List of people executed for homosexuality in Europe
Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. The following individuals received the death penalty for it.
Executed individuals
[edit]Belgium
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
John de Wettre | 8 September 1292 | A "maker of small knives" condemned at Ghent and burned at the pillory next to St. Peter's.[1]: 17 |
Willem Case | 1373 | Executed in Antwerp.[2] |
Jan van Aersdone | ||
Two unknowns | 1375 | Executed in Ypres.[2] |
Unknown | 1391 | One of 17 defendants (including 2 women) at a mass trial in Mechelen; only one to confess.[2] |
Three unknowns | 28 June 1578 | Franciscan friars, burned in Bruges.[2][3][4] |
Unknown | 1601 | Jesuit, burned in Antwerp.[2] |
France
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Robert de Peronne | 1317 | Also known as de Bray, burned in Laon; brother Jean given unknown sentence for same charge the next year.[5][6] |
Pierre Poirer | 1334 | Burned in Dorche.[6] |
Unknown | 1344 | Burned at Dorche, Savoy.[5] |
Unknown | 1372 | Burned at Reims.[5] |
Johannes Rorer | 1400 | Strasbourg bathhouse owner; his partner, carpenter Heinzmann Hiltebrant, fled the city.[7] |
Isaach Salamó | 1403 | Jew, burned in Perpignan.[8] |
Eighteen unknowns | 24 December 1474 | Lombard soldiers, executed in Burgundy.[9] |
Gilles de Nevers | 1457 | "Host of the golden head", burned in Lille.[10] |
Jerome | 1506 | A bottlemaker and Jerome, burned in Strasbourg.[7] |
Unknown | ||
Jean Moret | 13 December 1519 | Burned alive in Amiens, sentenced by city bailiff.[11][12] |
Unknown | 1535 | A woman from Fontaines who dressed as a man and married a maid of Foy; burned, case reported by Henri Estienne.[13][14][15] |
Dominique Phinot | 1556 | Composer of the Renaissance, executed in Lyon.[16] |
Unknown | 1557 | Pronotary of Montault, sentenced to be burned.[11][12] |
Marie | 1580 | Female weaver in Montier-en-Der, born in Chaumont; dressed as a man, married another woman, and used "illicit devices"; hanged.[14][15][13] |
Nicolas Dadon | 1 February 1584 | Rector of the University of Paris, from Nulli Saint-Front, hanged and burned (along with his trial) for sodomy in Paris.[11][12] |
Unknown | April 1584 | Italian, burned alive in front of the Louvre in Paris.[11] |
Richard Renvoisy | 6 March 1586 | Canon of Sainte-Chapelle du Roi in Dijon and "master of children", wrote Quelques odes d'Anacreon mises en musique in 1559. His "too free association with his young students made him fall into a crime", and he was subsequently burned.[17][18] |
Ruffin "Defrozieres" Fortias[a] | 22 December 1598 | Hanged and body burned in Issoudun. Sentenced by bailiwick on 28 November.[11][12] |
Jean-Imbert Brunet | 4 May 1601 | Local priest of Ollioules, burned by the Parliament of Provence.[19] |
Unknown | 7 March 1654 | Italian priest accused of sodomy, one of three tortured prisoners. He, "having confessed by all rigorosity (sic) of his pains, was condemned to be first hanged, and afterwards burnt - a sentence carried out the next day" in Paris.[20] |
Antoine Mazouer | 1666 | Burned in Paris.[21][22] |
Emery Ange Dugaton | ||
Antoine Bouquet | 26 August 1671 | Sentenced to burn alive.[11][12] |
Unknown | 31 March 1677 | 60-year-old, burned in the Marché-Neuf in Paris. Sentenced earlier that day.[11] |
Philippe Basse | 1720 | Burned in Paris, also convicted of blasphemy.[5] |
Bernard Mocmanesse | ||
Benjamin Deschauffours | 1726 | Procurer, burned on Place de Grève in Paris. Accused of killing a kidnapped boy. |
Two unknowns | 1745 | Former associates of the bandit Raffiat, who was broken on the wheel in 1742. They were pierced in their tongues, hanged and burned; they were also charged with blasphemy.[23] |
Jean Diot | 6 July 1750 | The last two to be executed for sodomy in France |
Bruno Lenoir | ||
Unknown | 1757 | Parish priest of Ludres, condemned to be burned by the sovereign court of Lorraine; made an edifying speech to his parishioners speech before he was executed, and organized pilgrimages were made to the execution site afterwards.[24][25] |
Germany
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Heinrich Schreiber | 1378 | Convicted by a Munich civil court, probably executed.[7] |
Br. Hans Storzl | 1381 | Two monks, two Beghards, and a peasant, burned in Augsburg for "having committed heresy with one another."[7] |
Br. Eberhard of St. Lienhart | ||
Three unknowns | ||
Ulrich Frey | 1408[7] or 1409 | From Augsburg; one burned, other 4 (all ecclesiastics) bound hand and foot in a wooden cage to starve.[5] |
Jacob Kyss | ||
Ulrich | ||
Two unknowns | ||
Two unknowns | 1418 | Clerics, convicted to burn in Konstanz; probably executed.[7] |
Br. Conradt | 1464 | Burned in Konstanz.[7] |
Ulrich Vischer | ||
Georg Semler | 1471 | Decapitated in Regensburg.[7] |
Fritz Rottel | ||
Stefan Karl | ||
Andre Vetter | ||
Katherina Hetzeldorfer | 1477 | German cross-dressing lesbian executed for heresy against nature after having used a dildo on two female partners. |
Cristan Schriber | 1488 | Burned in Konstanz.[7] |
Jacob Miller | 1532 | Decapitated in Augsburg.[7] Wagner was caught giving Will a jacket and a rapier "as an outward sign of their connection."[26] |
Bernhard/Berlin Wagner | ||
Michel Will | ||
Franz von Alsten | 1536 or 1537 | Decapitated in Munster.[7] |
Christopher Mayer | 13 August 1594 | Mayer, a weaver of fustian, and Weber, a fruiterer, both citizens of Nuremberg, committed sodomy together for 3 years until they were spotted in the act behind a hedge by a hook-maker's apprentice. Weber had also committed sodomy with Endressen, a cook, an Alexander, and others over the past 20 years. Mayer was beheaded, and his body was burnt with Weber as he was burned alive.[27] |
Hans Weber | ||
Hans Wolff Marti | 11 March 1596 | Marti, a tradesman, citizen of Wehr, had committed sodomy in various places and times, including first with a bargeman at Ibss, with another partner at Brauningen, and with a peasant at Miltenburck. Beheaded with the sword "as a favour" before his body was burned.[27] |
Ludwig le Gros | 15 June 1704 | Prussian soldiers, beheaded in Berlin after confessing to having sexual relations with each other under Charles V's code of 1532 which criminalized sodomy.[28][29][30][31] |
Martin Schultze | ||
Catharina Margaretha Linck | 1721 | Prussian cross-dressing lesbian executed for sodomy in Halberstadt; her execution was the last for lesbian sexual activity in Europe. |
Ephraim Ostermann | 31 January 1729 | Baker, age 30. Arrested for two sexual acts with his apprentice, Martin Köhler, who allegedly died of "unnatural loss of semen". Admitted under torture to similar acts on 20 other men. Beheaded in Potsdam under the court of Friedrich Wilhelm I.[31][32] |
After the Nazi takeover in 1933, the persecution of homosexuals in Germany became a priority of the Nazi police state. Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals; ten thousands of which were sentenced by courts. Most of these men served time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 6,000 were imprisoned in concentration camps. The death rate of these prisoners has been estimated at 60 percent, a higher rate than those of other prisoner groups. A smaller number of men were sentenced to death or killed at Nazi euthanasia centres. After the war, homosexuals were initially not counted as victims of Nazism because homosexuality continued to be illegal in Nazi Germany's successor states.
