Hurricane Dennis
![]() Dennis shortly before peak intensity while approaching the Florida panhandle on July 10 | |
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | July 4, 2005 |
Remnant low | July 13, 2005 |
Dissipated | July 18, 2005 |
Category 4 major hurricane | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Highest winds | 150 mph (240 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 930 mbar (hPa); 27.46 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 88 |
Damage | $3.98 billion (2005 USD) |
Areas affected |
|
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season | |
History
Other wikis |
Hurricane Dennis was a tropical cyclone that originated early in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico during the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm marked the fourth named storm, the second hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the season. Developing in July, it became the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever to form before August at that time. However, it held this title for only six days before being surpassed by Hurricane Emily. Additionally, Hurricane Dennis also became the second-wettest tropical cyclone in the state of Kentucky, second only to the 1960 Texas tropical storm.
Dennis originated from a tropical wave near Africa and intensified into a tropical depression by July 4 near the Windward Islands, crossing over Grenada. Strengthening further, it developed into a tropical storm before intensifying into a Category 1 hurricane by July 6, moving towards the Jamaica Channel. Rapidly intensifying into a Category 4 hurricane, Dennis made its first landfall in Granma Province, Cuba on July 8. After a period of weakening and subsequent re-intensification, Dennis reached its peak with winds of 150 mph before making its second landfall in Matanzas Province, Cuba on the same day. Weakening to a Category 1 hurricane, it intensified once more into a Category 4 hurricane, reaching a secondary peak with winds of 145 mph. On July 10, Dennis made landfall on Santa Rosa Island, Florida as a Category 3 hurricane before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, which was later absorbed by another extratropical cyclone.
In the Caribbean, the outer bands of Hurricane Dennis brought tropical storm-force winds and heavy rain to parts of Haiti, resulting in floods and landslides. A total of 59 homes were damaged or destroyed, causing significant harm to Haiti's agricultural industry. The storm resulted in 56 fatalities and caused approximately $50 million in damages. Additionally, Dennis brought torrential rain to Jamaica, with the heaviest amounting to 24.54 in (623 mm) in Mavis Bank. This severely affected Jamaica's agriculture industry, resulting in the loss of nearly 160,000 livestock and leaving around 100,000 customers without electricity. However, the storm only killed one person in Jamaica but resulted in over $34.5 million in damages. In Cuba, the storm dumped up to 27.67 inches (70.3 cm) of rain. Approximately 120,000 houses were damaged, and 70% of water sources in Granma Province were contaminated. The impact led to 16 fatalities and caused an estimated $1.4 billion, leaving 21 counties without power.
The impact of Hurricane Dennis on the United States was significant, resulting in $2.5 billion in damages and killing 15 people. In Florida, the hurricane brought hurricane-force winds to the Florida Panhandle, with wind gusts reaching up to 121 mph (195 km/h) and 8.70 in (221 mm) of rain fell near Bristol. Additionally, storm surges ranging between 6 to 9 ft (1.8 to 2.7 m) were reported, and a total of nine tornadoes were spawned. The estimated damages in Florida amounted to $1.5 billion, and the hurricane killed 14 people. Additionally, Dennis brought hurricane-force winds and heavy rain to Alabama, with a storm surge ranging from 3–6.5 ft (0.91–1.98 m) and recorded rainfall of up to 12.80 in (325 mm) in Camden. The hurricane left 291,128 individuals without power in Alabama and caused damages totaling $12 million. Approximately 55,000 individuals experienced power outages in Georgia caused by Dennis. One fatality was reported and the damages amounted to $120 million.
Meteorological history
![Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dennis_2005_path.png/275px-Dennis_2005_path.png)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
![triangle](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/18px-ArrowUp.svg.png)
The tropical wave that became Dennis was identified by the National Hurricane Center on June 26, 2005, well inland over Africa.[1][2][3] It later emerged over the Atlantic Ocean on June 29 and moved quickly to the west.[1] Dry conditions over the Sahara initially inhibited development,[4][5] though the wave found more favorable conditions and intensified into a tropical depression on July 4 while nearing the Windward Islands.[1] The depression soon crossed the island country of Grenada before entering the Caribbean, where increasingly favorable environmental factors, such as low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures, fueled intensification.[6][7][8] Turning west-northwest, the system achieved tropical storm status on July 5 and hurricane status the following day.[1] The formation of a well-defined eye and central dense overcast signaled Dennis's intensification into a major hurricane on July 7.[1][9] The hurricane subsequently traversed the Jamaica Channel, bringing deadly floods to both Jamaica and Haiti.[1]
