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Giuseppe Conte

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Giuseppe Conte
58th Prime Minister of Italy
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 June 2018
PresidentSergio Mattarella
DeputyLuigi Di Maio
Matteo Salvini
Preceded byPaolo Gentiloni
Personal details
Born (1964-08-08) 8 August 1964 (age 60)
Volturara Appula, Italy
Political partyIndependent[1]
SpouseValentina Fico (div.)[2]
Domestic partnerOlivia Paladino[3]
Children1
ResidencePalazzo Chigi
EducationSapienza University
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website
This article is part of
a series about
Giuseppe Conte
  • Political offices

Prime Minister of Italy (2018–2021) President of the M5S (2021–present)

  • Premiership
  • Governments
  • President of the M5S

Giuseppe Conte (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈkonte]; born 8 August 1964) is an Italian jurist and politician who has been Prime Minister of Italy since 1 June 2018.[4] On 20 August 2019, he offered his resignation; however, he will continue to serve until a new government is sworn in.[5]

A professor of private law, Conte was first proposed on 21 May 2018 for the role of Prime Minister as the head of a coalition government between the Five Star Movement and the League, although he relinquished that opportunity when Paolo Savona, who was initially nominated to be Minister of Economy and Finance, was vetoed by President Sergio Mattarella.[6][7] On 31 May, the two parties reached an agreement, proposing Giovanni Tria as Minister of Economy and Finance instead, and Conte took the oath of office as Prime Minister on the following day.[8]

Conte's Cabinet, which includes Five Star Movement leader Luigi Di Maio and the League leader Matteo Salvini, is considered by many newspapers such as The New York Times and la Repubblica as the first populist government in modern Western Europe.[9][10][11] Moreover, he was the first person to assume the premiership without prior government or administrative service since Silvio Berlusconi in 1994 and the first Prime Minister from Southern Italy since the Christian Democrat Ciriaco De Mita in 1989.[12][13]

Early life and career

Conte was born on 8 August 1964 into a middle class family at Volturara Appula, near Foggia.[14][15] His father Nicola was a public employee in the local municipality while his mother Lillina Roberti was an elementary school teacher.[16][17]

After his family moved to San Giovanni Rotondo, Conte attended the Classical Lyceum "Pietro Giannone" in nearby San Marco in Lamis and then studied Law at the Sapienza University of Rome, where he graduated in 1988 with distinction.[18][19][20] For short terms, Conte studied abroad. In 1992, he moved to the United States to study at Yale Law School and Duquesne University and at the International Culture Institute in Vienna in 1993. He later researched or lectured at Sorbonne University in 2000, Girton College, Cambridge in 2001 and New York University in 2008.[21][22]

He started his academic career during the 1990s, when he taught at Roma Tre University, at LUMSA University of Rome, at the University of Malta and at the University of Sassari.[19] Conte is currently professor of private law at the University of Florence and at LUISS of Rome.[23][24] He sits on the board of trustees of John Cabot University in Rome.[25]

On 18 September 2013, he was elected by the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the Bureau of Administrative Justice, the self-governing body of administrative magistrates.[26]

Government formation

Main article: 2018 Italian government formation
Conte at the Quirinal Palace in May 2018 to form the government

In February 2018, Conte was selected by Luigi Di Maio, leader of the Five Star Movement (M5S), as the future possible Minister of Public Administration in his cabinet following the 2018 general election.[27] However, the election resulted in a hung parliament,[28] with the M5S that became the party with the largest number of votes and of parliamentary seats while the centre-right coalition, led by Matteo Salvini's League and other right-wing parties, emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate. The centre-left coalition led by former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi came in third.[29]

On 9 May, after weeks of political deadlock and the failure of various attempts of forming cabinets both between M5S–Centre-right and M5S–Democratic Party, Di Maio and Salvini responded to President Sergio Mattarella's ultimatum to appoint a neutral technocratic caretaker government by officially requesting that he allow them 24 more hours to achieve a governing agreement between their two parties.[30][31] Later that same day in the evening, Silvio Berlusconi publicly announced Forza Italia would not support a M5S–League government on a vote of confidence, but he would still maintain the centre-right alliance nonetheless, thus opening the doors to a possible majority government between the two parties.[32]

