Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio
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Company type | State-owned |
---|---|
Industry | Mining |
Predecessor | YCF |
Founded | 1994 |
Headquarters | , |
Area served | Argentina |
Key people | Thierry Decoud (Controller)[1] |
Services | Coal mining |
Owner | Government of Argentina |
Parent | Ministry of Economy[2] |
Divisions | Rio Turbio Railway |
Website | ycrt.gob.ar |
Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio (English: Rio Turbio Coal Mines, abbrevriated YCRT) is an Argentine coal mining company created in 1994 to replace Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales, along with the privatization of many other state-owned enterprises, the trademark of the national administration of the time. It was created to extract, ship and sell the coal from Rio Turbio and its coal basin. It is the only coal mine in all of Argentina and a geopolitical key are, since it is located in the south west extreme of the country, one of the furthest south settlements of the country.
YCRT runs the Río Turbio coal mine, in the southern province of Santa Cruz, along the Andes border with Chile. It also has a rail line connecting to the Punta Loyola port, a 25 MW power station for internal use, and a 240 MW thermal power station (under construction) linked to the Argentinian Interconnection.
It was a privately managed company between 1994 and 2002, when the government intervened it because of a bankruptcy claim.[3] The current state-designated comptroller who runs the company is Germán Arribas.[4] Despite being under public administration since 2002, it still has a legal form of Sociedad Anónima.[5]
It is expected that during 2002 the 240 MW thermal power plant will be finally completed and start providing energy to the country.
History
[edit]Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Viejo_muelle%2C_costanera_de_R%C3%ADo_Gallegos%2C_Santa_Crruz%2C_Argentina_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Viejo_muelle%2C_costanera_de_R%C3%ADo_Gallegos%2C_Santa_Crruz%2C_Argentina_-_panoramio.jpg)
Carbon mining began in the 1940s in Argentina, ran by the national oil company, YPF.[6]
In August 1958 Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales was created, with the mission of running the country mines. It was a spin-off of the Mineral Carbon division of YPF. The company was launched including extraction facilities, sewage treatment, a railway, a port terminal in Rio Gallegos, and a fleet of three ships.[6]
In the midst of an energy crisis in the country, and with the difficulties for importing coal caused by the world wars, the country favored the development of national coal mines.
The company found trouble selling its production (selling an average of just 76.4% of its production between 195 and 1990), caused by a lack of interest of carbon as a power source.[6] By the 1990s it was highly unprofitable, so YCF was (as many other public companies at that time) privatized.
Privatization and creation of YCRT
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Villa_minera_de_R%C3%ADo_Turbio%2C_Santa_Cruz%2C_Argentina.jpg/220px-Villa_minera_de_R%C3%ADo_Turbio%2C_Santa_Cruz%2C_Argentina.jpg)
In 1993, then-president Carlos Menem issued the 988 act, which mandated the privatization of YCF through a concession, for a maximum period of 20 years.[7][6]
Prior to granting the company in concession, the State executed a rationalization plan for it, including workforce reduction, liquidation of assets, and the transfer to the Santa Cruz province state of several public services previously offered by YCF.[6][7]
The privatization would become effective a year later, when a consortium led by the Taselli Group (which came to be a big group at that time, winning the bids for several privatization, that would years later lose) won a public bid for YCF, changing it denomination to YCRT S.A.. This consortium included several companies, such as "Dragados y Obras Portuarias SA" (DyOPSA), Eleprint S.A., IATE S.A., and the union (Argentine Federation of Light and Energy Union Workers (Spanish: Federación Argentina de Trabajadores de Luz y Fuerza, FATLyF). It also had technical assessment from Skoda, with no equity participation for the Czech company.[8][6]
In the privatization contract, a public subsidy of 22.5 million pesos (equivalent to US$22.5 million at that time) was granted for the first 10 years of private operation. Also, the new private company received a new coal contract with the thermal power station of San Nicolás (by then, run by Agua y Energía Eléctrica, a public energy company, it would be later sold to AES Corporation) that mandated the power station to buy coal from Rio Turbio at a 20% higher mark than the international price.[6][9] This was the only power plant in Argentina relying on coal as fuel, all the other thermal plants used oil and gas.[10]
