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Pakistani diaspora

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Overseas Pakistanis
سمندر پار پاکستانی
Total population
8,840,732 (Dec 2017 estimate)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Saudi Arabia4,900,000 (2017 estimate)[1]
 United Arab Emirates2,800,000 (2017 estimate)[1]
 United Kingdom1,174,983 (2011 Official UK Census)[2][a]
 United States926,956 (2019 American Community Survey estimate)[3]
 Oman231,685 (2016 Official Oman estimate)[4]
 Canada150,270 (2020 Official Canada Census)[5]
 Qatar925,000 (2016 estimate)[6]
 Italy978,181 (2017 Official Italy estimate)[7]
 Bahrain907,000 (2017 estimate)[1]
 Kuwait909,853 (2016 Official Kuwait estimate)[8]
 Spain891,632 (2019 Official Spain estimate)[9]
 Germany873,975 (2018 Official Germany estimate)[10]
 France845,000 (2017 estimate)[11]
 Australia872,346 (2016 Official Australia Census)[12]
 Malaysia959,281 (2017 Official Malaysia estimate)[13]
 Norway938,000 (2019 Official Norway estimate)[14]
 Iran40,000 (2017 estimate)[1]
 Greece934,177 (2011 Official Greece Census)[15]
 Denmark925,661 (2019 Official Denmark estimate)[16]
 Ireland992,891+ [17][18]
Languages
English, Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, other languages of Pakistan and languages spoken in respective country of residence
Religion
Predominantly Islam (Sunni and Shia)
Significant minorities of Christianity, Ahmadiyya, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism and Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
Pakistani people

Overseas Pakistanis (Urdu: سمندر پار پاکستانی) refers to Pakistani people who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad, with the vast majority, over 8.7 million, residing in the Middle East.[19] The third-largest community, at around 1.2 million, live in the United Kingdom.

According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the 12th largest diaspora in the world.[20] In 2017, overseas Pakistanis sent remittances amounting to Rs. 2137 billion (US$7.4 billion), according to data released by the State Bank of Pakistan.[21]

Terminology

The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan. The term refers to Pakistani citizens who have not resided in Pakistan for a specified period (for purpose of income tax) and people born abroad who are of Pakistani descent.

National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis

Main article: NADRA

The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis, or NICOP, is a Computerized National Identity Card issued to workers, emigrants, citizens, or Pakistanis holding dual nationality. NICOP was conceived by NADRA in 2002 as a project of mutual resolve between the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, the Ministry of Labour & Manpower, and the Ministry of Interior. All NICOP holders are registered into the NADRA database to provide authenticity of the individual and visa-free entry into Pakistan.

Pakistan Origin Card

The Pakistan Origin Card, or POC, is issued by Pakistani embassies to people of Pakistani origin living abroad.[22] POC are not issued to those with dual nationalities.[23]

Emigration from Pakistan

Emigration from the territories that now constitute Pakistan began as early as 3000 BC.

Pre-historic

The presence of Harappan merchants in Mesopotamia from the Indus Valley Civilization is suggested by various forms of glyptic evidence. A recently discovered Mesopotamian cylinder seal inscription reveals that an interpreter from "Mehluna" (Harappa) was present. Several Indus scripted seals have also been discovered in excavations.[24]

Middle ages

During the 10th century, Arabic chronicles mention tribes coming in contact with Baloch settlers.[25] The majority of Baloch settlers originated from the Makran coast and settled in what is today Oman to form part of the Bedoon community.[26] Many of them worked in various trades including barbers, fan operators and shopkeepers. Some were even drafted as soldiers for the army of the Iman of Oman.[27] A small population of Muslim clergy from Punjab, Kashmir and Sindh settled in Mecca by the 14th century in order to aid travelers from the region making the journey for Hajj and to also aid in the expansion of Islam throughout the Indus Valley and its tributaries. Bankers and merchants from southern Punjab (Multan) and northern Sindh (Shikarpur) were present in Safavid Persia during the 15th century where they lived along with Jews and Armenians.[28][29] Pashtun traders arrived by boat in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka as early as the 15th century.[30][31] The Mukkuvar locals established an alliance with the Pashtun traders, enlisting their help to fend off incursions from rivals in the north. The traders were rewarded through marriages, and settled in Eravur.[30] Their settlement may have been deliberate, so as to form a buffer against future invasions from the north.[31] When Arab and Persian merchants expanded maritime trade routes in the 16th century, Sindh became fully integrated into the inter-Asian trade network. This led to increased trade and navigational interactions between Sindhi merchants and Arab/Persian merchants. Sindh also entertained independent commercial relations with East Asia and Southeast Asia, in particular with the Kedah Sultanate on the Malay Peninsula.[32]