The powerful storm soon struck Granma Province, Cuba, as a Category 4 hurricane early on July 8; violent winds battered the province and caused extensive damage. Briefly weakening due to interaction with land, Dennis quickly regained its strength. Paralleling the southwestern coast of Cuba, Dennis reached its peak winds of 150 miles per hour (240 km/h). However, it soon weakened to winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) later that day as a result of an eyewall replacement cycle before making a second landfall in the country, this time in Matanzas Province.[1] Interaction with the mountains of Cuba caused significant weakening;[10] however, once Dennis emerged over the Gulf of Mexico on July 9, it quickly reorganized in favorable conditions. The hurricane reached Category 4 strength for the third time on July 10 as it approached Florida, attaining its lowest barometric pressure of 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg).[1] This ranked Dennis as the strongest hurricane in the Atlantic basin to form before August; however, this record was broken just six days later by Hurricane Emily, which surpassed Dennis and attained Category 5 status.[11][12] Weakening ensued as the hurricane approached the Florida Panhandle, the storm ultimately making landfall over Santa Rosa Island on July 10 as a Category 3. Weakening continued as the cyclone moved further inland, and the storm quickly lost tropical cyclone status. Dennis' remnant circulation remained, however, traversing the Mississippi River Valley and Ohio River Valley before finally dissipating over Ontario on July 18.[1]
Preparations
Caribbean
Within hours of Dennis becoming a tropical storm on July 5, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for areas between Port-au-Prince and the Haiti–Dominican Republic border. This was soon replaced by a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning spanning the entirety of the nation's Tiburon Peninsula. Owing to the cyclone's proximity, this was further increased to a hurricane warning on July 6.[1] That day, Haiti's National Meteorological Center (centre national de météorologie; CNM) advised residents in elevated, exposed locations to evacuate due to the threat of winds over 62 mph (100 km/h).[13] At least 300 people were relocated from Jérémie.[14] They also forecast rainfall accumulations between 3.0 and 4.9 in (75 and 125 mm), leading to the threat of flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, the small seagoing craft was urged to remain at port. Local media noted that the nation was particularly vulnerable to disasters with numerous homeless people inhabiting slums around Port-au-Prince in the wake of catastrophic flooding from Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004.[13] At the time of Dennis's arrival, approximately 550,000 people were receiving assistance from the World Food Programme.[15] The Haitian National Red Cross Society mobilized 300 personnel and identified ten potential shelters in the threatened region.[16] At least 700 people utilized these shelters in Les Cayes, Port-Salut, and the Grand'Anse.[17] The Pan American Disaster Response Unit branch of the International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was equipped with supplies for 10,000 people and prepared to deploy.[16]
Late on July 5, the Government of Jamaica issued a hurricane watch for the nation as Dennis intensified over the eastern Caribbean. This was upgraded to a hurricane warning early on July 6.[1] Following the issuance of the hurricane warning, Jamaica's National Emergency Operations Center and Parish Emergency Operations Center were activated.[18] At the behest of Jamaica's Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management, the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency allocated resources to assist the nation following the passage of Dennis.[19] The Jamaican Red Cross also notified its branches of the storm,[20] placing personnel and volunteers on standby on July 7.[21] The Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard assisted with the evacuations of Pedro Bank and Morant Cays. Shelters prepped for opening by the evening of July 6 and Norman Manley International Airport ceased operations at 04:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. local time) and Sangster International Airport followed soon thereafter.[18][22] By July 7, 30 shelters opened across five parishes,[23] with at least 793 people using their services.[24] Some officials complained that residents refused to evacuate.[25] However, as the storm impacted the island this number dramatically increased to 6,000 people with shelters open in all parishes.[26] Approximately J$25 million (US$405,000) was made available for relief operations through the nation's Disaster Mitigation Programme. An additional J$20 million (US$324,000) was allocated for clearing drains in preparation for heavy rain.[27]
In preparation for Dennis, officials in Cuba forced more than 1.5 million people to evacuate, opening 1,804 evacuation centers. About 140,000 people were mobilizing to assist in preparations, including about 1,600 civil defense units. Among the evacuees were nearly 17,000 foreign tourists. Officials also stocked 978 food preparation centers.[28][29] The United Nations sent officials to Cuba to be on standby before the storm arrived.[30]
United States
![Satellite image of a Category 2 hurricane west of Florida](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Dennis_2005-07-09_1845Z.jpg/220px-Dennis_2005-07-09_1845Z.jpg)
On July 7, the NHC first started issuing watches and warnings for the southeastern United States, including a hurricane warning for the Florida Keys west of the Seven Mile Bridge. Over the next few days, the agency issued various watches and warnings for Florida and the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, with a hurricane warning between the Louisiana/Mississippi border to Steinhatchee, Florida. A tropical storm warning extended east of the area to Anclote Key, and westward to Grand Isle, Louisiana, including New Orleans. The NHC dropped all watches and warnings after Dennis moved inland.[1] Due to the threat of the hurricane, about 1.8 million people evacuated in the southeastern United States.[31] In the Gulf of Mexico, oil companies evacuated 81 platforms and 35 rigs, which cut daily production by 220,000 barrels. The governors of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana declared a state of emergency due to Dennis.[32]