Still, the Taselli group didn't manage to comply with the minimum production rate, neither with the required investment levels. During the time it managed the company, there were layoffs, YCRT machinery was illegally transferred to other companies of the group, and the subsidies also rerouted to other companies (primarily Parmalat).[11][12]
In August 2001, the government stopped the subsidy and the San Nicolás power plant halted its coal purchases. In January 2002, the Taselli group abandoned the company, which in May declared insolvency procedures. For this actions, Sergio Taselli, the businessman behind the Taselli group went to trial, under the alleged crime of fraudulent administration with the aggravating circumstance of being committed to the detriment of the State or public administration.[12]
Back to public administration
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Interior_rio_turbio.jpg/220px-Interior_rio_turbio.jpg)
In 2002, then-interim president Eduardo Duhalde decided to intervene the company with the 1034/2002 act, becoming the first privatized company back to public administration.[3][9] Despite receiving an abandoned company, lacking a public company legal entity or even statutes that defined the operation and structure of the company, it was decided that the company would still operate, and Eduardo Arnold was named by the state as comptroller.[5][6][13] This decision to keeping open the run-down company was taken because it is the main economic activity of the Rio Turbio area.[5]
In 2004, there a was a fire followed by a collapse in the mine. 14 miners died. The incident happened during a shift change, and started in a conveyor belt. High levels of Carbon monoxide were registered, fueled by a big number of plastics and rubber objects burning.[14][15] ATE, a public workers union in Argentina, described the fire as "a latent danger we have been reporting for years" and questioned "the lack of alarm systems and sensors for the conveyer belt, which never worked at the moment of the fire", blaming the accident on the lack of investment and control from the central government.[16][17]
The "Work Risks Superintendence" (Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo) reported that the Río Turbio mine showed an accident rate that doubled the mining sector average.[16] According to the criminal investigation, the worker responsible for the safety where the fire started had been laid off before the incident.[11]
After the incident, then-controller Esteban Loncaric resigned and the government designated Daniel Peralta (who would later become governor of the province) in his place.[18][17]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/R%C3%ADo_Turbio-CTJ-IMG_7602.jpg/220px-R%C3%ADo_Turbio-CTJ-IMG_7602.jpg)
In December 2004, the Ministry of Federal Planning (headed by Julio de Vido) announced the construction of a 35 MW thermal power station, a 40 million dollars investment. It would be built by Skoda.[6][19]
In 2006, Julio de Vido announced the construction of a 240 MW thermal power station in Rio Turbio, aimed not only for energy generation, but also for demand creation for the mine's coal. It was then announced that the works would last three and a half-years (finishing in 2011), 1400 jobs would be created, and the energy would be turned over to the national interconnection for its use in the whole country.[20][21][22]
This new power plant would demand 1.2 million tonnes of coal a year, which would be a powerful incentive for increasing the mine production. It would also be able to process the coal without having to purify it.[23] During the construction, several changes to the works were approved, which caused several delays.[5] It would be built by Isolux Corsan, after outbiding a consortium formed by Roggio Group and Skoda in a public tender. The winning company and its management is under investigation by the Spanish Justice for bribery in the Rio Turbio case.[24]
In September 2015, the ignition process for the first module of the power plant began, using fuel oil. This process was estimated to last 12 months, but was interrupted two months later, in November 2015.[5]
Also in September 2015, then-president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner carried out a symbolic start-up of a turbine at the plant for its inauguration.[25][26] The second turbine was still under construction, therefore the power plant was still not finished, producing only 23 of the 240 MW it was designed for.[27][28][29] The total investment in the power plant accumulated US$700 million as 2015.[30][31][32][33]