Colonial era (1842–1947)

After the fall of Sindh in 1842 and Punjab in 1845, much of the territory was now under rule of the British Empire. From 1842 to 1857, a small number of immigrants from Punjab, Sindh and Kashmir began arriving in the British Isles as employees of the British East India Company, typically as lashkars and sailors in British port cities.[33][34][35] After the establishment of the British Empire in 1857, Baloch and Pashtuns along with Punjabis, Sindhis and Kashmiris continued coming to Britain as seamen, traders, students, domestic workers, cricketers, political officials and visitors. A small number of them settled in the region.[36] Many influential members of the Pakistan Movement would spend a considerable amount of time in Britain and Europe who studied at major British institutions, including Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[37] Between 1860 and 1930 camel caravans worked in Outback Australia which included Pashtun, Punjabi, Baloch and Sindhi men [38] as well as others from Kashmir.[39] By 1900, Punjabis and Pashtuns began migrating to other parts of the British Empire. Many were veterans of the British Army, but included a small migrant population who were legally considered British subjects. Pashtun migrants opted for the British Trucial States, where the British used their subjects as valuable human resource in running the administration.[40]

British Columbia became a destination for many Punjabi migrants as agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson's Bay Company were guaranteeing jobs for them between 1902 and 1905. However, many Punjabi migrants returned due to racism and curtailing migration of non-whites by the Canadian government.[41] Others sought opportunities by moving to the United States, particularly Yuba City, California. Poor wages and working conditions convinced Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[42]

Many people from modern Pakistan migrated and settled in Malaysia which was also part of the British Empire. The Malays and Pakistanis share strong Muslim identity. At the time of Malaysia's independence under the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia, rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group, thus they became part of the Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, by then inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.[43] Many elite Malay families have at least one grandparent that was Pakistani. Diplomats, Judges, Legislators, and other government cadres include people with recognized Pakistani-Malay bloodlines.

Post independence

1947 to 1970

Emigration from Pakistan was relatively small between 1947 and 1970. The rapid industrialisation process of Pakistan during the 1950s and 1960s coupled with the introduction of modern agricultural practices pushed out surplus labour leading to mass rural to urban migration, primarily to Karachi.[44] During this time period, the majority of Pakistanis who went abroad considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed. By 1971, no more than 900,000 Pakistanis lived abroad with the majority residing in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. In 1959, small numbers of Pakistanis were found to be working in Bahrain, Kuwait and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. By 1960, the Pakistani community in Bahrain numbered 2,200 while almost half of the population in Kuwait comprised non-nationals, and of them a small number came from Pakistan. Pakistan was already the single most important source of non-Arab expatriate labour in the Kuwait Oil Company (representing about 19% of the workforce) and trailed only Americans among those working for Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, who represented 6% of the workforce.[45]

The first mass migration of Pakistanis began in 1965 during the construction of Mangla Dam in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Over 280 villages around Mirpur and Dadyal were submerged, which lead to the displacement of over 110,000 people from the region. During the same period, the UK Government were actively seeking people from abroad to work in industrial towns in north-west England who were suffering from labour shortages. Thus many worker permits for the UK were awarded to the displaced population of Mirpur who were eligible for work.[46] Close to 50,000 Pakistanis from Mirpur emigrated to Northern England between 1965-1970.[47][48]

1971 to present

The availability of large scale labour force from Pakistan owed to a combination of socioeconomic and institutional factors at home. By 1970, Pakistan was passing through a serious economic and political crisis which eventually led to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971. The rapid economic development of the 1950s and 1960s could not be sustained by 1970 and a wave of nationalisation of business and industry was unfolding under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This led to slower large scale industrialisation due to a new wave of industrial unrest and disaffection between industrialists and Bhutto's government which favored nationalisation of banking, large scale trading and industry. Rural to urban migration into Karachi slowed down during the 1970s and 1980s and was substituted by a rising wave of international migration to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait or Libya. The profile of the work force and their places of origin simply followed the established patterns of internal migration routes. These included people from NWFP, northern Punjab (Potohar Plateau), the "Seraiki belt" in southern Punjab and the hill-tracts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Institutionally, a network of information chains to seek work, and the channels for remitting money to families back in Pakistan had already existed. The majority of migrants were young males who would seek work abroad while families would remain back in Pakistan. These channels soon expanded and adapted themselves to new requirements and conditions.[49] During the 1960s and 1970s, the remaining Pakistani Jewish community of 2000 began emigrating to Israel and settled in Ramla.[50]

