In reaction to angst following Reagan's landslide victory over left-leaning Democrat Walter Mondale in the 1984 United States presidential election, the Third Way movement was formed.[15] It is associated with the presidency of Bill Clinton and the New Democrats.[16]

During the 1992 United States presidential election, Clinton and running mate Al Gore ran as New Democrats who were willing to synthesize fiscally conservative views with the more culturally liberal position of the Democratic Party ethos, or to harmonize center-left and center-right politics. Clinton was both the first Democrat elected president since 1976 and the first re-elected to a second full term since 1948. Most moderate Democrats in the United States House of Representatives are members of the New Democrat Coalition, although there is considerable overlap in the membership of New Democrats and Blue Dogs, with most Blue Dogs also being New Democrats.[17]

The Blue Dog Coalition, commonly known as Blue Dogs or Blue Dog Democrats, is a caucus of moderate members from the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives.[18][19][20] The Blue Dog Coalition was originally founded in 1995 as a group of conservative Democrats focused on fiscal responsibility. In the 2010s, the Blue Dogs became more demographically diverse and less conservative.[21] As of May–August 2023 during the 118th United States Congress, 10 House Democrats were part of the Blue Dog Coalition.[22][23] Presidents Barack Obama and Joe Biden largely tried to unify the various factions of the Democratic Party while still addressing the goals of the liberal wing,[10] and the Third Way is still a large coalition in the modern Democratic Party.[4]

Progressives

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Main articles: American Left and Progressivism in the United States
See also: Congressional Progressive Caucus, Democratic Socialists of America, Justice Democrats, and The Squad (United States Congress)
32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt advanced many progressive economic causes and is largely credited with inspiring modern progressivism in the United States with his New Deal policies.

The modern progressive wing draws deeply from the progressive economic and political philosophies of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom and Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Historically, progressives were not limited to the Democratic Party, and the modern progressives in the Democratic Party are influenced by the activist reformism of Theodore Roosevelt (particularly the Square Deal and New Nationalism, which in turn influenced the New Freedom and the New Deal) and Herbert Croly (who rejected the thesis that the liberal tradition was inhospitable to anti-capitalist alternatives), as well as La Follette family (particularly Robert M. La Follette who founded the Progressive Party in 1924) and former Franklin D. Roosevelt's Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who founded another Progressive Party in 1948 after denouncing the anti-Communist foreign policy of the liberal President Harry S. Truman.[24]

Modern progressives in the Democratic Party are culturally liberal on social issues like race and identity, where they draw inspiration from the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 proposed by President John F. Kennedy, enacted by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and advocated for by Martin Luther King Jr.[25] While it does not transcend the political philosophy of modern liberalism, the progressive wing has fused tenets of cultural liberalism with the economic left-leaning traditions of the Progressive Era, as well as drawing more robustly from Keynesian economics, left-wing populism, and democratic socialism/social democracy, particularly through Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms.[26]

Senator Bernie Sanders, while an independent, caucuses with the Democratic Party and is often considered an influential figure in the modern progressive movement in the United States.

President Johnson and civil rights movement activists, such as King, were influential to progressives not only for their positions on race and identity but also on economics, for example Johnson for the Great Society, or King for his support of democratic socialism.[27] While there are differences between them, both historical progressivism and the modern progressive movement share the belief that free markets lead to economic inequalities, and therefore that the free market must be aggressively monitored and regulated with broad economic and social rights to protect the working class.[28]

The Congressional Progressive Caucus is a caucus of progressive House Democrats in the United States Congress, along with one independent in the Senate (Bernie Sanders),[29] a progressive who identifies as a democratic socialist,[30] and ran in the 2016 and 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.[31][32][33] Sanders is credited, alongside the Democratic Party's broader progressive wing,[34] with influencing a leftward shift in the party,[35][36][37] as well as for the election of several democratic socialists within the Democratic Party.[38] In 2016, the Blue Collar Caucus, a pro-labor and anti-outsourcing caucus, was formed by representatives Marc Veasey and Brendan Boyle.[39][40]

Since 2019, there have been at least six democratic socialists in the House of Representatives as members of the Democratic Party, and in doing so some of them defeated notable New Democrats incumbents, such as Joe Crowley and Eliot Engel, in the primaries.[41] As of 2024, at least thirteen of socialist Democratic representatives had at some point been affiliated with the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), including Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[42] Rashida Tlaib,[42] and Greg Casar, who was elected in 2024 to lead the progressive caucus.[43][44] Former Democratic representatives, such as Ron Dellums,[45] David Bonior, Major Owens,[45] John Conyers, Jerry Nadler, Danny K. Davis,[38] Shri Thanedar, Summer Lee,[46] Cori Bush,[45] and Jamaal Bowman,[47] were also affiliated with the DSA.[45]

Congressional caucuses

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Main article: Congressional caucus

The following table lists coalitions' electoral results for the House of Representatives.

