View source for HMS Saracen (P247)

{{Short description|S-class submarine of the Royal Navy}}
{{other ships|HMS Saracen}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= HMS Saracen.jpg
|Ship caption= ''Saracen'' on the [[River Mersey]] in July 1942
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''Saracen''
|Ship ordered=23 January 1940
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder= [[Cammell Laird]], [[Birkenhead]]
|Ship laid down= 16 July 1940
|Ship launched= 16 February 1942
|Ship christened=
|Ship commissioned= 27 June 1942
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: P247
|Ship fate= Sunk, 14 August 1943
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[British S-class submarine (1931)|S-class]] [[submarine]]
|Ship displacement=* {{cvt|865|LT|t}} (surfaced)
* {{convert|990|LT|t}} (submerged)
|Ship length={{cvt|217|ft|m|1}}
|Ship beam={{cvt|23|ft|9|in|m|1}}
|Ship draught={{cvt|14|ft|8|in|m|1}}
|Ship power=* {{cvt|1900|bhp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} (diesel)
* {{convert|1300|hp|kW|abbr=on}} (electric)
|Ship propulsion=* 2 × [[diesel engine]]s
* 2 × [[electric motor]]s
|Ship speed=* {{cvt|15|kn|lk=in}} (surfaced)
* {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}} (submerged)
|Ship range=* {{cvt|6000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}} (surfaced)
* {{cvt|120|nmi}} at {{convert|3|kn}} (submerged)
|Ship test depth={{cvt|300|ft|1}}
|Ship complement=48
|Ship sensors=* Type 129AR or 138 [[ASDIC]]
* [[Type 291 radar|Type 291]] [[early-warning radar]]
|Ship armament=* 7 × [[British 21-inch torpedo|{{cvt|21|in|mm|0}}]] [[torpedo tube]]s (6 × bow, 1 × stern)
* 1 × [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|3&nbsp;in (76&nbsp;mm)]] [[deck gun]]
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Saracen''''' was a third-batch [[British S-class submarine (1931)|S-class]] [[submarine]] built for the [[Royal Navy during the Second World War]]. Completed in 1942, ''Saracen'' conducted a patrol in the [[North Sea]] where she sank a German [[U-boat]]. She was then assigned to the 10th Submarine Flotilla in [[Malta]], from where she made three patrols; on her second, she sank an Italian submarine. ''Saracen'' was then reassigned to the 8th Submarine Flotilla, based in [[Algiers]], [[French North Africa]].

Operating from there, she conducted six patrols, sinking seven ships and landing agents in [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]]. On her twelfth patrol, ''Saracen'' was heavily damaged by two [[depth charge]] attacks from Italian [[destroyer]]s. On 13 August 1943, ''Saracen'' was detected by two Italian corvettes and again attacked with depth charges. With several leaks in her [[pressure hull]], the submarine surfaced and her crewmen abandoned ship. She was then [[scuttled]] and 46 out of 48 men were rescued by the Italian ships. ''Saracen''{{'}}s wreck was discovered in 2015 off Corsica.

==Design and description==
[[File:British S-class submarine schematic drawing.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Schematic drawing of a S-class submarine]]
The [[British S-class submarine (1931)|S-class]] [[submarine]]s were designed to patrol the restricted waters of the [[North Sea]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The third batch was slightly enlarged and improved over the preceding second batch of the S class. The submarines had a length of {{convert|217|ft|0|in|m|1}} [[length overall|overall]], a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|23|ft|9|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|14|ft|8|in|m|1}}. They [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|865|LT|t}} on the surface and {{convert|990|LT|t}} submerged.<ref>Akermann, p. 341</ref> The S-class submarines had a crew of 48 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]]. They had a diving depth of {{convert|300|ft|m|0}}.<ref name=i7>McCartney, p. 7</ref>

For surface running, the boats were powered by two {{convert|950|bhp|lk=in|0|adj=on}} [[diesel engine]]s, each driving one [[propeller shaft]]. When submerged each propeller was driven by a {{convert|650|hp|0|adj=on}} [[electric motor]]. They could reach {{convert|15|kn|lk=in}} on the surface and {{convert|10|kn}} underwater.<ref>Bagnasco, p. 110</ref> On the surface, the third-batch boats had a range of {{convert|6000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}} and {{convert|120|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|3|kn}} submerged.<ref name=i7/>

