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Irish Naval Service

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Naval Service
An tSeirbhís Chabhlaigh (Irish)
Emblem of the Naval Service
Founded1 September 1946[1]
Country Ireland
TypeNavy
RoleDefence of the state and protection of its maritime resources
Size89,900 personnel (Establishment: 10,094)[2]
115 reservists (Establishment: 300)[3]
26 ships[4][5]
Part of Irish Defence Forces
Naval baseHaulbowline, County Cork, Ireland
Colours
Mascot(s)Irish Elf
Websitewww.military.ie/en/who-we-are/naval-service/
Commanders
FOCNSCommodore Mick Malone[6]
Supreme commanderPresident Michael D. Higgins
Insignia
Naval ensign
Naval jack

The Naval Service (Irish: An tSeirbhís Chabhlaigh) is the maritime component of the Defence Forces of Ireland and is one of the three branches of the Irish Defence Forces.[7] Its base is in Haulbowline, County Cork.

Though preceded by earlier maritime defence organisations, the Naval Service was formed in 1946.[8] Since the 1970s a major role of the Naval Service has been the provision of fisheries protection in Ireland's exclusive economic zone (EEZ).[9][10][11][12][13] Other roles include sea patrol, surveillance, and smuggling prevention.[14] Occasionally the service undertakes longer missions in support of other elements of the Defence Forces, Irish peacekeepers serving with the United Nations, or humanitarian and trade missions.[14]

From July 2017 the Naval Service has participated in the European External Action Service mission which focuses a number of EU navies on humanitarian and training roles in the Mediterranean. This mission entitled "EU Navfor Med" is the first time Ireland has taken part in a multi-role and multi-national naval operation.

Ships in the Irish Naval Service are designated with the ship prefix of Long Éireannach (Irish Ship), which is abbreviated to LÉ.

History

Main article: History of the Irish Naval Service
Naval Service personnel remove the body of a victim of Air India Flight 182 from LÉ Aisling which was sent to search for survivors on 23 June 1985

Coastal and Marine Service

The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 stipulated that the Irish Free State, which in the event came into being in December 1922,[15] was to be given the responsibility to police its customs and fishing, while Britain and its Royal Navy would remain in control of Irish waters.

In 1923, the Coastal and Marine Service (CMS) was created, and one year later it was disbanded.

During the Irish Civil War, in August 1922, a ship belonging to the British & Irish Steam Packet Company, Lady Wicklow, led by Captain Patrick Ryan, was used to bring Irish National Army troops around the coast to Fenit, the port of Tralee, in County Kerry.[16] This naval involvement technically preceded the foundation of the Irish state, as at the time Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[15] Built-in 1890 in Dublin Dockyard, the ship measured 262 by 34 feet (80 by 10 m). In all, 450 troops, including officers, were landed. Tralee was later captured from local republican forces.

Muirchú, formerly the British armed steam yacht Helga,[17] which had been used by the Royal Navy to shell Dublin during the 1916 rising, was the only CMS ship during this period. The CMS ship Muirchu continued to patrol Irish fisheries. Muirchu was re-armed in 1936 and purchased by the Irish government on advice of members of the later named Maritime Institute of Ireland for fisheries protection.

In 1938, the United Kingdom handed over the three treaty ports (Cork Harbour, Bere Haven and Lough Swilly). Consequently, the Royal Navy withdrew from Cork Harbour in July 1938. Fort Rannoch was added to the Irish fleet at that time.

Marine and Coastwatching Service

M1 Irish motor torpedo boat

In 1939 the Irish Government ordered two motor torpedo boats (MTBs) from Vosper Thorneycroft.[18] When World War II began in September 1939 the Marine and Coastwatching Service was set up. In order for Ireland to remain neutral, it became clear that a full naval service would be required. The government consequentially ordered an additional four MTBs.[19][20] By the end of 1940 the Irish Marine and Coastwatching Service consisted of six MTBs and four other assorted craft.

During the war the service protected fisheries, regulated merchant ships, and laid mines off Cork and Waterford.

In June 1940, an Irish Marine and Coastwatching Service MTB returned to Haulbowline after making two trips to rescue British and French soldiers during the Dunkirk evacuation.[21]

By 1941 the Marine and Coastwatching Service consisted of 10 craft (6 MTBs plus 4 assorted vessels) and about 300 all ranks. In 1942, the service was renamed the Marine Service.