In Florida, officials issued evacuation orders for about 50,000 people in the Florida Keys, a highly exposed chain of islands connected to the mainland by a single road and a series of bridges.[32] People who stayed behind were advised to remain indoors.[33] Key West Mayor Jimmy Weekley ordered bars in the city to close during the storm.[32] After the succession of hurricanes affecting the state in 2004, state officials were better prepared for Dennis, positioning fuel and generators. Officials removed traffic signal heads and secured to prevent damage on roads near Pensacola.[34] As a result of the large evacuations, more than 200 truckloads provided about 1.8 million US gallons (6,800 m3) of gasoline.[35] In Miami, high schools served as evacuation centers.[36][37] The Red Cross put dozens of volunteers on standby to go into regions affected by the storm, and open shelters.[38] The Red Cross also moved 60 mobile canteens, each capable of serving 30,000 hot meals a day, to the staging points of Hattiesburg and Jackson.[39] National guardsmen were mobilized, and four emergency medical teams, each capable of setting up a small field hospital, were on standby.[40] At Cape Canaveral, the space shuttle Discovery was considered to be safe on its launching pad after concerns of unfavorable weather, and NASA rescheduled a liftoff the following week; however, shuttle managers eventually decided to begin moving Discovery from the launching pad to ride out the storm.[41] MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa evacuated its aircraft to McConnell Air Force Base near Wichita.[36] Also, at Eglin Air Force Base, about 20,000 military personnel were evacuated, and at Hurlburt Field, home to Air Force's 16th Special Operations Wing, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for all 15,000 airmen and their families.[42]
On July 9, 2005, all southbound lanes on Interstate 65 from Mobile to Montgomery, Alabama were closed so traffic could be redirected, making all four lanes northbound to allow evacuations. Military installations such as NAS Pensacola, Whiting Field, Eglin AFB, Hurlburt Field, and Tyndall AFB were all evacuated days before the storm.[43] Red Cross officials opened 87 shelters across the state which were able to hold about 14,000 evacuees.[43] In anticipation of Hurricane Dennis, 190,000 people were ordered to evacuate in Mississippi, though many opted not to.[44] Jackson County issued a mandatory evacuation for its residents, while Hancock County called for a voluntary evacuation. Governor Haley Barbour issued a state of emergency, and 600 National Guard soldiers were on standby. Harrison County issued a mandatory evacuation for residents living in low-lying areas and ordered the closing of its casinos. Also, the Red Cross provided 60 mobile canteens capable of serving 30,000 hot meals to staging areas in Hattiesburg and Jackson. 32 law officials were sent to Hattiesburg to assist with traffic control near the intersection with I-59 and U.S. Route 49. Additionally, a horse park in Starkville was caring for over 50 horses belonging to residents who were forced to evacuate and had no other location for them.[45]
In anticipation of the storm, the National Weather Service placed much of central, north, and western Georgia under a flood watch. A wind advisory was also in effect for Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, and Fulton Counties. As the hurricane's outer rainbands approached the state, a tornado watch was put into effect for central portions of the state.[46] The Red Cross provided 80 shelters in the state, in addition to hundreds of volunteers.[46] Due to large evacuations in the state, construction projects on Interstates 75, 85, and 185, were postponed.[47]
Impact
Country | Deaths | Damage (USD) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Haiti | 56 | $50 million | [48][49] |
Jamaica | 1 | >$34.5 million | [1][50][51][52] |
Cuba | 16 | $1.4 billion | [1][28] |
United States | 15 | $2.5 billion | [1][53] |
Total | 88 | $3.98 billion | |
Because of differing sources, totals may not match. |
Caribbean
Haiti
The outer bands of Hurricane Dennis began impacting Haiti on July 6, flooding multiple roadways.[16] Although no official observations were relayed to the NHC,[1] sustained tropical storm-force winds are believed to have affected much of the Tiburon Peninsula on July 7.[54] Local media relayed reports of winds exceeding 50 mph (80 km/h) in Jacmel, Jérémie, and Les Cayes on that day. Widespread damage was incurred across Sud department.[55] In Les Cayes, rivers over-topped their banks, high winds felled trees,[55] 34 homes were damaged or destroyed, and the local hospital sustained significant damage.[17] One person was killed and two others were injured when a tree destroyed a home.[14] Flooding across the Ouest department submerged multiple districts, particularly around Petit-Goâve. Several search and rescue missions took place in the commune. In nearby Grand-Goâve, a bridge collapsed after numerous people gathered atop it to view flood waters.[14] At least nine people died as a result with six others reported missing.[56] At least 25 homes were destroyed in the commune.[57] Damage was reported on Gonâve Island,[55] with multiple homes collapsing.[14] Throughout Grand'Anse, roughly 1,500 families were rendered homeless, 675 of which required urgent aid.[48] During the storm, commune of Beaumont was isolated by landslides.[57] Approximately 15,000 people were directly affected by the hurricane. Widespread agricultural losses took place, with hundreds of livestock killed.[58] World Concern director Kelly Miller reported the agricultural effects as "staggering".[59] The storm wrecked 929 homes and damaged 3,058 others. All told, 56 people were killed, 36 sustained injury, and a further 24 were listed missing; damage across the nation reached $50 million.[48][60]
Jamaica
![Satellite image of a Category 2 hurricane intensifying in the Jamaica Channel](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg/220px-Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg)
After months of above-normal rainfall, Dennis brushed Jamaica and dropped torrential rainfall, peaking at 24.54 in (623 mm) in Mavis Bank. This included a peak hourly rainfall total of 2.6 in (65 mm), and a 24 hour peak of 19.59 in (497.6 mm), which was a 1-in-50 year event. The rains caused flooding and landslides across the island.[1][50] One person drowned after being swept away in the Negro River.[61] Sustained winds in Montego Bay peaked at 69 mph (111 km/h), equivalent to a strong tropical storm, while Kingston reported gusts to 45 mph (72 km/h). These winds downed trees and power lines, leaving roughly 100,000 customers without electricity. Several homes and business lost their roofs.[1][50] The agricultural industry sustained extensive losses, with 610 ha (1,500 acres) damaged and nearly 160,000 livestock killed, primarily chickens. Associated losses reached J$100 million (US$1.62 million) from Dennis. Effects were compounded by the quick succession of Dennis and Emily a week apart. Approximately 6,000 households—an estimated 22,000 people—reported need for assistance; the combined effects of Dennis and later Hurricane Emily left 49 homes destroyed and 391 damaged. Dennis affected about 209,000 people across 121 communities in Jamaica.[50] The rapid succession of Dennis and Emily makes differentiating damage between them difficult. Collectively, the two storms wrought J$5.976 billion (US$96.87 million) in damage, primarily stemming from infrastructure,[50] of which at least J$2.128 billion (US$34.5 million) can be attributed to Dennis alone.[51][62] Along the Rio Grande, the entire banana crop was lost.[63]