On 13 May, M5S and League reached an agreement in principle on a government program, likely clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties, but could not find an agreement regarding the members of a government cabinet, most importantly the Prime Minister. M5S and League leaders met with President Sergio Mattarella on 14 May to guide the formation of a new government.[33] On their meeting with President Mattarella, both parties asked for an additional week of negotiations to agree on a detailed government program and a Prime Minister to lead the joint government. Both M5S and the League announced their intention to ask their respective members to vote on the government agreement by the weekend.[34][35]

On 21 May, Conte was proposed by Di Maio and Salvini for the role of Prime Minister in the 2018 Italian government,[36][37][38] despite reports in the Italian press suggesting that President Mattarella still had significant reservations about the direction of the new government.[39] On 23 May, Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace to receive the presidential mandate to form a new cabinet.[40][41] In the traditional statement after the appointment, Conte said that he would be the "defense lawyer of Italian people".[42]

Conte with President Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace

On 27 May, Conte renounced his office due to contrasts between Salvini and President Mattarella. Salvini proposed the university professor Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finances, but Mattarella strongly opposed him, considering Savona too Eurosceptic and anti-German.[43] In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that the two parties wanted to bring Italy out of the Eurozone and as the guarantor of Italian Constitution and country's interest and stability he could not allow this.[44][45]

On the following day, Mattarella gave Carlo Cottarelli, a former director of the International Monetary Fund, the task of forming a new government.[46] On 28 May, the Democratic Party (PD) announced that it would abstain from voting the confidence to Cottarelli while the M5S and the center-right parties Forza Italia (FI), Brothers of Italy (FdI) and the League announced their vote against.[47][48]

Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. On 29 May and 30 May, he held only informal consultations with the President, waiting for the formation of a "political government".[49][50] Meanwhile, Salvini and Di Maio announced their willingness to restart the negotiations to form a political government and Giorgia Meloni, leader of FdI, gave her support to the initiative.[49][50][51] On May 31, M5S and the League declared of having reached an agreement about forming a new government without Paolo Savona as Finance Minister (he would become Minister of European affairs instead) and with Conte at its head.[52][53]

Prime Minister of Italy

See also: Conte Cabinet
File:Cerimonia di insediamento del Governo Conte 2018.jpg
Conte with Paolo Gentiloni during the swearing-in ceremony

On 1 June 2018, despite having no political experience, Conte officially succeeded the Democrat Paolo Gentiloni at the head of the Italian government, swearing as new Prime Minister in the afternoon.[54] His cabinet was predominantly composed by members of the M5S and the League, but also by prominent independent technocrats like the Minister of Foreign Affairs Enzo Moavero Milanesi, who previously served as Minister of European Affairs in the government of Mario Monti, the university professor Giovanni Tria as Minister of Economy and Finances and economist Paolo Savona, who served in the cabinet of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in the 1990s and currently known for his Eurosceptic views, that would become the new Minister of European Affairs.[55][56]

Both parties' leaders Salvini and Di Maio were appointed Deputy Prime Ministers. While the first became Minister of the Interior, with the main aim of drastically reducing the number of illegal immigrants, the latter served as Minister of Economic Development, Labour and Social Policies to introduce the universal basic income.[57][58]

The coalition of the two populist parties which Conte led was also known as Government of Change,[59] thanks to a document that summarized the electoral programmes of the two parties, which was called "Contract for the Government of Change".[60][61]

Conte with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe in June 2018

During his speech before the investiture vote in the Italian Senate on 5 June, Conte announced his willingness to reduce illegal immigration and increase the contrast to human traffickers and smugglers. He also advocated a fight against political corruption, the introduction of a law which regulates the conflict of interests, a new bill which expands the right of self-defense, a taxes reduction and a drastic cut to politics's costs, thanks to the annuities' abolition.[62][63][64] Conte also proposed to lift off the international sanctions against Russia.[65]

