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Complex Hadamard matrix

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A complex Hadamard matrix is any complex matrix satisfying two conditions:

  • unimodularity (the modulus of each entry is unity):
  • orthogonality: ,

where denotes the Hermitian transpose of and is the identity matrix. The concept is a generalization of Hadamard matrices. Note that any complex Hadamard matrix can be made into a unitary matrix by multiplying it by ; conversely, any unitary matrix whose entries all have modulus becomes a complex Hadamard upon multiplication by

Complex Hadamard matrices arise in the study of operator algebras and the theory of quantum computation. Real Hadamard matrices and Butson-type Hadamard matrices form particular cases of complex Hadamard matrices.

Complex Hadamard matrices exist for any natural number (compare with the real case, in which Hadamard matrices do not exist for every and existence is not known for every permissible ). For instance the Fourier matrices (the complex conjugate of the DFT matrices without the normalizing factor),

belong to this class.

Equivalency

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Two complex Hadamard matrices are called equivalent, written , if there exist diagonal unitary matrices and permutation matrices such that

Any complex Hadamard matrix is equivalent to a dephased Hadamard matrix, in which all elements in the first row and first column are equal to unity.

For and all complex Hadamard matrices are equivalent to the Fourier matrix . For there exists a continuous, one-parameter family of inequivalent complex Hadamard matrices,

For the following families of complex Hadamard matrices are known:

  • a single two-parameter family which includes ,
  • a single one-parameter family ,
  • a one-parameter orbit , including the circulant Hadamard matrix ,
  • a two-parameter orbit including the previous two examples ,
  • a one-parameter orbit of symmetric matrices,
  • a two-parameter orbit including the previous example ,
  • a three-parameter orbit including all the previous examples ,
  • a further construction with four degrees of freedom, , yielding other examples than ,
  • a single point - one of the Butson-type Hadamard matrices, .

It is not known, however, if this list is complete, but it is conjectured that is an exhaustive (but not necessarily irredundant) list of all complex Hadamard matrices of order 6.

References

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  • Haagerup, U. (1997). "Orthogonal maximal abelian *-subalgebras of the n×n matrices and cyclic n-roots". Operator Algebras and Quantum Field Theory (Rome), 1996. Cambridge MA: International Press. pp. 296–322. ISBN 1-57146-047-0. OCLC 1409082233.
  • Dita, P. (2004). "Some results on the parametrization of complex Hadamard matrices". J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37 (20): 5355–74. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/37/20/008.
  • Szöllősi, F. (2010). "A two-parameter family of complex Hadamard matrices of order 6 induced by hypocycloids". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 138 (3): 921–8. arXiv:0811.3930v2. JSTOR 40590684.
  • Tadej, W.; Życzkowski, K. (2006). "A concise guide to complex Hadamard matrices". Open Systems & Infor. Dyn. 13 (2): 133–177. arXiv:quant-ph/0512154. doi:10.1007/s11080-006-8220-2.
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