Infrastructure damage from Dennis included a bridge in Mahoneyvale that was destroyed, while bridges along the Yallahs River and Rio Grande were severely damaged.[64][65][66] River flooding forced people to evacuate across the island. Saint Thomas Parish suffered widespread flooding as multiple rivers burst their banks, with about 200 homes inundated, including several illegally built structures which were destroyed. Flood depth reached 10 ft (3.0 m). The community of Eight Miles remained under 4 ft (1.2 m) a day after the hurricane's passage. The severity of flooding was blamed on poor building and maintenance of retaining walls along gullies.[22][67] Landslides in Portland Parish rendered roads impassable and damaged many homes, leaving 500 people temporarily isolated.[68][66] In Bull Bay, sand and mud covered 67 homes, prompting a proposal to relocate residents elsewhere to avoid future damage.[69] Overflow from tributaries of the Cane River inundated multiple villages, leaving many isolated.[68] A landslide in Mill Bank destroyed eight homes.[70] In Saint Andrew Parish, the Mamee River swept away two homes, while residents were trapped in their homes in Gordon Town[24][68] River flooding in Saint Mary Parish forced more than 500 people from their homes in Annotto Bay.[71] Eight people required rescue in Saint Catherine Parish.[26][72] Eastern areas of Clarendon Parish experienced significant flooding, with several communities cut-off or inundated. A sink hole in Halse Hall engulfed 35 homes.[73] An oil tank overflowed due to heavy rain at a Petrojam Refinery in Kingston Harbour resulting in a minor oil spill. Petrojam crews cleaned the spill within a day.[74][75] Some streets in downtown Kingston were flooded.[76] Effects in Trelawny Parish were relatively limited, with J$16 million (US$259,000) in agricultural damage.[77]
Cuba
Dennis affected much of Cuba with hurricane-force winds. At the hurricane's first landfall, Cape Cruz recorded sustained winds of 133 mph (215 km/h), with gusts to 148 mph (249 km/h), just before the eye passed over the area, and the anemometer was destroyed. Farther west, Unión de Reyes] recorded wind gusts of 123 mph (198 km/h).[1] The hurricane also dropped torrential rainfall across the country, with a peak of 43.0 in (1,092 mm).[78] Dennis killed 16 people across the country – 13 in Granma Province, 2 in Santiago de Cuba Province, and 1 in Sancti Spíritus Province. This made Dennis the deadliest hurricane in Cuba since Flora in 1963. Cuban President Fidel Castro estimated Dennis's damage at US$1.4 billion.[28][29]
Throughout the country, Dennis damaged more than 120,000 houses to some degree.[29] This included 15,000 homes that were destroyed, and 24,000 that lost their roofs, leaving about 50,000 people homeless.[29][79] Most of the damaged houses were in southeastern Cuba that were already in some state of structural deficiency. High winds knocked 1,020 power poles, and to prevent damage to the damage of electric generation stations, power was halted nationwide, which began to be restored on July 11.[29] The outages left some cities without power for two days, including the capital, Havana.[28] More than 2.5 million people lost access to water during the storm, forcing many residents to rely on water tankers. Floods contaminated running water, with 70% of the water sources in Granma Province contaminated due to the hurricane. [29] Also in the province, Dennis damaged 360 schools, of which 29 were destroyed and in need to be rebuilt.[80] The hurricane also disrupted communications after knocking down radio and television towers, as well as phone lines. Downed trees and debris blocked roads.[29] Several national parks sustained damage, while Pico Turquino, Cuba's highest point, lost half of its trees.[81] In Santiago de Cuba Province, the hurricane washed away more than 220 mi (350 km) of roads, including a bridge along the Río Mogote.[82] Several health units in the country were damaged due to high winds and rain.[29]
Dennis severely damaged crops in the country. In Cienfuegos and Granma, almost 27,000 hectares (67,000 acres) of agriculture land was destroyed by the storm.[29] Across the country, Dennis destroyed 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) of bananas while wrecking more than 7,000 mangos. The hurricane also took a toll on the environment, killing more than 70,000 birds.[83]
United States
![Rainfall map for Hurricane Dennis in the United States](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dennis_2005_rainfall.gif/220px-Dennis_2005_rainfall.gif)
Throughout the southeastern United States, Hurricane Dennis left 15 fatalities, as well as about US$2.5 billion in damage.[1][53]
Florida
![A damaged beachfront home](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Beach_front_home_damaged_by_hurricane_dennis_2005.jpg/170px-Beach_front_home_damaged_by_hurricane_dennis_2005.jpg)