The third-batch submarines were armed with seven [[British 21 inch torpedo|21-inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s. Six of these were in the [[bow (ship)|bow]] and there was one external tube in the stern. They carried six reload torpedoes for the bow tubes for a total of thirteen torpedoes. Twelve [[naval mine|mines]] could be carried in lieu of the internally stowed torpedoes. They were also armed with a [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|3-inch (76&nbsp;mm)]] [[deck gun]].<ref>Chesneau, pp. 51–52</ref> The third-batch S-class boats were fitted with either a Type 129AR or 138 [[ASDIC]] system and a [[Type 291 radar|Type 291]] or 291W [[early-warning radar]].<ref>Akermann, pp. 341, 345</ref>

==Construction and career==
HMS ''Saracen'' was a third-batch S-class submarine and was ordered by the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] on 23 January 1940. She was [[laid down]] in the [[Cammell Laird]] Shipyard in [[Birkenhead]] on 16 July 1940, and [[ship launching|launched]] on 16 February 1942. On 24 June 1942, ''Saracen'', under the command of Lieutenant M.G.R. Lumby, sailed from the shipbuilding yards to [[Holy Loch]], where she was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the Royal Navy three days later as ''P247''.<ref name=uboat>{{cite web |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3432.html |title=HMS Saracen (P247) |work=Uboat.net |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

During the following month ''Saracen'' conducted training exercises, then departed harbour for her first war patrol, off Norway, on 29 July 1942. After only five days at sea on 3 August, the boat torpedoed and sank the {{GS|U-335}} in the North Sea, northeast of the [[Faroe Islands]].<ref>Wynn, p. 173</ref><ref>Heden, p. 297</ref> Only one of the U-boat's crew of 44 was rescued, while a second sailor declined rescue and drowned. ''U-335'' was also on its first patrol. ''Saracen''{{'}}s First Lieutenant, [[Edward Preston Young]], was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his part in the action.<ref name=Times/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 35743|supp=y |page=4448 |date=13 October 1942 }}</ref> ''Saracen'' ended her patrol in [[Lerwick]] on 9 August, then transferred to Holy Loch, arriving on the 11th.<ref name=uboat/>

On 31 August, ''Saracen'' was ordered to conduct a special patrol off [[Cape Finisterre]], Spain, to intercept a possible German [[blockade runner]]. Having sighted nothing, the submarine was ordered to continue to Gibraltar, and arrived there on 4 September. After exercises off Gibraltar, ''Saracen'' conducted a patrol in the [[Alboran Sea]] from 17 to 27 September but sighted no potential targets.<ref name=uboat/>

===Malta===
''Saracen'' was assigned to the [[British 10th Submarine Flotilla (Malta)|British 10th Submarine Flotilla]] in Malta, and sailed to her new home port on 9 October 1942. The next day, she sighted the surfaced {{GS|U-605}} and fired six torpedoes at it, but the U-boat spotted the torpedo tracks and passed between them. The British submarine then surfaced to use her deck gun, but her opponent dived after only three rounds had been fired, and ''Saracen'' dived. One hour and a half later, ''Saracen'' surfaced again to signal the presence of the enemy submarine and was spotted by ''U-605'' which had remained in the area. ''U-605'' fired four torpedoes at the British submarine, but also missed. The torpedoes were not noticed on board the British submarine, which then received orders to leave the area to allow surface ships to hunt ''U-605''. Having expended half of her torpedoes, ''Saracen'' returned to Gibraltar to load new ones, then left for Malta on a different route following the sinking of the submarine {{HMS|Talisman|N78|6}} on the QBB.255 route. The boat arrived safely in Malta on 19 October.<ref name=uboat/>

From 21 to 24 October, ''Saracen'' conducted a patrol between the [[Kerkennah Islands]] and the Kuriat archipelago further north. She did not sight any ships on this patrol, and returned to port after three days.<ref name=uboat/>

