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Sashimi

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A dish of Fish Sashimi
Assorted sashimi: tuna, cuttlefish, and seabream

Sashimi (/səˈʃiːmiː/; Japanese: 刺身, pronounced [saɕi̥mi]) is a Japanese delicacy consisting of very fresh raw fish or meat sliced into thin pieces and often eaten with soy sauce.[1]

Origin

The word sashimi means "pierced body", i.e. "刺身" = sashimi, where 刺し = sashi (pierced, stuck) and 身 = mi (body, meat). This word dates from the Muromachi period, and was possibly coined when the word "切る" = kiru (cut), the culinary step, was considered too inauspicious to be used by anyone other than samurai. This word may derive from the culinary practice of sticking the fish's tail and fin to the slices for the purpose of identifying the fish being eaten.

Another possibility for the name could come from the traditional method of harvesting. "Sashimi-grade" fish is caught by individual handline. As soon as the fish is landed, its brain is pierced with a sharp spike, and it is placed in slurried ice. This spiking is called the ikejime process, and the instantaneous death means that the fish's flesh contains a minimal amount of lactic acid. This means that the fish will keep fresh on ice for about ten days, without turning white or otherwise degrading.[citation needed]

Many non-Japanese use the terms sashimi and sushi interchangeably, but the two dishes are distinct and separate. Sushi refers to any dish made with vinegared rice. While raw fish is one traditional sushi ingredient, many sushi dishes contain seafood that has been cooked, and others have no seafood at all.

Serving

Plate of fugu sashimi (thinly sliced puffer fish)
Sashimi bōchō kitchen knife for sashimi

Sashimi is often the first course in a formal Japanese meal, but it can also be the main course, presented with rice and miso soup in separate bowls. Japanese chefs consider sashimi the finest dish in Japanese formal dining and recommend that it be eaten before other strong flavors affect the palate.[2]

The sliced seafood that composes the main ingredient is typically draped over a garnish. The typical garnish is Asian white radish, daikon, shredded into long thin strands, or single leaves of the shiso (perilla) herb.[2]

Sashimi is popularly served with a dipping sauce (soy sauce) and condiments such as wasabi paste, grated fresh ginger,[2] grated fresh garlic, or ponzu for meat sashimi, and such garnishes as shiso and shredded daikon radish. Wasabi paste is sometimes mixed directly into soy sauce as a dipping sauce, which is generally not done when eating sushi. Another way to flavor soy sauce with wasabi is to place the wasabi mound into the soy sauce dish and then pour it in. This allows the wasabi to infuse the soy sauce more subtly. A reputed motivation for serving wasabi with sashimi (and also gari, pickled ginger[3]), besides its flavor, is killing harmful bacteria and parasites that could be present in raw seafood.[4] Other garnishes, more common in Japan than overseas, include red water pepper sprouts beni-tade (紅蓼) and a small chrysanthemum kogiku (小菊). The chrysanthemum, unlike other garnishes, is not intended to be eaten, and in cheap service (such as at supermarkets) may be substituted with a plastic flower.

Preparation

To highlight the fish's appearance, the chef cuts it into different thicknesses. The hira-zukuri cut, which translates into "rectangular slice", is the standard cut for most sashimi. Typically this style of cut is the size of a domino and 10 mm (3⁄8 in) thick. Tuna, salmon, and kingfish are most commonly cut in this style. The usu-zukuri cut, which translates to "thin slice", is an extremely thin, diagonally cut slice that is mostly used to cut firm fish, such as bream, whiting, and flounder. The dimensions of this fish is usually 50 mm (2 in) long and 2 mm (1⁄16 in) wide. The kaku-zukuri cut, which translates to "square slice", is the style in which sashimi is cut into small, thick cubes that are 20 mm (3⁄4 in) on each side. The ito-zukuri cut, which translates into "thread slice," is the style in which the fish is cut into thin sheets, less than 2 mm (1⁄16 in) thick. The fish typically cut with the ito-zukuri style include garfish and squid.[5][6]

Varieties

Beef liver sashimi.[7]
A plate of dolphin sashimi.
See also: List of sushi and sashimi ingredients

The most popular main ingredients for sashimi includes:

Some sashimi ingredients, such as octopus, are sometimes served cooked given its chewy nature. Most seafood, such as tuna, salmon, and squid, are served raw.

Tataki (たたき or 叩き, "pounded") is a type of sashimi. It is quickly and lightly seared on the outside, leaving it raw inside.

Less common, but not unusual, sashimi ingredients are vegetarian items, such as yuba (bean curd skin), and raw red meats, such as beef (known as gyuunotataki) or horse (known as basashi). Chicken "sashimi" (known as toriwasa) is considered by some [who?] to be a delicacy; the Nagoya kōchin, French poulet de Bresse and its American derivative, the blue foot chicken, are favored by many for this purpose, as, besides their taste, they are certified to be free of Salmonella.[citation needed] Chicken sashimi is sometimes slightly braised on the outside.[citation needed]

Safety

As a raw food, consuming sashimi can result in foodborne illness when bacteria or parasites are present; for example, anisakiasis is a disease caused by the accidental ingestion of larval nematodes in the family Anisakidae, primarily Anisakis simplex but also Pseudoterranova decipiens.[8] In addition, incorrectly prepared Fugu fish may contain tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin.