In September 1946, the Marine Service was formally disbanded and the Naval Service established as a permanent component of the Irish Defence Forces. The Naval Service purchased three Flower-class corvettes from the United Kingdom in 1946 and 1947. The tradition of naming Irish Naval Ships after figures in Celtic mythology began, and the ships were named Cliona, Maev and Macha. These three ships were to become a key part of the Naval Service in the 1950s and 1960s. The first formal training of Irish naval cadets took place at the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, UK, in 1947.[22] In 1970, Cliona and Macha were withdrawn from service and scrapped, leaving Maev as the sole ship in the Naval Service. Maev was withdrawn from service in 1972.[23] In 1971, the Naval Service commissioned three armed Ton-class minesweepers: Grainne, Banba and Fola.

LÉ Deirdre, the first purpose-built ship commissioned by the Irish Naval Service

In 1971, the Naval Service commissioned Verolme Cork Dockyard to build an offshore patrol ship. Named LÉ Deirdre, it was the first naval vessel purpose-built in Ireland to patrol its waters. The exclusive economic zone of Ireland was increased in 1976 from 12 miles (19 km) to 200 miles (320 km). The subsequent strain put on the Naval Service prompted funding from the European Economic Community to acquire five additional vessels, four of which were eventually built. Meanwhile, the former Irish lights vessel Isolda was purchased to act as a training ship, bearing the pennant number A15 and renamed LÉ Setanta (A15). It served until being sold for scrap in 1984. A Danish stern trawler Helen Basse was also leased for a year, serving under the name LÉ Ferdia, pennant number A16.[24]

The 50th anniversary of the Naval Service took place in 1996. Celebrations included a fleet review by President Mary Robinson. In 1999, a new ship LÉ Róisin was delivered to the Naval Service, marking the beginning of a new class of larger patrol vessels followed by LÉ Niamh, commissioned in September 2001 replacing LÉ Deirdre.

LÉ Róisín cruising off the Skellig Islands in 2013

While most missions undertaken by the Naval Service are in Irish waters, on occasion longer missions are undertaken in support of Irish peacekeepers serving with the United Nations, representing Ireland, or in support of Irish trade missions. In 2002, LÉ Niamh delivered supplies to Irish troops in Eritrea, then continued on a trade promotional tour to India, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Korea, and Japan, becoming the first Irish naval vessel to cross the Equator. In 2006 LÉ Eithne travelled to Argentina, attending ceremonies connected with the 149th anniversary of the death of Irish-born Admiral William Brown, founder of the Argentine Navy, and also visited ports in Uruguay and Brazil. In 2010, Niamh travelled to the Americas, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the United States.

In 2010, two new ships were planned for the Naval Service. The first, LÉ Samuel Beckett, was delivered in April 2014 replacing LÉ Emer, and the second, LÉ James Joyce, replaced LÉ Aoife in 2015. The option for a third, LÉ William Butler Yeats, was exercised in June 2014 and commissioned in October 2016.[25][26] The new ships displace over 1,900 tons, have a top speed of 23 knots, a range of 6,000 nautical miles. They are armed with an OTO Melara 76 mm/62, and have a longer deck area that can accommodate deep-sea search-and-rescue submarines and unmanned aircraft.[27]

In May 2015, it was announced that the Naval Service would deploy a ship to the Mediterranean to form part of the EU humanitarian response to the European migrant crisis.[28] The fleet flagship, Eithne, left Cork on 16 May 2015 for an eight-week deployment to the region, during which time the ship picked up a total of 3,377 people in the waters between Libya and Sicily.[29] In July, the mission was extended with the deployment of first, Niamh from July to September, and then Samuel Beckett from September until November.[30][31]

In July 2022, in advance of the proposed arrival of a number of replacement vessels, the fleet's three oldest vessels (Eithne, Orla, Ciara) were decommissioned.[5]

Organisation

Main article: Structure of the Irish Defence Forces
Flag Officer Commanding the Naval Service (FOCNS) Commodore Michael Malone

The Naval Service is headed by Flag Officer Commanding the Naval Service (FOCNS) Commodore Michael Malone who is based at Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in Naval Base Haulbowline. NHQ oversees all aspects of the Naval Service, with a number of commands under it: Naval Operations Command (NOC) and Naval Support Command (NSC). The Naval College, like the DFTC is of an equal footing with the two commands, with all three headed by an officer commanding who report directly to the FOCNS of NHQ. Commodore Malone is the first marine engineer to be appointed as FOCNS, his prior appointment was as Officer Commanding Naval Support Command (OCNSC).