The Senate approved the confidence vote with 171 votes in favor and 117 against, with 25 abstentions.[66] The cabinet was supported by M5S, Lega, two senators from Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE) and two independents while the Democratic Party (PD), Forza Italia (FI), Free and Equal (LeU) and other small leftist parties voted against it. The far-right Brothers of Italy (FdI) and other ten independent senators abstained.[67] On the following day, he received 350 votes in favor out of 630 in the Chamber of Deputies, 236 votes against and 35 abstained.[68] As in the Senate, PD, FI and LeU voted against the government while FdI abstained. Besides M5S and League, Conte received two votes from independent deputies and one vote from Vittorio Sgarbi, a notable and controversial member of Forza Italia who has always heavily criticised the M5S, but decided to support the cabinet in respect of Salvini and with the hope that a M5S government could lead toward their failure.[69][70]

On 5 February 2019, Conte became acting Minister of European Affairs after the resignation of Paolo Savona, who was elected President of the Companies and Exchange Commission (CONSOB).[71] Conte has since shared his thoughts about what he predicts the Italian economy will look like in 2019. Despite Europe at high risk of a recession and Italy currently in a recession, Conte thinks that the Italian economy could grow up to 1.5%. Despite Conte's beliefs, however, The Bank of Italy says that the economy will only grow to 0.6% in 2019.[72]

Economic policies

Conte among people affected by the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes

One of Conte's main proposals was the scheduled reform of the Italian tax system, mainly promoted by the League and characterized by the introduction of flat taxes for businesses and individuals, with a no-tax area for low-income households and some small corrections to keep some degree of tax progression as required by the Italian Constitution.[73][74] The government stressed that they will find the funds to implement it through the so-called "fiscal peace", that is a condonation.[75] However, many important economists[who?] and newspapers like Il Sole 24 Ore denounced that the condonation could not finance all the new tax system based on flat tax.[76]

Conte also announced more severe punishments for tax dodgers, which are a major problem in Italy.[77]

Immigration

When Conte became Prime Minister in 2018, he acted quickly to deliver on promises to the government's anti-immigration base through strict controls on immigration to Italy. Since 2013, Italy had absorbed over 700,000 African migrants arriving by boat from Libya.[78][79] During his premiership, Conte and his Interior Minister Matteo Salvini promoted stricter policies regarding immigration and public security.[80]

After Conte's approval on 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports, stating: "Everyone in Europe is doing their own business, now Italy is also raising its head. Let's stop the business of illegal immigration".[81] The vessel Aquarius, which is operated jointly by Médecins Sans Frontières and SOS Méditerranée and carried more than 600 migrants, was refused a port of disembarkation by the Italian authorities despite having been told to rescue the migrants by the same co-ordination centre. The Italian authority told the vessel to ask Malta to provide a disembarkation port, but Malta has also refused.[82] On the following day, the new Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez accepted the disputed migrant ship.[83] Conte accused French President Emmanuel Macron of hypocrisy after Macron said Italy was acting "irresponsibly" by refusing entry to migrants and suggested it had violated international maritime law.[84]

On 24 September 2018, the Council of Ministers approved the so-called "Salvini decree", which contained a series of hardline measures that will see the Italian government abolish key forms of protection for migrants and make it easier for them to be deported. The decree will also suspend the refugee application process of those who are considered "socially dangerous" or who have been convicted of a crime.[85]

Foreign policy

See also: List of official trips made by Giuseppe Conte
Conte with U.S. President Donald Trump in June 2018

Since the beginning of his term as Prime Minister, Conte's foreign policy was characterized by a strong approach to Russia as he advocated the deletion of international sanctions, which according to him damage the Italian economy.[86] He also considered Russia a strategic partner in the fight against Islamic terrorism.[87] However, Conte stressed that under his leadership Italy will remain an active member of NATO and a close ally of the United States.[88]