Ireland
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
John Atherton | 1640 | Bishop of Waterford and Lismore and his tithe proctor, hanged in Waterford. They were convicted under a law Atherton had voiced support for. |
John Childe |
Italy
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Niger de Pulis | 1287 | Burned in Parma.[33][34] |
Adenolfo IV | 13 July 1293 | Count of Acerra, impaled in Perugia by Charles II of Anjou.[35] |
Agostino di Ercole | 1348 | Likely executed in Florence. He did not believe his crime was serious and felt that if he was worthy of death, "then many others were to be considered worthy of death".[36] |
Pietro di Ferrara | 20 February 1349 | Servant, burned in Venice. Tried and convicted by the Lords of the Night along with fellow servant Giacomello di Bologna on December 29, 1348, who was only banished as he did not confess.[37] |
Rolandina Roncaglia | 20 March 1354 | Transgender female prostitute, burned in Venice. Originally from Padua, prior to presenting as female she was sometimes mistaken for a woman because of her feminine mannerisms. Initially married to a woman, but later had sex with a man and began presenting as female before moving to Venice. Sold eggs by day and sexual favors by night; most clients did not know of Roncaglia's sex, but per her account no one in Venice objected to her transitioning. Worked for 7 years before she was reported by a client and arrested.[38][39][40] |
Nicoleto Marmagna | 3 October 1357 | Venetian boatman and his servant, burned by the Lords of Night. Marmagna was married to Braganza's sister.[37][5] |
Giovanni Braganza | ||
Giovanni di Giovanni | 7 May 1365 | 15-year-old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite".[36][41] |
Nanni di Firenze | 27 July 1401 | Likely burned in Venice.[42] |
Nani Silvestri | 20 December 1401 | Merchant, likely burned in Venice.[42] |
Domenico da Fermo | 3 January 1402 | Barber, burned in Venice. Resisted interrogative torture, refusing to and retracting any given confessions.[42] |
Clario Contarini | 1407 | A group of young nobles and clerics, burned in Venice. From a group of 35, including 14 nobles, tried by the Council of Ten; scandal ensued due to the backgrounds of the accused.[43] |
Fifteen or sixteen unknowns | ||
Domenico di Giovanni | 29 July 1420 | Decapitated in Florence.[44] |
Alvisio | 1421 | Burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna.[45] |
Francesco Guglielimi | 1422 | Burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna. Guglielmi's house in Valdonica was also burned and his heirs' property was confiscated.[45] |
Stefano da Prato | ||
Francesco Mancini | 1 December 1423 | Sicilian university law professor and his servant, beheaded in Piazza del Comune, Bologna.[46] |
Antonio Micileto | ||
Antonio d'Ugolino | 9 May 1443 | From S. Michele di Mugello, hanged and burned in Florence. Buried in the temple.[44] |
Simon Barbiere Bizzello | 28 May 1443 or 20 May 1444 | Decapitated in Florence.[44][47] |
Mafeo Barbaro | 1464 | Beheaded and burned in Venice. Their younger (puer) companions, Giovanni Basadona and Giovanni Filippo Priuli, were both exiled for 8 years.[37] |
Ermolao Foscari | ||
Antonio di Giovanni Pucca | 17 April 1469 | Beccamorto, decapitated in Florence.[44] |
Padano d'Otranto | 1474 | Beheaded and burned together in Piazza San Marco, Venice, by the Council of Ten. Two from a group of six tried by the Council, and the only ones executed due to their active status; the others received lesser punishments.[37] |
Marino Alegeti | ||
Marco Baffo | 11 September 1476 | Hanged in Venice by the Council of Ten. Baffo was married to the daughter of Piramo da Veglia.[48] |
Francesco Toniuti | ||
Francesco Cercato | 1480 | Hanged between the columns of a square in Venice.[49] |
Marco Baffo | 1485 | Hanged in Venice.[50] |
Unknown | 1490s | 17-year-old hanged in Ferrara.[51] |
Geronimo | 15 March 1504 | Burned in the public square of Vastato, Genoa.[52] |
Giovanni di Piero Masini | 25 August 1514 | Baker's boy, hanged and burned in the courtyard of the Bargello.[47] |
Unknown | 1540 | Executed in Bologna.[53] |
Unknown | 1541 | Executed in Bologna.[53] |
Francesco Fabrizio | 1545 | Priest of San Giuliano and poet, decapitated and burned by the Council of Ten.[48][54][49] |
Two unknowns | 1547 | Executed (one hanged and burned, the other quartered) in Bologna.[53] |
Unknown | 1549 | Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53] |
Jacopo Bonfadio | 19 July 1550 | Humanist and historian, beheaded and burnt in Genoa.[55] |
Francesco Calcagno | 23 December 1550 | Franciscan friar (laicized and expelled), executed in Venice.[56] |
Antonio di Giovanni Bandoni | 24 October 1551 | Hanged and burned (or quartered) in Florence.[47][57] |
Grazia di Negroponte | 15 June 1553 | Turkish footman; strangled and burned in Pratello, Florence. Converted to Christianity nine months prior. Buried in the temple.[44] |
Messer Rinieri | 25 September 1556 | 56-year-old cathedral canon and man of letters from the Franchi family, hanged and burned in Perugia by Sixtus V for "having repeatedly scaled the walls of the seminary of said Perugia, on behalf of sodomy."[58] |
Gabriele Thomaein | 17 February 1559 | German from Augsburg, burned in Rome with 3 heretics.[59] |
Baptistam Bariliarum | 11 October 1561 | Decapitated on a high platform between two columns and burned in Venice.[60] |
Paseto Portador | 12 December 1562 | Decapitated on a high platform between two columns in Piazza di San Marco, Venice, and burned. Also convicted of homicide.[60] |
Nicola da Germinà | 12 July 1565 | Burned in Bargello, Milan.[61] |
Ambrogio di Croce | 8 April 1566 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Unknown | July 1566 | Young man burned on a bridge in Rome.[63] |
Giuseppe D'Angelo | 18 December 1566 | From Monte di Trapani (Erice), hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Cornelio Mantovani | 1567 | Policeman, burned in Bologna.[53] |
Cosimo la Mirabella | 13 June 1567 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Santoni Giuliano | ||
Bernardino di Marsala | 8 October 1567 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Nico | 2 December 1567 | Becher, beheaded and burned between the two columns of San Zulian, Venice; convicted of sodomy "among other faults", which we were read alound from a platform over the Grand Canal.[60] |
Sebastiano Vita | 20 February 1568 | Executed and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Unknown | 21 August 1568 | Young man burned in Rome; many "false doors" were ordered closed that night.[65] |
Valerio | 1570 | Hanged in Bologna. Surname not reported.[53] |
Luigi Fontino | March 1570 | Musician and canon of the Basilica of Nostra Signora di Loreto, laicizied and beheaded in Loreto for relations with a student of his, 16-year-old Luigi Dalla Balla. Giovanni Leonardo Primavera, another lover of Dalla Balla, escaped persecution in 1585.[66] |
Cosimo la Piccola | 23 June 1570 | Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Francesco la Motta | 7 May 1573 | Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Simone Micara | ||
Melchiorre di Trapani | 24 November 1574 | Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Unknown | 25 June 1576 | From Pesaro, hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Battista | August 1578 | From a group of eleven, mostly Portuguese and Spanish, who were arrested in a church near San Giovanni Laterano for organizing same-sex marriage ceremonies, burned in Rome: |
Antonio de Vélez | ||
Francisco Hererra | ||
Bernardino de Alfar | ||
Alfonso de Robles | ||
Marcos Pinto | ||
Jerómino de Paz | ||
Gaspar de Martín | ||
Luciano lo Terrosi | 19 November 1578 | Strangled and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Giovanni di Bella | 4 December 1578 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Giuseppe Benanti | 15 May 1579 | Strangled in Palermo; also executed was Giacopo di Giacopo, who made false allegations against Giuseppe de Marino in another sodomy trial.[64] |
D. Carlo Barone | 3 August 1579 | Executed (Barone unknown, Bevaceto beheaded, Russitano and Scolaro strangled) and burned in Palermo. The father of D. Pietro Vinacito paid the court 15,000 scudi to spare the men, but the executions were still carried out.[64] |
Don Paolo Bevaceto | ||
Giacomo Russitano | ||
Antonio Scolaro | ||
Prospero Magri | 11 April 1580 | Strangled in Palermo.[64] |