Main article: Naval Operations Command (Ireland)

Naval Operations Command is the principal command component of the Irish Naval Service responsible for all day-to-day activities of the service, both at sea and on shore. One of three major command components of the NS this command is responsible for overseeing the work and mission objectives of all Irish naval vessels at sea who report directly to Naval Operations Command at Naval Base Haulbowline. The command is a direct subordinate to NHQ and is overseen by Officer Commanding Naval Operations Command (OCNOC). The OCNOC reports directly to the head of the Irish Naval Service, the FOCNS.

Main article: Naval Support Command (Ireland)

Naval Support Command oversees the personnel, logistical and technical resources of the NS, allowing the service to meets its operational and training commitments. Ship procurement, maintenance, repair, provisions, ordnance, food, fuel, personnel and transportation are handled by Naval Support Command. Naval Support Command is headed by Officer Commanding Naval Support Command and reports directly to the FOCNS.

Main article: Naval College (Ireland)

The Naval College is the principal naval military college in Ireland providing training to cadets, NCO's and recruits of the Irish Naval Service. The Naval College trains and educates personnel for service, providing a mixture of different courses ranging from officer training right through to Naval Engineering. The Naval College is based out of the Naval Service's headquarters at Naval Base Haulbowline but also provides classes and lessons in non-military naval training at the nearby National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI) in Ringaskiddy.[32]

The Naval College contains a number of schools providing specialist courses including the Officer Training School, the Military and Naval Operational Training School and the School of Naval Engineering. The Officer Commanding Naval College reports directly to the FOCNS.

Specialist units

The Naval Service has a number of specialist units that handle unique and varied tasks within the service.

Diving Section

Members of the Naval Service Diving Section
Main article: Naval Service Diving Section

The Naval Service Diving Section (NSDS) (Irish: Rannóg Tumadóireachta na Seirbháse Cabhlaigh), formally part of NOC's shore operations section, is a specialist unit of the Irish Naval Service, a branch of the Defence Forces, the military of Ireland. The Naval Service Diving Section specialises in underwater diving tasks for the Naval Service, and since its formation in 1964 has become Ireland's most advanced diving team, aiding other state agencies in various specialist roles.[33]

Various mission roles of the NSDS include search and recovery, underwater survey, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) underwater engineering and military diving training. They have conducted combat diving training for Army Ranger Wing members after selecting combat diving as a speciality.[34]

The Naval Intelligence Cell, part of the NOC's Intelligence and Fisheries Section, is responsible for the collection, collation and dissemination of naval intelligence and is the naval component of the Defence Forces' Directorate of Military Intelligence.[35]

Fishery Monitoring Centre

The Fishery Monitoring Centre, part of the NOC's Intelligence and Fisheries Section, oversees the identification, monitoring and surveillance of fisheries vessels in Irish waters as part of the Vessel Monitoring System. The Fishery Monitoring Centre coordinates with fisheries agencies in other countries.[36]

Roles and capabilities

The Naval Service's military roles and the functions it carries out are more those of a coast guard rather than that of a conventional navy.[37] Lacking both anti-submarine and anti-aircraft capabilities, and without standoff weapons such as surface-to-surface missiles, the Naval Service's ability to control Ireland's territorial waters and provide close naval support is extremely limited.[original research?] Sea lift is also limited and ad hoc.[citation needed] The Naval Service's non-military capabilities in aid to the civil power and other government departments is fishery protection, search and rescue, drugs interdiction and dive support.

Irish territorial waters and EEZ

Since the 1960s Ireland has seen its jurisdiction over the North Atlantic extend from 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (pre-1967) to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) (pre-1990s). This was increased to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) again in 1994 when the introduction of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) gave approval to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This convention grants the state sovereign rights over the seabed, its subsoil and the water adjacent to the seabed within the 200 nautical mile limit.