On 8 and 9 June, Conte participated in his first G7 summit in Canada, hosted by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.[89] During the summit, he was the only leader to back U.S. President Donald Trump and his proposal to readmit Russia into the G7.[90] However, he later assumed a more pro-European view, shared by the other five leaders, condemning Trump tariffs on steel and aluminium exported by the European Union.[91] On the following day, Conte was thanked for his positions on Russia and his populist stance by President Trump, who invited him to the White House.[92] After a few days, Trump praised Conte, describing him as a "really great" leader and "very strong on immigration".[93] On 28 June, Conte participated in his first European Council meeting and blocked a joint EU trade and defense statement criticizing Trump's tariff policy.[94]

In March 2019, Conte and the Chinese President Xi Jinping signed in Rome 29 economic deals for more than 7 billion euros, as part of the One Belt One Road investments program.[95][96] In August 2019, he took part, as caretaker Prime Minister, in the 45th G7 summit in Biarritz.[97] The main topics of the summit included global trade, climate change, taxing technology companies,[98] but also Iran nuclear deal,[99] and 2019 Amazon wildfires.[100]

Resignation

Main article: 2019 Italian government formation
Conte announcing his resignation to President Mattarella

In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Conte, after growing tensions within the majority.[101] Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve Lega's standing in Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister.[102] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate, in which Conte harshly accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest",[103] the Prime Minister resigned his post to President Mattarella.[104]

Political views

During an interview in 2018, Conte said he used to vote for the left before approaching the M5S during the late 2010s. He also added that today "the ideological schemes of the 20th century are no longer adequate to represent the current political system" and it should be "more important and correct to evaluate the work of a political force on how it is positioned on the respect of fundamental rights and freedoms".[105]

In his inaugural speech at the Senate on 5 June 2018,[106][107] in response to attacks on government political forces accused of being populist and anti-establishment, Conte replied that "if populism is the attitude of the ruling class to listen to the people's needs [...] and if anti-establishment means aiming at introducing a new system able to remove old privileges and encrusted power, well, these political forces deserve both these epithets".[108][109][110]

He also opposed the "hypertrophy of Italian laws", advocating the repeal of useless laws and supported a simplification of bureaucracy.[111] Conte strongly opposed the school reform legislation promoted by Matteo Renzi's government in 2015, known as "The Good School", which he said must be completely revised.[112]

Conte is an observant Roman Catholic and a votary to Padre Pio of Pietrelcina.[113]

Controversies

Conte in May 2018

On 21 May 2018, when the name of Conte was proposed to President Mattarella as candidate for Prime Minister,[37] The New York Times, questioning his summer stays at New York University (NYU) listed in his official curriculum vitae,[21] published an article asserting that a NYU spokeswoman did not find the name of Conte in university "records as either a student or faculty member".[39][114] Similar doubts arose concerning his study period in France at the Sorbonne University.[115]

The following day, the Associated Press reported in an article published also by The New York Times that the NYU spokeswoman added that "while Mr. Conte had no official status at NYU, he was granted permission to conduct research in the NYU law library" during the period listed in his official curriculum vitae.[21][116] Similarly, the Duquesne University of Pittsburgh and the University of Malta found no record of him in their archives,[117] although it was confirmed that Conte held lectures at the old university building in Valletta, Malta for the Foundation for International Studies.[118] Yale University, contacted by another newspaper, also confirmed that he studied there for three months.[119]

Moreover, Conte stated in his CV that he had worked on his legal studies at the Kultur Institute in Vienna, Austria. However, this is a Language School and not a Law Faculty.[115]

Authored books

  • with Landini, Sara (1996). Il volontariato. Libertà dei privati e mediazione giuridica dello Stato. Rome: Pioda. ISBN 9788899459772.
  • Matrimonio civile e teoria della simulazione. Rome: Pioda. 1996. OCLC 1088868085.
  • La simulazione del matrimonio nella teoria del negozio giuridico. Padua: CEDAM. 1999. ISBN 9788813220068.
  • Le regole della solidarità. Iniziative non profit dei privati e mediazione dei pubblici poteri. Rome: Pioda. 2001.
  • Il danno non patrimoniale. Milan: Giuffrè. 2018.
  • La formazione del contratto. Milan: Giuffrè. 2018. ISBN 9788814203770.
  • L'impresa responsabile. Milan: Giuffrè. 2018. ISBN 9788814227035.