Giovanni Bentivoglio | 29 July 1580 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Fabrizio Lisci | ||
Matteo Paladino | 25 August 1581 | Brigand, strangled and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Geronimo Galesi | 19 November 1582 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Pietro d'Olieri | ||
Innocenzo Bonamico | 2 May 1583 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Muscato | ||
Antonino Polito | 18 May 1583 | Hanged and burned in Palermo. Also convicted of country theft.[64] |
Lazzarino Almirotto | 14 January 1584 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Giovanni Borgognone | 29 November 1584 | Executioner, burned outside of Porta Ticinese, Milan.[61] |
Giuseppe Serio | 29 May 1585 | Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two young beardless men.[64] |
Vincenzo Malatesta | 25 June 1585 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Leonardo d'Amadeo | 2 December 1585 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Unknown | 9 May 1586 | 20-year-old pedant (teacher) from Ponticelo, hanged in the Archi and burned in Genoa; tried along with another teacher who was also sentenced to death but it is unknown if he too was executed.[68] |
G. Battista Inbrunetta | 26 April 1586 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Two unknowns | June 1586 | Priest and boy, both burned in Rome even though they had both voluntarily confessed.[5] |
Andrea li Sarti | 17 June 1586 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Scipione di Nicolò | 11 July 1586 | Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two clean-shaven young men.[64] |
Aurelio Ciafaglione | 23 December 1586 | Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with a young beardless man.[64] |
Girolamo Incudina | 2 January 1587 | Body quartered and displayed in the streets of Palermo. Also convicted of theft and murder.[64] |
Francesco Carlini | 1588 | Hanged and burned in Bologna. Also convicted of theft and heresy.[53] |
Giuseppe Magliocco | 7 January 1588 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Don Vincenzo Alteato | 14 November 1589 | Burned outside Porta Ticinese, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[61] |
Giovanni Mazzone | 1 February 1590 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Bernardino di Camillo | 1592 | Hanged together in Ponte, Rome, after being led through the city.[59] |
Muzio di Senso | ||
Ottaviano Bargellini | 1593 | A member of a senatorial family (Bargellini) and a Jew (Orsini), beheaded together in Bologna. Orsini converted to Christianity before the execution as Paolo and his body was displayed in Piazza Maggiore.[53][69] |
Allegro Orsini | ||
Antonio d'Assena | 24 March 1593 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Two unknowns | 23 May 1593 | Likely hanged and burned after a long trial in Bologna.[70] |
Andria Badulato | 24 November 1593 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Ioanni Costa | 1 June 1594 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Leonardo Cortese | 30 August 1594 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Mariano Pignataro | 22 April 1598 | Choked and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Mario di Croce | 18 January 1599 | Partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Gio. Batta Aricardi | 3 April 1599 | Weaver, partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Paolo Ferrare | 27 July 1599 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Ausebio Bonhomo | 13 August 1599 | From Nicosia, hanged and burned in Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo.[64] |
Alessandro Cabiate | 14 August 1599 | Partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Petro "Haro" Curchio | 22 March 1601 | Choked on a stake and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Domenico Galletti | 12 September 1601 | Strangled and burned on Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo.[64] |
Francesco Cappadona | 28 September 1601 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Mustafà Giorgio | 4 June 1602 | Turkish slave of the Duchess of Maqueda and a Spanish soldier in the company of D. Ernando di Gusman, hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Petro Scudero | ||
Francesco La Barbara | 12 June 1602 | Strangled and burned on Piano della Marina, Palermo.[64] |
Bartolo di Bernabeo Aquilanti | 27 August 1602 | Hanged for "pimping sodomy" in Florence.[47] |
Minico la Sola | 20 June 1603 | From Partanna, hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Paulu Simonetto | 19 April 1606 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Giovanni Maria Bonfiglioli | 1607 | Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53] |
Giovanni Garsè | 21 February 1607 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Sebastiano/Vespasiano Spalletta | 26 March 1607 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Giuseppe di Tommaso | 27 November 1607 | From Castello a Mare (Longbardi), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[64] |
Antonio Longobardi | ||
Rocco Febo | 15 March 1608 | City executioner, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Vincenzo "Bella di Sciacca" d'Amico | 17 June 1608 | Habitual sodomite, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Antonio Carcano | 22 September 1609 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Two unknowns | 1610 | Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53] |
Giovanni di Bernardo Pieri | 4 July 1610 | Hanged and burned in Florence.[44] |
Vincenzo "Scannaserpi" d'Abbene | 1 December 1610 | Hanged in Palermo. Also convicted of "field theft".[64] |
Leonardo Rocco | ||
Melchiore "Franzosino" da Verè | 15 February 1611 | Burned in Milan, buried in S. Giovanni.[61] |
Giovanni Batta d'Antonio | 15 July 1611 | Cloth weaver, strangled on a stake and burned in Florence.[44] |
Giuseppe Colomba | 3 March 1612 | From Termini and Castronovo respectively, hanged and burned together in Palermo.[64] |
Paolo Simonetta | ||
Francesco "Picalupo" Lo Re | 11 July 1612 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Paolo Zani | 1613 | Hanged and burned in Bologna.[53] |
Vito Anello | 16 July 1613 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Caviaro | 1613 or 1615 | Executioner of Modena, hanged. He mocked the exhortations of clergy at the execution.[71] |
Giacomo Biavati | 1614 | Porter, hanged and burned in Bologna.[53] |
Orlando Crispo | 17 February 1614 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Bartolomeo di Giovanni Carletti | 30 October 1614 | Musician, hanged and burned in Florence.[44] |
Gio. Batta Rovida | 24 December 1614 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Avril or Avrile | 1615 | Young Provençal, burned in Turin. His lover, Giovan Battista Marino, fled to France.[72] |
Domenico "Meneghino" Facchino | 2 March 1615 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Maurizio "Prè Strazzone" Lana | 10 October 1615 | Son of Madonna Benedetta, burned in La Vetra, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[61] |
Antonio Crotto | 14 January 1616 | From Bergamo, hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Giovanne Corvo | 5 May 1617 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Paolo "Pizo" Marino | 7 June 1618 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Cola Ioanni Cassisi | 12 April 1619 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Giulio di Giovanni Sorbi | 9 July 1621 | Formerly of Guardia de' Lioni, strangled on a stake and burned in the middle of Pratello, Florence.[44] |
Giovanni Incardona | 10 December 1622 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Francesco lo Guzzo | 7 December 1623 | Hanged on Piano della Marina, Palermo.[64] |
Francesco "Cappellitto" Garagazzo | 19 December 1623 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Petro Costa | ||
Piero di Marsilio di Marradi | 17 July 1627[b] | 34 or 40 and 43, hanged and burned in Florence. Sources are conflicting on details.[44][57][73] |
Angiolo di Ottavio Cappelli | ||