Attempt of creation of a new public company
[edit]YCRT S.A. is, since 2002, in a precarious legal status, being intervened (administrated) by the government while still being a sociedad anónima. The company does not have the legal entity type of a state-owned enterprise, neither an organic law that establishes its internal structure, what would bring certainty and transparence to the operation.[5] This kind of state-intervention in Argentina is, by nature, only temporary, with the mission to regularizing an anomalous situation within a company.[5][34]
With this concern, in November 2015, months before a new government took office, the Argentine Chamber of Deputies approved a bill to create a new state-owned company, called Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales Sociedad del Estado (YCFSE), that would control the mine, the rail and port, and the Río Turbio Power Plant.[35]
The billed was blocked in the Argentine Senate due to not accomplishing quorum.[36] A new was tried in 2016, but was also unsuccessful.[37]
YCRT Today
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R%C3%ADo_Turbio-CTJ-IMG_7603.jpg/220px-R%C3%ADo_Turbio-CTJ-IMG_7603.jpg)
In December 2015, the Mauricio Macri government took office, with a strong promise to eradicate corruption. In February 2016, it ordered an Audit on the Río Turbio thermal power plant to be made by the Sindicatura General de la Nación, halting works in the middletime.[38][39] This also happened to other public works on that year, under presumptions of generalized corruption during the Kirchner administration.[40]
By then, the power plant had a completed turbine, and a second turbine with "a between 17 and 25% of remaining works to completion" as stated by the Rio Turbio city Intendant , who would later be detained for alleged corruption in the power plant works.[38][41]
The audit led to 13 criminal cases for corruption.[42][43][44] This audit was criticized by unions, who claimed it had halted the mine activity for too long.[45]
By 2016, 470 miners had dismissal telegrams sent to, of which 270 accepted voluntary retirement agreements.[38] It was calculated that by this year, 2500 people had left town in the mine influence area.[46]
In July 2017, some miners claimed that the company was a possible company lockout taking place.[47]
In October 2017, former minister Julio de Vido was detained (after a desafuero process to remove his Deputy immunity privileges) charged with fraudulent administration of Rio Turbio for the amount of 265 million pesos. Roberto Baratta, a union president, was also jailed on these charges.[48][49][50][51]
In March 2018, the construction contract with Isolux for the power plant was cancelled, due to company-side breach of contract. This was based on several breaches, including delays, lack of preservation of the structure integrity, losing manufacturer guarantee in several components caused by delays, among others.[52][53][38] The construction company was on insolvency claims at that time, having abandoned other public works in the country, as Paseo del Bajo for instance. No other company took on the power plant construction since then.[54][55] By this moment, 1607 million dollars had been spent on the construction of the power plant.[55]
Juan Carlos Lascurain, former president of the Argentine Industrial Union was jailed in March 2018 for alleged irregularities in the YCRT renovation projects.[56]
In the first months of 2019, the port of Punta Loyola began operating again.[57] YCRT made its first export in six years from this facility, a 25 thousand tons of coal shipment sent to Brazil.[58] Contracts to provide coal to Lime kilns in San Juan and Mendoza were signed. The mine went back to producing coal regularly for the first time in ten years, producing 30 thousand tonnes a month.[59]
By the end of the Omar Zeidán administration as a state-appointed comptroller, 79 workers had been laid off and 500 took voluntary retirements.[60] At this time, the company had an operational income of 43 million pesos against a 2338 million operational expenditure.[26]
In 2020, while the new Alberto Fernández government took office, Aníbal Fernández was appointed as comptroller (interventor) for YCRT.[4][61] 20 days after that, 417 workers appointed by the previous administration were laid off. In words of Anibal Fernandez, those were not layoffs but reversals of wrong hires. The laid off workers had no support from the unions.[62][63]
