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Church of the Faroe Islands

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Church of the Faroe Islands
Fólkakirkjan
The old wooden church of Gøta.
TypeCommunion
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationLutheran
ScriptureBible
TheologyLutheranism
PolityEpiscopal
BishopJógvan Fríðriksson
ProvostUni Næs
Associations[citation needed]
RegionFaroe Islands
Independence29 July 2007
Separated fromChurch of Denmark
Members41,705 (2024)[1]
Official websitewww.folkakirkjan.fo

The Church of the Faroe Islands (Faroese: Fólkakirkjan, lit.'people's church'; Danish: Færøernes folkekirke), also known as the Faroese People's Church, is the established church and the largest religious organization in the Faroe Islands.[1] It is an Evangelical Lutheran church, continuing the Lutheran tradition established during the Protestant Reformation. The church is one of the smallest state churches in the world.[2] Prior to becoming independent on 29 July 2007, it was a diocese of the Church of Denmark, also a Lutheran church. As of 2024, 76.6% of Faroe Islanders belonged to the state church.[3]

Other churches in the Faroe Islands include the Plymouth Brethren and the Roman Catholic Church.

History

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Christianization

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Depiction of Tróndur í Gøtu raising the hammer of Thor against the arrival of Christianity in the Faroes on a 2000 stamp

According to Færeyinga saga, the Viking chief Sigmundur Brestisson brought Christianity to the Faroe Islands. On the orders of the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason, Sigmundur forced the island people to convert to Christianity in 999. Resistance to the new religion led by the notorious Tróndur í Gøtu was quickly suppressed, and even though Sigmundur himself lost his life, Christianity gained a foothold.[4]

Catholic era

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Some years after the introduction of Christianity, the Faroese church was established as a diocese, with an episcopal residence in Kirkjubøur, and suffragan to several metropolitical sees in succession, but eventually (after 1152) subject to the archdiocese of Nidaros (Tróndheim). There were probably 33 bishops in the Faroe Islands between the time Christianity was introduced to the islands and the Reformation, but there is little information available about the Faroes during the Middle Ages.[5]

The historical narratives of the Faroe Islands, as depicted in their sagas, suggest a complex relationship between the church and the population. The saga of the battle of Mannafallsdal includes scenarios where church authorities acquired landholdings and implemented taxation which led to social unrest and rebellion. However, the accuracy and historical veracity of these sagas are subject to scholarly debate. They offer a perspective rich in cultural context but may not always align with historical facts.

Contemporary documentation does corroborate some elements of these narratives, such as the destruction of the bishop's residence in Kirkjubø and the subsequent removal of Bishop Erlend from the islands by royal decree, with his eventual death in Bergen in 1308.

The Reformation

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In 1538, the last Catholic bishop in the Faroe Islands was removed from his position. His Protestant replacement lasted only a few years, and then he left the islands as well, as a dean took over as the representative of the church under the Bishop of Zealand in Denmark.

Lutheran Church

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The form of Lutheranism advocated by Zealand Bishop Jesper Brochmand played a notable role in the religious landscape of the Faroes, having a more prolonged presence than in other parts of the Kingdom of Denmark. Brochmand's devotional writings, believed to date from around 1650, along with the hymns of Thomas Kingo from 1699, had a considerable influence on the spiritual and cultural life of the Faroe Islands until the 20th century. The term "Brochmandslestur" has been coined in contemporary language to describe lengthy and, in some opinions, monotonous texts and speeches.

Nationalist revival

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Faroese clergymen played a major part in the National awakening and language conflict, which was a conflict within Faroese society rather than with the Danish.

The lifting of the Danish trade monopoly in 1856 led to a resurgence of Faroese culture, which had been suppressed for a long time. This influenced the Christianity that was practiced and observed on the islands.

In the early 20th century, after considerable debate and effort, Faroese language gained equal status with Danish in religious practices, specifically in hymns and sermons, around 1924-25. This was extended to ecclesiastical rituals such as christenings, burials, and marriages in 1930.

A pivotal figure in this linguistic and cultural shift was Dean Jákup Dahl, who translated the New Testament from Greek, publishing it in 1937. Following Dahl's death in 1944, his work was continued by Vicar Kristian Osvald Viderø, who translated the rest of the Bible from Hebrew. The first authorized Faroese edition of the Bible was published in 1961.