Negotiations are taking place that could see the influence of coastal states extended beyond the 200 nautical miles of EEZs.[citation needed] Part VI of UNCLOS concerns a coastal state's continental shelf out to 350 nautical miles (650 km; 400 mi) from the coastline. In 2007, Ireland became the first country to gain approval for the extension of its continental shelf, to the west of the island, and now has responsibility for an area of some 141,000 square nautical miles (480,000 km2; 187,000 sq mi) – an increase of 100 per cent.[citation needed]

Among the tasks mandated to the NSDS include the following;[33]

  • Search and recovery
  • Underwater survey
  • Explosive ordnance disposal
  • Underwater engineering
  • Military diving training

EU Navfor Med

In July 2017, the Irish government agreed to allowing the Naval Service to join other EU member state navies in Operation Sophia (the EU operation focused on refugee smuggling in the Mediterranean).[38] Since 2015 the Irish Navy has had bilateral agreement called Operation Pontus with the Italian Navy in regards to Mediterranean search and rescue operations.[39] In order for Ireland to join the mission it required the passing of the so-called "triple lock system". This requires cabinet, Dáil and UN approval.[40] In its previous stance the Irish Navy was limited in its remit and sourcing of intelligence due to its lack of participation in EU Navfor Med. There was also a lack of force protection in the event of an attack on Irish vessels but this changed with the go-ahead for EU participation.[39]

Assets

Until 2014, all Naval Service vessels had been named with (mainly female) names taken from Celtic mythology and Irish folklore. However, the four newest in the fleet, LÉ Samuel Beckett (commissioned 17 May 2014), LÉ James Joyce (commissioned in September 2015), LÉ William Butler Yeats (commissioned 17 October 2016) and LÉ George Bernard Shaw (commissioned 30 April 2019) take their names from Irish literary figures. The ship prefix LÉ stands for Long Éireannach, "Irish Ship" in the Irish language.

Current fleet

Sorted by tonnage.

Class Picture Type Ships No. Comm. Displacement Note
Patrol vessels
Samuel Beckett class LÉ Samuel Beckett (P61) Offshore patrol vessel (OPV) LÉ Samuel Beckett P61 2014 2,256 tonnes
LÉ James Joyce P62 2015 In reserve since August 2023 [41]
LÉ William Butler Yeats P63 2016
LÉ George Bernard Shaw P64 2019[42] In reserve since August 2023 [41]
Róisín class LÉ Niamh (P52) Large patrol vessel (LPV) LÉ Róisín P51 1999 1,500 tonnes In reserve as of January 2023.[43]
LÉ Niamh P52 2001 In reserve since January 2023.[43]
Lake class LÉ Aoibhinn (P71) Inshore patrol vessel (IPV) LÉ Aoibhinn P71 2024[44] 340 tonnes Undertaking "Maritime Defence and Security Operations" in July 2024[45]
LÉ Gobnait P72 2024[44]

Other assets

The Naval Service also operates smaller training vessels and rigid-hulled inflatable boats.

Air assets to support naval patrols are provided by the Air Corps with their two CASA CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft and AW139 helicopters operated from Casement Aerodrome, Baldonnel, County Dublin.

In July 2015, the Irish Naval Service began using an Irish-based satellite communications system for its fleet, with new systems and equipment installed on all vessels. The Irish National Space Centre (NSC) at Elfordstown, Midleton, County Cork, and County Wicklow based company Voyager IP provided the contract.[46]

Acquisitions and future

In October 2010, contracts were signed for two new "offshore patrol vessels" (OPVs). The contract provided an option for a third vessel – which was later taken-up. A fourth vessel in the same class was ordered in June 2016.[47] Constructed by Babcock Marine in the UK to VARD Marine's PV90 design, the first ship, Samuel Beckett, was delivered in May 2014. The second ship, James Joyce, was delivered in 2015.[48] The third, William Butler Yeats, was floated out in March 2016 and delivered later that summer.[25] A fourth, named George Bernard Shaw, was delivered in late 2018, and commissioned in April 2019.[42] These Samuel Beckett-class OPVs replace the older vessel classes, such as the Emer class.