The new government indicated its will to finish construction of the power plant and making the company more productive. They marked as issues the six-hours shifts and many holidays, elements mandated by unions on which the mine operates.[64] In June 2020, a spill of over 2,000 and 3,000 litres of oil over the Primavera river was caused by the freezing and breakage of pipes in the internal power station of the mine. This incident was reported to the Santa Cruz environment agency by the "Luz y Fuerza" union.[65][66]
Industrial Rail Line
[edit]The mine has its own industrial rail line for coal transport to the Punta Loyola port, a 285 kilometres (177 mi) long route. It is the southernmost narrow gauge (750 mm) railway still in operation in the world.[67]
It was inaugurated in 1951, both for passengers and cargo use and, after almost being closed in the 1990s, it is now operated only for cargo transport.[67]
In the last years, refurbished locomotives and switchers of soviet and Romanian origin were purchased, as well as freight cars built by EMEPA.[68]
Technical specifications
[edit]The Rio Turbio coal deposit is considered an extension of the Loreto Formation in the Magallanes Basin.[23][69] The Rio Turbio Formation age is discussed but it is believed that it was formed in the Eocene.[70][71] It has an estimated 750,000,000 tones reserves.[69]
The mine produces Sub-bituminous coal.[69] It has five coal-bearing units (mantos), divided in two carbonaceous complexes: Manto inferior (lowermost) and Manto Superior (forming the lowermost complex), and the uppermost complex formed by the Manto B, Manto A and the Manto Dorotea (uppermost). This last one is the only unit being mined at present.[23][72] The Dorotea unit is believed to have 26,466,682 tones of exploitable reserves.[5]
The mine has the following characteristics:[72][69]
Component | Value |
---|---|
Moisture % | 7,65 |
Volatile matter % | 42,37 |
Fixed carbon % | 37,93 |
Ash % | 12,05 |
Calorific power (kcal/kg) | 5790 |
Methane Emission factor (CH4 m3/ coal t) | 0,8 – 1,2 |
Production
[edit]The mine uses the long walls mining method with controlled explosions.[23][5]
The operation has two stages: the first one, in the interior of the mine, where galleries are prepared and the coal is extracted; and a second one, outside the mine, where the coal is washed and purified. Residue accounts for about 50% of the extracted mineral, which needs to be washed in order to be used as fuel.[73]
During the washing, residues as clay and sandstone are eliminated. Then, the washed coal is milled and treated with a dense solution with suspended magnetite.[73] This way, residual clay can be separated from the fine coal through decantation.[73]
Residues from the washing (which are called "sterile") are sent to the treatment plant of the mine, where they precipitate and separate from water through a leveled drain. Effluent water from the treatment plant is discharged into the San José creek, and solid residue is sent via conveyor belt to a "sterile pile" where it is accumulated.[73]
The sterile pile has been accumulating residues for over 30 years, presenting a serious environmental hazard due to its close location to the San José creek.[74][73]
The coal is then transported via rail to Punta Loyola, a 285 kilometres (177 mi) long route that takes 8 hours, and then sent via ship to Buenos Aires.[23] Some of the coal is also used in the Santa Cruz province for heating.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ YCRT: Vidal juntó a intendentes de la Cuenca ante las autoridades de Energía on Government of Santa Cruz, 20 Mar 2024
- ^ Ministerio de Economía. Secretaria de Energía. Intervención Decreto N° 119/2020 on YCRT.gob.ar
- ^ a b Duhalde, Eduardo (14 June 2002). "Decreto 1034/2002" [1034/2002 Act]. Argentina Executive (Poder Ejecutivo de la Argentina).
- ^ a b "Aníbal Fernández fue designado como interventor en Yacimiento Carbonífero de Río Turbio" [Aníbal Fernández designated as manager in Yacimiento Carbonífero de Río Turbio]. Página 12. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Proyecto N° 1220571: Yacimiento Carbonífero de Rio Turbio | Período auditado 1 January 2013 – 31 December 2014 [Project #1220571: Rio Turbio Coal Mines | Audited period: January 2013 to December 2014] (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Auditoría General de la Nación. 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nahón, Carolina (April 2005). "La privatización de Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales: ¿negocios privados = subsidios y (des) control público?" [The Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales privatization: private business = subsidies and public (un)control?] (PDF). Realidad Económica. 205. Buenos Aires: Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo Económico (IADE). ISSN 2545-708X.
