Jump to content

Lebanese people

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.

Lebanese people
National flag of Lebanon
Total population
4 million
(Lebanon)[1]
4[2][3][4]–14 million
[5][6][7] (Lebanese diaspora)
Regions with significant populations
 Lebanon4,130,000[1]
 Brazil1,000,000[8] – 6,000,000 – 7,000,000[9][10][11]
 Argentina1,500,000[12]
 Colombia700,000[13] – 3,200,000[14][15] [16]
 United States440,279[17]
 Venezuela340,000[18] – 500,000[19]
 France300,000[20][21]
 Saudi Arabia300,000[22]
 Canada250,000[23][24][25]
 Australia203,139[26]
 Paraguay200,000[27]
 Ecuador170,000;[28]
 Ivory Coast100,000[29][30] – 300,000[31][32]
 Mexico100,000[27]
 Dominican Republic80,000[33]
 United Arab Emirates80,000[34]
 Uruguay70,000[35]
 Senegal50,000[36][37]
 Germany50,000[38]
 Kuwait40,500[21]
 Guinea40,000[39]
 Chile32,000[40][41]
 Nigeria30,000 – 75,000[42]
 Costa Rica30,000[21]
 Greece27,420[21]
 El Salvador27,400[21]
 Cyprus25,700[21]
 Guatemala22,500[21]
 Cuba20,000[21]
 Honduras20,000[21]
 South Africa20,000[43]
 Haiti12,000[21][44]
 Belgium11,000[45]
  Switzerland10,000[46]
 Togo8,000[47]
 Gabon8,000[48]
 Cameroon6,000[49]
 Guadeloupe (Overseas France)4,000[50][51]
 Israel3,500[52]
 Sierra Leone3,000[53]
 Benin3,000[54]
 Peru2,400[21]
 Luxembourg400[45]
 French Guiana (Overseas France)400[55]
Languages
Spoken Vernacular
Lebanese Arabic & Cypriot Maronite Arabic[56]
Diaspora
French, English, Spanish, Portuguese
Religion
Islam (59.5% in Lebanon):2
(Shia,3 Sunni,3 Alawites, Ismailis[57] and Druze)4
Christianity (40.5% in Lebanon; majority of diaspora):1
(Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite and Protestant)
Related ethnic groups
Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians
Notes:
  1. Lebanese Christians of all denominations constitute the majority of all Lebanese worldwide, but represent only a large minority within Lebanon.
  2. Lebanese Muslims of all denominations represent a majority within Lebanon, but add up to only a large minority of all Lebanese worldwide.
  3. Shias and Sunnis account for 54% of Lebanon's population together, even split in half (27%).
  4. In Lebanon, the Druze quasi-Muslim sect is officially categorized as a Muslim denomination by the Lebanese government.

The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC: ash-shaʻb al-Lubnānī, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃæʕeb ellɪbˈneːne]) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state. The major religious groups among the Lebanese people within Lebanon are Shia Muslims (27%), Sunni Muslims (27%), Maronite Christians (21%), Greek Orthodox Christians (8%), Melkite Christians (5%), Druze (5%), Protestant Christians (1%).[58] The largest contingent of Lebanese, however, comprise a diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa, which is predominantly Maronite Christian.

As the relative proportion of the various sects is politically sensitive, Lebanon has not collected official census data on ethnic background since 1932 under the French Mandate. It is therefore difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society.[59] The largest concentration of people with Lebanese ancestry may be in Brazil, having an estimated population of 5.8 to 7 million. However, it may be an exaggeration given that an official survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) showed that less than 1 million Brazilians claimed any Middle-Eastern origin.[8] The Lebanese have always traveled the world, many of them settling permanently within the last two centuries.

Estimated to have lost their status as the majority in Lebanon itself, with their reduction in numbers largely as a result of their emigration, Christians still remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.[60] Descendants of Lebanese Christians make up the majority of Lebanese people worldwide, appearing principally in the diaspora.[61]

Identity

Main articles: Lebanese nationalism, History of Lebanon, and Lebanese society

The Lebanese identity is rooted in a shared history and culture. Their rich cultural heritage includes food, music, literature, and art, which is also shaped by the country's location at the crossroads of the Eastern Mediterranean. This has allowed it to be a meeting point for different cultures and traditions.[62][63][64]

Lebanon's religious diversity is also a significant component of the national identity. The country is home to a plurality of religious communities, including Muslims, Christians, and Druze.[65] Each community has its own distinct religious practices, traditions, and customs, which have been passed down through generations.[66][67][68]

However, the identity has also been shaped by a long history of political and social conflict. The country has experienced a series of civil wars, foreign invasions, and political crises, which has deepened divisions between different communities and eroded trust in the government and institutions.[69][70][71]