Another type of food borne illness that could occur after consuming tainted sashimi is Diphyllobothriasis. This disease is an infection within the intestines that occurs when the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum is consumed. Common fish such as trout, salmon, pike, and sea bass harbor this parasitic larvae in their muscles. Due to the new innovation of the chilled transport system paired with the salmon and trout consumption, an increasing number of cases have been recorded annually in northern Japan due to the spread of this disease.[9]

Traditionally, fish that spend at least part of their lives in brackish or fresh water were considered unsuitable for sashimi because of the possibility of parasites. For example, salmon, an anadromous fish, is not traditionally eaten straight out of the river.[citation needed] A study in Seattle, Washington, showed that all wild salmon had roundworm larvae capable of infecting people, while farm-raised salmon did not have any roundworm larvae.[10] However a study commissioned by the Pew Foundation found that total organic contaminants were consistently and significantly more concentrated in the farmed salmon as a group than in wild salmon.[11]

Freezing is often used to kill parasites. According to European Union regulations,[12] freezing fish at −20 °C (−4 °F) for 24 hours kills parasites. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends freezing at −35 °C (−31 °F) for 15 hours, or at −20 °C (−4 °F) for 7 days.[13]

While Canada does not federally regulate freezing fish, British Columbia[14] and Alberta[15] voluntarily adhere to guidelines similar to the FDA's.[citation needed] Ontario attempted to legislate freezing as part of raw food handling requirements, though this was soon withdrawn due to protests by the industry that the subtle flavors and texture of raw fish would be destroyed by freezing. Instead, Ontario has decided to consider regulations on how raw fish must be handled prior to serving.[16]

Some fish for sashimi are treated with carbon monoxide to keep the flesh red for a longer time in storage. This practice can make spoiled fish appear fresh.[17][18]

Environmental concerns

The increased popularity of bluefin tuna for sashimi is reported to have brought this popular species to the verge of extinction.[19] The popularity has grown so much that the biomass of bluefin tuna has dropped from 600 metric tonnes to 200 metric tonnes from 1955 to 2000. This has resulted in a long period of depressed abundance of bluefin tuna, which has led to a failure of bluefins being able to reproduce a large amount of offspring.[20] With the constant amount of fishing, bluefin tuna population rates have been steadily declining. A proposed solution has been farming bluefin tuna in fisheries, but this poses a problem in that the captive fish are not raised from spawn, but rather from small wild fish that are netted and transported to the farms, mostly in the Mediterranean;[21] however, Japanese scientists have found a way to successfully breed and raise the fish entirely in captivity.[22] Despite this technical accomplishment, this may not lead to a viable solution to maintain a sustainable bluefin population, because chefs and consumers see wild bluefin to be more appetizing, and look down upon farmed bluefin.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "sashimi Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  2. ^ a b c Tsuji, Shizuo; Fisher, M.F.K.; Reichi, Ruth (February 17, 2007). Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art (25th Anniversary ed.). Kodansha USA. pp. 158–60. ISBN 978-4770030498.
  3. ^ "Wasabi". Japan Deluxe Tours. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  4. ^ "Sushi Items – Wasabi". The Sushi FAQ. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  5. ^ "How to prepare sashimi". Good Food. 2014-11-10. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  6. ^ Detrick, Mia (1981). Sushi. ISBN 9780877012382. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  7. ^ Japanese regulation has banned providing or sale beef liver for eating raw sasshimi at a restaurant or a store, due to the risk of Hepatitis E and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, since July 2012.Japanese regulation document
  8. ^ "BBB – Anisakis simplex and related". Fda.gov. 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  9. ^ Yukifumi Nawa (2005). "Sushi Delights and Parasites: The Risk of Fishborne and Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses in Asia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41 (9): 1297–1303. doi:10.1086/496920. PMID 16206105. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  10. ^ Deardorff, TL; ML Kent (1989-07-01). "Prevalence of larval Anisakis simplex in pen-reared and wild-caught salmon (Salmonidae) from Puget Sound, Washington". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 25 (3): 416–419. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-25.3.416. PMID 2761015.
  11. ^ Hites, R. A. (9 January 2004). "Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon". Science. 303 (5655): 226–229. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319.8375. doi:10.1126/science.1091447. PMID 14716013.
  12. ^ "Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  13. ^ Chapter 5: Parasites Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance – Fourth Edition
  14. ^ "Illness-Causing Fish Parasites (Worms)" (PDF). BC Centre for Disease Control. July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-04-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Sushi Sashimi Policy" (PDF). Calgary Health Region. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  16. ^ [1] Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "What Color Is Your Tuna? Washington Post Wednesday, October 27, 2004". Washingtonpost.com. 2004-10-27. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  18. ^ Moskin, Julia (2004-10-06). "Tuna's Red Glare? It Could Be Carbon Monoxide". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  19. ^ "Sashimi trend helps edge Pacific bluefin tuna towards extinction". Mail Online. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  20. ^ Secor, D. H.; Rooker, J. R.; Gahagan, B. I.; Siskey, M. R.; Wingate, R. W. (2015). Conservation Biology. 29 (2): 400–408. doi:10.1111/cobi.12392. PMID 25354426. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ^ "The Bluefin Slaughter". The Opinion Pages/Editorial. The New York Times. November 17, 2007. p. A18. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  22. ^ "Japanese scientists breed first captive bluefin tuna in fight for sustainable fisheries". North Asia. ABC News. April 7, 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  23. ^ Munchies (18 May 2015). "Appetite for Destruction: Eating Bluefin Tuna Into Extinction" – via YouTube.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sashimi.
  • Gordenker, Alice (November 28, 2015). "Why Do We Need a Little Bit on the Side?". So What the Heck Is That (column). The Japan Times. On the garnishes for sashimi.
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