[[File:E P Young.jpg|thumb|left|''Saracen''{{'}}s First Lieutenant in 1942, [[Edward Preston Young]]]]
On 3 November 1942, ''Saracen'' along with her [[sister ship]]s {{HMS|Safari||2}} and {{HMS|Sahib||2}}, departed Malta for a patrol off North Africa to cover the [[Allied landings in North Africa]]. On her way to the patrol area, the submarine was attacked by German [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] [[fighter-bomber]]s, sustaining slight damage to her wireless transmitter. Originally ordered to patrol off [[Partinico]], Sicily, ''Saracen''{{'}}s orders were changed to operate in the [[Strait of Sicily]], between Tunisia and Sicily. On 9 November 1942, she torpedoed and sank the {{sclass|Acciaio|submarine|1}} {{ship|Italian submarine|Granito||2}} approximately {{Convert|40|nmi}} northwest of Partinico, Sicily; ''Granito'' went down with all hands, in total 46 men.<ref>Heden, p. 346</ref> Following the sinking, Young was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for his part in the action.<ref name=Times>{{cite news |title=Commander Edward Young |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/commander-edward-young-vckssgqn9mg |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=31 January 2003 |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35950 |supp=y |page=1369 |date=23 March 1943 }}</ref> One week later, ''Saracen'' launched three torpedoes at the German merchant ship ''Menes'' in the [[Gulf of Tunis]], but missed, and the boat returned to Malta on 24 November.<ref name=uboat/>

''Saracen'' departed Malta again on 7 December 1942, with orders to patrol off [[Naples]], Italy, then later, eastern [[Tunisia]]. On 17 December, she missed the German transport ''Ankara'' with four torpedoes north of [[Bizerte]], Tunisia. On 22 December, ''Saracen'' twice sighted the {{ship|Italian submarine|Argento||up=yes}}, but failed to manoeuvre into a suitable attack position. ''Argento'' also sighted the British submarine, but did not attack it because it might have been her sister {{ship|Italian submarine|Corallo||up=yes}}. ''Saracen'' ended her patrol on Christmas 1942 in Algiers, where she joined the 8th Submarine Flotilla.<ref name=uboat/>

===Algiers===
On 10 January 1943, ''Saracen'' departed Algiers for her seventh war patrol, close to Naples, in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. About {{Convert|30|nmi}} south of the island of [[Capri]], the submarine sank the Italian [[patrol boat]] ''Maria Angeletta'' with gunfire on 20 January.<ref name=seekrieg194301>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-01.htm |title=Seekrieg 1943, Januar |access-date=26 May 2015 |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer |author2=Gerhard Hümmelchen  |work=Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart |language=de }}</ref> On 22 and 23 January, ''Saracen'' missed a small oil tanker and an unidentified ship with four torpedoes each, then returned to Algiers on the 27th.<ref name=uboat/>

[[File:Britain's Underwater Fighters. 7 To 10 February 1943, Algiers, Men and Ships of the British Submarine Service. A15998.jpg|right|thumb|''Saracen'' at Algiers, 7 February]]
''Saracen'' commenced another patrol in the [[Gulf of Genoa]] on 7 February. In the early morning of 11 February, the submarine landed three men in [[Cupabia]], south of [[Ajaccio]], Corsica. The next day, she sank with gunfire the [[Vichy French]] tugboats ''Provinçale II'' and ''Marseillaise V'' off [[Cape Sardineaux]], southern France. On 15 February, ''Saracen'', until then called HMS ''P247'', was officially given her name ''Saracen'', then later in the day she torpedoed and damaged the German oil tanker ''Marguerite Finaly''. On 19 February, ''Saracen'' surfaced and fired her deck gun into a small shipbuilding yard at [[Cervo, Liguria|Cervo]], Italy. Two ships under construction were damaged before the boat was forced to submerge due to fire from coastal batteries. ''Saracen'' returned to Algiers on 22 February.<ref name=uboat/>

On 25 February 1943, ''Saracen'' departed for Malta, then left Malta on 16 March to conduct a patrol north of [[Sicily]]. Two days later, she sighted two German landing craft, but did not attack them due to their shallow draft, which would have caused torpedoes to run under. On 20 March ''Saracen'' sighted an Italian convoy of two merchant ships, four destroyers, and sixteen aircraft, but she was detected by one of the escorting ships' [[sonar]], which foiled the attack. On 1 April, the boat returned to Algiers, ending her patrol.<ref name=uboat/>