Lebanon has managed to maintain a sense of national unity and identity. In the face of political and social challenges, the Lebanese people are known for their resilience and their ability to come together in times of crisis which has helped to strengthen their sense of national identity.[72][73]

Among Lebanese Maronites, Aramaic still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church, although in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Syriac language,[74] in which early Christianity was disseminated throughout the Middle East), is distinct from the spoken Aramaic of Lebanon, which was a Western Aramaic language. Some Lebanese Christians identify themselves as Lebanese rather than Arab, seeking to draw on "the Phoenician past to try to forge an identity separate from the prevailing Arab culture".[75]

Arabization

The conquest of Lebanon during the Arab and Islamic conquests was linked to the conquest of Bilād Al-Shām as a whole, or what is known as the Levant, being an integral part of it, the Arab Muslims swiftly took it from the Byzantine Empire during the era of Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, who ordered the division of the Levant when he conquered it, into four Ajnad, including the Jund Dimashq which includes Mount Lebanon with its corresponding western coastal plains and the eastern interior plains.[76] Arabization and Islamization of the Levant began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread; the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy. The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph Uthman ordered his governor, Muawiyah I, to settle the new tribes away from the original population.[77] Syrians who belonged to Monophysitic denominations welcomed the peninsular Arabs as liberators.[78]

The Abbasids in the eighth and ninth century sought to integrate the peoples under their authority, and the Arabization of the administration was one of the tools.[79] Arabization gained momentum with the increasing numbers of Muslim converts; the ascendancy of Arabic as the formal language of the state prompted the cultural and linguistic assimilation of Syrian converts.[80] Those who remained Christian also became Arabized; it was probably during the Abbasid period in the ninth century that Christians adopted Arabic as their first language; the first translation of the gospels into Arabic took place in this century. Many historians, such as Claude Cahen and Bernard Hamilton, proposed that the Arabization of Christians was completed before the First Crusade. By the thirteenth century, Arabic language achieved dominance in the region and its speakers became Arabs.[81]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Lebanon

The total Lebanese population is estimated at 8 to 18 million. Of these, the vast majority, or 4[2][3][4]- 14[6] million, constitute part of the Lebanese diaspora (residing outside of Lebanon), with approximately 4.7 million citizens residing in Lebanon itself.[58]

Lebanon

There are approximately 4.7 million Lebanese citizens in Lebanon.[58]

In addition to this figure, there are an additional 1 million foreign workers (mainly Syrians), and about 470,000 Palestinian refugees in the nation.[82][83]

Lebanon is also a home to various ethnic minorities found refuge in the country over the centuries. Prominent ethnic minorities in the country include the Armenians, the Kurds, the Turks, the Assyrians, the Iranians and some European ethnicities (Greeks, Italians, French).

There are also a small number of nomadic Dom Gypsies (part of the Roma people of South Asian, particularly, Indian descent)

Diaspora

Main article: Lebanese diaspora

The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 4[2][3][4]- 14[6] million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians,[84] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential"[85] and over the course of time immigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.[86]

The largest number of Lebanese is to be found in Brazil,[87] where according to the Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim, there are 7 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent.[9][10][11] These figures, however, may be an exaggeration given that, according to a 2008 survey conducted by IBGE, in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East[8]

Large numbers also reside elsewhere in North America, most notably in the United States (489,702)[88] and in Canada, the people of full or partial Lebanese descent are between 190,275 (by ancestry, 2011 Census)[89] to 250,000 based on estimates.[25] In the rest of the Americas, significant communities are found in Argentina,[12] Mexico (400,000);[90] Chile,[91] Colombia[92] and Venezuela, with almost every other Latin American country having at least a small presence.

In Africa, Ghana and the Ivory Coast are home to over 100,000 Lebanese.[93] There are significant Lebanese populations in other countries throughout Western and Central Africa.[94][95] Australia hosts over 180,000 and Canada 250,000. In the Arab world, around 400,000 Lebanese live in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[96] More than 2,500 ex-SLA members remain in Israel.[97]

Until recently, Lebanon provided no automatic right to Lebanese citizenship for emigrants who lost their citizenship upon acquiring the citizenship of their host country, nor for the descendants of emigrants born abroad. This situation disproportionately affected Christians. In 2008, the Maronite Institution of Emigrants called for the establishment of an avenue by which emigrants who lost their citizenship may regain it, or their overseas-born descendants (if they so wish) may acquire it.[98]

On November 24, 2015, the Lebanese authorities enacted Law #41, “Reacquiring the Lebanese Citizenship”. Under this law, members of the Lebanese diaspora can apply to reacquire the Lebanese citizenship, it specifies that applications must be submitted before November 25, 2025.[99]

In 2017, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Emigrants launched an initiative called "The Lebanese Nationality Program" or "Lebanity",[100] for people of Lebanese heritage around the world to apply for Lebanese Nationality, allowing them to benefit from their business, financial, consular, personal, social and political rights as Lebanese, wherever they are. In particular, this initiative is relevant for the large Lebanese communities in different countries all over the world.[101]

Applications are reviewed by a committee within the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities of Lebanon. If an application is denied, the applicant can appeal the decision within one month from the date they are officially notified, using the address specified in their application.