Today over 8,800,000 Pakistanis live abroad, with an estimated 4,000,000 Pakistanis in the Persian Gulf region. The expatriate labour force in the Persian Gulf has, however, followed what might be called a "circulating work force" pattern. Workers come in, work for a few years during which they periodically visit Pakistan for short or long breaks, and finally return permanently. Overseas Pakistanis are the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports and over the last several years, foreign exchange remittances have maintained a steady rising trend. Rs. 670 billion (US$2.3 billion) in 2007–08,Rs. 817 billion (US$2.8 billion) in 2008-09 and Rs. 985 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2009–10.[51] By 2012–13, remittances stood at Rs. 1362 billion (US$4.7 billion).[52][51] In 2014–15, overseas Pakistanis sent remittances amounting to Rs. 1928 billion (US$6.7 billion).[53][52][51][54] Since 2004, the Government of Pakistan has recognised the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the national economy. Its largest effort is facilitating returning overseas Pakistanis with aims at providing better services through improved facilities at airports and setting up suitable schemes in housing, education and health care.

Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development

Main article: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
Further information: Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment

The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan. Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi is the current minister.[55]

The ministry was created in June 2013, from a merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis[56][57] and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[58] which was established in 2008. The Bureau of Emigration & Overseas Employment appoints Community Welfare Attaches around the world to establish and maintain close contacts with the foreign firms who are in need of manpower for their ventures in different countries, and to aid in the welfare of overseas Pakistanis. CWAs are currently located in:[59]

Overseas Pakistanis Foundation

See also: OPF Schools

The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF) was established July 1979, with its head office at Islamabad and regional offices in all provincial capitals as well as Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The objective of the OPF is to advance the welfare of the Pakistanis working or settled abroad and their families in Pakistan by identifying their problems and contributing to their solutions. These include health care, financial aid, foreign exchange remittance and education.[60]

The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation operates more than 24 schools in across Pakistan, offering preschool, primary, secondary and preparation for local SSC and the international GCE education. Most of its students opt to take the GCE O and AS/A Levels organized by the CIE of UCLES. It also has established international projects in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. The head office of the OPF school is located in Islamabad, administering the system through Six main regional offices:

Relations with Pakistan

Millions of Pakistanis emigrated to various countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike European immigrants who settled permanently in the new world, many Pakistanis who emigrated considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed.

Little Pakistan

Main article: Little Pakistan

Little Pakistan is a general name for an ethnic enclave populated primarily by Pakistanis or people of Pakistani ancestry abroad.

Pakistan International School

Main article: Pakistan International School

Pakistan International Schools are schools based outside Pakistan which promote the national curriculum. These schools fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and cater mainly to students who are not nationals of the host country such as the children of the staff of international businesses, international organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs.[61]

For overseas Pakistani families, these schools allow continuity in education from Pakistan as most prefer to stay in the same curriculum, especially for older children.[62] Pakistan international schools typically use curricula based on the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and offer both Urdu language and English language classes.

From the Middle East

Main article: Arabs in Pakistan

Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there has been a large population of Pakistanis in the Middle East, mainly in Saudi Arabia. However, since the 1990s, many of them have opted for countries like the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Kuwait. Pakistanis who emigrated to these countries or who were born in these countries tended to stay close to Pakistani culture. Many "International Pakistan Schools" were opened to cater for the large population and for them to study under the same boards as Pakistani students at home. As a result, those returning to Pakistan from the Middle East have found it much easier to adjust. Pakistanis from the Middle East can be found throughout the country today and these people are usually fluent in Urdu, English and their regional language. They are most likely involved in trading, media, telecommunications, banking, and aviation.

From Europe

Main article: Britons in Pakistan

Since the 1990s, a large number of Pakistanis who settled in Europe have been returning to Pakistan. Those who were born in Europe have also maintained close links to Pakistani culture. However, there are some instances of children not learning Urdu while growing up or being accustomed to Pakistani culture. As a result, those who return from Europe do experience "culture shocks". Those returning from Norway and Denmark are mostly settled around Kharian in the Punjab province, whereas those from northern England (Bradford) can be found in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (mainly Mirpur), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and upper Punjab (Jhelum, Chakwal, Attock and Rawalpindi).