''Saracen'' left harbour again on 13 March to conduct a patrol in the Gulf of Genoa. On 19 April, she sighted an Italian convoy and sank the Italian cargo/passenger ship ''Francesco Crispi'' with six torpedoes off [[Elba]].<ref name=seekrieg194304>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-04.htm |title=Seekrieg 1943, April |access-date=18 June 2015 |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer |author2=Gerhard Hümmelchen  |work=Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart |language=de }}</ref> ''Francesco Crispi'' was transporting 1,085 soldiers to [[Bastia]], and ''Saracen'' was attacked with depth charges by the escorting ships, but was not damaged. The submarine then torpedoed and sank the Italian merchantman ''Tagliamento'' three days later, {{Convert|35|nmi}} south of the island of [[Pianosa]], Italy; according to ''Saracen''{{'}}s logbook, "A sheet of orange flame went up hundreds of feet into the air and burning debris hurtled in all directions. As ''Saracen'' was diving the bridge of the merchant vessel flew overhead". The boat ended her patrol in Algiers on 27 April.<ref name=uboat/>

Between 9 and 25 May, ''Saracen'' conducted a patrol northeast of Sardinia, but did not sight any ships.<ref name=uboat/>

On 27 June, the submarine departed Algiers to patrol east of Corsica and provide cover for the [[Allied landings in Sicily]]. Shortly after leaving port, ''Saracen'' was spotted and identified by the {{GS|U-593}}, but the U-boat had been ordered not to attack submarines in the area and let ''Saracen'' proceed unharmed. After midnight on 2 July, ''Saracen'' landed six men off [[Cape Palmeri]], Sardinia, then torpedoed and sank the Italian merchant ship ''Tripoli'' {{convert|15|nmi}} south of [[Capraia]], Italy on 6 July.<ref name=seekrieg194307>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-07.htm |title=Seekrieg 1943, Juli |access-date=30 June 2015 |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer |author2=Gerhard Hümmelchen  |work=Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart |language=de }}</ref> Four days later, the submarine was detected with [[Asdic]] by an Italian destroyer {{convert|15|nmi}} east of [[Bastia]], which dropped 27 depth charges, causing considerable damage aboard ''Saracen''. The next day, the boat torpedoed and sank the German merchantman ''Tell'' and was again depth charged, causing more damage.<ref name=seekrieg194307/> ''Saracen'' returned to Algiers on 21 July.<ref name=uboat/>

===Last patrol and sinking===
{{Location map|Italy
|alt     = Wreck
|caption   = Location of ''Saracen''{{'}}s wreck
|lat_deg = 42.75
|lon_deg = 9.50
|position=bottom
|width=200
}}
After repairs in Algiers, ''Saracen'' scuttled the beached ammunition ship {{SS|Fort La Montee}} with her deck gun, then commenced a patrol, again east of Corsica, on 7 August; this was to be her last patrol. Shortly after midnight of 13 August, ''Saracen'' was detected on sonar by the Italian {{sclass|Gabbiano|corvette|1}} ''Minerva''; the corvette dropped six patterns of depth charges for a total of 40. ''Saracen'' initially attempted to escape by diving deep but at a depth of {{convert|220|m|ft}} several depth charges exploded close to ''Saracen'', starting leaks in her [[pressure hull]]. ''Saracen'' was forced to surface and was fired upon by ''Minerva'' and her sister ship ''Euterpe''{{'}}s surface guns. ''Saracen''{{'}}s crew abandoned ship and the submarine was scuttled to prevent her capture by the Italians.<ref>Heden, p. 241</ref><ref>Holman, D. ''The Man They Couldn't Kill'' London 1960  pp142-151</ref> Forty-six crewmen were picked up, twenty by ''Euterpe'' and twenty-six by ''Minerva''; two ratings went missing.<ref name=uboat/>

Ironically, ''Saracen'' was sunk shortly after midnight of a [[Friday the 13th]], and this patrol was ''Saracen''{{'}}s 13th as well.<ref name=uboat/> In 2015, her wreck was discovered and photographed on the seabed, at a depth of {{convert|1400|ft|m}} off the coast of Corsica.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hms-saracen-meeting-the-last-survivor-of-a-submarine-found-72-years-after-it-was-scuttled-10350190.html |title=HMS Saracen: Meeting the last survivor of a submarine found 72 years after it was scuttled|work=The Independent |last=Gallagher |first=Paul |date=27 June 2015 |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