To be eligible, applicants must have their names, or the names of their paternal ancestors or male relatives on their father’s side, listed in the 1921–1924 census records (either residents or immigrants registers) and/or the 1932 immigrants registers, which are maintained by the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities.[99]

Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Lebanon, Islam in Lebanon, Christianity in Lebanon, History of the Jews in Lebanon, and Secularism in Lebanon
Lebanese Muslims[58][102] [103][104][105][106][107]
Year Percent
1932
 
 49%
1985
 
 56%
2010
 
 61%
2014
 
 65%
Lebanese Christians[102][103][104][105][106]
Year Percent
1932
 
 51%
1985
 
 44%
2010
 
 39%
2014
 
 35%

Lebanese people are very diverse in faith. The country has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, encompassing 17 recognized religious sects.[108] The main two religions among the Lebanese people are Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Melkite, the Protestant Church) and Islam (Shia and Sunni). The third-largest religion is Druze. There are other non-Lebanese Christian minorities such as Armenians (Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church), French-Italians (Latin Catholic Lebanese), Assyrians (Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church) and Copts (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria), who immigrated to Lebanon over the years.[109] No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance.[110]

A study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that of Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million is estimated to be:[58] 54% Islam (Shia and Sunni, 27% each), 40.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Melkite Catholics, 1% Protestant, 5.5% other minority Christian denominations like Latin Catholics, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Assyrian Catholic and Coptic Orthodox) and 5.5% Druze (a minority religion, descended from Shia Islam, who do not consider themselves to be Muslim,[111][112] even though under the terms of the Lebanese Constitution the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.)

There are also very small numbers of other religions such as Judaism, Mormons, Baháʼí Faith.[58] While Jews have been present in Lebanon since ancient times,[113] their numbers had dwindled during the Muslim era.[114] By the 2000s the Jewish quarter of Beirut, Wadi Abu Jamil, was virtually abandoned, and there were only around 40 Jews left in Beirut.[115] Many well-established Lebanese Jewish diaspora communities exists, such as in Brazil, France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States.[116]

With the diaspora included, the Christians are an absolute majority. Lebanon has a population of Mhallamis also known as Mardinli), most of whom migrated from northeast Syria and southeast Turkey are estimated to be between 75,000 and 100,000 and considered to be part of the Sunni population. These have in recent years been granted Lebanese citizenship and, coupled with several civil wars between Islamic extremists and the Lebanese military that have caused many Christians to flee the country, have re-tipped the demographic balance in favour of the Muslims and the Sunnis in particular.[117] In addition, many thousands of Arab Bedouins in the Bekaa and in the Wadi Khaled region, who are entirely Sunnis, were granted Lebanese citizenship. Lebanon also has a Jewish population, estimated at less than 100.

Society and culture

Language

Most Lebanese people communicate in the Lebanese variety of Levantine Arabic, but Lebanon's official language is Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). French is recognized and used next to MSA on road signs and Lebanese banknotes. Lebanon's native sign language is the Lebanese dialect of Levantine Arabic Sign Language. English is the fourth language by number of users, after Levantine, MSA, and French. Lebanon's official language, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA),[118]: 1917  has no native speakers in or outside Lebanon.[119] It is almost never used in conversations[120] and is learned through formal instruction rather than transmission from parent to child.[121]: 525 

The majority of Lebanese people speak Lebanese Arabic, which is grouped in a larger category called Levantine Arabic, while Modern Standard Arabic is mostly used in magazines, newspapers, and formal broadcast media. Code-switching between Arabic and French is very common.[122][123][124]

French is a common non-native language in Lebanon, with about 50% of the population being Francophone. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used within government,[125] and is often used as a prestige language for business, diplomacy and education. Almost 40% of Lebanese are considered francophone, and another 15% "partial francophone," and 70% of Lebanon's secondary schools use French as a second language of instruction.[126][127] The use of Arabic by Lebanon's educated youth is declining, as they usually prefer to speak in French and, to a lesser extent, English.[122][128] It is also a reaction to the negativity associated with Arabic since the September 11 attacks.[129] In 1997, the Lebanese government committed to a policy of trilingualism in education, including French and English alongside the official Arabic language in the curriculum.[130] L'Orient-Le Jour is a Lebanese French-language newspaper.[131]

Syriac Aramaic is also spoken as a first language in some Lebanese communities such as Syriac Catholics, Syriac Orthodox and Assyrian Lebanese. Syriac remained both the sole vernacular language of the Maronites until the 14th century when the Mamluks conquered North Lebanon.[132] It is It still used in liturgies by the Maronite church.