- ^ a b Menem, Carlos Saúl; Cavallo, Domingo (7 May 1993). "DECRETO N° 988/93". Official bulletin of Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Argentina Executive. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Menem, Carlos Saúl; Cavallo, Domingo (17 June 1994). "DECRETO N° 979/1994". Official bulletin of Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Argentina Executive. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b Clarín.com (14 July 2002). "Tocando el viento: la saga de YCF". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Brooks, William E.; Finkelman, Robert B.; Willett, Jason C.; Torres, Ivette E. (2006). "World Coal Quality Inventory: Argentina" (PDF). World Coal Quality Inventory: South America. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
- ^ a b "Cuadernos de las coimas K: el empresario Sergio Taselli quedó detenido por orden del juez Claudio Bonadio". Infobae (in Spanish). 21 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Procesaron al empresario Taselli por defraudación en la mina de Río Turbio". Clarín (in Spanish). 29 November 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Hirsch, Gustavo (25 May 2003). "KIRCHNER ABRE JUEGO A OPOSITORES EN SEGUNDA LÍNEA DE GABINETE". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Arias, Mariela (16 June 2004). "Río Turbio: murieron 4 mineros y hay 10 atrapados" [Conmotion in Santa Cruz: 4 miners died and 10 are still trapped]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Una trampa mortal en el socavón" [A deadly trap in the sinkhole]. Página 12 (in Spanish). 16 June 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b Carbajal, Mariana (17 June 2004). "Llega la hora de investigar la tragedia" [The time to investigate the tragedy comes]. Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b Carbón: combustible para el cambio climático [Coal: fuel for climate change] (PDF) (in Spanish). Greenpeace.
- ^ Kirchner, Néstor; de Vido, Julio (28 June 2004). "Decreto 810/2004". Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina (in Spanish). Argentina Executive. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Inversión en Río Turbio". Ámbito Financiero. 14 December 2004.
- ^ "Construirán una central termoeléctrica en Río Turbio" [A thermal power plant will be built in Rio Turbio]. Casa Rosada (in Spanish). Argentina Executive. 14 December 2007.
- ^ "Construirán una central termoeléctrica en Río Turbio" [Event at Casa Rosada: A thermal power station will be built in Rio Turbio]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Construirán una central termoeléctrica en Río Turbio" [A thermal power station will be built in Rio Turbio]. Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Castro, Liliana. "Los depósitos de carbón de Argentina y Chile: Importancia en la matriz energética y alternativas de uso". Geotemas (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "La Fiscalía se querella contra Isolux y su cúpula supuestos pagos en Argentina" [Anti-Corruption prosecutor office presents a claim against Isolux and its management for the alleged payment of bribes in Argentina]. La Vanguardia (in European Spanish). Spain. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Cristina: "Río Turbio es más energía para los argentinos" [Cristina: "Rio Turbio means more energy for argentinians"]. Télam (in Spanish). 4 September 2015.
- ^ a b Cabot, Diego (30 January 2020). "Río Turbio, un reducto de negocios oscuros con un presupuesto millonario" [Río Turbio, a stronghold of dark businesses with a millionaire budget]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Cué, Carlos (15 October 2015). "Río Turbio, la joya de un Gobierno argentino que no repara en gastos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid.
