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Elections in Kazakhstan

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Ballot boxes, Kazakh flag and state seal in an Astana polling place before the 2007 legislative elections.

Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies, the Majilis (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House). Local elections for maslikhats (local representative bodies) are held every five years.[1]

Elections are administered by the Central Election Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

There are more than 10 political parties in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan’s political opposition is the most developed in the region in terms of its organizational abilities and resources.[2][need quotation to verify]

None of the elections held in Kazakhstan have been considered free or fair by Western countries or international observers[3] with issues noted including ballot tampering,[4][5] multiple voting,[5] repression of opposition candidates[6] and press censorship.[7] The OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights has deployed election monitors to Kazakhstan for observation of parliamentary and presidential elections since 1999.[8]

Election procedures and technology

Voting booths, each with an AIS "Sailau" touch-screen electronic voting machine.

In the recent[when?] Kazakh elections, many Kazakh voters were offered a choice of voting on electronic voting machines or on paper ballots. At least some of the ballot boxes used in Kazakhstan are transparent in order to defend against ballot box stuffing. Each polling place was equipped with both a large ballot box and smaller mobile ballot boxes. The latter are designed to be carried, by poll-workers, to voters outside the polling place.[9] This is an alternative to offering absentee ballots or proxy voting for voters with disabilities that prevent them from going to the polls.

Electronic voting in Kazakhstan is based on the AIS "Sailau" electronic voting system developed in Belarus and Kazakhstan. This system is best described as an indirect-recording electronic voting system, as opposed to the DRE voting machines that have been more widely studied.[10] In this system, the touch-screen voting terminal in the voting booth serves as a ballot marking device, recording selections on a smart card. The voting terminal itself retains no record of the vote after the voter takes the smart card. The voter then takes the smart card containing the cast ballot record to the computer at the registration table that serves as the electronic ballot box where the permanent record of the vote is retained and tabulated.

On November 16, 2011, Kuandyk Turgankulov, head of the Kazakh Central Election Commission, said that the Sailau system would be discontinued because the voters prefer paper ballots, the political parties do not trust it, and the country lacks the funds required to update the system.[11]

Election Financing

Candidates for elected office in Kazakhstan can receive state financial support to cover campaign costs.[12] In Senate elections, each candidate receives about $2,170.

In Senate races, the state budget pays for each candidate’s 15-minute TV address (115 thousand tenge, approx. $630), 10 minutes on the radio (60 thousand tenge, approx. $330), 2 articles in the media (105 thousand tenge, approx. $580), hall rent for meeting with the voters (20 thousand tenge, approx. $110), publication of printed campaign materials (25 thousand tenge, approx. $140) and traveling (for Oblasts - 70 thousand tenge, approx. $380; for Astana and Almaty cities - 35 thousand tenge, approx. $190).

Observation

There have been several international election observation missions organised in Kazakhstan. The OSCE has observed the elections.

Elections date observing organisation head of mission
early Majilis 20160320 ODIHR/OSCE [13] Boris Frlec
early Majilis 20160320 executive committee/CIS Sergey Lebedev
early presidential 20150426 ODIHR/OSCE [14] Cornelia Jonker
early Majilis 20120115 ODIHR/OSCE [15] Miklós Haraszti
early senate 20120115 ODIHR/OSCE [15] Miklós Haraszti

Presidential elections

Kazakhstan's president is elected by the people and serves for at most two five-year terms. Term limits were removed for the incumbent Nursultan Nazarbayev on 18 May 2007, when parliament also voted to reduce the term length from seven to five years.[16]

Early presidential elections were called by President Nazarbayev and were held on April 26, 2015.[17] President Barack Obama sent a letter to President Nazarbayev congratulating him on his reelection in the April 26 election.[18]

2011 Presidential election

Main article: Kazakhstani presidential election, 2011

Template:Kazakhstani presidential election, 2011

Parliamentary elections

The legislature, known as the Parliament (Parlamenti), has two chambers.

The Assembly (Mazhilis) has 107 seats, elected for a five-year term, 98 elected in general elections by proportional representation with 7% threshold and 9 elected by the Assembly of Kazakhstani Nation.

The Senate has 47 members, 40 of whom are elected to six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years, and 7 presidential appointees. In addition, ex-presidents are ex officio senators for life.

International criticisms

As of March 2015, none of the elections held in Kazakhstan have been considered free or fair by Western countries or international observers.[3] The 1999 Presidential election attracted criticism from the United States and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) who considered that harassment and intimidation of opposition candidates and supporters and the disqualification of an opponent of Nazarbayev[19] had made a meaningful election impossible. The OSCE criticised the 2011 presidential election, citing a lack of press freedom, transparency and competition.[20] Following the 2005 election, they noted a number of issues, including ballot tampering, multiple voting, intimidation and harassment of opposition candidates and their supporters, media bias and official restrictions on free expression.[21]

Latest election

Main article: Kazakhstani legislative election, 2016

Preliminary results

Party Votes % Seats +/–
Nur Otan 82.15
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol 7.18
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan 7.14
Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl 2.00
Nationwide Social Democratic Party 1.18
Birlik 0.29 New
Invalid/blank votes – – –
Total 7,564,281 100 98 0
Registered voters/turnout 9,810,920 77.10 – –
Source: CEC

Past elections

See also

References

  1. ^ Kazakhstan Archived 2008-06-19 at the Wayback Machine Legislation Online
  2. ^ Junisbai, Barbara (2005). ""Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan: A Case Study in Economic Liberalization, Intra-elite Cleavage, and the Political Opposition,"" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya (Summer): 17.
  3. ^ a b Kazakhstan's long term president to run in snap election – again, The Guardian, 11 March 2015
  4. ^ "Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Isaacs, Rico. Party System Formation in Kazakhstan. p. 94.
  6. ^ Isaacs, Rico. Party System Formation in Kazakhstan. p. 89.
  7. ^ "VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION". Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  8. ^ "Elections in Kazakhstan". OSCE.org. OSCE.
  9. ^ Chapter 7 Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Article 41, Paragraph 6, of the Kazakh Election Law Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, as amended, June 2007.
  10. ^ Douglas W. Jones, The Sailau E-Voting System, Direct Democracy: Progress and Pitfalls of Election Technology Archived 2013-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Michael Yard, ed., International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Sept. 2010; pages 74-95.
  11. ^ Sailau e-system will not be used at Kazakhstan parliamentary elections in 2012, Tengri News, Nov. 11, 2011.
  12. ^ "Senate elections in Kazakhstan to be held soon". TengriNews.
  13. ^ "Early Parliamentary Elections, 20 March 2016 - OSCE". www.osce.org. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Early Presidential Election, 26 April 2015 - OSCE". www.osce.org. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Observation of Early Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan, 15 January 2012: Information Sheet - Request for Short-Term Observers - OSCE". www.osce.org. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  16. ^ Kazakh MPs lift presidency limit BBC News
  17. ^ "Kazakhstan president Nursultan Nazarbayev wins re-election with 97.7 per cent of vote". AFP/Reuters. April 27, 2015.
  18. ^ "Obama Recommits to Working with Nazarbayev in New Term". The Astana Times.
  19. ^ US criticises Kazakh Court decision, BBC News, 26 November 1998
  20. ^ Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev wins re-election, BBC News, 4 April 2011
  21. ^ Observers criticise Kazakh president's re-election, The Observer, 5 December 2005
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