Cuisine

Lebanese cuisine has ancient roots and is part of the culinary tradition of the Eastern Mediterranean. Many dishes in Lebanese cuisine can be traced back thousands of years to eras of Phoenician, Persian, Egyptian, Neo-Babylonian, Roman, Greek, Byzantine, Arab and Ottoman rule.[133][134] In the last 500 years, Lebanese cuisine has been influenced by the different foreign civilizations that held power. From 1516 to 1918, the Ottoman Turks controlled Lebanon and introduced a variety of foods that have become staples in the Lebanese diet, such as cooking with lamb. After the Ottomans were defeated in World War I (1914–1918), France took control of Lebanon until 1943, when the country achieved its independence. The French introduced foods such as flan, caramel custard, eclairs, french fries and croissants.[135]

The Lebanese diaspora who live worldwide has introduced new ingredients, spices and culinary practices into Lebanese cuisine, keeping the cuisine innovative and renowned both beyond and within its borders.[136][137] Chef and writer Tara Khattar describes her style of cookery as 'progressive Lebanese cuisine'.[138]

Literature

In literature, Kahlil Gibran is the third best-selling poet of all time, behind Shakespeare and Laozi.[139] He is particularly known for his book The Prophet (1923), which has been translated into over twenty different languages.[140] Ameen Rihani was a major figure in the mahjar literary movement developed by Arab emigrants in North America, and an early theorist of Arab nationalism. Mikhail Naimy is widely recognized as among the most important figures in modern Arabic letters and among the most important spiritual writers of the 20th century. Several contemporary Lebanese writers have also achieved international success; including Elias Khoury, Amin Maalouf, Hanan al-Shaykh, and Georges Schéhadé.

Family

Family life is very important in the Lebanese culture. Family functioning is associated with the values of collectivism in the Lebanese society. One person's family functioning is indicative of their individual status and identity.[141] The average household size in Lebanon ranges between 3.9 and 4.9.[142] Child-rearing practices are characterized by abundant protection imposed on children by parents. Unlike Western societies, parental control does not stop at the age of 18; instead, it continues for as long as the child lives in the parents' residence or until the child marries.

Though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

Music

Music is famous in Lebanese society.[143] While traditional folk music remains popular in Lebanon, modern music reconciling traditional styles, pop, and fusion are rapidly advancing in popularity.[144] Radio stations feature a variety of genres and languages, including traditional, classical Arabic and Armenian[145][146] Prominent traditional musicians include Fairuz, an icon during the civil war, Sabah Melhem Barakat, Wadih El Safi, Majida El Roumi, and Najwa Karam who built an international audience for the genre.[143] Historical figure and Lebanese musical pioneer Lydia Canaan is listed in the catalog of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives in Cleveland, Ohio, USA[147][148] as the first rock star of the Middle East.[148][149][150][151][152] Canaan's unique style fuses Middle-Eastern quarter notes and microtones with anglophone rock. Marcel Khalife, a musician who blends classical Arab music with modern sounds, boasts immense[153] popularity for his politically charged lyrics.[143][144] Distinguished pop artists include Nancy Ajram, Haifa Wehbe, Fadl Shaker, Elissa, and Mika.[143]

According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, Lebanon's music industry is growing and could attain leading status in the region.[154] Lebanese performers are celebrated throughout the Arab World,[155] and with the notable exception of Egypt enjoy increasing regional popularity.[154] Rising demand for Arabic music outside Western Asia has provided Lebanese artists with a small but significant global audience. However, widespread piracy continues to inhibit the music industry's growth.[154]

Genetics

Further information: Lebanese Sunni Muslims § Genetics, and Lebanese Shia Muslims § Genetics
See also: Genetic history of the Middle East

Y-DNA haplogroups

A Druze family of the Lebanon, late 1800s
Christian men from Mount Lebanon, late 1800s
Metouali (Shia) Woman of the Beqaa Valley, 1970's

In a 2011 genetic study by Haber et al. which analyzed the male-line Y-chromosome genetics of the different religious groups of Lebanon, revealed no large genetic differentiation between the Maronites, Greek Orthodox Christians, Greek Catholic Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shia Muslims, and Druze of the country in regards to the more frequent haplogroups. Major differences between Lebanese groups were found among the less frequent haplogroups.[156]

Canaanite origins

In a 2017 study by Haber et al., the authors concluded that modern-day Lebanese individuals "derive most of their ancestry from a Canaanite-related population". This finding "implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the Bronze Age." Additionally, the researchers identified Eurasian ancestry in modern Lebanese genomes that was absent in Bronze Age populations. They estimated Eurasian ancestry appeared in the Levant approximately 3,750–2,170 years ago.[157]

