Jump to content

Samanya Upanishads

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Nvvchar (talk | contribs) at 14:28, 15 June 2016 (add names). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Samanya Vedanta Upanishads or Samanya Upanishad are a part of the Muktika Upanishad in which 108 Upanishads are listed.

The Samanya Vedanta Upanishads, which teach matters of general interest, are 24 of the 108 Upanishads, relate on theology of pure Vedanta. The topics of these Upanishads according to the serial numbers allotted in the Muktika are 14. Shvetashvatara Upanishad, 17. Garbha Upanishad, 24. Maitrayaniya Upanishad, 25. Kaushitaki Upanishad, 30. Subala Upanishad, 32. Mantrika Upanishad, 33. Sarvasara Upanishad, 34. Niralamba Upanishad, 35. Shukarahasya Upanishad, 36. Vajrasuchi Upanishad, 42. Atmabodha Upanishad, 51. Skanda Upanishad, 57. Mudgala Upanishad, 59. Paingala Upanishad, 61. Maha Upanishad, 62. Sariraka Upanishad, 69. Ekakshara Upanishad, 70. Annapurna Upanishad, 71. Surya Upanishad, 72. Akshi Upanishad, 73. Adhyatma Upanishad, 75. Savitri Upanishad, 76. Atma Upanishad, and 94. Pranagnihotra Upanishad.[1] The emphasis of these Upanishads are on heart within the human body, unlike the Yoga Upansihads which deal with the all the centres of the entire body such as head, heart and the region below the navel. In particular the Vedanta Upanishads are meant for those people whose main concern pertain to the heart.[2]

The 108 Upanishads, within the broad frame work of the four Vedas - Rigveda, Yajurveda (Krishna Yajurveda and Shukla Yajurveda), Sama Veda and Atharva Veda,[3] include 10 major Upanishads also known as Mukhya Upanishads and the rest, known as minor Upanishads, are grouped under seven heads which are Samanya Vedanta Upanishads or simply Samanya Upanishad, the Yoga Upanishads, the Smanyasa Upanishads or Sannyasa Upanishads, the Shaiva Upanishads, the Vaishnava Upanishads, and the Shakya Upanishads. While the period of creation of the Maha Upanishads is stated to be between eighth and first century BC, the dating of the other Upanishads varies from about 100 BC to 1100 AD.[4]

List of Samanya Upanishads

List of the Samanya Vedanta Upanishads[5]
Serial number in the Muktika and Title of the Upanishad Veda Period of creation Representative image Key theory
14. Shvetashvatara Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda 6th to 4th century BCE Shvetashvatara Discussion of the concept of personal god – Ishvara, and suggesting it to be a path to one's own Highest Self.
17. Garbha Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda Human Embryo Attempts to enumerate and offer relative measure of human anatomy from foetus to adult stage of human life
24. Maitrayaniya Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda 1st millennium BCE Reverence for soul, summarized as, "(Man) is the Self – the immortal, the fearless, the Brahman"
25. Kaushitaki Upanishad Rigveda Before the middle of the 1st millennium BCE reflect Vedic literature's creation and incorporation of spiritual knowledge in the pre-existing Aranyaka-layer of Vedic texts
30. Subala Upanishad Shukla Yajurveda 2nd millennium CE Declares Narayana to be the father, the mother, the refuge, the friend and the goal of every living being
32. Mantrika Upanishad Shukla Yajurveda 1st millennium BCE The theory that the universe created by Purusha and Prakriti together, and various active soul-infants drink from inactive Ishvara soul (God) who treats this as a form of Vedic sacrifice.
33. Sarvasara Upanishad Atharvaveda also Krishna Yajurveda 1st millennium BCE Explains 23 Upanishadic concepts with independent interpretations that accepting a diversity of views were a part of its tradition
34. Niralamba Upanishad Shukla Yajurveda Late medieval text A glossary of Vedanta terms
35. Shukarahasya Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda Not known Extracts and describes four Mahavakyas, one each from the ancient layers within the four Vedas, and presents them as meditative tools
36. Vajrasuchi Upanishad Samaveda Likely in the 8th-century Discusses the four varnas (caste system) and notable for being a sustained philosophical attack against the division of human beings, and for asserting that any human being can achieve the highest spiritual state of existence
42. Atmabodha Upanishad Rigveda Not known Just like waves are fashioned in the ocean, all living beings are fashioned in non-dual Brahman
51. Skanda Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda Not known The god Skanda also known as Murugan, Kartikeya states all gods and Atman are the same
57. Mudgala Upanishad Rigveda Post-Vedic Asserts that Narayana (Vishnu) is the Brahman (Highest reality, Supreme being) who created the universe from a fourth part of himself, then became himself the Atman (soul) in individual living beings
59. Paingala Upanishad Atharvaveda, and Shukla Yajurveda Early medieval era A syncretic view of Samkhya and Vedanta schools of Hindu philosophy
61. Maha Upanishad Samaveda also in Atharvaveda Not known Describes Vishnu as the highest being, above Samkhya principles, above Shiva, and above Brahma
62. Sariraka Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda Unknown Human body is a composite of elements from earth, water, air, space (akash), and energy (agni, fire); and that the human soul (jīva) is "the lord of the [human] body"
69.Ekakshara Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda Not known The one immortal syllable (Ekakshara) is the text the Hiranyagarbha (the golden fetus, the sun, Brahma), the manifested universe, as well as the guardian of the universe.
70. Annapurna Upanishad Atharvaveda Not known Describes five types of delusions, asserting the Advaita Vedanta doctrine of non-duality and oneness of all souls and the metaphysical Brahman, defining spiritual liberation as being unattached to anything and freedom from inner clingings
71. Surya Upanishad Atharvaveda Not known File:Shri Surya Bhagvan bazaar art, c.1940's.jpg Extols the virtues of Surya, the Sun god, calling him the ultimate truth and reality Brahman
72. Akshi Upanishad Krishna Yajurveda Not known Notable for its Advaita Vedanta themes and nonduality of Atman and Brahman, Yoga, seven steps to reach a dispassionate view of life and freedom, and the Om mantra
73. Adhyatma Upanishad Shukla Yajurveda Not known Expounds on the nature of Brahman
75.Savitri Upanishad Samaveda Not known Describes the Savitri-vidya (knowledge of sunlight), asserting that everything in the universe is a manifestation of the masculine Savitr and feminine Savitri
76. Atma Upanishad Atharvaveda Not known Describes three types of Self (atman): the external self (body), the inner self (individual soul) and the highest self (the Brahman, Paramatma, Purusha).
94. Pranagnihotra Upanishad Atharva Veda Universal soul (God) is within one self, all Vedic gods are embodied in the human body giving one various abilities, eating is allegorically a sacrifice to the gastric fire, and life is a ceremony to the God within

References

  1. ^ Adyar Library (1918). Report.
  2. ^ Aiyar 1914, p. vi.
  3. ^ Nair 2008, p. 174.
  4. ^ Mahony 1998, p. 290.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference rgriffithwycontents was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samanya_Upanishads&oldid=725414850"