==Summary of raiding history==
During her service with the Royal Navy ''Saracen'' sank 7 ships for a total of 16,039 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]] as well as a German and an Italian U-boat.<ref name=uboat/><!-- I know uboat.net doesn't straight out state the number of ships sunk of the total tonnage sunk, but adding up all the different sinkings is a simple calculation and is exempt from [[WP:OR]] - see [[WP:CALC]] -->
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"|-
!Date||Name of ship||Tonnage||Nationality||Fate and location
|-
|align="right"|3 August 1942
|align="left" |{{GS|U-335}}
|align="right"|-
|align="left" |{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left" |Torpedoed and sunk at {{Coord|62|48|N|00|12|W|type:event|name=U-335}}
|-
|align="right"|9 November 1942
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in November 1942#9 November|Italian submarine ''Granito'']]
|align="right"|-
|align="left" |{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|align="left" |Torpedoed and sunk at {{Coord|38|34|N|12|09|E|type:event|name=Granito}}
|-
|align="right"|20 January 1943
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1943#20 January|''Maria Angeletta'']]
|align="right"|214
|align="left" |{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|align="left" |Sunk with gunfire at {{Coord|40|14|N|14|10|E|type:event|name=Maria Angeletta}}
|-
|align="right"|12 February 1943
|align="left" |''Provinçale II''
|align="right"|124
|align="left" |{{flag|Vichy France}}
|align="left" |Sunk with gunfire at {{Coord|43|20|N|06|48|E|type:event|name=Provinçale II}}
|-
|align="right"|12 February 1943
|align="left" |''Marseillaise V''
|align="right"|138
|align="left" |{{flag|Vichy France}}
|align="left" |Sunk with gunfire at {{Coord|43|20|N|06|48|E|type:event|name=Marseillaise V}}
|-
|align="right"|19 April 1943
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in April 1943#19 April|''Francesco Crispi'']]
|align="right"|7,600
|align="left" |{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|align="left" |Torpedoed and sank at {{Coord|42|46|N|09|42|E|type:event|name=Francesco Crispi}}
|-
|align="right"|22 April 1943
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in April 1943#22 April|''Tagliamento'']]
|align="right"|5,448
|align="left" |{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|align="left" |Torpedoed and sank at {{Coord|42|03|N|09|48|E|type:event|name=Tagliamento}}
|-
|align="right"|6 July 1943
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1943#6 July|''Tripoli'']]
|align="right"|1,166
|align="left" |{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|align="left" |Torpedoed and sank at {{Coord|42|45|N|09|51|E|type:event|name=Tripoli}}
|-
|align="right"|11 July 1943
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1943#11 July|''Tell'']]
|align="right"|1,349
|align="left" |{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left" |Torpedoed and sank at {{Coord|42|45|N|09|51|E|type:event|name=Tell}}
|}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Akermann|first=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of British Submarines 1901–1955|edition=reprint of the 1989|year=2002|publisher=Periscope Publishing|location=Penzance, Cornwall|isbn=1-904381-05-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Bagnasco |first=Erminio |title=Submarines of World War Two |year=1977 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=0-87021-962-6}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Caruana|first1=Joseph|year=2012 |title=Emergency Victualling of Malta During WWII|journal=Warship International|volume=LXIX |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980 |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Sunken Ships, World War II: U.S. Naval Chronology Including Submarine Losses of the United States, England, Germany, Japan, Italy|first=Karl, Eric|last=Heden|publisher=Branden Books |location=History Reference Center|year=2006|isbn=0828321183}}
* {{cite book|title=The world's merchant fleets, 1939 |first=Roger |last=Jordan |publisher=Chatham publishing |location=London |year=1999 |page=445 |isbn=1-86176-023-X}}
* {{cite book|last=McCartney|first=Innes|location=Oxford, UK|title=British Submarines 1939–1945|series=New Vanguard|volume=129|year=2006|publisher=Osprey|isbn=1-84603-007-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wynn |first1= Kenneth |title=U-boat Operations of the Second World War |volume=1 Career histories, U1-U510 |date= March 1998 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn= 978-1-55750-860-7}}

{{British S class submarine}}
{{August 1943 shipwrecks}}
{{coord|42|45|N|9|30|E|display=title|type:landmark}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saracen (P247)}}
[[Category:British S-class submarines (1931)]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lost submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in August 1943]]
[[Category:Submarines sunk by Italian warships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Mersey]]