- ^ "Nuevo acto político de la presidenta en Río Turbio y la mentira de una usina que deben mostrar "en marcha". OPI Santa Cruz (in Spanish). 3 September 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Cristina desmintió una nota de Clarín y aclaró datos sobre la Central Termoeléctrica de Río Turbio". Télam (in Spanish). 4 September 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Cristina inauguró la central termoeléctrica de Río Turbio". El Patagónico (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Río Turbio calienta calderas" [Río Turbio warms up boilers]. Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Cabot, Diego; Arias, Mariela (8 February 2016). "Río Turbio, otro ícono kirchnerista paralizado por la corrupción" [Río Turbio, another kirchnerist icon halted by corruption]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Cappiello, Hernán (10 June 2020). "Acusan en España a exdirectivos de Isolux de pagar coimas en la Argentina" [Isolux former managers accused in Spain of bribery in Argentina]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Ley 19.550" [19550 Act]. servicios.infoleg.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Debaten proyecto para crear la empresa estatal Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales". Télam (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "yacimientos carboníferos fiscales – NCN" (in Spanish). 9 December 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Avanza en el Senado el proyecto para reeditar Yacimientos Carboníferos Fiscales – Parlamentario" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d Krakowiak, Fernando (6 March 2018). "Río Turbio sin avances | Ponen fin al contrato con Isolux Corsá". Página 12 (in Spanish).
- ^ Arias, Mariela (2 February 2016). "YCRT: prometen realizar una auditoría a fondo de la empresa". La Nación (in Spanish).
- ^ Ruiz, Iván (26 January 2016). "Revisan las licitaciones de obra pública para destrabar los fondos". La Nación (in Spanish).
- ^ "Página/12 :: Economía :: Obras paralizadas en Río Turbio". Página 12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Suman trece las causas por el manejo del Yacimiento de Río Turbio". Télam. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Río Turbio: Todas las causas penales – Mining Press". miningpress.com (in Spanish). 24 November 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Salinas, Lucía (29 October 2016). "Río Turbio: dura auditoría de la Sigen sobre una obra de $ 26.000 millones". Clarín (in Spanish).
- ^ "Gremios de la cuenca se reunieron con legisladores". Tiempo Sur (in Spanish). Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz. 12 October 2016.
- ^ Salinas, Lucía (28 November 2016). "Río Turbio: La ilusión patagónica que se convirtió en pueblo fantasma" [Río Turbio: The patagonian illusion that turned into a ghost town]. Clarín (in Spanish).
- ^ "Trabajador advirtió que YCRT está en etapa de vaciamiento". Tiempo Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Devanna, Cecilia (9 July 2017). "Cómo funcionaba el desvío de fondos de De Vido y Baratta en Yacimiento Río Turbio" [How the De Vido and Baratta embezzlement worked in Yacimiento Río Turbio]. Perfil (in Spanish). Buenos Aires.
- ^ "El fiscal Moldes pidió el desafuero y detención de De Vido por supuesto fraude en Río Turbio" [Prosecutor Moldes ask for the desafuero and detain of De Vido on charges of alleged fraud in Río Turbio]. Télam (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Cappiello, Hernán (26 October 2017). "De Vido quedó detenido por fraude tras ser separado como diputado" [De Vido detained on fraud charges after being separated Deputies chamber]. La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Kollmann, Raúl (26 October 2017). "Una puesta en escena para festejar el triunfo electoral" [A staging to celebrate the electoral triumph]. Página 12 (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "144/2018 Resolution – Ministry of Energy". Official Gazette of Argentina (Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "El Gobierno le sacó la central térmica de Río Turbio a Isolux" [Río Turbio: Government takes off thermal power plant contract from Isolux]. El Cronista (in Spanish). 6 March 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Cabot, Diego (5 March 2018). "Río Turbio: el Gobierno rescindió el contrato para terminar la usina a carbón que ya costó US$1607 millones" [Río Turbio: Government cancels thermal power plant contract which has already costed 1607 million US Dollars]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Isolux Corsán solicita el concurso de acreedores". Isolux Corsán (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Cárcel a un empresario, despido a 470 mineros" [Jail for one businessman, layoffs for 470 miners]. Página 12 (in Spanish). 7 March 2018.