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  65. ^ Jon Stone (6 June 2018). "Italy breaks with European allies and voices support for Russia after populist party takes power". The Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  66. ^ "The Latest: Italy's populist govt wins 1st confidence vote". National Post. Associated Press. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  67. ^ "Governo, 171 sì per la fiducia, Conte: euro non in discussione. Salvini: no aumento Iva". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  68. ^ Alberto Custadero (6 June 2018). "Camera, approvata la fiducia. Conte: "Tratteremo con l'Ue sul nostro debito". Delrio (Pd): "Studi la Carta, non sia un pupazzo". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  69. ^ Concetto Vecchio (6 June 2018). "Governo, lo strappo di Sgarbi: "Penso malissimo di Di Maio. Ma voto sì: Salvini realizzerà il programma di centrodestra". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  70. ^ "Governo, Sgarbi show alla Camera: "Dove c'è il disordine io prospero. Voterò la fiducia per assistere al vostro decline". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 6 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  71. ^ "Savona alla Consob, interim del ministero a Conte" [Savona joins CONSOB as an interim minister in Conte's cabinet]. la Repubblica. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  72. ^ "Wish upon Five Stars". The Economist. Vol. 430, no. 9129. 9 February 2019. p. 28.
  73. ^ "Flat tax, cos'è e come funziona: due aliquote al 15 e 20%, premiati i redditi più alti" [Flat tax, what it is and how it works: Two rates at 15 and 20%, higher incomes awarded]. Il Messaggero (in Italian). 7 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  74. ^ "Flat tax: cos'è come funziona per famiglie e imprese e quali vantaggi?" [Flat tax: What is it like for families and businesses and what are the advantages?] (in Italian). 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  75. ^ Michael Pontrelli (8 June 2018). "La pace fiscale pentaleghista conferma che l'Italia è una repubblica fondata sul condono" [The pentalghistic fiscal peace confirms that Italy is a republic founded on amnesty] (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  76. ^ Gianni Trovati (8 June 2018). "Flat tax, dalla pace fiscale ai bonus alla no tax area: perché non tornano i conti". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  77. ^ "Jail for tax dodgers, bans for corrupt - Conte". Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  78. ^ "What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?". The Local. AFP. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  79. ^ "African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals". Reuters. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  80. ^ "Migranti: Conte, grazie Salvini, Italia non piu' sola; il premier da Macron e Merkel" (in Italian). Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  81. ^ Fabio Albanese (11 June 2018). "Migranti, l'Italia sfida Malta. Salvini: chiudiamo i porti" [Migrants, Italy challenges Malta. Salvini: We close the Ports]. La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  82. ^ Mark Stone (11 June 2018). "More than 600 migrants running out of food as Italy shuts port to rescue ship". Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  83. ^ "Spain to accept disputed migrant ship Aquarius". BBC News. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  84. ^ "Italian foreign ministry summons French ambassador as tensions mount over port closures to refugee rescue boats". The Independent. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  85. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (24 September 2018). "Italian government approves Salvini bill targeting migrants". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  86. ^ "Italian Prime Minister plans to end sanctions against Russia". Daily Mail. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  87. ^ "Conte: appartenenza alla Nato ma apriremo alla Russia" (in Italian). ASCA. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  88. ^ "Conte: restiamo nella Nato e con Usa ma via sanzioni alla Russia" [Conte: We remain in NATO and with the USA but via sanctions against Russia] (in Italian). 5 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  89. ^ "G7, il primo incontro del premier Conte con gli altri leader. FOTO - Sky TG24". 8 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  90. ^ "Italy's new PM backs Trump on re-admitting Russia into the G7". Reuters. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  91. ^ "G7, Trudeau: "Documento finale firmato da tutti". Trump va via e chiede riammissione Russia". la Repubblica (in Italian). 