Hurricane Dennis affected much of Florida, from the Florida Keys to the panhandle. Although Dennis made landfall as a major hurricane, the strongest winds were confined to a small area near the eye. A station at Navarre recorded sustained winds of 99 mph (159 km/h), with gusts to 121 mph (195 km/h).[1] Rainfall in the state reached 8.70 in (221 mm) at a station near Bristol.[84] The hurricane spawned nine tornadoes in the state, all but one rated an F0 on the Fujita scale. The other was an F1 tornado that struck Bradenton and destroyed a barn.[1][85] Dennis also moved ashore with a 6 to 9 ft (1.8 to 2.7 m) storm surge, which inundated coastal areas along the panhandle and eastward to Apalachee Bay. The hurricane caused 14 fatalities in the state. A boat sank in the Florida Keys, killing one of its occupants. In Dania Beach, a swimmer drowned amid high seas. The remaining fatalities were indirectly related to the hurricane. Four people died from automobile accidents – three were in Port Charlotte when their vehicle overturned, and the other occurred in Walton County while evacuating. Two people died from electrocution, and another two people died from carbon monoxide poisoning. There were two deaths related to accidents cleaning up after the storm and another two deaths exacerbated by storm stress.[1][86] Damage in the state totaled over US$1.5 billion.[87] Across southern Florida from Tampa southward to the Keys, Dennis left about 439,600 people without power, while another 322,275 people along the Florida panhandle lost power.[88][89]
Dennis first affected the state when it passed about 75 mi (120 km) southwest of Key West, producing a storm surge of 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m).[1] Parts of Duval Street were flooded 1.5 ft (0.46 m) deep.[90] The city recorded wind gusts of 74 mph (119 km/h), and there was an unofficial observation of 109 mph (175 km/h) gusts at Cudjoe Key. Damage in the Florida Keys totaled US$6.8 million, mostly related to roofing, electric, and landscaping. Key West International Airport sustained about US$100,000 in damage.[1][91] Across southern Florida, gusty winds and rainfall knocked down trees and power lines, with some minor coastal flooding.[92] One beneficial effect of Hurricane Dennis was that it flipped over the former USS Spiegel Grove, which was deliberately sunk in 2002 in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in an attempt to create an artificial reef; for three years the navy ship was upside-down.[93] Along the rest of Florida's west coast, storm tides were 3 to 5 ft (0.91 to 1.52 m) above normal.[1] The high waves destroyed sea turtle's nests, with 61 nests destroyed in Pinellas County. In St. Petersburg, a yacht sank while docking at a marina, and six other boats sustained damage during the hurricane. In Cedar Key, floodwaters closed the airport and several roads, causing damage to 20 businesses.[94]
Along the Florida panhandle, Dennis severely damaged about 200 houses, with nearly every structure in Navarre Beach damaged, and the Navarre pier damaged by the high waves. Dennis damaged areas that were still recovering from Hurricane Ivan, which struck southern Alabama ten months earlier.[87][95] Extensive beach erosion occurred along the panhandle from Pensacola to Destin, undoing the dune restoration efforts after Ivan.[87][95] A portion of U.S. Route 98 was washed out between Fort Walton Beach and Destin, which took a month to be repaired.[87][96] In Cinco Bayou, lightning struck a boat and set it ablaze.[31] A portion of I-10 in Pensacola flooded during the storm due to poor drainage.[31] The Eglin Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field sustained more than US$500 million in damage.[31] On Holiday Island in Destin, the waves washed out a home while severely damaging houses and apartment buildings.[97] In McDavid, the storm tore off the roof of a recreation center while 12 people were inside.[88] Most of the cotton crop across the panhandle was damaged.[31]
The most significant coastal flooding occurred along Apalachee Bay, with a storm tide of 8.11 ft (2.47 m) recorded in Apalachicola, about 175 mi (280 km) east of Dennis' landfall. The water levels in the region were about 3.5 ft (1.1 m) higher than anticipated by the Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes computer model; the NHC attributed that the high tides were "likely triggered by an oceanic trapped shelf wave that propagated northward along the Florida west coast."[1] The high tides significantly damaged St. George Island State Park, including 80% of the park's dunes and boardwalks. About 5 mi (8.0 km) of roads were damaged, including a portion of the St. George Island Bridge near the park's entrance. On the island, the hurricane destroyed 23 homes and damaged another 141, with damage estimated at US$9.1 million.[98] Floodwaters swept away seaside cottages in St. Teresa and Alligator Point in Franklin County, while also wrecking dune systems. Along the St. Marks River, eight people in the community of the same name required rescue, after waters reached waist deep.[99] Across neighboring Wakulla County, the floods damaged 487 buildings and destroyed 24 others.[100] The high waters significantly damaged part of the Big Bend Wildlife Management Area, a wildlife refuge in Taylor County.[101]
Rest of the Gulf Coast
![A house destroyed by severe winds](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/House_damaged_by_Hurricane_Dennis.jpg/200px-House_damaged_by_Hurricane_Dennis.jpg)
When Hurricane Dennis moved into southeastern Alabama, it produced hurricane-force winds in inland areas of the state. The highest wind gust in the state was 77 mph (124 km/h), recorded on the USS Alabama in Mobile Bay.[102][31] The heaviest rainfall from Dennis in the country was 12.80 in (325 mm), recorded at a station near Camden.[103] The rains caused numerous rivers to overflow, resulting in flash flooding that entered homes and covered roads up to 5 ft (1.5 m) deep.[104] The hurricane left about US$120 million in damage in the state, with the worst effects in Escambia and Monroe counties.[105] High winds knocked down trees, some of which fell onto houses, vehicles, and businesses.[105][104] The high winds also damaged the state's cotton industry.[105] Across the state, the storm left 291,128 people without power.[89] A power worker died in Flomaton while making electrical repairs following the storm.[106] In Dallas and Montgomery counties, downed trees caused an injury after hitting a vehicle, while a driver was injured in Clay County after hitting a fallen tree.[107][108][109] Along the coast, storm tides reached 7.2 ft (2.2 m) at Fort Morgan, causing coastal flooding in southern Alabama.[31] In central Alabama, floodwaters washed away several bridges, and parts of I-20 in Calhoun County were inundated. A mudslide closed a portion of Alabama State Route 5 in Dallas County near Selma. Flooding also closed portions of U.S. routes 78, 80, and 82, as well as county and local roads. Several houses, vehicles, and businesses were damaged by the fallen trees.[104] Downed power lines sparked building fires in Greene, Randolph, and Russell counties.[110][111][112]