Giovanni Angelo Maggio | 19 August 1627 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Antonio d'Aprile | 3 August 1628 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Soliman Moro | 26 August 1628 | Turkish slave, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Pietro "D. Ramundo" l'Indovino | 14 May 1631 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Francesco Rotundo | 17 April 1632 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Vincenzo "Muratore" Dammacanale | 12 October 1633 | Hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Francesco Turturici | 20 June 1634 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Lorenzo Bivona | 7 August 1634 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Filippo Bonanno Xacca/Sciacca | 17 July 1638 | Hanged in Palermo under the Grande Almirante.[64] |
Blasi Canizzo | 5 November 1640 | From Licodia, hanged and burned in Palermo.[64] |
Vincenzo Oddo | 3 November 1646 | Hanged in Palermo.[64] |
Nicolò Morello | 22 July 1655 | From Ascoli, hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Francesco di Vincenzo | 22 August 1660 | From Viterbo, carried on a cart on a donkey and then beheaded in Florence.[47] |
Bernardino Restello | 6 February 1662 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Giuseppe Colombo | 20 December 1664 | Hanged and burned in Milan.[62] |
Giuseppe Lopez | 1668 | Hanged in Naples with Nicola Fanfano. At his execution he admitted that his implication of Fanfano was made under torture, but Fanfano was still hanged.[74] |
Alessandro Borromeo | 3 June 1668 | 20-year-old Paduan noble, son of Girolamo Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten. Described as "scandalous" and "without Christian law" for seducing his friends.[48] |
Paolo Cricetti | 10 December 1668 | 19-year-old friend of Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice.[48] |
Unknown | 1686 | Hanged in Bologna.[53] |
Giacomo "il Marangone" Redaello | 22 April 1692 | Tortured, strangled with a noose and burned in Milan; also convicted of other crimes. His accomplices were also tortured.[75] |
Unknown | 29 March 1710 | Hanged and beheaded in Milan. Voluntarily confessed to having passive and continued relations with his master, along with "treasonous homicide" and robbery; head displayed at Boschi di Longhignana.[76] |
Antonio Fontana | 15 September 1724 | From Verona, beheaded and burned in Venice. Also convicted of sacrilegious theft.[77] |
Pellegrino Torri | 1727 | Hanged in Bologna; his eyes and nose were also cut off to render his body unrecognizable.[53] |
Vincenzo Pelliciari | 20 July 1727 | Hanged in Modena. Publicly boasted that he had married the devil and had regular relations with him, along with other heresies and blasphemies; tried by the Inquisition and executed by the secular wing.[71] |
Giovanni Antonio Cremis | 28 May 1736 | From Felizzano, hanged and burnt in Alessandria. His accomplice, 15-year-old Giovanni Stefano Barnaba Mordea of Asti, is sentenced to row oars in the royal fleet for 5 years.[78] |
Unknown | 12 September 1736 | 28-year-old barber of the boat in S. Giovanni de' Fiorentini, hanged on the bridge of Sant'Angelo, Rome.[79] |
Giuseppe del già Domenico Rossi | 21 October 1747 | Hanged and burned in Florence.[44] |
Bernardo Gabrieli | 15 May 1748 | Cleric, decapitated on a platform between the two columns of St. Mark's, Venice.[60] |
Andrea Brazzoi/Brasola | 1749 | Mantuan, beheaded and burned in Venice.[77] |
Antonio Lambranzi | 31 August 1752 | 30-year-old becher from Cannaregio, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten for "sodomy having used many iniquities".[48] |
Bartolomeo Luisetti | 10 April 1764 | Son of quondam Antonio of Villa Albese, suffocated and burned in the square of del Brolo, Milan, in front of S. Stefano. Pietro Verri reported on the case, claiming Lusietti was a pederast but that he "had never committed a misdeed in his life".[76] |
Unknown | 1771 | Monk burned in Venice[23] |
Malta
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Two unknowns | March 1616 | Spanish soldier (or sailor[32]) and a local Maltese bardasso (teenage prostitute[32]), both burned; execution described by the Scottish traveller William Lithgow.[80] More than 100 bardassoes fled to Sicily on a galley the following night.[81] |
Netherlands
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Gooswyn de Wilde | 1447[82] | President of the States of Holland, beheaded.[83] |
Unknown | 1463 | Likely burned by the Court of Holland.[84] |
Unknown | 1605 | Burned in Middelburg.[84] |
Ingel Harmensz | 1643 | A young Dutch sailor and a Mardijker, executed (Harmensz drowned, de Sal burned) in Batavia under the VOC.[85][86] |
Bento de Sal | ||
Jan van Cleef | 1644 | A soldier, a Batavia burgher, and a Council of the Indies member, strangled and burned at the orders of Anthony van Diemen.[85] |
Pieter Egbertsz | ||
Joost Schouten | ||
Gerrit Jansz de Wit | 1645 | Boatswain, drowned in a bag in Batavia, former partner of Joost Schouten.[85] |
Four unknowns | 1646 | Chinese, burned in Batavia, also convicted of counterfeiting money.[85] |
Two unknowns | 1647 | A ship's captain and a young boy, executed (the captain burnt and the boy drowned) in Batavia.[85] |
Five unknowns | 1647 | Chinese, executed (two burned, two strangled and burned, and one drowned) in Malacca, also convicted of counterfeiting money.[85] |
Four unknowns | 1648 | Chinese, presumed burned in Malacca.[85] |
Six unknowns | 1652 | A 40-year-old Dane and five "black" boys, executed (the Dane burnt, and the boys drowned) in Batavia.[85] |
Unknown | 1676 | Executed in Utrecht, one of three defendants (including a burgomaster).[84] |
Two unknowns | 1686 | Two men, likely drowned in a barrel in Amsterdam.[84] |
Two unknowns | 1702 | Two men, executed in Rotterdam for having relations in an almoner's house.[84] |
Unknown | 1721 | Executed in Utrecht.[84] |
Leendert Hasenbosch | 1725 | |
Adriaen Spoor | 2 December 1727 | Dutch sailors from St. Maertensdyck and Ghent, aged 23 and 18 respectively, on the Zeewijk which wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos on 9 June. While on the islands, they were caught in "the abominable and god-forsaken deeds of Sodom and Gomorrah." They were subsequently marooned on separate rocky islands nearby.[87][88][89] |
Pieter Engels | ||
Two unknowns | 13 May 1728 | Two slaves, drowned together on the Cape of Good Hope; names not recorded.[90] |
Jan Backer | 12 June 1730 | hanged and burned in the Hague. Backer was a house servant hiring middleman.[91] |
Jan Schut | ||
Frans Verheyden | Occupation unknown, milkman, coat embroiderer, occupation unknown, and servant, hanged and thrown into the sea at Scheveningen with 50-pound weights.[91] | |
Cornelius Wassermaar | ||
Pieter Styn | ||
Dirk van Royen | ||
Herman Mouillant | ||
Pieter Marteyn Janes Sohn | 24 June 1730 | Strangled and burned in Amsterdam. Keep was a decorator.[91] |
Johannes Keep | ||
Maurits van Eeden | House servant and Johannes Keep's servant, age 18, drowned in a barrel in Amsterdam.[91] | |
Cornelius Boes | ||
Jan Westhoff | 29 June 1730 | Soldiers, strangled and buried under the gallows in Kampen.[92] |
Steven Klok | ||
Leendert de Haas | 17 July 1730 | 60-year-old candlemaker, distiller, and a gentleman's servant, strangled and burnt in Rotterdam, and their ashes dumped from a boat at sea.[92] |
Casper Schroder | ||
Huibert van Borselen | ||
Pieter van der Hal | 21 July 1730 | Grain carrier, glove launderer, agent, and tavern keeper; hanged and thrown into the sea at Scheveningen with 100-pound weights.[91] |
Adriaen Kuyleman | ||
David Munstlager | ||
Willem la Feber | ||
Antonie Byweegen | Fishmonger, hanged and burned to ashes in the Hague.[91] | |
Laurens Hospinjon | 16 September 1730 | Chief of detectives in the Navy, strangled and thrown in water with a 100-pound weight in Amsterdam.[91] |
Cornelis Palamedes | 19 October 1730 | Teacher, age 56, half strangled and burnt to ash in Veen near Heusden; previously had relationship with Dirk van Royen (see 12 June 1730).[92] |
Two unknowns | 22 September 1731 | A drummer and an orphan, beheaded in Groningen.[92] |
Gerrit Loer | 24 September 1731 | Executions in Zuidhorn:
|
Hendrick Berents | ||
Asinga Immes | ||
Eysse Jans | ||
Gosen Hendrix | ||
Jan Wygers | ||
Jan Harms Brakel | ||
Mindelt Jansz Rol | ||
Jan Jacobs den Donderen | ||
Jan Egberts | ||
Peter Cornelisz | ||
Hendrik Cornelisz | ||
Hindrik Leuwes | ||
Jan Idses | ||
Jan Jansz | ||
Cornelis Jansz | ||
Gerrit Harms | ||
Tamme Jansz | ||
Thomas Iacobs | ||
Jan van der Lelie | Hanged and thrown into the sea in the Hague.[91] | |
Class Blanc | 1735 | Dutch, executed in Batavia. Jacobsz, a sailor, was formerly accused of sodomy in 1713.[86] |
Rijkaert Jacobsz | ||