The year 1963 saw two notable developments: the publication of the first Faroese hymn book and the elevation of the ecclesiastical position of dean to deputy bishop. The church's first female vicar was ordained in 1977. Then, in 1990, the Faroe Islands were established as an independent diocese within the Church of Denmark, appointing their own bishop.

21st century

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In 2005, the Faroes signed a treaty with Denmark that allowed for the take over of most public institutions, including the Vágar Airport and the church. On 29 July 2007, on the date of the national holiday, Ólavsøka, the Faroese Church became totally independent of the Church of Denmark.

Membership statistics

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Year Population Church
members
Percent Annual
change
2001 46,127 38,883 84.3%
2002 46,940 39,469 84.1% 0.2% Decrease
2003 47,647 39,925 83.8% 0.3% Decrease
2004 48,147 40,262 83.6% 0.2% Decrease
2005 48,298 40,401 83.6% 0.0% Steady
2006 48,120 40,243 83.6% 0.0% Steady
2007 48,262 40,298 83.5% 0.1% Decrease
2008 48,303 40,170 83.2% 0.3% Decrease
2009 48,604 40,272 82.9% 0.3% Decrease
2010 48,486 40,071 82.6% 0.3% Decrease
2011 48,431 39,881 82.3% 0.3% Decrease
2012 48,178 39,576 82.1% 0.2% Decrease
2013 48,030 39,409 82.1% 0.0% Steady
2014 48,122 39,372 81.8% 0.3% Decrease
2015 48,591 39,605 81.5% 0.3% Decrease
2016 49,096 39,793 81.1% 0.4% Decrease
2017 49,786 40,152 80.6% 0.5% Decrease
2018 50,459 40,483 80.2% 0.4% Decrease
2019 51,263 40,838 79.7% 0.5% Decrease
2020 52,084 41,242 79.2% 0.5% Decrease
2021 52,859 41,580 78.7% 0.5% Decrease
2022 53,524 41,810 78.1% 0.6% Decrease
2023 54,077 41,712 77.1% 1.0% Decrease
2024 54,472 41,705 76.6% 0.4% Decrease
Source: The Faroese Diocese Board/National Register Office[6]

Leadership

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The Bishop (Biskupur) of the Faroe Islands is the Right Reverend Jógvan Fríðriksson,[7] who is the church's chief pastor. Born on 19 February 1957, he was ordained in 1985 and worked as a parish priest on the Faroese island of Eysturoy. He was consecrated as bishop in 2007, and is the first bishop of the independent Church of the Faroe Islands, following its independence from the Church of Denmark. The Bishop's seat is at Tórshavn Cathedral.

The Cathedral Dean (Dómpróstur) of Tórshavn Cathedral is the Very Reverend Uni Næs. The Dean is the second most senior cleric, deputising for the Bishop in his absence, and sits ex officio on the Church of the Faroe Islands ministerial council.

There are about 25 ordained priests serving the churches and chaplaincies of the Church of the Faroe Islands. Around 60 churches and chapels are grouped into 14 parishes across the country. The Church of the Faroe Islands clergy directory lists 25 parish priests (Sóknarprestur), of whom one also serves as hospital chaplain, and one as diocesan exorcist.[7]

Lists of bishops

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  • Jens Riber (1540–1556): the first Lutheran Bishop of the Faroe Islands

From 1556 until 1990, the Faroe Islands were part of the Diocese of Copenhagen. During this period, the islands did not have an independent bishopric.

  • Hans Jacob Joensen (1990–2007): the first bishop since 1556 which marked the return of a separate diocesan identity for the Faroe Islands within the Church of Denmark
  • Jógvan Fríðriksson (2007–present): first bishop of the independent Church of the Faroe Islands

Notable clergymen

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Tórshavn Cathedral

See also

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Other Nordic national Lutheran churches

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Parishes, 1st January (2000-2019)". Statistics Faroe Islands. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  2. ^ Referenced at the Encyclopedia of Global Religion, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer, published 2012 by Sage publications, ISBN 978-0-7619-2729-7, page 390. (Page available on-line here).
  3. ^ "Alsamt færri limir í fólkakirkjuni". Kringvarp Føroya (in Faroese). 18 May 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Icelandic Saga Database". Icelandic Saga Database. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  5. ^ "Introducing our Bishoprics: Kirkjubøur". Bishops' careers. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  6. ^ "MM03010 Parishes, 1st January (2001-2023)". Statbank. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Directory of priests". Church of the Faroe Islands. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
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