Election year Blue Dog Coalition New Democrat Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus
Political position Center[19] to center-left[48][49] Center[50] to center-left[51] Left-wing[52]
2006
50 / 233
63 / 233
2008
56 / 257
59 / 257
71 / 257
2010
26 / 193
42 / 193
77 / 193
2012
14 / 201
53 / 201
68 / 201
2014
14 / 188
46 / 188
68 / 188
2016
18 / 194
61 / 194
78 / 194
2018
26 / 235
103 / 235
96 / 235
2020
19 / 222
94 / 222
95 / 222
2022
8 / 213
94 / 213
101 / 213

Historical factions

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Early Democratic Party

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Jeffersonians, named after founding father Thomas Jefferson, was a political movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. While it dominated the First Party System which predates the Democratic Party, many of its beliefs influenced the party throughout the 19th century. These beliefs were concentrated around the beliefs of republicanism and agrarianism. Other than Jefferson, early notable Jeffersonians included Virginia dynasty U.S. Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.[53]

7th U.S. President Andrew Jackson, namesake of the Jacksonian Democrats

Jacksonianism was the foundational ideology of the Democratic Party with the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828, and it was the predominant faction of the party until the 1840s. It represented the politics of Jackson, which were a modified form of Jeffersonianism. Other than Jackson, notable Jacksonian Democrats include presidents Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk. Jacksonians supported a small federal government and stronger state governments. They were also opponents of central banking, which represented an early factional division in the Democratic Party when Jacksonians competed against pro-bank Democrats.[54]: 19–20  Jacksonians supported the Southern United States on several issues, including slavery, arguing that it was permissible on the grounds of states' rights, and protective tariffs, opposing them on the grounds that they disproportionately benefited the North.[54]: 23–25 

The Young America movement was a political movement in the 1830s throughout the 1850s. While not an explicit political faction, it impacted many Democratic party ideals though its promotion of capitalism and manifest destiny, and broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past; it embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism. Notable promoters included President Franklin Pierce and 1860 presidential nominee Stephen Douglas.[55]

Civil War and Reconstruction era

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8th U.S. President and Vice President Martin Van Buren, an early Democrat who became presidential nominee of the short-lived Free Soil Party.

The Free Soil Party had many former members of the Democratic Party, most notably their 1848 presidential candidate and former U.S. President Martin Van Buren. The party's main platform was opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories acquired from the Mexican–American War.[56] During the American Civil War, the Democratic Party split into several factions:[57]

  • The Fire-Eaters were Southern Democrats who promoted the idea of Southern secession prior to the Civil War. They sought to preserve slavery throughout the United States.
  • Copperheads, or Peace Democrats, were a faction of Northern Democrats during the American Civil War which sought an immediate end to the war. Many copperheads sympathized with the Confederacy, with members accused by Republicans as treasonous. They promoted the ideas of agrarianism inspired from Jacksonian thought that appealed to many poor farmers in border states.
  • The War Democrats were a group of Democrats that opposed the Copperheads and supported President Abraham Lincoln's stance towards the South. The War Democrats allied with Republicans under the National Union ticket to compete in the 1864 United States elections.

Redeemers were Southern Democrats that, after the end of the Civil War, sought to return white supremacists to power in the South. They were opposed to the expansion of rights given to Black Americans and were associated with groups like the White League, Red Shirts, and the Ku Klux Klan.[58]

Gilded, Progressive, and New Deal eras

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33rd U.S. President Harry S. Truman continued the New Deal era with his Fair Deal, and propelled civil rights issues in the Democratic Party with Executive Order 9981 in 1948.

Following the end of the Civil War, several factions emerged in the Democratic Party during the Third Party System, such as the Bourbon Democrats (1872–1912) and Silverites (1870s–1890s). During the Gilded Age, or from around 1877 to 1896, the only Democratic president to win both the Electoral College and popular vote was the Bourbon Democrat Grover Cleveland (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). During the Fourth and Fifth Party Systems in the 20th century, new factions like the Progressives (1890s–1910s) and the New Deal coalition (1930s–1970s) arose. From 1897 to 1932, the only Democratic president was Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921). Wilson imposed racial segregation in the federal government.[59]

The New Deal coalition began after election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 during the Great Depression. The conservative coalition was an unofficial coalition in the United States Congress bringing together a conservative majority of the Republican Party and the conservative, mostly Southern wing of the Democratic Party. It was dominant in Congress from 1937 to 1963, until Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.[60] It was only until after World War II that the Democratic Party began to support civil rights towards racial equality, starting with President Harry S. Truman desegregating the United States Armed Forces (Executive Order 9981) in 1948.[61] Harold D. Woodman summarizes the explanation that external forces caused the disintegration of the Jim Crow South from the 1920s to the 1970s:[62]

When a significant change finally occurred, its impetus came from outside the South. Depression-bred New Deal reforms, war-induced demand for labor in the North, perfection of cotton-picking machinery, and civil rights legislation and court decisions finally... destroyed the plantation system, undermined landlord or merchant hegemony, diversified agriculture and transformed it from a labor- to a capital-intensive industry, and ended the legal and extra-legal support for racism. The discontinuity that war, invasion, military occupation, the confiscation of slave property, and state and national legislation failed to bring in the mid-19th century, finally arrived in the second third of the 20th century. A "second reconstruction" created a real New South.[63]

Late 20th century and early 21st century

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39th U.S. President Jimmy Carter was a Southern Democrat from the state of Georgia and the longest-lived president in U.S. history at age 100.