Autosomal DNA

In a 2020 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, authors showed that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon and the Levant since the Bronze Age (3300–1200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Ottoman period, each contributing 3%–11% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population. The admixtures were tied to the Sea Peoples of the Late Bronze Age collapse, South or Central Asians, and Ottoman Turks, respectively.[158]

Relationship with other populations

One study by the International Institute of Anthropology in Paris, France, confirmed similarities in the Y-haplotype frequencies in Lebanese, Palestinian, and Sephardic Jewish men, identifying them as "three Near-Eastern populations sharing a common geographic origin."[159] The study surveyed one Y-specific DNA polymorphism (p49/Taq I) in 54 Lebanese and 69 Palestinian males, and compared with the results found in 693 Jews from three distinct Jewish ethnic groups; Mizrahim, Sephardim, and Ashkenazim.

Notable individuals

Main article: List of Lebanese people (diaspora)
Part of a series of articles on
Lebanese people
Emblem of Lebanon
(Lebanese cedar)
Lebanese people
Communities
Native communities outside of Lebanon:

Lebanese diaspora:

Europe

Overseas

Middle East

Culture
History
Language
Foreign
French
French language in Lebanon
English
Politics
flag Lebanon portal

See also

References

  1. ^ a b CIA, the World Factbook (2018). [1] Archived 11 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2021.
  2. ^ a b c International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l'Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9782351595497. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c "Annuario Pontificio 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates". Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  6. ^ a b c "Country Profile: Lebanon". FCO. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2003. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  7. ^ Fielding-Smith, Abigail (5 June 2009). "From Brazil to Byblos, Lebanese diaspora pours in for vote". thenational. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
  8. ^ a b c IBGE. IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ a b "Lebanese Republic". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  10. ^ a b "Embaixada do Líbano no Brasil". Libano.org.br. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  11. ^ a b "News – Politics – Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  12. ^ a b "Argentinian President's visit to the Lebanese Parliament". The Lebanese Parliament. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
  13. ^ Colombia awakens to the Arab world. Brazil-Arab New Agency, 21 July 2009. Retrieved 15 Juny 2020.
  14. ^ "Estimación de la mortalidad, 1985–2005" [Estimation of mortality, 1985–2005] (PDF). Postcensal Studies (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: DANE. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  15. ^ Randa Achmawi (21 July 2009). "Colombia awakens to the Arab world". Brazil-Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  16. ^ "Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población. 2006–2020" [National and departmental population projections. 2006–2020] (PDF) (in Spanish). DANE National Statistical Service, Colombia. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  17. ^ "The Arab Population: 2000" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  18. ^ Más de 10 millones de libaneses empujan el crecimiento social y económico de América Latina. Infobae, 24 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2019.
  19. ^ Amor por Venezuela: La emigración libanesa, Notitarde, 9 August 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2020. Cite (in spanish): "En Venezuela residen actualmente unos quinientos mil ciudadanos libaneses o de origen libanés".
  20. ^ "Henry Laurens : " la France et le Liban sont comme les membres d'une famille recomposée "". 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k iLoubnan (2009). "Geographical distribution of Lebanese diaspora". Ya Libnan. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  22. ^ "Interview with Lebanese Ambassador to Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Profil du recensement, recensement de la population de 2021". canada.ca. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  24. ^ "Communauté libanaise du Québec". lapresse.ca. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  25. ^ a b Canada and Lebanon, a special tie Archived 21 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, CBC News
  26. ^ "The People of Australia – Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). Australian Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  27. ^ a b Más de 10 millones de libaneses empujan el crecimiento social y económico de América Latina Archived 7 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Infobae, 24 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2019.
  28. ^ de 2020, 16 de Octubre (16 October 2020). "El Guayaquil que acogió a los migrantes extranjeros". El Telégrafo. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique". VOA. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  30. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire : insubmersibles Libanais – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  31. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire – World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". Minority Rights Group. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  32. ^ "Minorities in Côte d'Ivoire". Minority Rights. 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2021. Lebanese in Côte d'Ivoire are one of the largest Lebanese communities outside Lebanon, though their exact numbers are unknown, with estimates ranging from tens of thousands to as high as 300.000
  33. ^ González Hernández, Julio Amable (11 August 2012). "Registro de Inmigrantes de El Líbano". Cápsulas Genealógicas en Areíto (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2014. Se calcula que en República Dominicana existen unos 80,000 descendientes de esos inmigrantes que una vez dejaron sus tierras para buscar una vida mejor.