Jan Kemmer | 1765 | Young man executed in Amsterdam. Claimed his first act took place when still in an orphanage and connected to known sodomite networks after an encounter in Amsterdam's town hall's citizens' hall. Named 15 other boys in his confession. Described as "particularly acquainted with the Truths (Biblical truths)."[84] |
Abraham Feijs | 1772 | 19-year-old tailor in Leiden, declared in interrogation he had never slept with a woman and had committed sodomy "hundreds of times". Last execution in Leiden.[83] |
Jillis Bruggeman | 9 March 1803 | Last person executed for sodomy in Netherlands[95] |
Poland
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Marcin Gołek | 9 November 1633 | Master baker and his apprentice, burned in Sieradz. Both accused the other of initiating the relationship.[96] |
Wojciech ze Sromotki |
Portugal
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Two unknowns | 1621 | Effeminate dancers, burned alive in Lisbon. They were part of a group called Dança dos Fanchonos led by 30-year-old mulatto Antonio Rodrigues.[1] |
Santos de Almeida | 1645 | 66-year-old royal chaplain, burned in Lisbon; said to have resided over a "conventicle of fanchonos".[1][5] |
Two unknowns | 1647 | Old Christians, burned for sodomy and religious visions in a Lisbon auto-da-fé.[97] |
Unknown | 3 April 1669 | Old Christian priest, burned for sodomy in a Lisbon auto-da-fé with 79 Judaizers.[97] |
Unknown | 1671 | Priest, executed by the Portuguese Inquisition in Lisbon. Last person executed as a fanchono.[1] |
Spain
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 1290 | Moor, burned at Arguedas "for lying with others".[5] |
Juce Abolfaça | 1345 | Jews from Puente la Reina, burned together at Olite.[5][98] |
Simuel Nahamán | ||
Pascoal de Rojas | 1346 | Burned at Tudela for "heresy with his body".[5] |
Unknown | 1373 | Servant, burned in Olite for relations with another servant.[5] |
Antoni | 1395 | Slave of Francesc Peres in Barcelona, burned.[8] |
Mahoma Mofari | 1458 | Muslim potters in Lleida sentenced to burn for mutual same-sex relations as well as heterosexual relations with Christian prostitutes. Mahoma converted to Christianity and adopted the name Pere Cirera before the execution, so he was drowned before being burned.[8] |
Açen | ||
Margarida Borràs | 1460 | Cross-dressing transgender woman. |
Joan de Llobera | 28 May 1464 | Llobera, a councilor of Barcelona in 1463, and Polo, an "immoral hermit", were strangled and burnt in La Rambla.[8] |
Bartomeu Polo | ||
Gaspar Rajadell | 21 July 1464 | Rajadell and Sori, a scribe, were drowned in a wine bucket and then burnt in La Rambla.[8] |
Joan Sori | ||
Five unknowns | 1476 | Burned in Barcelona during a plague attack.[23] |
Six unknowns | 1495 | Italians, seen hanged upside down by a German traveler in Almeria.[23] |
Two unknowns | 1495[c] | Castilians, seen hanged upside down in the same manner as the Italians by the same German traveler in Madrid.[23] |
Two unknowns | 1501–1600[d] | Two nuns burned for using "material instruments", recorded by Antonio Gomez.[13] |
Twelve unknowns | 1506 | Dozen men, burned in Seville.[5] |
Salomon Antón[e] | 20 December 1519[f] | Sicilian master[g] of the Victoria, strangled and burned under Ferdinand Magellan at Santa Lucia, Brazil. Caught in the act off the coast of Guinea. His partner, Genoese apprentice sailor António Varesa,[h] drowned on 27 April 1520 when thrown overboard by his shipmates.[i][85][99][100][101][102][103] |
Salvador Vidal | 1541 | Rural priest, "relaxed" (handed over to be executed) to the secular arm by Saragossa tribunal.[5][23] |
Unknown | 1546 | Layman, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[5] |
Unknown | 1551 | Castilian soldier, executed in Saragossa awaiting a public auto-da-fé.[23] |
Four unknowns | 1558 | A Castilian jurist/lawyer, 2 priests, and a French shepherd boy, all burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[5][23] |
Unknown | 1566 | A French interpreter who lived with the Guale, garroted under the orders of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés at Santa Elena. Pedro's nephew and an ensign told him that he was "a Lutheran and a great sodomite," so he lured the interpreter out by claiming he had presents to give to the cacique. The cacique's oldest son, one of two natives living with the interpreter, cried upon hearing this and begged him "to return at once." The interpreter was killed in secrecy on arrival, and the Guale were told that he had disappeared.[104] |
Three unknowns | 1572 | Foreigners, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé with 9 Aragonese peasants convicted of bestiality along with their animals.[5][23] |
Two unknowns | 1573 | Trinitarian monks, executed in Valencia.[5] |
Martín de Castro | 1574 | Male prostitute, burned in Madrid; present at the trials of two high-ranking clients, Don Pedro Luis Galceran de Borgia and the Count of Ribagorza, in 1572.[105] |
Miguel Salvador de Morales | 25 June 1574 | Morales, a Trinitarian friar, and Tafolla had known each other since childhood, even sleeping in the same room. Tafolla had just returned from traveling in Italy and went to Morales's monastery in Valencia, where they were caught; both were burned.[5] |
Baptista Tafolla | ||
Juan Bautista Finocho | July 1575 | Mariner on the galleon San Tadeo, burned in the harbor of La Havana.[99] |
Two unknowns | 1579 | Teenage boys, executed in Seville for "frolicking in bed together."[106] |
Unknown | 1581 | Neapolitan, burned for a "habit of Italy" in Seville.[92] |
Diego Maldonado | 1585 | Sodomite group, burned together in Seville by secular authorities. Maldonado, a member of a "well-to-do family" from Granada, was the group leader.[92][99][107] |
Salvador Martín | ||
Alonso Sánchez | ||
Five unknowns | ||
Muyuca or Machuco[106] | 1585 | African, probably a freed slave, burned in Seville as a alcahuete (procurer). Described as "very well known for the dealings he had with good-looking gentlemen."[106] He wore a ruff, cosmetics, and a wig at his execution, likely as forced humiliation rather than by choice.[92] |
Seven unknowns | 1587 | 7 adolescents under 21 years old, executed[j] in Aragon (Saragossa).[23][105] |
Gaspar Arrimen | 1588 | Moriscos in Valencia, both age 20; both burned.[5] |
Pedro Alache | ||
Two unknowns | 1588 | 17-year-olds, executed in Aragon (Saragossa).[23][105] |
Two unknowns | 1588 | French, burned in Seville.[92] |
Twelve unknowns | 1600 | Dozen men, burned in Seville.[107] |
Gerónimo Ponce de Leon | 1603 | Mulattoes, tried and executed by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación in Seville.[108] |
Domingo López | ||
Unknown | 1604 | Street vendor of Triana, burned in Seville; described as "fat, deaf, and blind."[109] |
Jose Estravagante | 1607 | Galley prisoners, 31 and 20, respectively; Teixidor had been convicted of sodomy and Estravagente of another crime. Fellow prisoners denounced they were having an affair and they were subsequently burned in Valencia by the Inquisition.[5] |
Bartolomeo Teixidor | ||
Two unknowns | 1616 | Colored, burned in Seville. Names not recorded.[92] |
Nicolas Gonzales | 1625 | 20-year-old prostitute from Orihuela and those he implicated under questioning (including 7 slaves, such as a 40-year-old Turk), burned together in Valencia. He named over 60 men and boys when questioned. Gonzales admitted to not only prostituting himself, but also procuring others his age (usually to slaves).[106] 128 quintals of wood were needed to burn all 12 over a 7-hour period, "something never seen or heard of in Valencia".[1][105] |
Eleven unknowns | ||
Two unknowns | 1626 | Executed in Valencia outside of the inquisition palace "without making a noise".[5] |
Unknown | 1640 | Burned in Granada.[105] |
Unknown | 1647 | Burned in a Barcelona auto-da-fé.[5] |
Francisco | 1648 | Portuguese mulatto, tried and executed by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación in Seville.[108] |
Juan Chapinero | 1651 | Two blacks (one free, the latter a slave), publicly garroted and their corpses burnt in Mexico City.[108] |
Nicolás | ||
Juan de la Cruz | March 1670 | Indigenous resident of La Lagunilla, publicly burned in the public market of San Juan, Mexico City on a Monday at 4:00 PM.[108] |
Five unknowns | 25 June 1671 | Two mulattoes and three blacks, burned in San Lázaro, Mexico City; caught in the act at Juan de Ávila's mill in Mixcoac. The site of their execution is today the location of Mexico's national archives.[108] |