Farther west of the center, the effects were not as severe, although damaging winds and rainfall occurred in eastern Mississippi. Winds in the state reached 59 miles per hour (95 km/h) in Meridian. The winds and rainfall knocked down hundreds of trees and power lines across the state, damaging 21 homes. Slick roads led to a traffic death in Jasper County.[113] Strong winds damaged a church in Calhoun County.[114] The storm tide reached 3.36 ft (1.02 m) in Biloxi.[1] Throughout the state, about 14,200 people lost power.[89] Damage was estimated at US$2.6 million.[115] Gale-force wind gusts occurred as far west as the lakefront of New Orleans, which recorded gusts of 47 mph (76 km/h).[1]
Other areas
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HURRICANE_DENNIS_DVIDS1077689.jpg/220px-HURRICANE_DENNIS_DVIDS1077689.jpg)
Offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, the Thunder Horse oil platform tilted to a 30º list after the vessel was evacuated and the structure's ballast tanks were flooded. The tilting was caused by a pipe being incorrectly installed as the Thunder Horse was being prepared for service. Within five days of Dennis's landfall, the structure was refloated and taken to Texas to be repaired, as the connecting pipes on the ocean floor were also repaired. The repair costs were estimated at $250 million.[116][117][118]
Across western Georgia, Dennis produced wind gusts as high as 43 mph (68 km/h) in Albany.[1] The winds were strong enough to knock down trees, one of which killed a man in Decatur.[119] About 55,000 people statewide lost power in the Atlanta area.[89] Damage across northern Georgia was estimated at over US$12 million, with hundreds of roads damaged or washed out. A rainband stalled over western Georgia, resulting in torrential rainfall, peaking at 10.88 in (276 mm) near Mableton.[120][121] The rains caused flash flooding, just days after the region was soaked by the remnants of Hurricane Cindy.[122] In Milledgeville, rains from the storm caused a fitness center to collapse, injuring two people.[123] In Upson County, a motorist was injured while trying to cross a damaged roadway, and was later rescued.[124] In White County, an F0 tornado destroyed two barns and severely damaged the roof of a house, while also knocking down about 200 trees.[125] The Sweetwater Creek swelled to a record crest of 21.8 ft (6.6 m), breaking the previous record set in 1916. Flood damage in both Cobb and Douglas counties were estimated at US$6 million each, after several areas experienced 100-year flooding, reaching 6 ft (1.8 m) deep in some areas. The floods damaged 700 homes between the two counties, as well as 55 roads or bridges. The floodwaters damaged about 120 cars at a Ford dealership. In Austell, several people required rescue from a building.[126][127] In Atlanta, flooding closed a ramp to I-20, while portions of I-285 were restricted to one lane. In Forsyth County, a tractor trailer carrying fuel overturned, temporarily closing the road.[128] Throughout Fayette County, floodwaters inundated roads and basements, and breached a dam near Fayetteville.[122] In Woodstock in Cherokee County, the Noonday Creek swelled to a record crest of 16.3 ft (5.0 m), surpassing the peak set during Hurricane Ivan. The floodwaters inundated an apartment complex, forcing residents to evacuate by boat, as well as flooding dozens of cars and homes.[129] Floods forced 300 homes in Worth County to evacuate, as well as another 100 homes and businesses in Colquitt County.[130] In Stockbridge, the rains caused a sewage treatment plant to spill 53,000 U.S. gallons (200,000 liters) of wastewater.[131] A pond dam burst in Tift County, flooding nearby roads.[132] In Clayton County, floods damaged 14 mobile homes beyond repair, with 52 residents in the community having to move to a shelter.[133]
Outside of Georgia, Dennis also produced heavy rainfall in western North Carolina, reaching 9.20 in (234 mm) in Rosman. Rainfall in South Carolina peaked at 8.90 in (226 mm) at a station near Lake Jocassee. In nearby Tennessee, rains from the storm reached 6.78 in (172 mm) at Oak Ridge.[121] Across south-central Tennessee, gusty winds caused scattered power outages and tree damage.[134] Heavy rainfall extended into Kentucky, with a total of 9.56 in (243 mm) recorded near Bardwell. Precipitation from Dennis extended as far north as Michigan, with a total of 4.04 in (103 mm) recorded near Richmond.[135]
Aftermath
![Aerial image of the aftermath of a hurricane in a community](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurricane_Dennis_2005_damage2.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Dennis_2005_damage2.jpg)
Because of the significant damage and death toll caused by the hurricane in the Caribbean and United States, the name Dennis was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2006, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Don for the 2011 hurricane season.[136][137]
With flash floods ensuing across much of southern Haiti on July 7, the Civil Protection Department released 2 million gourdes (US$48,800) in emergency funds.[14] This was later increased in 5 million gourdes (US$120,500).[48] Médecins Sans Frontières, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the World Food Programme, and other international agencies mobilized for relief efforts on this day.[14] The IFRC provided immediate funds of 250,000 Swiss francs (US$192,000).[138] By July 15, the nation's government requested international assistance to handle the aftermath of Hurricane Dennis. Japan was the first nation to comply, providing emergency supplies—such as blankets, generators, and radios—worth ¥11 million (US$97,900).[139] This coincided with a disaster declaration by U.S. chargé d'affaires Douglas Griffiths, which also prompted release of US$50,000 in funds from the United States Agency for International Development.[140] World Concern provided aid to 18,000 people, distributing emergency kits with food and basic supplies.[59] On July 15, the Inter-American Development Bank announced a US$5 million program to establish an early-warning system for floods across Haiti.[141] In conjunction with funds to alleviate strain from a drought preceding Dennis, the European Commission provided Haiti with €400,000 (US$477,000).[142] Hurricane Emily brought further death and damage to the nation on July 17, though the effects were limited in comparison to Dennis. The IFRC's relief operation began on August 5, with a focus on distribution of hygiene and sanitation items. Approximately 4,000 people affected by Dennis and a further 1,000 by Emily were targeted in their program. Inclusive of funds allocated for Jamaica, the operation cost 758,000 Swiss francs (US$587,505).[48]
