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Nibrin

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NBN
Identifiers
AliasesNBN, AT-V1, AT-V2, ATV, NBS, NBS1, P95, nibrin
External IDsOMIM: 602667; MGI: 1351625; HomoloGene: 1858; GeneCards: NBN; OMA:NBN - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

4683

27354

Ensembl

ENSG00000104320

ENSMUSG00000028224

UniProt

O60934

Q9R207

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001024688
NM_002485

NM_013752

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001019859
NP_002476

NP_038780

Location (UCSC)Chr 8: 89.93 – 90 MbChr 4: 15.96 – 15.99 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Nibrin, also known as NBN or NBS1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NBN gene.[5][6][7]

Function

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Nibrin is a protein associated with the repair of double strand breaks (DSBs) which pose serious damage to a genome. It is a 754 amino acid protein identified as a member of the NBS1/hMre11/RAD50(N/M/R, more commonly referred to as MRN) double strand DNA break repair complex.[8] This complex recognizes DNA damage and rapidly relocates to DSB sites and forms nuclear foci. It also has a role in regulation of N/M/R (MRN) protein complex activity which includes end-processing of both physiological and mutagenic DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).[9]

Cellular response to DSBs

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Cellular response is performed by damage sensors, effectors of lesion repair and signal transduction. The central role is carried out by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) by activating the DSB signaling cascade, phosphorylating downstream substrates such as histone H2AX and NBS1. NBS1 relocates to DSB sites by interaction of FHA/BRCT domains with phosphorylated histone H2AX. Once it interacts with nibrin c-terminal hMre11-binding domain, hMre11 and hRad50 relocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus then to sites of DSBs. They finally relocate to N/M/R where they form the foci at the site of damage.[10]

Double strand breaks (DSBs)

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DSBs occur during V(D)J recombination during early B and T cell development. This is at the point when the cells of the immune system are developing and the DSBs affect the development of lymphoid cells. DSBs also occur in immunoglobulin class switch in mature B cells.[9] More frequently, however, DSBs are caused by mutagenic agents like radiomimetic chemicals and ionizing radiation(IR).

DSB mutations

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As mentioned, DSBs cause extreme damage to DNA. Mutations that cause defective repair of DSBs tend to accumulate un-repaired DSBs. One such mutation is associated with Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), a radiation hyper-sensitive disease.[11] It is a rare inherited autosomal recessive condition of chromosomal instability. It has been linked to mutations within exons 6–10 in the NBS1 gene which results in a truncated protein.[9] Characteristics of NBS include microcephaly, cranial characteristics, growth retardation, impaired sexual maturation, immunodeficiency/recurring infections and a predisposition to cancer. This predisposition to cancer may be linked to the DSBs occurring at the development of lymphoid cells.

Fertility

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Two adult siblings, both heterozygous for two particular NBS1 nonsense mutations displayed cellular sensitivity to radiation, chromosome instability and fertility defects, but not the developmental defects that are typically found in other NBS patients.[12] These individuals appear to be primarily defective in homologous recombination, a process that accurately repairs double-strand breaks, both in somatic cells and during meiosis.

Orthologs of NBS1 have been studied in mice[13] and the plant arabidopsis.[14] NBS1 mutant mice display cellular radiation sensitivity and female mice are sterile due to oogenesis failure.[13] Studies of NBS1 mutants in Arabidopsis revealed that NBS1 has a role in recombination during early stages of meiosis.[14]

NBS1 over-expression in cancer

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NBS1 has a role in microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) repair of double strand breaks. It is one of 6 enzymes required for this error prone DNA repair pathway.[15] NBS1 is often over-expressed in prostate cancer,[16] in liver cancer,[17] in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,[18] in non-small cell lung carcinoma, hepatoma, and esophageal cancer,[19] in head and neck cancer,[20] and in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.[21]