Seven unknowns | 13 November 1673 | A group of mulattoes, blacks, and mestizos, burned in Mexico City; caught in the act in the same textile mill.[108] |
Two unknowns | 20 November 1686 | A mulatto and a mestizo, burned together in Mexico City; a black man was publicly shamed as an accomplice.[108] |
Two unknowns | February 1735 | Sentenced to death and their corpses burned in Mexico City "for the grave crime of Sodomy"; case reported in the Gazeta de México.[108] |
Two unknowns | 27 August 1738 | Indigenous, sentenced to burn in Mexico City for the "nefarious crime"; on the way to be executed, members of the local cofradía accompanied them.[108] |
Unknown | 23 June 1784 | "The nefarious offender of this royal jail", burned in Mexico City and his body reduced to ashes in the accustomed site.[108] |
Sweden
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Lisbetha Olsdotter | November 1679 |
Switzerland
[edit]Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Lord Haspisperch | 1277 | German-Swiss aristocrat, burned by Rudolph I in Basel. Unknown if politically motivated.[5] |
Friedrich | 1399 | Cook, burned in Basel; his partner, Friedrich Schregelin, was banished.[7] |
Hermann von Hohenlandberg | 1431 | Burgher and noble, accused of robbing travelers outside of Zurich in 1419; executed for multiple relationships with male adolescents.[7] Reportedly offered a 14-year-old "clothes" for accompanying him.[26] |
Two unknowns | 1444 | Bishop of Geneva's personal chef, a Greek, and his Genevan partner, both hanged;[92] first executions in Geneva for sodomy.[13] |
Two unknowns | 1464 | Sexton of a pilgrimage church and a boy, both burned in Einsiedeln.[7] |
Eighteen unknowns | 1474 | Captured Lombard mercenaries, burned in Basel.[7] |
Richard Puller von Hohenburg | 24 September 1482 | Alsatian nobleman and knight and his servant, burned in Zurich. |
Anton Mätzler | ||
Hans Zogg | 1489 | Burned in Lucerne.[7] |
Uli im Tann | ||
Hans Waldmann (mayor) | 6 April 1489 | Executed for multiple crimes, including sodomy. |
Jehan Ruaulx | 1493 | Pastry chef in Fribourg, returned from France with an ear and his penis missing for attempted sodomy in Sisteron; confessed to relations with men, including a cleric, in Lausanne and Fribourg.[7] |
Heinrich Baltschmid | 1506 | Burned in Lucerne.[7] |
Felix Bluntschli | ||
Caspar Noll | ||
Hans Honegger | ||
Jacob von Schloss | 1515 | Burned in Zurich;[7] arrested for theft, found to have had relations with several men of superior age and economic status. First seduced by a notary in the Savoy court of Geneva, he blamed the welsch (French, Savoyards, etc.) of introducing "such viciousness" to Germans.[110] |
Andres von Tschafel | 1519 | Broken on the wheel and burned in Lucerne.[7] |
Blasius Hipold | 1519 | Burned in Lucerne.[7] |
Bonifaz Dorn | 27 January 1519 | Decapitated in Lucerne.[7] |
Johannes Nusser | 1520 | Broken on the wheel in Lucerne.[7] Case brought before council of Lucerne after it was discovered he had been given a jacket for having sex with a man under a bridge in Rome. Confessed to sex with "human and animals, women and men, boys and adult men, Italians and Germans, laypeople and clerics" while serving as papal guard in Rome. Rewarded lavishly with "three double jackets" for prostituting himself to a monk in a stable. Nusser also acted as a priest, having "sermonized and heard confession."[26] |
Hans Propstli | 1525 | Decapitated and burned; first execution in Solothurn,[7] blamed the welsch.[111] |
Hans Fritschi | 1530 | Monastery laborer from Pfungen, decapitated in Schaffhausen.[7] Tried alongside Hans Räs for "unchristian and heretical (sodomitical) acts". They had met while working in Rheinau monastery two years prior. Fritschi asked to be decapitated instead of burned, a mercy the court granted. Fritschi was likely 15 to 25, Räs probably the same or slightly older. Räs also gave Fritschi a new pair of pants for Christmas. Räs, the instigator, may have been fugitive after the trial.[26] |
Balthasar Bar | 1532 | Drowned in Lucerne,[7] blamed the welsch.[111] |
Conrat Mulibach | 1533 | Burned in St. Gallen.[7] |
Marx Anthon | 1537 | Burned in Zurich.[7] |
Jorg Sigler | 1537 | Burned in Lucerne.[7] |
Bonifacius Amerbach | 1538 | Burned in Schaffhausen.[7] |
Uli Rugger | 1540 | Decapitated in Zurich.[7] |
Hans Blatter | 1540 | Burned in Zurich.[7] |
Jacob Muller | 1545 | Decapitated and burned in Zurich.[7] |
Unknown | 1550 | Young French man, hanged in Geneva.[91] |
Jean Fontaine | 1554 or 1555 | Executed in Geneva, was involved with Branlard (see 1561).[112] |
Unknown | 1556 | French man, hanged in Geneva.[13] |
Five unknowns | 1560 | Three Turkish galley slaves and two French Catholics from a captured Savoy fort, burned together by Genevan forces. The slaves first admitted to the act, and implicated the Catholics when questioned.[5] |
Guillaume Brancard/Branlard | 1561 | Drowned in Geneva.[113] His partner, Ramel, was given a reduced sentence due to his age. Branlard had never had a relationship with a woman per court records.[112] |
Thoni Ruttiman | 1561 | Hanged in Zurich.[7] |
Pierre Jobert | 1562 | French, had a long-standing relationship; both drowned in Geneva.[112][13] |
Thibaud Lespligny | ||
Unknown | 1566 | Italian student, age 22, drowned in Geneva.[13] |
Bartholomé Tecia | 10 June 1566 | Piedmontese student, age 15, drowned in Geneva.[114] |
Rudolf Bachmann | 1567 | Decapitated and burned in Zurich.[7] |
Uli Frei | ||
Unknown | 1568 | French man, drowned in Geneva.[13] |
Francoise-Jeanne Morel | 1568 | Itinerant plague worker accused of molesting a woman she was sharing a bed with, Morel had admitted to fornication with a male 5 years earlier. She initially used this to deny the charge but later retracted this, and subsequently admitted her guilt under torture, and admitted to having relations with both men and women (she had never taken money for sex). She was subsequently drowned.[92][115] |
Wilhelm von Muhlhausen | 1579 | Burned in Zurich.[7] |
Unknown | 28 May 1586 | Burned between Lenzburg and Aarau.[116] |
Two unknowns | 1590 | French soldier, age 25, and his valet (also French), age 18; both burned in Geneva.[92][13] |
Three unknowns | 1590 | Turkish galley slaves, burned in Geneva.[13] |
Jean Chaffrey | February 1590 | Two Europeans (Chaffrey, age 20, from Dauphine; Chappuis, age 15, Genevan) and 3 Muslim converts to Calvinism (Mohamet, age 35, from Martara; Assan, age 20, from Turkey; and Arnaud, age 34, from Rumania) executed following trial for group homosexuality in Geneva. A 3rd European was acquitted.[115] |
Etienne Chappuis | ||
Tatare Mohamet | ||
Assan | ||
Ali Arnaud | ||
Franciscus de Rouiere | 1596 | Burned in Sankt Gallen.[7] |
Pierre Dufour | 13 November 1600 | Genevan citizen and his partner, a local peasant. Brelat, a cowherd, openly boasted about their relationship due to Dufour's high social standing, but Brelat claimed Dufour was guilty of buggery (but not a bugger itself) after a violent fistfight.[112] Both were subsequently drowned.[92][117] |
Pierre Brelat | ||
Jephat Scheurmann | 1609 | Possibly executed in Lucerne;[7] claimed to have been "seduced" as a young man "in foreign countries" by an apprentice from Fribourg.[110] |
Pierre Canal | 2 February 1610[118] | Official burned in Geneva. Arrested for treason and homicide, confessed under torture.[92] |
Three unknowns | 1610 | 3 partners of Pierre Canal, including a gatekeeper, all drowned.[13] |
Jean de la Rue | 1617 | Age 80, arrested for making a pass in an inn. Openly admitted to having had relations with many people in Geneva and elsewhere "for pleasure, for grain, and for poverty".[112] Burned[115] after this single interrogation.[112] |
Unknown | 1621 | Catholic Savoyard, age 50, burned in Geneva.[13] |
Melchior Brütschli | 1629 | Executed in Lucerne.[7] |
Unknown | 1634 | Neapolitan, burned in Geneva; his partner, his French valet, banished.[13] |
Two unknowns | 1647 | Italians, executed (one hanged and the other burned) in Geneva.[13] |
United Kingdom
[edit]The details of the accusation are often not given in contemporary sources, with euphemisms such as "unnatural offence" used. However, such terms were also used to describe bestiality, non-consensual acts, and crimes against minors. Due to this, sources discussing and listing capital offences for homosexuality, including the table below, may inadvertently include men executed for such offences.