A number of these purchases were informed by a Whitepaper on Defence which expected acquisition of three new naval vessels over 10 years from 2015 to 2025.[49] As well as the acquired and ordered OPVs, the whitepaper covered a multi-role vessel (MRV) – which would be potentially enabled for helicopter operations and have a freight carrying capacity – to replace the flagship LÉ Eithne.[49]

In 2017, a delegation of Department of Defence (DoD) officials and members of the Defence Forces visited New Zealand to inspect the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) multi-role vessel HMNZS Canterbury; it was suggested that a vessel of this type, capable of accommodating and deploying a full infantry company either by landing craft or helicopter, and with a fully equipped hospital, was what the Defence Forces were looking for, for the type of military and humanitarian missions undertaken by Ireland.[50] Plans expected that LÉ Ciara and LÉ Orla be replaced with similar vessels,[49] but with counter-mine and counter-IED capabilities.[51] In August 2021, the Irish Examiner reported that the DoD was considering acquiring two former RNZN Lake-class inshore patrol vessels. If acquired, it was speculated that these vessels would be based on the east coast and operate mainly in the Irish Sea with the primary role of fisheries protection in light of Brexit.[52] By March 2022, the DoD had confirmed the acquisition of two such retired RNZN vessels, HMNZS Rotoiti and HMNZS Pukaki, for €26 million. The ships are due be transported from New Zealand to Ireland in 2023. The two vessels are intended to replace LÉ Orla and LÉ Ciara and reportedly require less crew to operate.[53]

Decommissioned

Badges of various decommissioned INS ships, National Maritime Museum of Ireland
The Irish naval jack flying from the bow of LÉ Aoife while docked in Dublin

The following vessels have served in the service's fleet:[54]

Weapons

Name Origin Type Caliber Photo Notes
Pistol
Heckler & Koch USP  Germany Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Standard service pistol[55]
Assault rifle
Steyr AUG  Austria Assault rifle 5.56×45mm Standard service rifle since 1989
Battle rifle
FN FAL  Belgium Battle rifle 7.62×51mm Only used for line throwing
Machine gun
FN MAG  Belgium Machine gun 7.62×51mm Fitted onboard Naval Service ships for close range weapons support and anti-air point defence. Can also be mounted on RHIBs
M2 Browning .50 heavy machine gun (HMG)  United States Machine gun 12.7×99mm (.50) Fitted onboard Naval Service ships for close range weapons support and anti-air point defence
Autocannon
Rheinmetall Rh 202  Germany Autocannon 20×139mm Fitted onboard all Naval Service ships for close range weapons support and anti-air point defence
Naval gun
OTO Melara 76 mm  Italy Autocannon 76×900mmR Main weapon mounted onboard LÉ Róisín, LÉ Niamh, LÉ Samuel Beckett, LÉ James Joyce, LÉ William Butler Yeats and LÉ George Bernard Shaw

Personnel and ranks

Main article: Irish Defence Forces rank insignia

As of May 2016, there were 1,094 personnel of all ranks in the Naval Service,[3] plus approximately 150 in the Naval Service Reserve.[56] The Naval Service is headed by a general officer commanding (GOC) known as the "flag officer commanding the naval service" (FOCNS), who holds the rank of commodore.[57] Non-military training takes place alongside Mercantile Marine personnel at the National Maritime College of Ireland in Ringaskiddy, near to the Haulbowline base.[58]

Irish Naval Service commissioned ranks

Equivalent NATO code OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D)
Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Irish Leas-Aimiréal Seachaimiréal Ceannasóir Captaen Ceannasaí Leifteanant-Cheannasaí Leifteanant Fo-Leifteanant Meirgire Dalta
English Vice admiral Rear admiral Commodore Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Sub lieutenant Ensign Officer cadet

Irish Naval Service warrant officers

Equivalent NATO code OR-9
Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Executive
Administrative
Engineering
Communications
Irish Oifigeach Barántais
English Warrant officer

Irish Naval Service enlisted ranks

Equivalent NATO code OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Republic of Ireland
Ireland 		No insignia
Irish Ard-Mhion-Oifigeach Sinsearach Ard-Mhion-Oifigeach Mion-Oifigeach Sinsearach Mion-Oifigeach Mairnéalach Ceannais Mairnéalach Inniúil Mairnéalach Earcach
English Senior chief petty officer Chief petty officer Senior petty officer Petty officer Leading seaman Able seaman Ordinary seaman Recruit