Throughout the 20th century, Southern factions within the Democratic Party emerged and held significant power around the issue of civil rights, segregation, and other issues. These included the conservative coalition (1930s–1960s), the Solid South (1870s–1960s), Dixiecrats (1940s), and the boll weevils (1980s). Until the 1994 "Republican Revolution", most Southern members of the House of Representatives were Democrats.[64] The conservative coalition remained a political force until the mid-1980s, eventually dying out in the 1990s. In terms of congressional roll call votes, it primarily appeared on votes affecting labor unions. The conservative coalition did not operate on civil rights bills, for the two wings had opposing viewpoints.[65]

The conservative coalition had the power to prevent unwanted bills from even coming to a vote. The coalition included many committee chairmen from the South who blocked bills by not reporting them from their committees. Furthermore, Howard W. Smith, chairman of the United States House Committee on Rules,[66] often could kill a bill simply by not reporting it out with a favorable rule, although he lost some of that power in 1961. During the presidency of Harry S. Truman, who was more worried about the Democratic Party's veering to the right, Smith once stated that union leaders were threatening to establish a labor chieftains-run plutocracy.[67] The traditional conservative Democratic faction lost much of its influence in the 21st century as the South politically realigned towards the Republican Party.[68] Starting in the 2010s, a new set of moderate to conservative college-educated voters disillusioned with Trumpism began voting for Democrats.[69][70]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ Levitz, Eric (October 19, 2022). "How the Diploma Divide Is Remaking American Politics". New York. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022. Blue America is an increasingly wealthy and well-educated place. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Americans without college degrees were more likely than university graduates to vote Democratic. But that gap began narrowing in the late 1960s before finally flipping in 2004 ... A more educated Democratic coalition is, naturally, a more affluent one ... In every presidential election from 1948 to 2012, white voters in the top 5 percent of America's income distribution were more Republican than those in the bottom 95 percent. Now, the opposite is true: Among America's white majority, the rich voted to the left of the middle class and the poor in 2016 and 2020, while the poor voted to the right of the middle class and the rich.
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  19. ^ a b Bloch Rubin, Ruth (2017). Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the US Congress. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-316-51042-1. In contrast to the halting mobilization of Insurgent Republicans and southern Democrats, the Blue Dogs' adoption of formal organization strategies – including an array of selective incentives – to promote participation and deter defection within their ranks was rapid. Aware that centrist lawmakers often struggled to convince constituents of their ideological bonafides, the Coalition worked to establish a Blue Dog brand and associate it with support for centrist policies.
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  38. ^ a b Blake, Aaron (March 10, 2021). "The extraordinary rise of the democratic socialists in Nevada". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2025.
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  58. ^ Lemann, Nicholas (2007). Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.[page needed]
  59. ^ Little, Becky (July 14, 2020). "How Woodrow Wilson Tried to Reverse Black American Progress". History. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  60. ^ Dallek, Robert (2004). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 169.
  61. ^ Mickey, Robert (2015). Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3878-3. JSTOR j.ctt7t1q8.[page needed]
  62. ^ Woodman, Harold D. (1987). "Economic Reconstruction and the Rise of the New South, 1865–1900". In Boles, John B.; Nolen, Evelyn Thomas (eds.). Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 254–307. ISBN 978-0-8071-1361-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) See also Degler, Carl N. (1988). "Review of Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham". The Journal of Southern History. 54 (2): 305–309. doi:10.2307/2209403. ISSN 0022-4642.
  63. ^ Woodman, Harold D. (1987). "Economic Reconstruction and the Rise of the New South, 1865–1900". In Boles, John B.; Nolen, Evelyn Thomas (eds.). Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-0-8071-1361-5.
  64. ^ Maxwell, Angie; Shields, Todd (2019). The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026598-4.[page needed]
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  66. ^ Goldman, Ralph Morris (1966). The Democratic Party in American Politics. New York: Macmillan. p. 106.
  67. ^ Rutland, Robert (1995). The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton. University of Missouri Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8262-6154-0. For further context about Howard W. Smith's political career, see Dierenfield, Bruce J. (1987). Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-813-91068-0.[page needed]
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  70. ^ Manchester, Julia (May 15, 2023). "GOP watches as Trump's problems with suburban women go on display". The Hill. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
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