Name | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
Peter Chambers | 5 October 1609 | Catholic seminarian who converted to Protestantism, hanged in Exeter. He was convicted of sodomy with one of his choirboys at the Exeter assizes; he lived in Exeter Cathedral "to teach the singing boys" under Matthew Sutcliffe's sponsorship. Chambers protested at his execution that in Italy he was able to suppress his urges as a Catholic, but quickly relapsed in Protestantism.[119][120] |
Mervyn Tuchet | 1631 | 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, executed for sodomy with his male servants and procuring the rape of his wife. |
William Plaine | 1646 | Founder of Guilford, Connecticut, executed in New Haven. Plaine, despite being married, had committed sodomy with "two persons in England" and had "corrupted a great part of the youth of Guilford" (reason for execution unknown).[121][122] |
Francis Dilly | 4 February 1679 | Non-white sailor on the Jersey, executed as chief ringleader of a 4-man sodomite group at Port Royal. Other three members spared as they were white, "white men being scarce among us."[20][123] |
Unknown | September 1684 | Young man, hanged in Portsmouth; name not recorded.[20] |
James Hunt | 25 August 1743 | Hunt was a barge builder aged 37 and Collins was 57, a former weaver and soldier. They were accused of sodomy together in a toilet at Pepper Alley in Southwark, near London Bridge, which they each denied though their accounts differed. Their trial was at Surrey assizes 4 August and they were hanged at Kennington Common.[124][125] |
Thomas Collins | ||
Richard Arnold | 15 September 1753 | Arnold was around 60 and the landlord of the Lamb and Flag and Critchard was a footman aged around 20. They were convicted 31 August 1753 of felony and buggery for an act witnessed in the Swan Inn, Broad Street, Bristol. They were hanged together at St. Michael's Hill; they declined to implicate anyone else and Arnold was reported to have kissed Critchard's hand before the cart was pulled from under them.[126][127][128][129] |
William Critchard[130] | ||
Joseph Wright | 15 August 1755 | Trial at Coventry assizes.[131] Hanged on Whitley Common. Wright admitted that he had been guilty of sodomy, but never with Grimes, while Grimes said that he had never committed any such offence. Wright was also found guilty of killing Mr. Warner of Winhall.[132] |
Thomas Grimes | ||
Richard Whatley[133] | 23 March 1776 | Trial at Hampshire assizes 5 March. Whatley, aged 41 and also known as Richard Churchill, was convicted of sodomy against Benjamin Dupre, a coachman employed by Lovell Stanhope. He admitted that he had attempted the offence (which took place at Avington), but had not actually committed it.[134] |
Benjamin Loveday | 12 October 1781 | Trial at Bristol assizes.[135] Hanged on St Michael's Hill. Loveday worked as a waiter before keeping a public house on Tower Street, Bristol while Burke was a midshipman, and they were accused of sexual activity together that they denied. Loveday was also accused by James Morgan. Joseph Giles and James Lane were also accused with Loveday, but were only sentenced for misdemeanours, and William Ward was acquitted. Loveday may have been running a molly house.[136][137] |
John Burke | ||
John Lad or Ladd[138] (one source says Thomas)[124] | 10 April 1786 | A Methodist preacher, he was tried at Surrey assizes on 22 March and taken from New Gaol to be hanged on Peckham Common. |
Thomas Crispin[139][140] | 17 August 1787 | Trial at Devon assizes 30 July. Hanged at Heavitree gallows near Exeter. Crispin, aged 45, was a potter from Pilton who had been living in a workhouse for seven years. His co-accused Hugh Gribble was reprieved owing to mental incapacity. Crispin acknowledged his guilt but showed no remorse. |
John Southwell | 3 April 1790 | Trial at Suffolk assizes in Bury 17 March. Hanged at Rushmere Heath.[141][142] |
John Smith | ||
Henry Allen | 1797 | Captain of the sloop Rattler, hanged for sodomy on the ships' yardarm "despite his rank and excellent social connections."[23][143][144] |
William Powell[141] | 30 August 1797 | Powell was a pauper at Melford workhouse. His trial was at Suffolk assizes on 9 August. He was hanged at Bury St Edmunds at the age of 70, but he did not confess.[145][146] |
Joseph Bird[147] | 26 August 1803 | Trial at Warwickshire assizes, executed in Warwick. Bird was a Methodist, convicted on the testimony of John Privett. Privett withdrew his statement, only to then say this was because Bird's son bribed him. |
Mathuselah Spalding aka Methuselah.[148][149][150] | 8 February 1804 | His trial was at the Old Bailey in November, where he was convicted of having "a venereal affair" with James Hankinson. He was hanged at Newgate. He was hanged with a forger, Ann Hurle - they were led out of Debtor's Door and rather than the New Drop they were hanged by a cart being driven from under them. |
David Robertson[151][152][153] | 13 August 1806 | Trial at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate after attempting suicide. Robertson was 48 years old and said to keep a brothel at Charles Street, Covent Garden. He was convicted of an offence with 17-year-old George Foulston. |
James Stockton aka Samuel Stockton[152][154][155][156][157][158] | 13 September 1806 | Known as the Remarkable Trials, twenty seven men aged 17 to 84 from in and around Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool were arrested in May 1806 for sodomy and nine were tried by John Borron and Richard Gwillym at the Lancaster assizes. Harry Cocks notes that the arrests came amid concerns post-1789 about Jacobins and other men meeting in private. Men of different social classes, they met among other places on Mondays and Fridays at Hitchin's house in Great Sankey, Cheshire, and were said by the press to be Freemasons and call each other "brother". Holland was a rich pawnbroker and there were rumours that members of the gentry were involved with the group, even members of Parliament. Those hanged were convicted on the testimonies of John Knight and Thomas Taylor, members of the group who gave evidence to avoid being hanged themselves. Rix also testified that sodomy was widespread and considered normal in Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool, describing casual encounters in the street, but the magistrate refused a deal, while Hitchin denied the charges. Stockton, Holland and Powell were hanged at Lancaster castle on 13 September, and Hitchin and Rix later that month after they were further interrogated to find other conspirators. Joshua Newsom and George Ellis were found guilty of lesser offences and the rest were acquitted. The magistrates attempted to investigate further, but were stopped by the Home Office. |
Joseph Holland | ||
John Powell | ||
Isaac Hitchin[152][154] | 27 September 1806 | Part of the "Remarkable Trials" |
Thomas Rix | ||
William Billey[159][160] | 31 March 1808 | Aged 45, he was accused of an offence against Thomas Douglas of Crayford and for attempted offences against others. His trial was at Kent Lent Assizes in Maidstone, and he was hanged on Penenden Heath. He had no family and the Kentish Gazette said he "appeared a perfect idiot". |