  34. ^ "Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation". 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  35. ^ "Les Libanais d'Uruguay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009. En Uruguay, ils sont actuellement quelque 70 000 habitants d'origine libanaise.
  36. ^ "The most representative ethnic groups of Senegal". Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022. On estime la communauté libanaise recensée au Sénégal à plus de 50 000 personnes (non nés au Sénégal).
  37. ^ Immigrants Boost West African Commerce Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Voice of America, 10 July 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  38. ^ "What is it about Lebanon and German football?". Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  39. ^ "Le Liban meurtri, compte sur la solidarité de son importante diaspora dans le monde, dont 1,2 million de personnes en Afrique". FTVInfo. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  40. ^ Ghosh P. (2013). "Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  41. ^ J. Códoba-Toro (2015). "Árabes en Chile". Iberoamérica Social. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  42. ^ "Planes and pyramids: The surreal mansions of Lebanon's Nigeria Avenue". Middle East Eye édition française.
  43. ^ "The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa". The Marionite Research Institute. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015.
  44. ^ "Les Libanais à l'heure du désastre haïtien". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  45. ^ a b "Le Liban et la Belgique : Une vision commune". ambassadeliban. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Les immigrés libanais en Suisse présents dans de nombreux secteurs". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  47. ^ "Investissements libanais massifs". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  48. ^ "Le Gabon, foyer de la plus grande communauté libanaise d'Afrique centrale". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  49. ^ "Au Cameroun, l'importante présence du Hezbollah suscite des interrogations". icibeyrouth. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  50. ^ "La communauté Libanaise, Une intégration réussie dans la sphère antillaise". maisonscreoles. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  51. ^ "Les Libanais de Guadeloupe, une émigration ancienne et une population bien intégrée". lorientlejour.com/. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  52. ^ "These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  53. ^ "At its height in the 1970s, Liberia's Lebanese community was 17,000 strong, according to BBC News Now, after Liberia's long civil war, it numbers around 3,000". liberianobserver. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  54. ^ "La diaspora libanaise de Cotonou". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  55. ^ "L'immigration syro-libanaise en Guyane". FTVI. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  56. ^ Owens, Jonathan (2000). Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-11-016578-4.
  57. ^ Syria and the Palestinians: The Clash of Nationalisms – Page 113, Ghada Hashem Talhami – 2001
  58. ^ a b c d e f "Lebanon 2017 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). United States Department of State. 20 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  59. ^ "Lebanon: A Country Study". US Library of Congress. Section: Population. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  60. ^ "CNEWA Canada – The Maronite Catholic Church". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  61. ^ "Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities". Hamline University. 18 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009.
  62. ^ "Lebanese Culture - Fanack.com". The MENA Chronicle | Fanack. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  63. ^ "Beirut in Books | Lebanese Writers | Literature from Lebanon". L'Hôte Libanais. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  64. ^ VIBRANTlab. "How Has Art Been Affected By Lebanese Culture And Who We Are?". Brummana High School. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  65. ^ "International Center for Law and Religion Studies | @Lebanon: Country Info". Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  66. ^ Chamie, Joseph (1980). "Religious Groups in Lebanon: A Descriptive Investigation". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 11 (2): 175–187. doi:10.1017/S0020743800054374. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 162283. S2CID 144510231. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  67. ^ Lebanon: Its Stand in History Among the Near East Countries at Google Books By Salim Wakim, 1996.
  68. ^ "Identity is complex for Lebanon's Christian Palestinian camp". AP NEWS. 23 December 2022. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  69. ^ Middlemiss, Sarah (20 May 2021). "All trends pointing to a downward spiral, searching for hope in Lebanon's compounding crises". International Alert. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  70. ^ "10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Lebanon". ACLED. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  71. ^ "Instability in Lebanon". Global Conflict Tracker. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  72. ^ Human Rights Watch (14 December 2021), "Lebanon: Events of 2021", English, archived from the original on 30 May 2023, retrieved 24 April 2023
  73. ^ "Poverty, Inequality and Social Protection in Lebanon". Oxfam Policy & Practice. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  74. ^ St. George Maronite Church Archived 18 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ^ Perry, Tom (10 September 2007). "In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  76. ^ قال صاحب معجم البلدان 1/38; «وأما الجند فيجيء في قولهم: جند قنسرين، وجند فلسطين، وجند حمص، وجند دمشق، وجند الأردن. فهي خمسة أجناد، وكلها بالشام. ولم يبلغني أنهم استعملوا ذلك في غير أرض الشام
  77. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (1992). "The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria". In Canivet, Pierre; Rey-Coquais, Jean-paul (eds.). La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam VIIe-VIIIe Siècles. Damascus, Institut Français du Proche Orient. p. 292. OCLC 604181534. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  78. ^ Barker, John W. (1966). Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-299-03944-8.