9 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  92. ^ Brent D. Griffiths (9 June 2018). "Trump: Italy's populist prime minister to visit White House". Politico. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  93. ^ "Trump: "Il primo ministro italiano Conte è fantastico. È severo sull'immigrazione e in questo momento paga"". 15 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  94. ^ "Italy blocks joint text on trade, defense at EU summit". Reuters. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  95. ^ "Cina-Italia, firmati gli accordi. Di Maio: "Valgono 2,5 miliardi ma con un potenziale di 20". Gelo con Salvini". la Repubblica. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  96. ^ "Xi Jinping a Roma, firmato il Memorandum su Via della Seta. "Grazie Italia, un successo"". QuotidianoNet. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  97. ^ Conte resiste nel 'fortino dorato' di Biarritz
  98. ^ "Trump Arrives in Biarritz for Testing G7 Summit". August 24, 2019.
  99. ^ "G7 Summit to Be 'a Difficult Test of Unity': EU's Tusk". August 24, 2019.
  100. ^ Phillips, Tom; correspondent, Latin America (August 23, 2019). "Amazon rainforest fires: Macron calls for 'international crisis' to lead G7 discussions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 23, 2019. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  101. ^ La Lega presenta al Senato una mozione di sfiducia a Conte. M5S attacca Salvini: "Giullare"
  102. ^ Italy's League files no confidence motion in prime minister in bid to trigger election
  103. ^ Italian PM resigns with attack on 'opportunist' Salvini
  104. ^ Italy’s Prime Minister, Giuseppe Conte, Resigns, Turning Chaos Into Uncertainty
  105. ^ "Giuseppe Conte, ecco chi è il presidente del consiglio del governo Lega-M5s". Il Fatto Quotidiano. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  106. ^ "Il discorso di Conte in Senato, la versione integrale" (PDF). la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  107. ^ Dichiarazioni programmatiche - L'intervento del Presidente Conte al Senato (official video) (in Italian). Italy: Governo Italiano - Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  108. ^ "Italy's New Populist Government Articulates Vision, but Few Specifics".
  109. ^ "Highlights: Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte's inaugural speech". Reuters. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  110. ^ Conte: "Noi populisti? Ascoltiamo la gente. il Giornale (video) (in Italian). Italy. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  111. ^ Diodato Pirone (21 May 2018). "Conte, giurista anti-burocrazia con un passato a sinistra" [Conte, former anti-bureaucracy lawyer joins the left]. Il Messaggero. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  112. ^ "Giuseppe Conte: rivedere, pressoché integralmente, la riforma della cattiva scuola". 21 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  113. ^ "Devoto di Padre Pio, secchione e di sinistra. Il "Financial Times" lo stronca: un novellino". il Giornale. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  114. ^ "Giuseppe Conte, Nyt: "Nel cv studi alla New York University che non risultano all'ateneo". Accademici: "Visiting scholar non sono registrati"". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 22 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  115. ^ a b Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Giuffrida, Angela (22 May 2018). "Doubts raised over academic credentials of proposed Italian PM". Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  116. ^ "The Latest: Italy PM pick had 'no official status' at NYU". Associated Press. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    "The Latest: Italy PM pick had 'no official status' at NYU". The New York Times. Associated Press. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  117. ^ Lorenzo De Cicco; Francesca Pierantozzi; Flavio Pompetti (22 May 2018). "Conte, dopo New York anche le università di Malta e Pittsburgh: "Non ha mai studiato o insegnato ufficialmente qui"". Il Messaggero (in Italian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  118. ^ "Italian prime minister candidate says he lectured in Malta - but the University has no record of him". Times of Malta. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  119. ^ Sarcina, Giuseppe (25 May 2018). "Conte e il curriculum, Yale conferma: "Visiting scholar per tre mesi"". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  • University of Florence personal page (including CV and publication list in English)
  • Giuseppe Conte publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Italy
2018–present 		Incumbent
Order of precedence
Preceded byas President of the Chamber of Deputies Order of precedence of Italy
as Prime Minister 		Succeeded by
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