Distribution of relief supplies in Jamaica began on July 7.[24] Isolated communities across Saint Andrew, Saint Thomas, and Portland Parishes received airlifted aid the following day.[143] Residents in Cascade required evacuation by airlift and Mill Bank was declared a disaster area.[70][73] A previously defunct railway bridge—the 500 ft (150 m) St. Margaret's Bay bridge—in Portland Parish, not in use since the 1980s, was repaired at a cost of J$26 million (US$421,000) and re-opened on July 30 to enable travel after the Rio Grande bridge was damaged.[144][145] Residents in the parish were also advised to temporarily boil or bleach water to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases due to contaminated supplies.[146] The Salvation Army assisted with relief efforts.[147] Efforts to repair and restore damaged roadways reached J$405 million (US$6.56 million).[50] The Leader of the Opposition party requested the Jamaican government release J$500 million (US$8.1 million) for immediate relief; however, Prime Minister P. J. Patterson rejected the proposal.[148] Joseph Hibbert further criticized the government for inadequately maintaining roads, citing a lack of maintenance contracts which is how such work is carried out in the nation.[149] Although the Government of Jamaica indicated it would not request international assistance,[50] the Government of Cuba provided 11 tons of supplies and Venezuela offered support.[74][150] WINDALCO reported a loss of 10,000 tons of aluminum due to flooding. Manufacturing companies reported J$18.3 million (US$296,000) in losses, primarily from suspended operations.[50] In November, the Jamaica Labour Party sought J$3.2 billion (US$51.8 million) in additional funding to repair roads damaged by Hurricanes Ivan, Dennis, Emily, and Wilma.[151] The following month, the Jamaica Agricultural Society received J$5.5 million (US$88,266) from the Japanese embassy to assist 500 farmers in Portland Parish.[152] The long-term effects of Dennis were limited, with nearly every economic sector returning to normal within a few months. The only exceptions were exports of banana and coffee crops, both of which were still recovering from Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Overall implications to the nation's gross domestic product were negligible, merely flat-lining growth rather than causing decline. However, in combination with the effects of a drought early in 2005, inflation values required adjustment upwards from 9% to 14.3%.[50]
In Cuba, many families who lost their homes stayed in schools that were closed for summer break. Medical teams and cleanup brigades helped the injured, while removing fallen trees and debris.[29] With a force of 3,500 electricians, nearly all of the power outages were restored by July 19, or 11 days after the hurricane struck.[153] Tens of thousands of people replanted crops with a short growing cycle. By a week after the storm, most railroads and highways were cleared of debris and fallen trees.[81] In the month after the storm, more than 7,000 roofs were repaired.[80] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs authorized US$60,000 toward emergency supplies.[81] The government of Venezuela sent a ship with power restoration supplies.[154] The German NGO Welthungerhilfe provided 125 families with housing repair tools, cooking utensils, and mattresses.[155] Japan sent US$100,000 to the World Food Programme (WFP), to purchase 191 tons of rice for people in Granma Province.[156] The United States offered $50,000 in aid, but Fidel Castro rejected it, stating he would never accept aid from the United States until the economic sanctions and embargoes, in place since 1959, were dropped.[28] In a July 26 speech, Castro announced the beginning of the Energy Revolution.[157]
Due to storm damage across the southeastern United states, president George W. Bush declared a federal disaster area for 20 counties in Florida, 49 counties in Alabama, and 38 counties in Mississippi. The declaration allocated funds for emergency services and debris removal and to help rebuild essential public facilities.[158][159][160] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) opened 18 disaster recovery centers in Alabama and Florida. All but four of them were in Florida, which were visited by more than 20,000 states residents before the centers closed in October.[161][162] Supplies of food, water and ice were supplied from staging areas to distribution centers throughout the Florida Panhandle. The American Red Cross and other voluntary agencies assisted with food and water distribution as well as emergency needs and housing.[163] Voluntary agencies such as AmeriCorps, the Christian Contractors Association and the United Way provided assistance to residents who have temporary roofing and repair needs.[164] Within a week, over 2,100 individuals visited the Disaster Recovery Centers in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties.[165] By July 18, over $3 million (2005 USD) in individual assistance applications for rental, housing and other needs assistance were approved.[166] By August 18, over $24 million (2005 USD) in individual assistance funds were collected for victims of Hurricane Dennis.[167] By August 19, Alabama had received over $4 million (2005 USD) in individual assistance funds.[168] In the decade after Dennis, many of the damaged coastal properties along the Florida panhandle were reconstructed to have parking on the ground level instead of apartments to reduce potential damage.[95]
See also
- Tropical cyclones in 2005
- List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)