  79. ^ Braida, Emanuela (2012). "Garshuni Manuscripts and Garshuni Notes in Syriac Manuscripts". Parole de l'Orient. 37. Holy Spirit University of Kaslik: 183. ISSN 0258-8331. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  80. ^ Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-400-82548-6.
  81. ^ al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001). "Factors Behind the Rise of Islamic Science". In al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, Albert Z. (eds.). The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. Vol. 4:Science and Technology in Islam. Part 1: The exact and Natural Sciences. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. p. 59. ISBN 978-9-231-03830-3.
  82. ^ Business Portal to Lebanon Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  83. ^ "Middle East :: Lebanon — The World Fact book – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  84. ^ "Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities". Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  85. ^ "The invisible occupation of Lebanon". The Christian Science Monitor. 18 May 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  86. ^ "Background Note: Lebanon". US Department of State. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  87. ^ "How the Lebanese conquered Brazil". Executive. 13 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  88. ^ "American FactFinder – Results". factfinder.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  89. ^ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  90. ^ "The biggest enchilada". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2015. The Mexican-Lebanese community now numbers around 400,000 but punches way above its weight in commerce...
  91. ^ Hassan, Waïl (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions. Oxford University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0199349807.
  92. ^ "Brazil-Arab News Agency - Colombia awakens to the Arab world". .anba.com.br. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  93. ^ "Ivory Coast – The Levantine Community". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  94. ^ Lebanese man shot dead in Nigeria Archived 19 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  95. ^ Lebanese nightmare in Congo Archived 16 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Ahram Weekly.
  96. ^ One in three Lebanese want to leave Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  97. ^ Lebanon's refugees in Israel Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Elias Bejjani – 28 October 2008.
  98. ^ "News – Politics – Sfeir tells new Maronite group emigrants 'deserve' Lebanese nationality". The Daily Star. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  99. ^ a b "Reacquiring Lebanese Citizenship – Consulate General of Lebanon in New York". Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  100. ^ "Reacquiring Lebanese Citizenship – Consulate General of Lebanon in New York". Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  101. ^ "Embassy of Lebanon in the United Kingdom | Reclaim Lebanese Nationality". www.mfa.gov.lb. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  102. ^ a b "Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  103. ^ a b "CIA World Factbook, Lebanon". Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  104. ^ a b Najem, T. (1998). "The collapse and reconstruction of Lebanon" (PDF). University of Durham Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  105. ^ a b "International Religious Freedom Report 2010 – Lebanon". US State Department. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  106. ^ a b "Contemporary Religious distribution of Lebanon's main religions". theodora.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  107. ^ "Lebanon" Archived 11 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. (July 2014 est.)
  108. ^ Alfred B. Prados (8 June 2006). "Lebanon" (PDF). The Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
  109. ^ Daily Star. Minority sects demand greater representation in Parliament Archived 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ^ Country Studies. "Lebanon Population" Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  111. ^ Jonas, Margaret (2011). The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 9781906999254. [Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim
  112. ^ Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780199862634.
  113. ^ Parfitt, Tudor (2000). Israel and Ishmael: Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations. p. 87.
  114. ^ Kirsten Schulze. "Lebanon." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2013.
  115. ^ "Lebanon's Jews: Loyalty to Whom? BBC Documentary Tracks Vanished Community". 26 September 2010.
  116. ^ "Lebanese Jews Settle Alongside Syrian and Egyptian Jews". The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. 8 September 1972.
  117. ^ International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan 2002 by Lokman I. Meho "The Kurds in Lebanon: a social and historical overview" Archived 27 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  118. ^ Al-Wer, Enam (2006). "The Arabic-speaking Middle East". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1917–1924. doi:10.1515/9783110184181.3.9.1917. ISBN 978-3-11-019987-1. OCLC 1089428643.
  119. ^ Arabic, Standard, 24th Edition, Ethnologue
  120. ^ "Campaign to save the Arabic language in Lebanon". BBC News. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  121. ^ Al-Wer, Enam; Jong, Rudolf (2017). "Dialects of Arabic". In Boberg, Charles; Nerbonne, John; Watt, Dominic (eds.). The Handbook of Dialectology. Wiley. pp. 523–534. doi:10.1002/9781118827628.ch32. ISBN 978-1-118-82755-0. OCLC 989950951.
  122. ^ a b Shawish, Hesham (24 June 2010). "Campaign to save the Arabic language in Lebanon". BBC News Online.
  123. ^ Mortada, Dalia (5 October 2015). "Is Beirut the codeswitching capital of the world?". Public Radio International.
  124. ^ Talhouk, Suzanne (27 October 2015). "Don't kill your language". TED.