See also

Footnotes

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  3. ^ a b "Defence Forces Strength (Dáil Éireann Debate – Tuesday, 21 June 2016 – Vol. 914 No. 1)". Dáil Éireann Hansard. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  4. ^ "Written Answers: Department of Defence". Dáil Éireann Hansard. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Irish Navy decommissions a third of its fleet". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  6. ^ "Info Centre > General staff > Brigade commanders > FOC Naval Service". Defence Forces Ireland. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  7. ^ The Irish Defence Forces are made up of the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF) – the standing branches – and the Reserve Defence Forces (RDF). The Naval Service is part of the PDF.
  8. ^ "History of the Naval Service". Official Defence Forces website. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  9. ^ "Roles of the Naval Service – Fisheries Monitoring Centre". Official Defence Forces website. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  10. ^ "Military.ie – Naval Service – History". Official Defence Forces website. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2014. (1999–2001) "Fishery Protection played an important role in the Service's day-to-day operations" (2002–present) ".. addition to the Naval Service's increasing fishery protection output ..
  11. ^ "Press Release – Naming and Commissioning Ceremonies for new Naval Service Vessel LÉ Samuel Beckett". MerrionStreet.ie Irish Government News Service. 17 May 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014. The [newest fleet addition] will be used mainly for fishery protection patrols
  12. ^ "Submission on Defence Green Paper: Towards an Efficient and Effective Fisheries Protection Partnership". The Sea-Fisheries Protection Authority. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  13. ^ "Casting the Net" (PDF). Signal. No. Spring 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
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  15. ^ a b Articles of Agreement between Great Britain and Ireland, 6 December 1921 (Irish Free State established pursuant thereto on 6 December 1922)
  16. ^ Bourke, Dr Edward. "Early Irish Free State Naval Activity". lugnad.ie. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  17. ^ "History of the Maritime Institute of Ireland – Page 2". Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
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  20. ^ Donal MacCarron (2012). The Irish Defence Forces since 1922. Bloomsbury. p. 19. ISBN 9781780963938. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2017. [The] Marine Service in 1939 bought six Vosper motor torpedo boats
  21. ^ "Price of fighting in the second World War". The Irish Times. Dublin. 6 November 2010. ISSN 0791-5144. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020. The [motor torpedo boat] crew made two trips across the English Channel, rescuing French and British soldiers
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  23. ^ RTÉ documentary: "The Navy"
  24. ^ "Ships – history" Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Irish Defence Forces website
  25. ^ a b "Government to purchase third new Naval Service ship". The Irish Times. Dublin. 9 June 2014. ISSN 0791-5144. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  26. ^ "LÉ William Butler Yeats formally enters service". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  27. ^ Sean O'Riordan (24 May 2012). "Navy ships to carry deep sea robot subs". Irish Examiner. Cork. ISSN 1393-9564. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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  29. ^ "Minister for Defence, Simon Coveney, T.D. welcomes the return of the L.É. Eithne and the arrival of L.É. James Joyce to Cork". defence.ie. Department of Defence. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  30. ^ "Naval vessel L.É. Niamh departs Cork to assist in the Humanitarian Crisis in the Mediterranean". defence.ie. Department of Defence. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
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  32. ^ "Irish Naval Service Course Details". National Maritime College of Ireland. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
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  34. ^ "Special Operations' Irish Army Rangers Combat Diving Page". Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  35. ^ "Naval Operations Command". Irish Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  36. ^ "Fisheries Monitoring Centre". Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  37. ^ MacCarron (2004), p.37
  38. ^ "Concern as Cabinet approves Irish Navy role in EU military operation". The Irish Times. Dublin. 11 July 2017. ISSN 0791-5144. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
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  40. ^ "Press Release – Minister Kehoe Secures Dáil Approval For Deployment of Defence Forces To Eu Naval Mission, Operation Sophia". defence.ie. Department of Defence. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  41. ^ a b Gallagher, Conor (23 August 2023). "Naval Service left with two ships to patrol Irish waters due to manpower crisis". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
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  43. ^ a b O'Connor, Niall (25 January 2023). "Two naval ships to be tied up as staffing crisis deepens in Irish Navy". thejournal.ie. Journal Media Ltd. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  44. ^ a b "Two inshore patrol vessels commissioned in Haulbowline". RTÉ News. 4 September 2024.
  45. ^ @naval_service (26 July 2024). "LÉ Aoibhinn (#P71) on Maritime Defence and Security Operations off the East Coast, passing the Arklow Bank Wind Farm" – via Instagram.
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  53. ^ "Announcement of the purchase of two Inshore Patrol Vessels (IPVs) from the New Zealand Government". gov.ie. Department of Defence. 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
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