- ^ "El muelle de YCRT en Punta Loyola vuelve a estar operativo". Tiempo Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Río Turbio vuelve a exportar carbón luego de 6 años". Clarín (in Spanish). 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "La mina de Río Turbio volvió a producir y proyectan alcanzar a niveles históricos" [The Rio Turbio mine is producing again and historical levels of production are projected]. Clarín (in Spanish). 22 April 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Arias, Mariela (20 February 2020). "Aníbal Fernández despidió a 417 empleados de Yacimiento Carbonífero Río Turbio". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Aníbal Fernández llegó a Río Turbio" [Aníbal Fernández arrives into Rio Turbio]. La Nación (in Spanish). 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Arias, Mariela (20 February 2020). "Aníbal Fernández despidió a 417 empleados de Yacimiento Carbonífero Río Turbio" [Aníbal Fernández fired 417 employees in Yacimiento Carbonífero Río Turbio]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Aníbal Fernández revocó en Río Turbio 417 designaciones hechas justo antes del cambio de gobierno" [Aníbal Fernández reversed 417 employees appointed just before the administration change in Yacimiento Carbonífero Río Turbio]. Página 12 (in Spanish). 21 February 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Serrichio, Sergio (2 February 2020). "El Gobierno busca poner en marcha una vieja promesa: terminar la usina de Río Turbio y hacer del yacimiento de carbón una empresa productiva". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Luz y Fuerza denuncia "desidia y desconocimiento" ante derrame de aceite en la Usina 21 de Río Turbio". Sindicato Regional de Luz y Fuerza de la Patagonia (in Spanish). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "YCRT envía carbón sin depurar a las localidades y ahora se congeló el sistema de la Usina de 21Mw y produjo un derrame de aceite". OPI Santa Cruz (in Spanish). 2 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ a b Morales, Víctor Hugo; González, Pablo Esteban; Mercado, María Angélica (2018). "Ramal Ferro Industrial Rio Turbio (RFIRT) de la explotación de carbón en Santa Cruz, Patagonia Argentina" (PDF). International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism (in Spanish). 4 (3 ed.): 177–194. ISSN 2386-8570.
- ^ "Punta Loyola: Arribó nuevo material rodante adquirido en Bulgaria" [Punta Loyola: New rolling stock purchased in Bulgaria arrived] (PDF). Revista Empresarial YCRT (in Spanish) (14). February 2010.
- ^ a b c d Perczyk, Daniel (2006). Coal Industry Situation in Argentina (PDF). Instituto Torcuato Di Tella.
- ^ Furque, Guillermo; Marcelo F. Caballé (1993). Geologia de la cuenca superior del Rio Turbio, Provincia de Santa Cruz [Geology of the upper superior Rio Turbio basin, Santa Cruz province] (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Consejo Federal de Inversiones. ISBN 950-9899-73-9. OCLC 57524970.
- ^ Archangelsky, Sergio (January 1969). "Estudio del paleomicroplancton de la Formación Río Turbio (Eoceno), Provincia de Santa Cruz" [Paleomicroplancton study of the Rio Turbio Formation (Eocene), Santa Cruz Province]. Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 6 (3). Argentinian Paleontology Association: 181–218 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ a b Brooks, William E.; Willett, Jason C. (2004). "Update: World Coal Quality Inventory – Argentina". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1022. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
- ^ a b c d e Res N°: 99/2008: Yacimiento Carbonífero de Rio Turbio | Período auditado: Junio de 2002 a Julio de 2007 [Resolution # 99/2008: Yacimiento Carbonífero de Rio Turbio | Audited period: June 2002 to July 2007] (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Auditoría General de la Nación. 3 July 2008.
- ^ Abiuso, Norberto Luís; Morales, Víctor Hugo (2009). "Gestión de residuos en un emprendimiento minero carbonífero caso de estudio: Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio (YCRT) Río Turbio, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina" [Waste management in a carbon mine enterprise. Case study: Yacimientos Carboníferos Río Turbio (YCRT) Río Turbio, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina] (PDF). Informes Científicos Técnicos (in Spanish). 1 (2): 1–23. doi:10.22305/ict-unpa.v1i2.17. ISSN 1852-4516.
External links
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