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Clandestinotrema

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Clandestinotrema
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Genus: Clandestinotrema
Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)
Type species
Clandestinotrema clandestinum
(Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)

Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species.[1] They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.

Taxonomy

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The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by Eimy Rivas Plata, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with Clandestinotrema clandestinum assigned as the type species. It contains species formerly classified in the genera Ocellularia and Thelotrema, and corresponds to the Ocellularia clandestina group as defined by Frisch in 2006.[2] The genus name combines the species epithet of the type, clandestina, with the suffix -trema.[3]

Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly supports Clandestinotrema as a monophyletic clade, which can be distinguished from other taxa in its subfamily (Fissurinoideae) by its whitish thallus, which is often loosely corticate or ecorticate, and ocellularioid, usually carbonized, and often columellate ascomata. In this analysis, Clandestinotrema was divided into two sister clades. The first clade corresponds to species with narrow apothecial pores with an entire margin and finger-like columella, represented by the type species, C. clandestinum. The second clade corresponds to species with broadly open apothecia with a fissured margin and broad-stump-shaped columella, represented by C. leucomelaenum and C. stylothecium.[4]

Description

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The thallus of Clandestinotrema species can be white-grey to yellow-grey and have a smooth to uneven texture. It may or may not have a dense, prosoplectenchymatous cortex. The photobiont layer and medulla contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The apothecia (a reproductive structure) can be immersed to erumpent and have a rounded to angular shape. The disc of the apothecia is usually covered by a narrow pore and filled with brown-black, often white-pruinose columella. The margin can be entire to fissured-lobulate and is fused and brown-black. The columella is usually present and mostly carbonized. The excipulum (outer layer of the apothecium) is prosoplectenchymatous and carbonized, and there are no periphysoids (specialized cells). The paraphyses (sterile cells) are unbranched. The ascospores (spores produced inside the apothecia) usually have eight spores per ascus (sac-like structure), are 3-septate to muriform, and are ellipsoid with thick septa and diamond-shaped lumina. When young, the central septum becomes thickened before further septa appear, which makes them look Caloplaca-like. They are colorless and non-amyloid. This genus does not produce any lichen products or stictic acid.[5]

Habitat and distribution

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Unlike most other thelotremoid Graphidaceae, Clandestinotrema species primarily occur in high-altitude wet cloud forests with abundant bryophyte growth, making them ecologically distinct.[5]

Species

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In its original circumscription, Clandestinotrema contained 12 species.[3] Several more have been added since.

References

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  1. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
  2. ^ A., Frisch (2006). "Contributions towards a new systematics of the lichen family Thelotremataceae I. The lichen family Thelotremataceae in Africa". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 92: 3–370.
  3. ^ a b Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2011). "A new classification for the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Fungal Diversity. 52 (1): 107–121. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8. S2CID 256067459.
  4. ^ Lücking, Robert; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Staiger, Bettina; Mangold, Armin; Frisch, Andreas; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Hernandez, Jesus; Caceres, Marcela; Kalb, Klaus; Sipman, Harrie; Common, Ralph; Nelsen, Matthew; Lumbsch, Thorsten (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species". MycoKeys. 6: 55–94. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482.
  5. ^ a b Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lücking, Robert; Aptroot, André; Chaves, José Luis; Kalb, Klaus; Tenorio, Loengrin Umaña (2012). "A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica and adjacent areas: the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Phytotaxa. 55 (1): 1–214 [55–62]. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.55.1.1.
  6. ^ Medeiros, Ian D. (2018). "A new species of Clandestinotrema (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) from montane cloud forest in the Venezuelan Andes". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 63 (1): 7–10. doi:10.2478/pfs-2018-0002. S2CID 134733706.
  7. ^ Lücking, R. (2015). "Thelotremoid Graphidaceae from the NYBG herbarium: New species, range extensions, and a forgotten lichen". Opuscula Philolichenum. 14: 1–57.
  8. ^ Aptroot, André (2016). "Preliminary checklist of the lichens of Madagascar, with two new thelotremoid Graphidaceae and 131 new records". Willdenowia. 46 (3): 349–365. doi:10.3372/wi.46.46304. S2CID 88962717.
  9. ^ Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Lücking, Robert; Parnmen, Sittiporn (2014). "Two new genera and twelve new species of Graphidaceae from Puerto Rico: a case for higher endemism of lichenized fungi in islands of the Caribbean?". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 186–203. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.14.
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