Cancers are very often deficient in expression of one or more DNA repair genes, but over-expression of a DNA repair gene is less usual in cancer. For instance, at least 36 DNA repair enzymes, when mutationally defective in germ line cells, cause increased risk of cancer (hereditary cancer syndromes).[citation needed] (Also see DNA repair-deficiency disorder.) Similarly, at least 12 DNA repair genes have frequently been found to be epigenetically repressed in one or more cancers.[citation needed] (See also Epigenetically reduced DNA repair and cancer.) Ordinarily, deficient expression of a DNA repair enzyme results in increased un-repaired DNA damages which, through replication errors (translesion synthesis), lead to mutations and cancer. However, NBS1 mediated MMEJ repair is highly inaccurate, so in this case, over-expression, rather than under-expression, apparently leads to cancer.

Herpes virus

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HSV-1 infects more than 90% of adults over the age of 50. Alphaherpesviruses alone can cause the host to have mild symptoms, but these viruses can be associated with severe disease when they are transferred to a new species. Humans can even pass and also get an HSV-1 infection from other primate species. However, because of evolutionary differences between primate species, only some species can pass HSV-1 in an interspecies interaction. Also, though HSV-1 transmission from humans to other species primates can occur, there is no known sustained transmission chains that have resulted from constant transmission. A study found that Nbs1 is the most diverged in DNA sequence in the MRN complex between different primate species and that there is a high degree of species specificity, causing variability in promotion of the HSV-1 life cycle. The same study found that Nbs1 interacts with HSV-1's ICP0 proteins in an area of structural disorder of the nibrin. This suggests that in general, viruses commonly interact in intrinsically disordered domains in host proteins. It is possible that there are differences in the mammalian genomes that create unique environments for the viruses. Host proteins that are specific to the species might determine how the viruses must adapt to be able to ignite an infection in a new species. The evolution of increased disorder in nibrin benefits the host in decreasing ICP0 interaction and virus hijack. Nbs1 may not be the only host protein that evolves this way.[22]

HSV-1-infection has been shown to result from the phosphorylation of Nbs1. It has been shown in studies that activation of the MRN complex and ATM biochemical cascade is consistent for a resulting HSV-1 infection. When there is an HSV-1 infection, the nucleus is reorganized causing the formation of RCs (replication compartments) where gene expression and DNA replication occurs. Proteins in the host used for DNA repair and damage response are needed for virus production. ICP8, which is a viral single-strand binding protein, is known to interact with several DNA repair proteins, such as Rad50, Mre11, BRG1, and DNA-PKcs. Ul12 and ICP8 viral proteins function together as a recombinase, possibly showing that while working with the host's recombination factors, work to form a concatemer by stimulating homologous recombination. These proteins may move the MRN complex towards the viral genome so it is able to promote homologous recombination, and to prevent non-homologous recombination as non-homologous recombination can have anti-viral effects. This possibly shows that the reaction between UL12 and MRN regulates the complex in a way that benefits the herpes virus.[23]

Interactions

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Nibrin has been shown to interact with:

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000104320 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028224 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: Nibrin".
  6. ^ Varon R, Vissinga C, Platzer M, Cerosaletti KM, Chrzanowska KH, Saar K, Beckmann G, Seemanová E, Cooper PR, Nowak NJ, Stumm M, Weemaes CM, Gatti RA, Wilson RK, Digweed M, Rosenthal A, Sperling K, Concannon P, Reis A (May 1998). "Nibrin, a novel DNA double-strand break repair protein, is mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome". Cell. 93 (3): 467–76. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81174-5. PMID 9590180.
  7. ^ Carney JP, Maser RS, Olivares H, Davis EM, Le Beau M, Yates JR, Hays L, Morgan WF, Petrini JH (May 1998). "The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage syndrome: linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response". Cell. 93 (3): 477–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81175-7. PMID 9590181.
  8. ^ "Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology - NBS1". Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  9. ^ a b c "eMedicine - Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome". Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  10. ^ "Molecular Biology". Archived from the original on 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  11. ^ Kobayashi J (2004). "Molecular mechanism of the recruitment of NBS1/hMRE11/hRAD50 complex to DNA double-strand breaks: NBS1 binds to gamma-H2AX through FHA/BRCT domain". J. Radiat. Res. 45 (4): 473–8. Bibcode:2004JRadR..45..473K. doi:10.1269/jrr.45.473. PMID 15635255.
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  14. ^ a b Waterworth WM, Altun C, Armstrong SJ, Roberts N, Dean PJ, Young K, Weil CF, Bray CM, West CE (2007). "NBS1 is involved in DNA repair and plays a synergistic role with ATM in mediating meiotic homologous recombination in plants". Plant J. 52 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03220.x. PMID 17672843.
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  18. ^ Kuo KT, Chou TY, Hsu HS, Chen WL, Wang LS (2012). "Prognostic significance of NBS1 and Snail expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19 (Suppl 3): S549–57. doi:10.1245/s10434-011-2043-2. PMID 21881923. S2CID 20657947.
  19. ^ Chen YC, Su YN, Chou PC, Chiang WC, Chang MC, Wang LS, Teng SC, Wu KJ (2005). "Overexpression of NBS1 contributes to transformation through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (37): 32505–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M501449200. PMID 16036916.
  20. ^ Yang MH, Chiang WC, Chou TY, Chang SY, Chen PM, Teng SC, Wu KJ (2006). "Increased NBS1 expression is a marker of aggressive head and neck cancer and overexpression of NBS1 contributes to transformation". Clin. Cancer Res. 12 (2): 507–15. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1231. PMID 16428493. S2CID 45292671.
  21. ^ Hsu DS, Chang SY, Liu CJ, Tzeng CH, Wu KJ, Kao JY, Yang MH (2010). "Identification of increased NBS1 expression as a prognostic marker of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity". Cancer Sci. 101 (4): 1029–37. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01471.x. PMC 11159783. PMID 20175780. S2CID 25185174.
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  23. ^ Nandakumar Balasubramanian, Ping Bai, Gregory Buchek, George Korza and Sandra K. Weller (December 2010). “Physical Interaction between the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Exonuclease, UL12, and the DNA Double-Strand Break-Sensing MRN Complex.” J. Virol. 84 (24): 12504-12514. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01506-10
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  25. ^ Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB (December 1999). "Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (53): 37538–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37538. PMID 10608806.
  26. ^ Chiba N, Parvin JD (October 2001). "Redistribution of BRCA1 among four different protein complexes following replication blockage". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (42): 38549–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105227200. PMID 11504724.
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  28. ^ Kobayashi J, Tauchi H, Sakamoto S, Nakamura A, Morishima K, Matsuura S, Kobayashi T, Tamai K, Tanimoto K, Komatsu K (October 2002). "NBS1 localizes to gamma-H2AX foci through interaction with the FHA/BRCT domain". Curr. Biol. 12 (21): 1846–51. Bibcode:2002CBio...12.1846K. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01259-9. PMID 12419185.
  29. ^ a b Cerosaletti KM, Concannon P (June 2003). "Nibrin forkhead-associated domain and breast cancer C-terminal domain are both required for nuclear focus formation and phosphorylation". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (24): 21944–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M211689200. PMID 12679336.
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  31. ^ Matsuzaki K, Shinohara A, Shinohara M (May 2008). "Forkhead-associated domain of yeast Xrs2, a homolog of human Nbs1, promotes nonhomologous end joining through interaction with a ligase IV partner protein, Lif1". Genetics. 179 (1): 213–25. doi:10.1534/genetics.107.079236. PMC 2390601. PMID 18458108.
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  33. ^ Zhu XD, Küster B, Mann M, Petrini JH, de Lange T (July 2000). "Cell-cycle-regulated association of RAD50/MRE11/NBS1 with TRF2 and human telomeres". Nat. Genet. 25 (3): 347–52. doi:10.1038/77139. PMID 10888888. S2CID 6689794.

Further reading

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