From America

Main articles: Americans in Pakistan and Canadians in Pakistan

Very small numbers of Pakistanis from Canada and the United States have historically returned to Pakistan. Although they frequently visit Pakistan during the summer and winter vacations, permanent settlement had not been popular amongst them until 2001. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks and the recent Financial crisis of 2007–2010, a large number of Pakistani Americans and Pakistani Canadians have begun to return. The population of returning expatriates from the Americas, who tend to have excellent credentials, has increased significantly due to new job opportunities in Pakistan.[63] Many from North America are found in the major cities of Pakistan, mainly Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Faisalabad and Peshawar. Large populations can also be found in smaller cities and towns, such as Sialkot. Those returning from North America have tended to find jobs easier in Pakistan and are involved in a wide scope of fields, primarily healthcare, engineering, law, banking, information technology, mass media and industry.

Remittances

Remittances sent by year ($US billion) [53][52][51][54][64][65]
Year Remittance ($ billion)
2003
4.23
2004
3.87
2005
4.17
2006
4.61
2007
6.51
2008
7.81
2009
8.91
2010
9.32
2011
11.21
2012
13.19
2013
13.90
2014
15.80
2015
18.72
2016
19.92
2017
22.30
2018
19.62
2019
21.8
2020 (f)
28

Population by country

A map showing the distribution and population of Pakistan diaspora by country.
Legend:

Population of Pakistanis abroad, by country, according to the 2017–18 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Yearbook, or other estimates.[19]