  125. ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. "Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  126. ^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (28 May 2010). The Story of French. Knopf Canada. ISBN 9780307370495 – via Google Books.
  127. ^ Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (2008). The Story of French. Macmillan. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  128. ^ "Arabic – a dying language?". France 24. 25 June 2010.
  129. ^ Esseili, Fatima (2017). "A sociolinguistic profile of English in Lebanon". World Englishes. 36 (4): 684–704. doi:10.1111/weng.12262. ISSN 1467-971X. S2CID 148739564.
  130. ^ Esseili, Fatima (2017). "A sociolinguistic profile of English in Lebanon". World Englishes. 36 (4): 684–704. doi:10.1111/weng.12262. ISSN 1467-971X. S2CID 148739564.
  131. ^ (in French) L'Orient-Le Jour About Us, Lorient Le Jour
  132. ^ Hitti, Philip (1957). Lebanon in History. India: Macmillan. p. 336.
  133. ^ Edelstein, Sari (2011). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-5965-0.
  134. ^ DeMeester, Fabien (23 January 2008). Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-59745-330-1.
  135. ^ Choueiri, Ramzi N. (1 January 2002). The Culinary Heritage of Lebanon. Ramzi Choueiri. ISBN 978-9953-0-0753-3.
  136. ^ Hannam, Kevin; Mostafanezhad, Mary; Rickly, Jillian (17 March 2016). Event Mobilities: Politics, place and performance. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-317-45047-4.
  137. ^ Food, Lonely Planet (1 August 2012). The World's Best Street Food: Where to Find it & How to Make it. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74321-664-4.
  138. ^ Kufer, Katrina (10 December 2018). "The Food Hustle: Chef Tara Khattar Rethinks Lebanese Cuisine".
  139. ^ Acocella, Joan (31 December 2007). "Prophet Motive". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019 – via www.newyorker.com.
  140. ^ "Called by life". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  141. ^ Kazarian, Shahe S. "Family Functioning, Cultural Orientation, and Psychological Well-Being Among University Students in Lebanon." The Journal of Social Psychology 145.2 (2005): 141–54.
  142. ^ "UNFPA Lebanon – Country Profile". Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  143. ^ a b c d Carter, Terry; Dunston Lara (15 July 2008). "Arts". Lonely Planet Syria & Lebanon. Lonely Planet. Thomas Amelia (3 ed.). Lonely Planet. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-1-74104-609-0. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  144. ^ a b Sheehan, Sean; Latif Zawiah (30 August 2007). "Arts". Lebanon. Cultures of the World (2 ed.). Marshall Cavendish Children's Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7614-2081-1. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  145. ^ McKenzie, Robert. Comparing Media from Around the World, Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2006, p. 372 ISBN 0-205-40242-9
  146. ^ Kamalipour, Yahya; Rampal Kuldip (15 November 2001). "Between Globalization and Localization". Media, sex, violence, and drugs in the global village. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-7425-0061-7. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  147. ^ "Library and Archives Subject File (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Records—Curatorial Affairs Division Records) – Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum – Library and Archives – Catalog". catalog.rockhall.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  148. ^ a b O'Connor, Tom. "Lydia Canaan One Step Closer to Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame" Archived 2016-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Star, Beirut, April 27, 2016.
  149. ^ Salhani, Justin. "Lydia Canaan: The Mideast's First Rock Star" Archived 2015-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Star, Beirut, November 17, 2014.
  150. ^ Livingstone, David. "A Beautiful Life; Or, How a Local Girl Ended Up With a Recording Contract in the UK and Who Has Ambitions in the U.S." Archived 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine, Campus, No. 8, p. 2, Beirut, February 1997.
  151. ^ Ajouz, Wafik. "From Broumana to the Top Ten: Lydia Canaan, Lebanon's 'Angel' on the Road to Stardom" Archived 2015-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Cedar Wings, No. 28, p. 2, Beirut, July–August 1995.
  152. ^ Aschkar, Youmna. "New Hit For Lydia Canaan" Archived 2015-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Eco News, No. 77, p. 2, Beirut, January 20, 1997.
  153. ^ One source says "cult following", other says "folk hero"
  154. ^ a b c World Intellectual Property Organization (2003). "Copyright Industries in Lebanon". Performance of copyright industries in selected Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia. World Intellectual Property Organization. pp. 148–152. ISBN 978-92-805-1316-5. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  155. ^ Karam, Michael (27 October 2005). Wines of Lebanon. Saqi Books. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-86356-598-4. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  156. ^ Haber, M; Platt, DE; Badro, DA; et al. (2011). "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–40. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
  157. ^ Haber, M; Doumet-Serhal, C; Scheib, C; Xue, Y; Danecek, P; Mezzavilla, M; Youhanna, S; Martiniano, R; Prado-Martinez, J; Szpak, M; Matisoo-Smith, E; Schutkowski, H; Mikulski, R; Zalloua, P; Kivisild, T; Tyler-Smith, C (3 August 2017). "Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences". American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (2): 274–282. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013. PMC 5544389. PMID 28757201.
  158. ^ Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years". American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008. PMC 7332655. PMID 32470374.
  159. ^ Lucotte, Gérard; Mercier, Géraldine (1 January 2003). "Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes in Jews: comparisons with Lebanese and Palestinians". Genet. Test. 7 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1089/109065703321560976. PMID 12820706.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_people&oldid=1252600817"