Deportation of the Balkars
| Deportation of the Balkars | |
|---|---|
| Part of Population transfer in the Soviet Union and World War II | |
 Partition of Karachay and Balkar lands between the Circassian AO, Kabardin ASSR, Georgian SSR and Stavropol and Krasnodar Krais | |
| Location | Kabardino-Balkaria, North Caucasus |
| Date | March 8, 1944 |
| Target | Expulsion and resettlement of the Balkars, population 37,103 |
Attack type | Population transfer, ethnic cleansing, massacre |
| Deaths | ~3,494 died in transit (8% of the population)[1][2] ~from 1944-1952 estimated 7,600-11,000 died in total (20-25% of the population)[3][4] ~Some sources claim over 50% of the population died in the deportation, which would amount to over 18,000 deaths in total |
| Victims | 37,713 Balkars deported to forced settlements in the Soviet Union |
| Perpetrators | NKVD, the Soviet secret police |
| Motive | Russification,[5] colonialism[6] |
The Deportation of the Balkars was the expulsion by the Soviet government of the entire Balkar population of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on March 8, 1944, during World War II. The expulsion was ordered by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by General Secretary Joseph Stalin. All the 37,713 Balkars of the Caucasus were deported from their homeland in one day. The crime was a part of a Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of non-Russian Soviet ethnic minorities between the 1930s and the 1950s.[7][8] Officially the deportation was a response to the Balkars' supposed collaboration with occupying German forces. Later, in 1989, the Soviet government declared the deportation illegal.[9]
Historical background
In August 1942 five districts of the Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KBASSR) were occupied by German troops. Nalchik, capital of the KBASSR, was occupied on October 24, 1942. When the Soviet military forces withdrew they failed to remove or destroy local factories. Most agricultural resources were also untouched; for example 315,000 sheep, 455,000 cattle and 25,000 horses were left for the advancing Germans. Local authorities attempted to organize several partisan groups, but, as the families of the partisans were not evacuated, these groups fall apart. Only one unit, consisting of 125 people was effective.[10]
In early 1943 the KBASSR was liberated by the Soviet Army. Nalchik was liberated by troops of the 37th army together with local partisans. Despite this, according to Soviet reports in May 1943 there were 44 groups of anti-Soviet rebels, 941 people, on KBASSR territory; these included former Communist Party members.
Causes of deportation
Stalinism
It is believed that the reason for the deportation of the Balkars, in a broad sense, was the Stalinist system, which depended on the repression of the Soviet people. More specifically Kabarda and Balkaria had acquired a reputation for political unreliability during the repressions of the 1920-30s. During this period, from a Kabardino-Balkarian population of 359,236, 17,000 were arrested for political reasons, 9,547 of them were tried, and 2,184 shot. Repression continued during the prewar and war years. Many notable people were arrested and sentenced: H. Appaev — Chairman of the Chegemsky district Executive Committee, Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR; S. Chumakov — head of the CPSU, A. Mokaev — Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the KBASSR; A. Nastev — Chairman of the Elbrus District Administration, Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. All of them were rehabilitated in the 1950s and 1960s.
Accusations of betrayal
Head of the NKVD Beria saw only "a small contribution" from the Balkar people in the fight against the Nazis, and even a "betrayal" amounting to a "failure to protect Balkar Republic, Elbrus". Z. D. Kumekhov, an ethnic Kabardinian and First Secretary of Communist Party's Local Committee, sent "a report with descriptions of the current situation in Balkar's areas of the KBASSR". It is believed that it was prepared for him by the NKVD. The paper contained detailed descriptions of the activities of gangs in the KBASSR including collaboration with German troops. Supposedly assisting the Soviet Army, many groups attacked local civilians and farmers. The NKVD reported that there were 1,737 people in these gangs. Kumekhov's report ended with the words "Based on the above, we find it necessary to resolve the issue of the possibility of resettlement of the Balkars outside the KBASSR."
In a top-secret telegram to Stalin, Beria described the necessity of deportation is proved as follows:
...in 1942, anti-Soviet elements in Balkaria carried out significant operations in the rear of the Red Army, creating gang-rebel groups, using deserters from the Balkar people... In the Balkar districts part of the Communist Party leadership joined gangs. The German occupation was well received by the majority of the Balkar people.
According to P. M. Polyan deportations, including that of the Balkars, were not preventive actions, but "revenge" for real or imagined war crimes against the Soviet Union.
Deportation
Lavrentiy Beria arrived in Nalchik on 2 March 1944. In the early morning of March 8, 1944, two days earlier than planned, Balkar's population was ordered to get ready to leave their homes. The entire operation lasted about two hours. The entire Balkar population was evicted without exception. 17,000 NKVD troops and 4,000 local agents participated in this operation.[2]
By 9 March, 37,713 Balkars were deported in 14 train convoys. They arrived at their destinations in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic by 23 March. After the end of World War II, Karachay and Balkar officers of the Red Army were discharged and later also deported. Official Soviet documents reveal that 562 people died during the deportation. [2]
Many more died during the harsh years in exile and in labor camps. In total, it is estimated that 7,600-11,000 Balkars died as a consequence of the deportation, amounting to 20-25% of their entire ethnic group.[3]
Remembrance and legacy
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Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev, delivered a secret speech at the Party Congress on February 24, 1956, condemning these Stalinist deportations. Like the other rehabilitated people, the Balkars were then allowed to return from exile to their homeland. They found their homes and farms pillaged and in ruins. While 64 million roubles were allocated to assist the Balkars in rebuilding their housing,[11] they were never given full financial compensation for their lost property or suffering in exile.[1]
The 1959 Soviet census counted 42,408 Balkars. This is a population 10,000 below what was expected before the deportation.[11] Some Balkars maintain that their status of autonomy is still not resolved.[12]
See also
- Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
- Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
- Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
- Deportation of the Kalmyks
- Deportation of the Karachays
- Deportation of the Koreans
References
- ^ a b Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 73.
- ^ a b c Richmond 2008, p. 117.
- ^ a b Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann 2008, p. 207.
- ^ D.M. Ediev (2004). "Demograficheskie poteri deportirovannykh narodov SSSR". Stavropol: Polit.ru. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- ^ Bekus, Nelly (January 1, 2010). Struggle Over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarusianness". Central European University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-963-9776-68-5.
- ^ Casey Michael (August 9, 2022). "Russia's Crimes of Colonialism". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Bugaĭ, Nikolaĭ Fedorovich (1996). The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781560723714. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- ^ Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann 2008.
- ^ Richmond 2008.
- ^ "Павел ПОЛЯН "Не по своей воле : История и география принудительных миграций в СССР"". old.memo.ru. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ a b Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 74.
- ^ Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 75.
Sources
- Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008). Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0801890758. LCCN 2008-015571.
- Richmond, Walter (2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9780415776158. LCCN 2008001048.
- Human Rights Watch (1991). "Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations" (PDF).