Continent / country Article Overseas Pakistani population
Asia 4,827,032
 Saudi Arabia Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia 2,600,000
 United Arab Emirates Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates 1,500,000
 Oman Pakistanis in Oman 231,685 (2016 official estimate)[4]
 Qatar Pakistanis in Qatar 125,000 (2016 estimate)[66]
 Bahrain Pakistanis in Bahrain 117,000
 Kuwait Pakistanis in Kuwait 109,853 (2016 official estimate)[8]
 Malaysia Pakistanis in Malaysia 59,281 (2017 official estimate)[13]
 Iran Pakistanis in Iran 40,000
 Hong Kong Pakistanis in Hong Kong 18,094 (2016 Official HK Census)[67]
 Jordan Pakistanis in Jordan 17,000
 China Pakistanis in China 15,000
 Japan Pakistanis in Japan 14,312 (2017 official estimate)[68]
 South Korea Pakistanis in South Korea 12,697
 India Pakistanis in India 10,000
 Thailand Pakistanis in Thailand 6,500
 Singapore Pakistanis in Singapore 5,000
 Iraq Pakistanis in Iraq 5,000
 Yemen Pakistanis in Yemen 3,024
 Philippines Pakistanis in Philippines 1,500
 Bangladesh Pakistanis in Bangladesh 1,004
 Afghanistan Pakistanis in Afghanistan 768
 Kazakhstan Pakistanis in Kazakhstan 559
 Kyrgyzstan Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan 550
 Indonesia Pakistanis in Indonesia 700
 Lebanon Pakistanis in Lebanon 690
 Brunei Pakistanis in Brunei 1,500
 Azerbaijan Pakistanis in Azerbaijan 215
 Syria Pakistanis in Syria 481
 Turkmenistan Pakistanis in Turkmenistan 20
 Sri Lanka Pakistanis in Sri Lanka 200
 Uzbekistan Pakistanis in Uzbekistan 142
 Tajikistan Pakistanis in Tajikistan 53
 Maldives Pakistanis in Maldives 450
   Nepal Pakistanis in Nepal 85
 Vietnam Pakistanis in Vietnam 100
 Myanmar Pakistanis in Burma 100
 North Korea Pakistanis in North Korea 5
Europe 2,126,713
 United Kingdom British Pakistanis,
Pakistanis in London		 United Kingdom: 1,174,983 (2011)[2][a]
England: 1,112,282 (2011)[69]
Scotland: 49,381 (2011)[70]
Wales: 12,229 (2011)[71]
Northern Ireland: 1,091 (2011)[72]
 Italy Pakistanis in Italy 118,181 (2017 official estimate)[7]
 France Pakistanis in France 120,000
 Spain Pakistanis in Spain 91,632 (2019 official estimate)[9]
 Germany Pakistanis in Germany 73,975 (2018 official estimate)[10]
 Norway Pakistani Norwegians 38,000 (2019 official estimate)[14]
 Greece Pakistanis in Greece 34,177 (2011)[73]
 Denmark Pakistanis in Denmark 25,661 (2019 official estimate)[74]
 Sweden Pakistani Swedish 24,631 (2018 official estimate)[75]
 Netherlands Pakistanis in the Netherlands 23,855 (2019 official estimate)[76]
 Belgium Pakistanis in Belgium 19,247 (2012 official estimate)[77]
 Ireland Pakistanis in Ireland 12,891 (2016 Official Ireland Census)[78]
 Austria Pakistanis in Austria 6,086 (2019 official estimate)[79]
 Finland Pakistanis in Finland 3,736 (2018 official estimate)[80]
 Portugal Pakistanis in Portugal 3,175
  Switzerland Pakistanis in Switzerland 3,153 (2016 official estimate)[81]
 Cyprus Pakistanis in Cyprus 2,500
 Ukraine Pakistanis in Ukraine 2,000
 Poland Pakistanis in Poland 1,318
 Russia Pakistanis in Russia 1,140
 Romania Pakistanis in Romania 1,092
 Czech Republic Pakistanis in Czech Republic 615
 Turkey Pakistanis in Turkey 550
 Hungary Pakistanis in Hungary 184
 Latvia Pakistani Latvia 210
 Bulgaria Pakistanis in Bulgaria 60
 Slovakia Pakistanis in Slovakia 100
 Serbia Pakistanis in Serbia 11
 Moldova Pakistanis in Moldova 14
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Pakistanis in Bosnia and Herzegovina 30
 Estonia Pakistanis in Estonia 160
 Croatia Pakistanis in Croatia 10
Americas 1,353,255
 United States Pakistani American 409,163 (2010)[82]
 Canada Pakistani Canadian 215,560 (2016)[5]
 Chile Pakistanis in Chile 2,200
 Brazil Pakistanis in Brazil 350
 Mexico Pakistanis in Mexico 275
 Ecuador Pakistanis in Ecuador 200-225
 Cuba Pakistani Cuban 10
 Peru Pakistanis in Peru 30
 Argentina Pakistanis in Argentina 80
 Bolivia Pakistanis in Bolivia 15
 Colombia Pakistanis in Colombia 30
 Paraguay Pakistanis in Paraguay 30
 Suriname Pakistanis in Suriname 10
 Uruguay Pakistanis in Uruguay 70[83]
Africa 285,111
 South Africa Pakistanis in South Africa 250,000 (including Botswana, Lesotho & Mozambique)[84]
 Libya Pakistanis in Libya 12,000
 Kenya Pakistanis in Kenya 5,000
 Uganda Pakistanis in Uganda 3,800
 Tanzania Pakistanis in Tanzania 3,073
 Sudan Pakistanis in Sudan 2,500
 Nigeria Pakistanis in Nigeria 2,050
 Zimbabwe Pakistanis in Zimbabwe 1,000
 Egypt Pakistanis in Egypt 800
 Mali Pakistanis in Mali 725
 Zambia Pakistanis in Zambia 350
 Ethiopia Pakistanis in Ethiopia 240
 Mauritius Pakistanis in Mauritius 346
 Djibouti Pakistanis in Djibouti 300
 Burundi Pakistanis in Burundi 150
 Rwanda Pakistanis in Rwanda 122
 Malawi Pakistanis in Malawi 515
 Congo Pakistanis in Congo 115
 Eritrea Pakistanis in Eritrea 80
 Morocco Pakistanis in Morocco 176
 Angola Pakistanis in Angola 75
 Sierra Leone Pakistanis in Sierra Leone 80
 Tunisia Pakistanis in Tunisia 550
 Algeria Pakistanis in Algeria 450
 Mauritania Pakistanis in Mauritania 52
 Senegal Pakistanis in Senegal 122
 Madagascar Pakistanis in Madagascar 135
 Gambia Pakistanis in Gambia 109
 Ivory Coast Pakistanis in Ivory Coast 66
 Niger Pakistanis in Niger 68
 Comoros Pakistanis in Comoros 15
 Seychelles Pakistanis in Seychelles 27
 Guinea Pakistanis in Guinea 10
 Guinea Bissau Pakistanis in Guinea Bissau 10
Oceania 67,607
 Australia Pakistani Australian 64,346 (2016)[85]
 New Zealand Pakistani New Zealander 3,261 (2013 Official New Zealand Census)[86]
Total overseas Pakistani population 8,840,732

See also

Diasporas of Pakistani ethnic groups

Other

Notes

  1. ^ a b This census figure may not include people of partial Pakistani ancestry.

References

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