Mixing engineer

A mixing engineer (or simply mix engineer) is a person responsible for combining ("mixing") the different sonic elements of a piece of recorded music (vocals, instruments, effects etc.) into a final version of a song (also known as "final mix" or "mixdown"). They mix the elements of a recorded piece together to achieve a good balance of volume, while at the same time deciding other properties such as pan positioning, effects, and so on.

The best mixing professionals typically have many years of experience and training with audio equipment, which has enabled them to master their craft. A mixing engineer occupies a space between artist and scientist, using their skill at assessing the harmonic structure of sound to enable them to fashion highly appealing timbres. Their work is found in all modern music, but many artists now mix and produce their own music with a digital audio workstation and a computer.

A more technical definition: an audio engineer in sound recording, audio editing and sound systems who balances the relative volume and frequency content of a number of sound sources. Typically, these sound sources are the different musical instruments in a band or vocalists, the sections of an orchestra and so on.

Education

Mixing engineers are sometimes formally trained in a music background, and some have a degree in audio engineering or recording engineering. A degree in music can help and broaden the engineer's credentials, though it is not necessary a proof of better skills as an engineer. For classical music engineers, having played in an orchestra might hugely benefit the feeling for balancing a recording well. For "modern music", having played an instrument might also be helpful, but here; a more crude style is often wanted. An engineer, of any style, needs to understand how layers of sounds interact with each other and how to quickly control involved sound-flaws, mostly by using rather complex audio equipment. The mixing ear comes from years of observing all kinds of sounds, frequencies, and variations of effects and filters, through the process of trial and error. One could categorise mixing-engineers into two groups: Live-engineer and/or studio-engineer. A live-engineer will need to focus on being quick on balancing many sounds into a pleasant mix. A studio-engineer has no direct time-pressure, and can spend more time in creating exciting sound-scapes, and/or experimenting with the mix. Both sides need much expereience to grasp, wich mostly only can be done by practice. You could call the gear of an engineer their instruments.

Techniques

Mixing engineers rely on their intuition in the process of mixing, but all mixers generally follow certain fundamental procedures:

• Analyzing the client artist's "groove", or "style"
• Finding the most important elements (tracks or combinations of tracks) to emphasize
• Figuring out how to emphasize the tracks, often meaning de-emphasizing other tracks
• Fine-tuning the final mix

Balancing a mix

A mixer is given audio tracks of the individual recorded instruments to work with. They show up well after the artists or session musicians are done recording, and just have this audio to work with. Their job consists of balancing the relative impact of each audio stream, by putting them through effects processors, and having the right amount (dry/wet ratio) of each.

• Equalization-The main tool of a mixing engineer is the mixing console, which changes the relationship of each audio frequency, to another, to boost or cut specific frequency ranges within the track, giving each space in the limited frequency range available from 20-20,000 Hz, specifically, between ~400–8000 Hz, the most sensitive range of human hearing. Removing conflicting frequencies from 250–800 Hz is crucial, where interference and construction between voices can create annoying, displeasing effects, called "mud". Cuts in this area can help with artificial sounding brightness. By boosting frequencies below this range, one can give voices more fullness, or depth to them. Above this, boost can give voices presence, but only if they do not overlap with another voice's more prominent higher harmonics. Correctly placed high Q value filters will allow surgical alteration, which is necessary in the human vocal range (~300–3000 Hz), a 1 dB boost here is equivalent in loudness to a 5-6 dB boost at the relative extremes. Key in removing mud is making the proper boosts higher up, to replace brightness lost when cutting shared frequencies. A spectrum analyzer can help in viewing harmonic structure of voices. Every mixer approaches the challenge of equalization differently, as everyone has a slightly different psychoacoustic perception of sound, and different levels of physical hearing loss.
• Dynamic range compression-Compression reduces the range between a signal's lowest low and highest high. The threshold controls how much of the top is cut off. By adjusting attack and release settings, and having the right ratio, one can give a track more presence, but too much compression will destroy an otherwise pleasing track. By setting the trigger to another audio source, called side-chaining, higher levels of compression, and even hard clipping to a very small degree. This is often used in progressive music, however the effect is very artificial, really only good for one kind of pumping, syncopated sound.
• Panning-(L/R) settings spread the sound field out, which can create space for voices otherwise lacking. Stereo playback will result in slightly different frequency response then the signal, depending on the reverberation characteristics of the room. With modern technology, now it is often done artificially. This allows a creation of a novel resonant body. Decay time and perceived size can be controlled precisely, which, combined with control of the diffusion network, pre-filtering, and choruses, allows any resonator to be approximated. Panning changes the relative gain of each stereo track, which can create sonic space in a mix. Note that mixing only can happen after every track is set to the correct master track volume.
• Effects - Mixing Engineers use effects such as reverb and delay to create depth and space in a recording. They can add tasteful levels of effects and creativity to make your song more interesting.

Equipment

Some equipment mixing engineers might use:

• Analog-to-digital converters
• Digital audio workstations
• Digital-to-analog converters
• Dynamic Range Compression
• Microphones
• Mixing consoles
• Music sequencers
• Signal processors
• Tape machines

See also

• Audio engineering
• Audio mixing
• Recording studio
• Sound recording