Richard Neighbour[159][161][162] | 24 November 1808 | Neighbour of Gresse Street, Rathbone Place, aged 26, was convicted of a crime against the body of Joshua Archer, aged 17 or 18, an apprentice to an engraver. Attempts were made to bribe Archer to leave the country. Neighbour was sentenced to hang at the Old Bailey in October 1808, but he poisoned himself with arsenic at Newgate the next month, less than a week before his execution was due. |
James Bartlett[163] | 4 April 1809 | Trial at Surrey Assizes, executed at Horsemonger Lane Gaol. He was buried at Limehouse and left £1,500 to his daughter. |
Samuel Mounser[164] | 31 August 1810 | Trial at the Chelmsford Summer Assizes, from Stanford-le-Hope |
Thomas White | 7 March 1811 | Newgate Prison, London[165][166] | Ensign John Newball Hepburn, in his forties, and Drummer Thomas White, 16, tried at the Old Bailey and hanged in front of
John Hepburn | ||
David Thompson Myers[167][168][169] | 4 May 1812 | Myers was a draper of Stamford, accused by Thomas Crow (or Crowe), an 18-year-old apprentice to a tailor, Mr. Horden of Stamford. Myers was acquitted in Lincolnshire due to Crow being suspected of lying, but he was then convicted at trial at Peterborough accused again by Crow of offences at Burghley Park. Myers was hanged at Fengate, Peterborough, the last man to be publicly executed in the city. |
George Godfrey[170][171] | 1 April 1813 | Godfrey was a butler in the house of Mr. Atkinson at Lee, who was indicted for "unnatural offences" with a footman, Henry Greenhurst, from May to December 1812. The latter was "unconscious of the heinous character of the offence" and told another servant, who informed Mr. Atkinson. Godfrey was hanged at Penenden Heath. |
Henry Youens[172][173] | 18 August 1814 | Trial at the Kent Assizes in Maidstone, hanged at Penenden Heath. Ottaway, 33, and Youens, 21, were soldiers. |
John Ottaway (spelled variously Ottoway, Otooway, Ottway, and Otway) | ||
Abraham Adams[174][175][176] | 26 July 1815 | Trial at the Old Bailey, hanged aged 51 at Newgate alongside Elizabeth Fenning |
John Charles | 1 February 1816 | Sailors on the HMS Africaine under captain Edward Rodney, hanged at Portsmouth at 11 AM. Two other men, John Parsons and Joseph Hubbard, were whipped, with Hubbard receiving less lashes than Parsons due to medical concerns. Many reports of sodomy surfaced onboard the ship during its four-year tour of the East Indies, with Westerman being named as a participant from the start. For the first incident, Westerman was demoted from captain's servant boy to ordinary crewman, with further demotion for a later incident. More incidents surfaced until the ship returned to England in 1815, and an investigation was ordered by the Royal Navy. The initial 23 suspects identified in December 1815 was reduced to just four (Westerman, Joseph Tall, Seraco, and Treake). The origins of the sodomy amongst the crew was determined to be Seraco and Treake, both Italians. Seraco was condemned with Charles (a prisoner), Treake was initially pardoned with Joseph Tall but re-condemned with Westerman.[177][178][179][180] |
Raphael Seraco[k] | ||
Raphael Treake[l] | ||
John Westerman | ||
George Siggins[181] | 21 August 1817 | Trial at Kent Assizes in Maidstone for a crime in Chatham, executed on Penenden Heath |
Joseph Charlton[182][183][184] | 14 April 1819 | A watchmaker aged 26 who was tried at the Guildhall, Newcastle and hanged at Morpeth. His funeral was attended by 2000 people. |
John Markham[184][185][186][187] | 29 December 1819 | A pauper aged 26 who was an inmate at St. Giles's workhouse, his hanging was heard by John Cam Hobhouse, who was being held at Newgate. Hobhouse noted in his diary, "Tis dreadful hanging a man for this practice". |
Thomas Foster[188][189][190] | 3 May 1820 | Trial at Kent Assizes and hanged at Penenden Heath. Convicted of an offence with John Whyneard (charged as an accomplice, but not hanged) at the Isle of Sheppey. |
John Holland[191][192] | 25 November 1822 | Aged 42 and 32 respectively, tried at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate. |
William King[191][192] | ||
William Arden[193][194][195][196] | 21 March 1823 | Respectively a gentleman and half-pay officer aged 35, a valet to the Duke of Newcastle aged 36, and a cabinet maker aged 35, they were tried at Lincoln Assizes by Mr. Justice Park and convicted on the evidence of a 19-year-old apprentice draper named Henry Hackett. A love letter from Hackett to Candler had been addressed to the Duke to save on postage: the Duke received and read the letter and had Hackett confronted, upon which he also implicated Doughty and Arden, who had associated with each other in Grantham in summer 1822. They were part of a group of up to 36 men led by Arden, who went on hunger strike in jail. The convicted men were hanged at Lincoln Castle. |
Benjamin Candler | ||
John Doughty | ||
Charles Clutton[197][198] | 13 August 1824 | Aged 25, he was charged in June 1824 with Charles Paul, aged 17, for an offence at Weedon Bec barracks in May 1823 - they were both privates in the 53rd regiment. He was sentenced by Mr. Justice Holroyd and hanged at the New Drop, Northamptonshire |
Joseph Bennett[199] | 20 April 1825 | Aged about 30 and from Witney and aged 22 and from Radstock, respectively, they were hanged at Ilchester Gaol in Somerset |
George Maggs | ||
Captain Henry Nicholl (also reported as Nichol and Nicholls) | 12 August 1833 | A 50-year-old veteran of the Peninsular War, Nicholl was hanged at Horsemonger Lane Gaol in Southwark, London. He was renounced by his prominent family, and his body was handed over to a hospital for dissection as they refused to accept it for burial.[200][201] |
George Cropper[202][203] | 26 December 1833 | A 26-year-old soldier, he was convicted of an offence at Deptford with a fellow soldier, Charles Pike, who was aged 18, but Pike was acquitted. Cropper was hanged at New Sessions House in Maidstone, the same day as a rapist. |
John Spershott (also reported as John Sparshott and John Sparsholt)[204][205][206] | 22 August 1835 | A labourer aged 19, he was convicted of an offence with George Howard (who was not charged) at Mid Lavant and hanged at Horsham, Surrey, alongside a burglar. "Spershott's hanging was perhaps the last occasion at which was performed the folk ritual of the hangman passing the dead man's hands over the neck and bosoms of young women as a cure for glandular enlargements." |
John Smith | 27 November 1835 | The last two men to be hanged for homosexuality in England |
John Pratt |
See also
[edit]- Capital punishment for homosexuality
- Criminalization of homosexuality in majority-Muslim countries
- Homosexuality in society
- List of executed people
- Violence against LGBT people
References
[edit]- ^ Also given as "Rozieres"
- ^ Date also given as 21 October 1627 and 27 July 1654.
- ^ No date given; presumed to be same year.
- ^ 16th century; exact date unknown.
- ^ Also named as Antonio Salamone and Antonio Salomón
- ^ Date also given as 20 September 1519
- ^ Also listed as quartermaster
- ^ Also named as Antonio Ginovés, also listed as a "ship's boy" or "grummet"
- ^ Also reported as a suicide or execution, with some sources stating he too was sentenced to death.
- ^ Both for homosexuality and bestiality; no details given.
- ^ Also named Ralph Serraco
- ^ Also named Raphaelo Troyac
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External links
[edit]- Claude Courouve, Procès de sodomie en France, (1307-1783). (In French)
- Stefano Bolognini & Giovanni Dall'Orto, List of executions for sodomy in Italy (1293-1782) (in Italian), "WikiPink".