Hardnesses of the elements (data page)
Appearance
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2022) |
number | symbol | name | Mohs hardness[1] | Vickers hardness (MPa)[1] |
Brinell hardness (MPa)[1] |
Brinell hardness (MPa)[note 1][2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | Li | lithium | 0.6 | 5 | ||
4 | Be | beryllium | 5.5 | 1670 | 590–1320 | |
5 | B | boron | 9.3[3] | 4900-5800 [4] | ||
6 | C | carbon (graphite) | 0.5 | |||
6 | C | carbon (diamond) | 10.0 | |||
11 | Na | sodium | 0.5 | 0.69 | ||
12 | Mg | magnesium | 2.5 | 260 | 44 (cast) | |
13 | Al | aluminium | 2.75 | 160–350 | 160–550 | 184 |
14 | Si | silicon | 7-7.5 | |||
16 | S | sulfur | 2.0 | |||
19 | K | potassium | 0.4 | 0.363 | ||
20 | Ca | calcium | 1.75 | 170 | 416 | |
21 | Sc | scandium | 736–1200 | |||
22 | Ti | titanium | 6.0 | 830–3420 | 716–2770 | 1028 |
23 | V | vanadium | 7.0 | 628–640 | 600–628 | 742 |
24 | Cr | chromium | 8.5 | 1060 | 687-6500 | 688 |
25 | Mn | manganese | 6.0 | 196 | ||
26 | Fe | iron | 4.5 | 608 | 200-1180 | 590-1140 |
27 | Co | cobalt | 5.5 | 1043 | 470–3000 | 1291 |
28 | Ni | nickel | 4.0 | 638 | 667–1600 | 900–1200 |
29 | Cu | copper | 3.0 | 343–369 | 235–878 | 520 |
30 | Zn | zinc | 2.5 | 327–412 | 480–520 | |
31 | Ga | gallium | 1.5 | 56.8–68.7 | ||
32 | Ge | germanium | 6.0 | |||
33 | As | arsenic | 3.5 | 1440 | ||
34 | Se | selenium | 2.0 | 736 | ||
37 | Rb | rubidium | 0.3 | 0.216 | ||
38 | Sr | strontium | 1.5 | |||
39 | Y | yttrium | 200–589 | |||
40 | Zr | zirconium | 5.0 | 820–1800 | 638–1880 | 333 |
41 | Nb | niobium | 6.0 | 870–1320 | 735–2450 | 735 |
42 | Mo | molybdenum | 5.5 | 1400–2740 | 1370–2500 | 1340 (cast) |
44 | Ru | ruthenium | 6.5 | 2160 | 1795 | |
45 | Rh | rhodium | 6.0 | 1100–8000 | 980–1350 | 540 |
46 | Pd | palladium | 4.75 | 400–600 | 320–610 | 310 |
47 | Ag | silver | 2.5 | 250 | 245–250 | 206 |
48 | Cd | cadmium | 2.0 | 203–220 | 196 | |
49 | In | indium | 1.2 | 8.83-10 | 9.8 | |
50 | Sn | tin | 1.5 | 51–75 | 292–441 (cast) | |
51 | Sb | antimony | 3.0 | 294–384 | ||
52 | Te | tellurium | 2.25 | 180–270 | ||
55 | Cs | caesium | 0.2 | 0.147 | ||
56 | Ba | barium | 1.25 | |||
57 | La | lanthanum | 2.5 | 360–1750 | 350–400 | |
58 | Ce | cerium | 2.5 | 210–470 | 186–412 | |
59 | Pr | praseodymium | 1.6 | 250–746 | 250–638 | |
60 | Nd | neodymium | 343–746 | 265–700 | ||
61 | Pm | promethium | 617.8 | |||
62 | Sm | samarium | 412–441 | 441–600 | ||
63 | Eu | europium | 167–200 | |||
64 | Gd | gadolinium | 510–950 | |||
65 | Tb | terbium | 450–863 | 677–1200 | ||
66 | Dy | dysprosium | 412–550 | 500–1050 | ||
67 | Ho | holmium | 412–600 | 500–1250 | ||
68 | Er | erbium | 2.0 | 432–700 | 600–1070 | |
69 | Tm | thulium | 470–650 | 471–900 | ||
70 | Yb | ytterbium | 206–250 | 343–441 | ||
71 | Lu | lutetium | 755–1160 | 893–1300 | ||
72 | Hf | hafnium | 5.5 | 1520–2060 | 1450–2100 | |
73 | Ta | tantalum | 6.5 | 873–1200 | 441-3430 | 441–1224 |
74 | W | tungsten | 7.5 | 3430–4600 | 2000–4000 | 1960–2450 |
75 | Re | rhenium | 7.0 | 1350-7850 | 1320–2500 | |
76 | Os | osmium | 7.0 | 3920–4000 | 3487 | |
77 | Ir | iridium | 6.5 | 1760–2200 | 1670 | 2120 |
78 | Pt | platinum | 4.6-5.0 | 400–549 | 310–500 | 299 |
79 | Au | gold | 2.5 | 188–216 | 188–245 | 189 |
80 | Hg | mercury | 1.5 | |||
81 | Tl | thallium | 1.2 | 26.5–44.7 | ||
82 | Pb | lead | 1.5 | 38–50 | 37.5–41.8 (cast) | |
83 | Bi | bismuth | 2.25 | 70–94.2 | 70 | |
90 | Th | thorium | 3.0 | 294–687 | 390–1500 | |
92 | U | uranium | 6.0 | 1960–2500 | 2350–3850 |
Notes
- ^ Hardness can vary by several hundred percent depending on the pretreatment, see e.g. Iron#Mechanical properties and Angelo Basile; Fausto Gallucci (2011). Membranes for Membrane Reactors: Preparation, Optimization and Selection. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-0-470-74652-3.
References
- ^ a b c G.V. Samsonov, ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements". Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7. ISBN 978-1-4684-6066-7. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ John Harris; Walter Benenson; Horst Stöcker (2002). Handbook of physics. Springer. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-387-95269-7.
- ^ Kirk-Othmer, ed. (2001-01-26). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0215181510011419.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-48494-3.
- ^ "The Genetic Atlas".
See also
- Mohs scale of mineral hardness
- Mohs hardness of materials (data page)
- Vickers hardness test
- Brinell scale