- List of wettest tropical cyclones in Cuba
- List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States
- List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
- Hurricane Opal (1995) – A powerful Category 4 hurricane that affected the similar areas as a Category 3 storm
- Hurricane Georges (1998) – Another Category 4 hurricane that produced similar effects in the Gulf Coast Region as a Category 2 storm
- Hurricane Gustav (2008) – A Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track before striking southern Louisiana as a Category 2 storm
- Hurricane Michael (2018) – A Category 5 hurricane that became the strongest tropical cyclone ever to strike the Florida Panhandle
- Hurricane Sally (2020) – A slow-moving Category 2 hurricane that caused widespread damage in the Florida Panhandle
- Hurricane Elsa (2021) – A Category 1 hurricane that had a similar path, and affected similar areas
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Ray Tyson (September 24, 2006). "Thunder Horse rides into more trouble". Vol. 11, no. 39. Petroleum News. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
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- ^ "Cherokee County, Georgia Flash Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ "Colquitt County, Georgia Flash Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ "Gordon County, Georgia Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ "Dougherty County, Georgia Hurricane (Typhoon) Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ "Clayton County, Georgia Flash Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ "Moore County, Tennessee Flash Flood Event Report". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ David Rot. "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Midwest". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2006. p. 3-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
- ^ Gilkey, Eric (June 1, 2011). "Atlantic Tropical Storm Season Names for 2011". Manhattan, New York: ALM. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ Allison Ali (July 8, 2005). "Jamaica, Haiti and Cayman Islands Red Cross braces for Hurricane Dennis". ReliefWeb. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
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- ^ "USAID to provide hurricane disaster assistance to Haiti". Washington, D.C.: ReliefWeb. United States Agency for International Development. July 15, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
- ^ "La BID approuve un prêt concessionnel de $5 millions à Haïti pour l'installation d'un système d'alerte rapide" (in French). ReliefWeb. Radio Kiskeya. July 15, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
- ^ "La Commission alloue €900.000 d'aide humanitaire pour les Caraïbes" (in French). Brussels, Belgium: ReliefWeb. European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office. July 20, 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
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- ^ "Jamaica: Residents of Portland advised to treat drinking water". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 14, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
- ^ "Jamaica: Food, beds and blankets being distributed to Hurricane victims in Portland". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 15, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
- ^ "Gov't rejects Opposition's hurricane relief proposal". The Jamaica Observer. July 14, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
- ^ "Hibbert bashes gov't response to storms". The Jamaica Observer. July 17, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
- ^ Taneisha Davidson (July 8, 2005). "Caricom, Venezuela, Cuba ready to help, says PM". The Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
- ^ "JLP mayors want $3.2 billion for road repairs in 12 parishes". The Jamaica Observer. November 19, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
- ^ Tyrone S. Reid (December 22, 2005). "Japanese Embassy assisting over 500 farmers". The Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
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- ^ "Confirma Hugo Chávez envío de ayuda humanitaria a Cuba" (in Spanish). Government of Cuba. ReliefWeb.
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- ^ Benjamin-Alvarado, Jonathan (2006). "Prospects for Sustainable Energy". CUBA: In Transition?: 42.
This policy objective was formally unveiled during Fidel Castro's speech commemorating the Moncada Barracks attack on July 26, 2005. It has been an important part of most policy speeches related to energy in the time since, and it now referred to as the "Energy Revolution."
- ^ "Designated Areas: Disaster 1592". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
- ^ "Designated Areas: Disaster 1593". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
- ^ "Designated Areas: Disaster 1594". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milton Disaster Recovery Center To Close On Friday". Federal Emergency Management Agency. October 13, 2005. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Disaster Recovery Centers In Alabama Are Closing". Federal Emergency Management Agency. July 25, 2005. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ FEMA (July 13, 2005). "Federal and State Assistance Flows into Panhandle". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
- ^ FEMA (2005). "Hurricane Dennis: Relief Efforts Continue to Help Floridians". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ FEMA (2005). "Hurricane Dennis: Relief Efforts Continue to Help Floridians". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ FEMA (2005). "More Than $3 Million Approved for Individual Assistance Applicants in Panhandle". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ FEMA (2005). "Individual Assistance For Dennis Victims Approaches $24 Million Mark". Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ FEMA (2005). "More Than $4 Million in Assistance Issued in Alabama". Retrieved April 1, 2008.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Dennis
- Radar animation of landfall in Florida (credit to Brian McNoldy, RSMAS/Univ of Miami) Archived June 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's archive on Hurricane Dennis.
- Historic Images of Florida Hurricanes (State Archives of Florida)